Characteristics and products

Algae

IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF ALGAE

Characteristics

• Range in size from microscopic to single celled organisms to large seaweed

• Autotrophic

• Form the reproductive structures – gametangia or gamete chambers

• Aquatic and have flagella at some point in life

• Often contain pyrenoids, organelles that synthesis and store starch

BODY CHARACTERISTICS

Size and Shape : Algae are range in size, from the invisible (microscopic) to the visible (macroscopic)

•Solitary unicellular algae Their shape are round, oval, or pear-shaped algae of this group. The example is Chlorella

STRUCTURE

• Thallus (haploid)

• Four types of algae

–Unicellular

–Colonial

–Filamentous

–multicellular

THALLUS

•Multicellular algae There are forms of thread, filament, and sheet-like multicellular algae. The example is Oedogonium which have filament shape body.

•Unicellular algae in colony Cells are dependent on one another for their survival. The protoplast of each cell is connected to another by pores on the cell wall. The colony shape is like a disc, a ball, or net. The example is Hydrodictyon which have shape like a net

CLASSIFICATION OF ALGAE

• SEVEN PHYLUM BASED ON

– COLOR

– TYPE OF CHLOROPHYLL

– FOOD-STORAGE SUBSTANCE

– CELL WALL COMPOSITION

ALGAE

EUGLENOPHYTA

PYRROPHYTA Fire

CHLOROPHYTA Green

CHRYSOPHYTA Golden PHAEOPHYTA Brown

RHODOPHYTA Red

CYANOPHYTA Green blue

BODY STRUCTURE

All algae are eukaryotic organisms, their contain chloroplast. There are many shape of chloroplast . Spherical, bowl-shaped, and belt-shaped. The main pigments in algae is chlorophyll.

ADDITIONAL PIGMENTS

Carotene Phycobilin

Fucoxanthin (Brownish)

Xantophylls (Golden)

Phycocyanin (Bluish)

Phycoerythrin (Reddish)

GREEN ALGAE CHLOROPHYTA

Phylum Chlorophyta

• Green algae

• 7000 diverse species

• Biologist reason that green algae give rise to land plants.

• Both green algae and land plants have chlorophyll a and B as well as carotenoids and store food as starch

• Both have walls made of cellulose

SPYROGYRA

- POPULATING THE PONDS

RED ALGAE

- SOURCE OF AGAR

RHODOPHYTA

Phylum Rhodophyta

• 4000 species of RED Algae

• Most are marine

• Smaller than brown algae and are often found at a depth of 200 meters.

• Contain chlorophyll a and C as well as phycobilins which are important in absorbing light that can penetrate deep into the water

• Have cells coated in carageenan which is used in cosmetics, gelatin capsules and some cheeses

BROWN ALGAE

- SOURCE OF ALGIN

Phylum Phaeophyta

• 1500 species of Brown algae

• Mostly marine and include seaweed and kelp

• All are multicellular and large (often reaching lengths of 147 feet)

• Individual alga may grow to a length of 100m with a holdfast, stipe and blade

• Used in cosmetics and most ice creams

BLUE GREEN ALGAE

Nostoc, Anabaena

Cyanophyta

Phylum Euglenophyta

• 1000 species of Euglenoids

• Have both plantlike and animal-like characteristics

• Fresh water

Other Phylum Representatives

Diatoms – used in detergents, paint removers, toothpaste

Dinoflagellates – red tides

Important in the

formation of

petroleum

products

Golden algae

PLANTS THAT SWIM

- CHLAMYDOMONAS

OSCILLATARIA

AN EXCEPTONAL

BEAUTY

- PEDIASTRUM

A Multiproduct Opportunity

Algae

Agriculture Nutrition

Pharmaceu. Fuel Aquaculture CO2 Seques.

Several macroalgae are also the source of hydrocolloids such as agar-agar and carrageenan which are widely used in the food industry as stabilisers, thickeners and gelling agents.

AGAR

- MEDICINE FROM RED ALGAE

FROM BROWN ALGAE

Product Algae Function Food

Carageenan Rhodophyta Stabilizer, Milk, yogurt, ice

cream, soup,

cream,pudding

Agar Gelidium

amansii (Red

algae)

Stabilizer,

thickener

Freeze food,

processed

cheeses

Mayonnaise

Alginate Brown algae thickener Ice cream, milk

products,

sauces,

Confectionery,

etc

KELP

- A RICH SOURCE OF IODINE

Green Polymers

Co-products from algae, including green

polymers, chemicals and animal feed, will play

a decisive role in the success of established

and emerging algae production ventures.

