Ali,His KhilaafahAli,His Khilaafah 11

Ali Ali (a.s.)(a.s.) His KhilaafahHis Khilaafah

A.S. Hashim, MDA.S. Hashim, MDFrom Wikipedia.comFrom Wikipedia.com

Sources of ReferenceSources of Reference

ibn Jarir al-Tabari, ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Ibn Qutaybah, Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. "Ali". Madelung, Encyclopaedia of the Holy Prophet and Companions Tabatabaei, Lapidus, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire by Edward GibbonAl-Shaykh Al-MufidDakakeNahj Al-Balagha, Sermon 3Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K.S.; Lewis, Bernard. Cambridge History of Islam. Watt, William Montgomery. Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford University Press.

In this Slide ShowIn this Slide Show

Ali’s PoliciesThe Immediate ReformsThe Charismatic CharacterFirst Fitna الفتنه (Sedition) Jamal BattleA’isha is Returned HomeSiffin صفينSiffin and the ArbitrationKharijis الخوارجMu'awiya's PlundersAli’s Assassination BurialMadelung writes:Khilaafah

Ali: Reign as KhalifaAli: Reign as Khalifa

Since the conflicts in which Ali was involved were Since the conflicts in which Ali was involved were perpetuated in polemical sectarian perpetuated in polemical sectarian historiography, biographical material is often historiography, biographical material is often biased. biased.

But the sources agree that Ali was a profoundly religious man, devoted to the cause of Islam, and the rule of justice, in accordance with the Quran and the Sunnah;

Ali engaged in war against erring Muslims as a Ali engaged in war against erring Muslims as a matter of religious duty. matter of religious duty.

The Sources Abound in NoticesThe Sources Abound in Notices

The sources abound in notices on The sources abound in notices on Ali’s austerity, rigorous observance of religious duties, anddetachment from worldly goods. Thus some authors, however, have pointed out that Ali shunned political maneuvering and flexibility.

Ali inherited the Rashidoon Khilaafah —Ali inherited the Rashidoon Khilaafah —which which extended from Egypt in the west to the Iranian highlands in the eastextended from Egypt in the west to the Iranian highlands in the east— while:— while:

the situation in the Hijaz and the other provinces on the eve of his election was unsettled.

Empire: By Ali’s ElectionEmpire: By Ali’s Election

Islamic empire when Ali was elected.

Ali’s PoliciesAli’s Policies

Soon after Ali became Khalifa he:Soon after Ali became Khalifa he:dismissed the governors of the provinces who had been appointed by Uthman, replacing them with trusted aides. He acted against the counsel of Mughira ibn Shu'ba and Ibn Abbas, who had advised him to proceed his governing cautiously.

Madelung says Ali was deeply convinced of his right and his religious Madelung says Ali was deeply convinced of his right and his religious mission, mission,

unwilling to compromise his principles for the sake of political gains or expediency, and ready to fight against overwhelming odds. Mu'awiya, the kinsman of Uthman and governor of Syria refused to submit to Ali's orders; he was the only governor to do so.

Ali’s PoliciesAli’s Policies

When Ali was elected as Khalifa, he stated to the citizens When Ali was elected as Khalifa, he stated to the citizens of Medina:of Medina:

that Muslim polity had come to be plagued by dissension and discord; he desired to purge Islam of any evil. He advised the populace to behave as true Muslims, warning that he would tolerate no sedition and those who were found guilty of subversive activities would be dealt with harshly. Ali recovered the land granted by Uthman and swore to recover anything that some elites (prominent persons) had acquired before his election.

The Immediate ReformsThe Immediate Reforms

Unlike the 3 Khalifas before him, Ali opposed the Unlike the 3 Khalifas before him, Ali opposed the centralization of capital control over provincial revenues, centralization of capital control over provincial revenues,

favoring an equal distribution of taxes and booty amongst the Muslim citizens; He distributed the entire revenue of the treasury among them. Ali refrained from nepotism, including with his brother Aqeel ibn Abi Talib.

This was an indication to Muslims of his policy of offering This was an indication to Muslims of his policy of offering equality to Muslims who served Islam in its early years equality to Muslims who served Islam in its early years and to the Muslims who played a role in the later and to the Muslims who played a role in the later conquests.conquests.

