All About Discovery! Lead and Arsenic Concentrations in ... · • No nutritive value; Toxins •...
Transcript of All About Discovery! Lead and Arsenic Concentrations in ... · • No nutritive value; Toxins •...
All About Discovery!New Mexico State University
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College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences
The College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences is an engine for economic and community developmentin New Mexico, improving the lives of New Mexicans through academic, research, and extension programs.
Lead and Arsenic Concentrations in the Lower Animas Irrigation Ditch Sediments
Sam Fullen ([email protected])Dr. Kevin Lombard, Dr. April Ulery, Barbara Hunter,
Gaurav Jha, Brandon Francis
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Now, then, and back again
Photos credited to: http://www.hcn.org/issues/48.7/silvertons-gold-king-reckoning/a-gold-king-mine-timeline/image_largehttp://www.hcn.org/issues/48.7/silvertons-gold-king-reckoning/silverton-animas-goldking-jpg/image http://dur-duweb.newscyclecloud.com/storyimage/DU/20150808/NEWS01/150809648/AR/0/AR-150809648.jpg?maxw=1290&ts=1477915342
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Purpose
• “What’s in our irrigation ditches?”
• To start: lead (Pb) and arsenic (As)?
• Later: how do we sample for emergency?
Photo cred: https://previews.123rf.com/images/cthoman/cthoman1507/cthoman150700817/41889463-A-cartoon-rabbit-looking-confused-and-shrugging--Stock-Vector.jpg
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• No nutritive value; Toxins
• Capable of bioaccumulation in the food chain
• Concerns about contamination by local communities
Children particularly susceptible
Solubility in water is low, but dangerous
• Often found together in ore and mining wastes Iron oxides released from the GKM turned the Animas river
orange, carrying As and metals with it
Immobilized by clay, iron oxides (As), or carbonates (Pb); may pose a future risk if not sorbed permanently
Why Focus on Lead and Arsenic?
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What we did• Site description• Sampling technique• Soil processing
• Air dry, grind, sieve, homogenize
• Saturation paste• Acid digestion
• Soil analysis• ICP-OES• pH• Electrical Conductivity (EC)
Photo Cred: Brandon Francis
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• Research site:• ~130 miles downstream from
point source• “Four Corners” region• Sampled EPA sites• GPS to track coordinates• Isolated one ditch with six
sampling sites for analysis
Maps cred: Robert Sabie, Dr. LombardPhoto Cred: Brandon Francis
Site Description
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Sampling Technique
Figures cred: Dr. Lombard
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Augering:EPA Method 5035
Photos Cred: Hunter Winsor
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Some ditches were unable to be sampled due to the start of the irrigation season
Photo Cred: Hunter Winsor
Limitation
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Process in hoodLab
Photos Cred: Katie McCarver
Saturate, pH, extract
Electrical Conductivity
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• EPA Method 3051A• MARS 5 Microwave Accelerated Digestion
• EPA Method 200.7• Inductively coupled plasma optical emission
spectrometry (ICP-OES) analysis
Photo cred: Katie McCarver and Barbara Hunter
Lab
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• Mixed models used to examine potential differences of metal concentration between depths, and between sample points across a transect
• An sp(pow) covariance structure was used to account for unequally spaced measurements along the Lower Animas Ditch.
• Considered 6 locations on one ditch as 6 repetitions
Statistics
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
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90
100
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Tota
ls (p
pm)
Sample Point Location
Pb Concentration Means Across a Ditch Transect
0-8inches
8-16in
16-24in
Results
Pb
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• Significant differences of concentrations (p=0.0017) between depths
• No differences between sample point location concentrations
• Estimated correlation of 71% from sampling points 2-ft apart in surface 8”.
• None of the raw data were near the EPA Residential Regional Screening Limit of 400 ppm (range = 2.7 - 165.4 ppm)
Pb Results
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7.07ppm
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Tota
ls (p
pm)
Sample Point Location
As Concentration Means Across Ditch Transect
0-8inches
8-16in
16-24in
NMED limit
Results
As
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• Depth concentrations significantly different (p = 0.0369)
• No differences between sample point concentrations
• Correlation between 2-ft sampling points similar to Pb (72%)
• ~93% raw data (range = 4.15 – 26.59 ppm) was above the NMED As limitations of 7.07 ppm, while all estimated means were above it.
As Results
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Discussion/Conclusion• No differences between sample points
• Random location sampling may be sufficient when observing for Pb and As concentrations in irrigation ditches; be weary of edge outliers
• Depth differences suggest multiple sampling depths may be warranted
• High adjacent point correlations suggest sampling several points near to one another is unnecessary (if multiple points desired)
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• Arsenic may be a health risk in irrigation ditch sediments if it becomes mobilized from changing environmental conditions.
• Are current guidelines for As in soil appropriate due to high background levels?
• Legacy mining still remains an environmental concern and considerably more research is necessary to understand how mine waste is impacting soil chemistry.
Conclusion cont.
Photo credit:http://vtpp.ext.vt.edu/museum-of-pest-management/the-application-technology-wing/chemistry-2/lead-arsenate-story/arsenicals-and-their-history-of-application/images/35.jpg?isImage=1https://owlspringsfarm.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/lead-arsenate.gif
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Acknowledgements
• Dr. Lois Stanford, Dr. Dawn VanLeeuwen• Jason, Nate, Dez, Makinsey, Hae-na, Roya, Hunter• Water Resource Research Institute (WRRI) Fellowship• Peace Corps Coverdell Fellowship
Photos: http://2015.wrri.nmsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/wrri_2013_logo_nofadeout2.pnghttps://spea.indiana.edu/images/masters/peace-corps-coverdell.jpg
Image credit: http://images2.memedroid.com/images/UPLOADED80/534b99b0a3f15.jpeg
Thank You
Questions and Comments?
Photo cred: https://www2.usgs.gov/blogs/features/files/2014/05/Fig-2-Lead-Sample-Map.jpg
Background info..
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Photo cred: http://cen.acs.org/articles/91/i18/Eating-Arsenic.html
Background info..
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SITE NAMEALPHABET
DESIGNATIONDEPTH (in metres)
WIDTH (in metres)
TOTAL LENGTH (in metres)
DISTANCE BTWN SIDE AND CENTRE SAMPLING POINTS (in
metres)
Bill Nolan Property C 1.21 4.50 5.50 2.24Aztec High School B 0.86 5.20 6.00 2.50
Aztec Site 1 A 1.32 3.90 5.30 2.51Wages Farm F 0.85 4.05 4.80 2.55
157 County Rd. 350 Aztec D 0.70 1.80 2.60 1.10
Thomas Farm (Jason’s Grandfather) E 0.95 2.00 2.30 0.95
S
C
DIMENSIONS OF THE DITCHES
Figure Cred: Gaurav Jha
pHMin – 5.4Max – 7.2Average – 6.7
ECFell within acceptable agricultural levels (<4 dS/m)
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EPA. 2002. "Method 5035A (SW-846): Closed-System Purge-and-Trap and Extraction for Volatile Organics in Soil and Waste Samples," Draft Revision 1. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-03/documents/appendix_n_soil_sampling.pdf
EPA. 2007. “Method 3051A: Microwave Assisted Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges, Soils, and Oils, part of Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods.” https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-12/documents/3051a.pdf
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