• Algae are good source of vitamins minerals, proteins,

• Different colors, flavors, textures

• Nutraceuticals

• Omega-3 supplements and food ingredients

• Protein powders

• Totally unique omega-3 products contain both EPA and DHA.

Highly valued, plant-based, vegetarian, nutritional

supplements unlike mercury-contaminated fish oil.

• Future: carotenoids; lutein, zeaxanthin, fucoxanthin, and

astaxanthin — potent antioxidants that reduce cell damage

and fight disease; fluorescent dyes (natural dyes that can

replace synthetic dyes in food and cosmetics)

Nutrition

• Algae yield omega-3 fatty acids, proteins and oils at more

profitable margins than other methods of production.

• Common species of nutritional supplements include Spirulina, Chlorella and Duniella

• Algae extracts are used for health supplements, pharmaceuticals, soaps, lotions, protein bars, shakes, and beauty products.

Omega 3

Markets

• Market demands for omega-3 fatty acids exceed current

industry production capacity:

• Current world demand = $4.6 billion U.S.

• 2011 estimate = $8.2 billion U.S.

• Many current market suppliers of omega-3s are

experiencing over 20 percent annual revenue growth for

algae-based ingredients in food and nutritional products

— with premium prices paid for the purest products

CHONDRUS

- USED IN PUDDINGS AND

JELLIES

CHLORELLA

- RICH IN PROTEINS AND VITAMINS

- A CHINESE DELICACY

LAMINARIA

- FODDER

Nutraceuticals per Kilo

According to BioCentric, which has invested $600,000 in its line of algae nutraceuticals:

• Haemaotoccocus has a current market value of $341 per kilogram,

• Chlorella clocks in at $44 per kilo and

• Spirulina sells for $20 per kilo

Algae as Protein

• According to the FAO, the world protein consumption is set to increase 74 percent by 2050, surpassing the replenishment of wild and farm-raised fish and livestock populations.

• Algae can provide high-concentration EPA oils and protein extracts, and low-cost fish meal for aquaculture facilities.

• Algae production systems will play an important role in addressing the growing worldwide demand for protein and Omega-3 fatty acids while reducing overfishing.

• Spirullina, Chlorella

Foods from algae

• Algae have been used as human food for thousands of years in all parts of the world.

• The most commonly consumed macroalgae include the red algae Porphyra (nori, kim, laver), Asparagopsis taxiformis (limu), Gracilaria, Chondrus crispus (Irish moss) and Palmaria palmata (dulse), the kelps Laminaria (kombu), Undaria (wakame) and Macrocystis, and the green algae Caulerpa racemosa, Codium and Ulva.

• These algae are either harvested from wild populations or are farmed.

• These algae usually are eaten either fresh, dried or pickled. • Algae are used in soups, salads and sushi. • Sea lettuce (Ulva lactura) • Other foods: Funori, Hijiki, Arame.

Foods from algae

Nori Kombu Wakame

•Soil enhancers for increasing large scale agricultural production

•Natural fumigants

An algae-based system to increase terrestrial crop production by:

• Increased bioavailability of macro and micro nutrients

• Enhanced soil organics and water-holding capabilities

• Increased soil porosity

• Replacement of chemical fumigants

Agriculture

SEA WEEDS….

….AS MANURE

• Ultra-pure pharmaceuticals

• Therapeutics

• Scientific reagents

• Bioactive peptides, replacement proteins, immune system

stimulators and suppressants, diagnostic proteins and

enzymes

Pharmaceuticals

• Algae are a rich and varied source of pharmacologically

active natural products and nutraceuticals. While

nutraceutical and pharmaceutical content in the baseline

algae strain is very small, current market values for

these products are extremely high.

• The major products currently being commercialized or

under consideration for commercial extraction include

carotenoids, phycobilins, fatty acids, polysaccharides,

vitamins, sterols, and biologically active molecules for

use in human and animal health.

The pharmaceutical industry is growing at a CAGR of around 8% while the global pharmaceutical market is forecasted to reach US$ 1043.4 billion in 2012.

Use of algae, especially cyanobacteria based active compounds, has received ever-increasing interest as:

• Antimicrobials, Antivirals & Antifungals

• Neuroprotective Products

• Therapeutic proteins

• Drugs

CHLORELLA

- YIELDS CHLORELLIN

•Shrimp, fish, and mollusk feeds

•Products for Asian and Pacific food markets

• Natural feed for fish, shrimp, and mollusk larvae

• Whole and defatted algae powders for fish,

shrimp, and mollusks

• Fresh macroalgae (sea veggies) for the Pacific and Asian food markets

Aquaculture

•Biofuels (biodiesel, alcohols)

•Lubricants for diesel fuel

•Biodegradable plastics

Fuel

Today, this ancient life-giver reappears as the core topic of

commercial and environmental interest in salvaging our

energy economy and our planetary future - our hope for

abundant fuel, medicine, food and carbon sequestration.