The Charismatic CharacterThe Charismatic Character

Ali succeeded in forming a broad coalition Ali succeeded in forming a broad coalition especially after the Battle of Basra. His policy of especially after the Battle of Basra. His policy of equal distribution of taxes and booty gained:equal distribution of taxes and booty gained:1. the support of Muhammad's Companions especially the

Ansaar (who were subordinated by the Quraish leadership after Muhammad),

2. And the traditional tribal leaders, 3. And the Qurra القرآء (Quran reciters) that sought pious

Islamic leadership. The successful formation of this diverse coalition seems to be due to Ali's charismatic character.

The Diverse CoalitionThe Diverse Coalition

This diverse coalition became known as Shi'a Ali, This diverse coalition became known as Shi'a Ali, meaning "party" or "faction of Ali". meaning "party" or "faction of Ali".

However according to Shi'a, as well as non-Shi'a reports, the majority of those who supported Ali after his election as Khalifa, were Shi'a politically, not religiously. Although at this time there were many who counted as political Shi'a, few of them believed Ali's religious leadership.

First Fitna First Fitna الفتنهالفتنه (Sedition)(Sedition)

A'isha, Talha, Al-Zubair and Benu Umayya especially A'isha, Talha, Al-Zubair and Benu Umayya especially Mu'awiya:Mu'awiya:

Wanted to take revenge for Uthman's death.Both Talha and Zubair were brother-in-laws of A’isha. They wanted to punish the rioters who had killed Uthman. They attacked Ali for not punishing the rebels and murderers of Uthman.

However some historians believe that they used this However some historians believe that they used this issue to seek their political ambitionsissue to seek their political ambitions

because they found Ali's Khilaafah against their own benefit.

First Fitna First Fitna الفتنهالفتنه (Sedition)(Sedition)

On the other hand, the rebels maintained that Uthman had On the other hand, the rebels maintained that Uthman had been justly killed, been justly killed,

Because of not governing according to Quran and Sunnah,hence no vengeance was to be invoked.

Historians disagree on Ali's position. Historians disagree on Ali's position. Some say the Khilaafah was a bequest of the rebels, and Ali did not have enough force to control or punish the rebels, while others say Ali accepted rebels argument or at least didn't consider Uthman just ruler.

Under such circumstances, a schism took place which led to Under such circumstances, a schism took place which led to the first civil war in Muslim history. the first civil war in Muslim history.

First Fitna First Fitna الفتنهالفتنه (Sedition)(Sedition)

Some Muslims, (Mu’awiya among them), known as Uthmanis, Some Muslims, (Mu’awiya among them), known as Uthmanis, considered: considered:

Uthman a rightful and just Imam (Islamic leader) till the end, who had been unlawfully killed.

Thus his position was in abeyance until he had been avenged and a Thus his position was in abeyance until he had been avenged and a new Khalifa elected. new Khalifa elected.

In their view Ali was the Imam in error. Some others, known as party of Ali, believed that:Some others, known as party of Ali, believed that:

Uthman had fallen into error, he had refused to mend his way or step down, thus Ali was the just and true Imam and his opponents are infidels.

First Fitna First Fitna الفتنهالفتنه (Sedition)(Sedition)

The First Fitna, 656–661, followed:The First Fitna, 656–661, followed:1. the assassination of Uthman, 2. continued during the Khilaafah of Ali, 3. and was ended by Mu'awiya's assumption of the Khilaafah.

This civil war (often called the Fitna) is regretted as the This civil war (often called the Fitna) is regretted as the end of the early unity of the Islamic Ummah. end of the early unity of the Islamic Ummah. Ali was first opposed by a faction led by Talha, Al-Zubair Ali was first opposed by a faction led by Talha, Al-Zubair and their sister-in-law A'isha daughter of Abu Bakr. and their sister-in-law A'isha daughter of Abu Bakr.

This group, known as "disloyal, or renouncers" (Nakithin الناكثون) gathered in Mecca then moved to Basra with the expectation of finding the necessary forces and resources to mobilize people of Iraq.

In Sermon 156,In Sermon 156,

The The Prophet about: DiscordProphet about: Discord

“O' Ali, people will be tested through their wealth, as if favoring Allah by their faith and expecting His mercy. Thus they feel safe from His wrath, regard His unlawful as lawful by raising false doubts and foolish desires. They will hold lawful the use of wine by calling it barley water, a bribe by calling it a gift, and taking of usurious interest by calling it sale.”

