Alison Bartle, Director, Aqua~Media International Ltd

Hydro as the leading renewable energy source

Its role in the grid and for Society

Powerplants 25%

Residential and small utilities 7%

Combustion of biomass 14%

Oxidationof NH3 5%

Mineral dust 7%

Transport 30%Industry

12%

Biogenic - 35%450 Mt/year

Anthropogenic - 65%830 Mt/year

TOTAL 1280 Mt/year

World carbon emissions(according to IEA)

Anthropogenic NOx emissions (total 110 Mt/yr)

More than 3 million deaths per year are causedby air pollution

In China, an estimated 40 per cent of the land area is polluted by acid rain

“We did not inherit the planet from our ancestors, but we borrowed it from our children”

Nearly 50 countries in the world have annual per capita consumption of

electricity <250 kWh/year

About 1.6 billion people lack a reliable electricity supply

Predicted investment in renewable energies by region

Source: IEA

Wide diversity of RE systems

Smart grids and RE targets

Australia is committed to investing $100 million in smart gridsTARGET: 20 per cent of electricity from RE by 2010

Hydro Quebec: 1550 MW La Romaine linked to smart grid controlTARGET: 90 per cent of electricity from non-emitting sources

China announces ‘aggressive framework’ for smart grid deploymentTARGET: 15 per cent of electricity from RE by 2010

Korean government to implement nation-wide smart grid by 2030TARGET: >6% per cent of electricity from RE by 2010

European Union: Smart grid technology is part of European Technology Platform initiativeTARGET: 20 per cent of electricity from RE by 2010

Large Hydro

HYDRO is the only form of energy to offer multiple benefits…

• Water supply• Irrigation• Flood control• Environmental protection

= sustainable regional development

What are dams, reservoirs and hydro plants doing for us?

926 GW of clean renewable hydropower is in operation(161.4 GW more is under construction)

19% of world electricity production is produced by hydroEnhancing power trading opportunities in Asia and Africa

About 330 major dams (> 60 m) are under construction - 60% multipurpose

RegionTech + economically

feasible hydro potential (GWh/year)

Hydro capacity in operation (MW)

Hydro capacity under construction

(MW)

Asia 4,475,500 402,000 125,750

Africa 770,000 23,500 5222

Europe 776,700 180,000 3000

N&C America 1,063,000 170,000 7800

S America 1,536,800 140,000 19,555

Australasia 88,700 13,370 70

Total ~8,709,950 ~926,160 ~161,500

RegionInstalled hydro capacity

(MW)Hydro production

(GWh/year)Hydro capacity under

construction (MW)

2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010

Asia 211,000 401,626 753,000 1,514,198 83,173 125,736

Africa 20,400 23,482 62,000 97,519 1955 5222

Europe 168,500 179,152 552,000 541,908 2463 3028

S America 106,000 139,424 534,000 670,780 17,861 19,555

N+C America 155,022 169,105 700,000 689,314 2124 7798

Australasia 13,033 13,370 42,250 37,138 187 67

World 674,000 926,159 2,643,000 3,550,856 107,763 161,406

World trend in hydro development over 10 years….

…led by Asia

Installed hydrocapacity (present)

(MW)

Hydro capacity under construction

(MW)

GDPincrease

(2009)

China 171,000 80,000 10%

India 40,000 15,300 8.5%

Laos ~2000 26556.4%

Vietnam 5500 7534 5.3%

Bhutan 1488 1200 5%

Rate of hydro development and GDP growth

CAMBODIA: • Total installed capacity 314 MW• Per capita consumption 82 kWh/yr• 193 MW Kamchay scheme u/c• Stoeng Atay (120 MW planned)

<1 per cent of potential developed

NEPAL:• Total installed capacity 700 MW • Per capita consumption 80 kWh/yr• Middle Marsyangdi (70 MW) u/c• West Seti going ahead (750 MW)• Upper Karnali to follow (300 MW)

<2 per cent of potential developed

Where hydropower can make a big difference

LAOS: • Total installed capacity ~1800 MW• NT 2 (1070 MW) recently commissioned• Per capita consumption 233 kWh/year• Nearly 3000 MW of hydro u/c

Up to 16 000 MW of hydro at various stages of development

VIETNAM: • Total capacity 15,200 MW (30% hydro) • Per capita consumption 602 kWh/year• 2400 MW Son La nears completion• 24 major hydro schemes u/c

7500 MW of hydro will come on line by 2015

• Reduction in child mortality• Improvements in providing primary education

Clean water supply ~ Electricity for refrigeration of food and for medical facilities ~The development of hospitals ~ Electricity for computers

~ Light for evening study

Hydropower schemes can provide:

Millennium Development Goals

Empowerment of women and gender equality

• Frees women from arduous tasks such as collection of wood or water,

or using a river for washing clothes

• Helps in the development of educational centres and cottage industries

(often within a project)

Electricity from hydro and a water supply:

Millennium Development Goal

Developing global partnerships

• Joint planning and development • Joint schemes on shared waterways• Power trading = benefit sharing

Hydropower development encourages:

Millennium Development Goal

Joint hydro development on major rivers

Senegal river: Mali, Senegal, Guinea and Mauritania

OMVS schemes: Félou, Sélingué upgrade, Gourbassi, Koukoutamba, Bouréa

Mekong river: Vietnam, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand

30,000 MW of hydro potentialon the Lower Mekong

Madeira river : Brazil and Bolivia

Jirau, 3300 MW; Santo Antonio, 3150 MW (BR)Guayaramerin, 3000 MW (BR/BO)Cachuela Esperanza, 800 MW (BO)

Nam Theun 2: First revenues from power sales to Thailand flow into Laos….

…and are invested in schools, health centres and environmental programmes

10,000 MW of hydro to be commissioned by 2020(for local consumption but mainly power sales to India)

Per capita consumption = 2000 kWh/yr, the highest in Asia

BHUTAN

Children of the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America:

Their futures will depend on prudent development of all available renewable energy resources, especially large and small hydropower