Algae Financial Forecast

In August, 2010, Global Information released a new market

research report, Algae Biofuels Production Technologies

Worldwide, in which they project that the total algae biofuels

production technologies market (including cultivation

technology sales, harvesting, extraction and fuels production

facilities) will reach $1.6 billion in 2015.

The Fuel of the Future?

• Algae produce 100 times more oil per acre than traditional food oilseed crops such as soy etc. Algae produces 4,000 -15,000 gallons of oil per acre per year versus 50 gallons per acre for soy, or approximately 26 gallons per hectare

• Algae eat CO2, the major Global Warming Gas, and produce oxygen.

• Algae require only sunshine and water, and thrive on waste and polluted waters

• Algae do not compete with food crops for either agricultural land or fresh water.

“If we were to replace all of the diesel that we use in the United States, with an algae derivative, we could do it on an area of land less than one half of 1% of the current farm land that we now use.”

Douglas Henston, Pres. Solix Algae Fuels

Diesel Fuel

Inputs - Outputs

ExxonMobil: $600 Million

• On July 15, 2009, Exxon announced a 600 million dollar investment into algae biofuel research. The research facility is based at partner Synthetic Genomics headquarters, and opened on July 14, 2010 in La Jolla, California.

http://gigaom2.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/exxonsynthetictestsite54.jpg

Solazyme: $125 Million

August 9, 2010: Seven-year-old Solazyme announced that it has raised $52 million in Series D financing from investors including

Braemer Energy Ventures, Morgan Stanley, and Chevron Technology Ventures, the VC arm of the oil giant. Including this round, Solazyme

has now raised over $125 million.

Algenol: 2013

• Algenol’s Biofields project begins construction this year, and Biofields continues to guide the markets to expect commercial capacity by 2013 in the 250 million gallons per year range.

• Algenol CEO Paul Woods expressed to the Biofuel Digest last year that he would regard the achievement of only 300 Mgy in capacity by mid-decade as a “disappointment”. http://i.i.com.com/cnwk.1d/i/bto/20080612/algenol_270x292.GIF

Aurora Algae: 2013

• Sept 2010 - Aurora Algae CEO Greg Bafalis forecasted the

company could reap $100,000 in gross revenue per acre, and

plans to be in large commercial production within 30 months,

quickly scaling up to 1,000-plus acres. The company is

constructing a first demonstration facility in Australia. “In

about two and a half years we’ll be cash flow positive,”

Bafalis predicted. “We’ll be tackling private equity and

venture capital in the next year.” The company has raised $40

million to date, with its third round in March, 2010, yielding

$15 million. http://venturebeat.com/2010/09/13/aurora%E2%80%99s-rebranding-bets-on-protein-bars-and-lotion-not-biofuel/

Carbon credits for sale to non-CleanTech industries

• Sequestration of CO2 directly from:

• Existing power generation facilities (coal and oil)

• Existing manufacturing facilities

• Production of off-setting carbon credits that can be sold to

other companies or industries based on the 2.5 to 1 ratio

of CO2 incorporation into algae biomass

CO2 Sequestration and environmental issues

NOSTOC AND…

… ANABAENA

- NITROGEN FIXATION

Algae Cultivation Process

Simple Process: Fuel and Biomass

Simple Process

Integration & Multi-Products

Fermentation Process

Algae Photo-Reactors

Acrylic Tubes

Vertical Plastic Bags

Flexible Tubing

Seambiotic, an Israeli firm, uses raceway/paddle-wheel

open-pond algae cultivation growth fed by C02 flue-gas

from a nearby power plant.

Raceway and Paddle Wheel

Photoreactor Yields

• Production w Closed System • High Nutrient Input or Waste Stream • Single Species in Controlled Environment: 30,000 -100,000 gallons per year per acre

Industry Pursuing Full Range of Algae Products

2013 Survey

ABO Members

Producers

Only

Vegetable oils for use in

food products 5% 11%

Feeds (fish and/or farm) 35% 35%

Bioplastics 4% 5%

Chemicals 11% 10%

Nutritional products or

nutraceuticals 30% 28%

Fuels 33% 29%

Fertilizers 21% 18%

Biomass for energy or

other uses 37% 36%

Other 9% 9%

ABO: Algae Biomass Organization

Capacity Continues to Expand

• 25% of producers reported they would be expanding in 2013 at an existing facility

• 22% said they would expand with new facilities

• 20% reported expansion and both new and existing facilities.

Most Critical Challenges

#1: cost-efficient production systems

#2: harvesting and extraction systems