I said, "O' Prophet of Allah, how should I deal with them at the time, whether to hold them to have gone back in heresy or just in sedition."

He said, "in sedition."

�ق�و�م�» ال �ن� إ ،�ع�ل�ي �ا ي ، �هم� م�و�ال

� �أ ب 'ون� �ن 'ف�ت ي س�ع�ل�ى �ه�م �د�ين ب �ون� �م'ن و�ي

�ه'، ح�م�ت ر� �و�ن� �م�ن �ت و�ي ، .ه�م� ب ر��ه'، س�ط�و�ت 'ون� م�ن

� �أ و�يام�ه' ح�ر� �ح�ل�ون� ت �س� و�ي�ة�، �اذ�ب �ك ال 'ه�ات� ب ��الش ب�ة�، اه�ي الس� ��ه�و�اء� و�اال

�يذ�، �ب �الن ب �خ�م�ر� ال �ح�ل�ون� ت �س� ف�ي�ا ب و�الر. �ة�، �ه�د�ي �ال ب و�الس�ح�ت�

.» �ع� �ي �ب �ال بالله�،: س'ول� ر� �ا ي ق'ل�ت'

�د� ن ع� 'ه'م� �ز�ل ن' أ �از�ل� �م�ن ال ي.

� �أ ف�ب�م� أ ر�د�ة، �ة� �ز�ل �م�ن ب

� أ ؟ ذل�ك��ة؟ �ن ف�ت �ة� �ز�ل �م�ن ب

.» �ة: » �ن ف�ت �ة� �ز�ل �م�ن ب ف�ق�ال�

Ali Faces Overwhelming Odds:Ali Faces Overwhelming Odds:

Siffin Battle Siffin Battle صفينصفينThe Khariji The Khariji النهروانالنهروان

The Camel Battle The Camel Battle الجملالجمل

At Basra At Basra

The rebels occupied Basra, killing many people. The rebels occupied Basra, killing many people. They refused Ali's offer of obedience and pledge of allegiance. The two sides met at the Battle of Basra (Battle of the Camel) in 656, where Ali emerged victorious.

Ali appointed Ibn Abbas governor of Basra and Ali appointed Ibn Abbas governor of Basra and moved his capital to Kufa, the Muslim garrison city moved his capital to Kufa, the Muslim garrison city in Iraq. in Iraq. Kufa was in the middle of Islamic land and had Kufa was in the middle of Islamic land and had strategic position.strategic position.

Jamal BattleJamal Battle

Benu Umayya, forming large part of the Benu Umayya, forming large part of the forcesforces

Were set free by Ali after the Battle

Talha: was Killed by Marwan ibn HakamTalha: was Killed by Marwan ibn HakamZubair: Did not participateZubair: Did not participateThe casualties: Fairly highThe casualties: Fairly highThe aftermath: Benu Umayya now join The aftermath: Benu Umayya now join Mu’awiya to fight Ali in SiffinMu’awiya to fight Ali in Siffin

Jamal SequenceJamal Sequence

Negotiations to stop fight, fail

Zubair quits his camp

Fight with many casualties

A’isha on camel urging to fight

A’isha’s camel is incapacitated

Battle ends abruptly

A’isha is Returned HomeA’isha is Returned Home

Ali lets A’isha be at home in Basra to restAli lets A’isha be at home in Basra to rest40 Guards in company of A’isha on her way to MedinaBrother of A’isha in charge of the escorting Brother of A’isha in charge of the escorting guards (Muhammad son of Abu Bakr)guards (Muhammad son of Abu Bakr)Al-Hasan and Al-Husain escort A’isha to the boundary of BasraThe 40 guards selected by Ali to protect A’isha, The 40 guards selected by Ali to protect A’isha, turn out to be turn out to be women dressed as menwomen dressed as men

Ali Confronts Mu'awiyaAli Confronts Mu'awiya

Ali was challenged by Uthman’s cousin Mu'awiya, the governor of SyriaAli was challenged by Uthman’s cousin Mu'awiya, the governor of Syriawho refused Ali's demands for allegiance and called for revenge for Uthman.Ali opened negotiations hoping to regain his allegiance, but Mu'awiya insisted on Syrian autonomy under his rule. Mu'awiya replied by mobilizing his Syrian supporters and

refusing to pay homage to Ali refusing to pay homage to Ali on the pretext that his contingent had not participated in his on the pretext that his contingent had not participated in his election. election.

The two armies encamped themselves at Siffin for many weeks, most of the time being spent in negotiations.Though Ali had exchanged several letters with Mu'awiya, he was unable to dismiss Mu’awiya, nor persuade him to pledge allegiance.

Siffin Siffin صفينصفين

Skirmishes between the parties led to the Battle of Siffin Skirmishes between the parties led to the Battle of Siffin in 657. in 657. After a week of fighting a violent battle known as laylat al-After a week of fighting a violent battle known as laylat al-harir (the night of clamor), took place.harir (the night of clamor), took place.Mu'awiya's army was on the point of defeat, being routed Mu'awiya's army was on the point of defeat, being routed When Amr ibn al-Aas advised Mu'awiya to have:When Amr ibn al-Aas advised Mu'awiya to have:

his soldiers hoist Mus'haf (either parchments inscribed with verses of the Quran, or complete copies of it) on their spearheads in order to cause disagreement and confusion in Ali's army. Ali saw through the stratagem, but only a minority of his soldiers wanted to pursue the fight.

Siffin Siffin صفينصفين

The two armies finally agreed to settle the matter of who The two armies finally agreed to settle the matter of who should be Khalifa by arbitration. should be Khalifa by arbitration. The refusal of the largest bloc in Ali's army to fight was The refusal of the largest bloc in Ali's army to fight was the decisive factor in his acceptance of the arbitration. the decisive factor in his acceptance of the arbitration. The question as to whether the arbiter would represent The question as to whether the arbiter would represent Ali or the Kufans caused a further split in Ali's army. Ali or the Kufans caused a further split in Ali's army. Ash'ath ibn Qays (Mu’awiya surrogate) and some others Ash'ath ibn Qays (Mu’awiya surrogate) and some others

rejected Ali's nominees, Abdullah ibn Abbas and Malik al-Ashtar, and insisted on Abu Musa Ash'ari, who was opposed by Ali, since Ash'ari had earlier prevented people from supporting Ali.

Siffin and the ArbitrationSiffin and the Arbitration

Finally, Ali was more or less forced to accept Abu Finally, Ali was more or less forced to accept Abu Musa Ashari.Musa Ashari.

Some of Ali's supporters, later known as Kharijis ,(schismatics) الخوارجopposed arbitration and rebelled, and Ali had to fight with them in the Battle of Nahrawan النهروان . The arbitration resulted in the dissolution of Ali's coalition and some have opined that this was Mu'awiya's intention.

Siffin SequenceSiffin Sequence

Negotiations to prevent fighting: fail

Nine days fighting severe

Ammar charges Siffin صفينNumerous casualties

Ali almost winning

Arbitrations to take place

After Siffin: After Siffin: Control of TerritoriesControl of Territories

Region under control of Ali

Region under control of Amr Ibn Aas

Region under control of Mu’awiya

Kharijis Kharijis الخوارجالخوارج

Khariji revolt against AliAli argues with Khariji, many decide not to fight against Ali 3000 Khariji insist of fighting Ali in Nahrawan, in IraqAli Defeats Khariji in Nahrawan النهروان Looks for the crippled man the Prophet foretold: They find him after 3 day search

Mu'awiya's PlundersMu'awiya's Plunders

In the following years Mu'awiya's forces invaded and plundered cities of Iraq, which Ali's governors could not prevent and people did not support him to fight with them. Mu'awiya overpowered Egypt, Hijaz, Yemen and other areas.In the last year of Ali's Khilaafah, the mood in Kufa and Basra changed in his favor as Mu'awiya's vicious conduct of the war revealed the nature of his reign. However the people's attitude toward Ali was deeply differed. The majority supported him due to their distrust and opposition to Mu'awiya.

PoliciesPolicies

What shows Ali's policies and ideas of governing What shows Ali's policies and ideas of governing is his instruction to Malik al-Ashtar, is his instruction to Malik al-Ashtar,

when appointed by him as governor of Egypt. This instruction, is considered by many Muslims and even non-Muslims, as the ideal constitution for Islamic governance involved detailed description of:

duties and rights of the ruler duties and rights of the ruler and various functionaries of the state and various functionaries of the state and the main classes of society at that time.and the main classes of society at that time.

Policies as Written to Policies as Written to al-Ashtaral-Ashtar

Ali wrote in his instruction to Malik al-Ashtar:Ali wrote in his instruction to Malik al-Ashtar:Infuse your heart with mercy, love and kindness for your subjects. Be not in face of them a voracious animal, counting them as easy prey, for they are of two kinds:

either they are your brothers in religion or your equals in creation.

Error catches them unaware, deficiencies overcome them, (evil deeds) are committed by them intentionally and by mistake. So grant them your pardon and your forgiveness to the same extent that you hope God will grant you His pardon and His forgiveness.

For you are above them, and he who appointed you is above you, and For you are above them, and he who appointed you is above you, and God is above him who appointed you.God is above him who appointed you.God has sought from you the fulfillment of their requirements and He is God has sought from you the fulfillment of their requirements and He is trying you with them.trying you with them.

Agriculture Versus Tax CollectionAgriculture Versus Tax Collection

Since the majority of Ali's subjects were nomads Since the majority of Ali's subjects were nomads and peasants, he was concerned with and peasants, he was concerned with agriculture. agriculture.

Ali instructed to Malik to give more attention to development of the land

than to the collection of the tax,

because tax can only be obtained by the development of the land

and whoever demands tax without developing the land ruins the country and destroys the people.

In Sermon 93,In Sermon 93,

Ali: about of mischief of Benu UmayyaAli: about of mischief of Benu Umayya

By Allah, you will find Benu Umayya (after me) the worst people to deal with, just like an unruly camel biting, beating with its fore-legs, kicking with its hind legs, and refusing to be milked.

Benu Umayya will persist till they leave only those who benefit them or of no harm to them. Their adversity would continue till your asking help from them becomes like a slave seeking help from his master, or the laborer from his superior.

Benu Umayya’s mischief would come like a feared evil or Jahiliyah practice, wherein there is no beacon of guidance nor a perception to be seen.

�ة� م�ي' أ �ي �ن ب �ج�د'ن� �ت ل الله� �م' و�اي�ع�د�ي، ب و�ء س' �اب� ب ر�

� أ 'م� �ك ل : �ع�ذ�م' ت وس� الض�ر' �اب� �الن ك

�ن' ب �ز� وت �د�ه�ا، �ي ب �ط' �خ�ب و�ت �ف�يه�ا، به�ا، د�ر� �ع' �م�ن و�ت �ه�ا، ل �ر�ج� ب

� ال �ى ح�ت 'م� �ك ب 'ون� ال �ز� ي � ال ، �ه'م� ل R �اف�عا ن � �ال إ 'م� �ك م�ن 'وا ك �ر' �ت يال' �ز� ي � و�ال ، �ه�م� ب �ر ض�ائ �ر� غ�ي و�

� أ'ون� �ك ي � ال �ى ح�ت �ؤ'ه'م� �ال ب

� �ال إ �ه'م� م�ن 'م� ح�د�ك� أ �ص�ار' �ت ان

.ه�، ب ر� م�ن� �د� �ع�ب ال �ص�ار� �ت ان مثل�ه�، ب �ص�ح� ت م'س� م�ن� و�الص�اح�ب�و�ه�اء� ش� 'ه'م� �ت �ن ف�ت 'م� �ك �ي ع�ل �ر�د' ت

،Rة� �ي ج�اه�ل R و�ق�ط�عا ،Rة� ي م�خ�ش� � و�ال ،Rه'دى �ار' م�ن ف�يه�ا �س� �ي ل

'ر�ى ي �م[ ع�ل

Prediction of the ProphetPrediction of the ProphetAbout Ali’s endAbout Ali’s end

30 years earlier, the 30 years earlier, the Muhammad said to Ali:Muhammad said to Ali:

The most evil of The most evil of evildoers is the one evildoers is the one who will wet this who will wet this (beard) with the blood (beard) with the blood from this (forehead)from this (forehead)

األشـقـيين أشقى إن�هذه 'خض.ب' ي م�ن

  بهذهثم لحيته إلى وأشار

رأسه

Ibn Muljim, the KharijiIbn Muljim, the Khariji

Ibn Muljim, one of the deviators (Khariji), Ibn Muljim, one of the deviators (Khariji), Along with 2 others planned to killAlong with 2 others planned to kill

AliMu’awiyaIbn Aas

These Khariji were involved in NahrawanThese Khariji were involved in NahrawanThey planned to avengeThey planned to avengeMu’awiya and Ibn Aas escaped being killedMu’awiya and Ibn Aas escaped being killedBut Ali was the only one killedBut Ali was the only one killed

Ali AssassinatedAli Assassinated

Ibn Muljim with a poisoned sword, was in Ibn Muljim with a poisoned sword, was in hiding to kill Alihiding to kill AliAli in Kufa Masjid had come to lead Ali in Kufa Masjid had come to lead morning prayer, it was dark with poor morning prayer, it was dark with poor visibilityvisibilityIt was the 19It was the 19thth of Ramadhan, Yr 40 Hijri of Ramadhan, Yr 40 HijriWhile Ali was in Sujood absorbed in prayerWhile Ali was in Sujood absorbed in prayerIbn Muljim jumped and hit Ali at the head Ibn Muljim jumped and hit Ali at the head with his poisoned sword, it was a fatal blow.with his poisoned sword, it was a fatal blow.

Ali’s Assassination IAli’s Assassination I

Upon being so wounded Ali said:Upon being so wounded Ali said:الكعبه ورب الكعبه فزت ورب فزت

I have won by the Lord of the Ka’baI have won by the Lord of the Ka’baA lot of commotion ensuedA lot of commotion ensuedTaken home, Ali gave final advice to his Taken home, Ali gave final advice to his son Al-Hasan, and other childrenson Al-Hasan, and other childrenTwo days later he died on Leilatul Qadr 21Two days later he died on Leilatul Qadr 21stst of Ramadhanof Ramadhan

Ali’s Assassination IIAli’s Assassination II

Ali’s last words were:Ali’s last words were:

ه' �ر� ي ا Rر� ي خ� cة ذ�ر� �ق�ال� م�ث �ع�م�ل� ي ف�م�نه' �ر� ي ا dر ش� cة ذ�ر� �ق�ال� م�ث �ع�م�ل� ي و�م�ن

He with the slightest act of goodness will so He with the slightest act of goodness will so be rewardedbe rewarded

And he with the slightest act of evil deeds And he with the slightest act of evil deeds will so be rewardedwill so be rewarded

Ali, while Wounded:Ali, while Wounded:

Though severely wounded:Though severely wounded:Ali ordered his sons not to attack the Kharijis, even though a single member of these Kharijis tried to kill him.

Ali said to his son, (Imam Hasan) that if he lives on he will Ali said to his son, (Imam Hasan) that if he lives on he will forgive ibn Muljim and free him, forgive ibn Muljim and free him,

however, in the event of his death, ibn Muljim should get one equal hit and not more, regardless if this man dies from that hit or not, just as Ali himself received one hit from him (ibn Muljim).Thus, Imam Hasan fulfilled Qisas قصاص and gave equal hurt to ibn Muljim as he gave it to Ali.

Ali Wounded: Mosque of KufaAli Wounded: Mosque of Kufa

Ali wounded in this mosque

Ali Wounded: Mosque of Kufa Ali Wounded: Mosque of Kufa Renovated Masjid and it's QiblaRenovated Masjid and it's Qibla

BurialBurial

According to Al-Sheikh Al-Mufid, Ali did not want his According to Al-Sheikh Al-Mufid, Ali did not want his grave to be desecrated by his enemies grave to be desecrated by his enemies

and consequently asked his friends and family to bury him secretly. This secret gravesite was revealed later during the Abbasi Khilaafah by Imam Ja'far al-Saadiq, his descendant and the sixth Shi'a Imam. Most Shi'as accept that Ali is buried at the Tomb of Imam Ali in the Imam Ali Mosque at what is now the city of Najaf, which grew around the mosque and shrine called Masjid Ali.

The Final Burial Place of Ali.The Final Burial Place of Ali.

After Ali's DeathAfter Ali's Death

After Ali's death, Kufa Muslims:After Ali's death, Kufa Muslims:pledged allegiance to his eldest son Hasan without dispute, as Ali on many occasions had declared that just Ahlul Bayt of Muhammad were entitled to rule the Muslim community.At this time, Mu'awiya held both Syria and Egypt and, as commander by then of the largest force in the Muslim Empire, he declared himself Khalifa And he marched his army into Iraq, the seat of Al-Hasan's Khilaafah.

Mu’awiya SubvertsMu’awiya Subverts

Confrontation ensued during which Mu'awiya:Confrontation ensued during which Mu'awiya:gradually subverted the generals and commanders of Al-Hasan's army with large sums of money and deceiving promises until a large part of Al-Hasan’s army defected. Finally, with the odds so high against him, Al-Hasan agreed to make peace and yield the Khilaafah to Mu'awiya. In this way Mu'awiya captured the Islamic Khilaafah and in every way possible placed the severest pressure upon Ali's family and his Shi'a.Regular public cursing of Imam Ali in the congregational prayers remained a vital institution which was not abolished for 90 years (except during for the 2 year Khilaafah of Omar ibn Abdul Aziz). Mu'awiya also established the Umayya Khilaafah, essentially a centralized monarchy.

Madelung writes:Madelung writes:

Umayya highhandedness, misrule, and repression were gradually to Umayya highhandedness, misrule, and repression were gradually to turn the minority of Ali's admirers into a majority. turn the minority of Ali's admirers into a majority. In the memory of later generations Ali became the ideal Commander In the memory of later generations Ali became the ideal Commander of the Faithful. of the Faithful. In face of the fake Umayya claimIn face of the fake Umayya claim

to legitimate sovereignty in Islam as God's Vice-regents on earth, and in view of Umayya treachery, arbitrary and divisive government, and vindictive retribution, they came to appreciate Ali's honesty, his unbending devotion to the reign of Islamhis deep personal loyalties, his equal treatment of all his supporters,and his generosity in forgiving his defeated enemies.

KHILAAFAH KHILAAFAH A birds-eye viewA birds-eye view

• VIEW POINT I VIEW POINT I • The phenomenon, the circumstance, the mode of choice and selection of the Khalifas are to be taken as they are

•This view is taken by the SunniThis view is taken by the Sunni

KHILAAFAHKHILAAFAHA birds-eye viewA birds-eye view

VIEW POINT IIVIEW POINT IIThe phenomenon would have been remarkably different had the wishes of Prophet Muhammad been observed.

This view is taken by the Shi’a This view is taken by the Shi’a 

In ConclusionIn Conclusion

Ali and his KhilaafahAli and his KhilaafahAli’s Policies and the Immediate ReformsThe Charismatic CharacterFirst Fitna الفتنه (Sedition) Jamal BattleSiffin صفينKharijis الخوارجMu'awiya's PlundersAli’s Assassination Madelung writes:Khilaafah

Finally we quote the Quran:Finally we quote the Quran:

By the Token of Time By the Token of Time

Verily Man is in loss,Verily Man is in loss,

Except those who Except those who believe and do good believe and do good works, and exhort one works, and exhort one another to Truth and another to Truth and exhort one another to exhort one another to patience.patience.

ح�من� الر� الله� � م �س� ح�من� ب الر� الله� � م �س� ب

� ح�يم �الر� ح�يم الر�

�ع�ص�ر� �ع�ص�ر�و�ال و�ال

� ا �ن� � إ ا �ن� رc الالإ خ'س� �ف�ي ل ان� رc نس� خ'س� �ف�ي ل ان� نس�

� �إ 'وا الالإ و�ع�م�ل 'وا آم�ن �ذ�ين� 'وا ال و�ع�م�ل 'وا آم�ن �ذ�ين� ال�و�اص�و�ا و�ت �ح�ات� �و�اص�و�ا الص�ال و�ت �ح�ات� الص�ال

�ر� �الص�ب ب �و�اص�و�ا و�ت �ح�ق. �ال �ر� ب �الص�ب ب �و�اص�و�ا و�ت �ح�ق. �ال ب

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

Be in God’s CareBe in God’s Care

Dr. A.S. Hashim