ALGAL BIORESOURCES AS RAW-MATERIAL IN BIOFUEL

PRODUCTION

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RIZWAN SARWARPHD Scholar

Department of BOTANY 14-ARID-4424

• Introduction• Benefits of Biodiesel• Global Market of RES• Production of biodiesel• Production of biodiesel by the regions of the world• Features of consumption of biodiesel• Biodiesel raw-material base• Producton and cost price of biodiesel

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contents

• Algae and Biodiesel• Choosing an Algae• Feasibility• Pressing oil from the algae• Diesel Hybrid• Hybrid Bus Statistics• Conclusion• References

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• Biodiesel represents methyl (less often ethyl) ethers of fatty acids and is a perspective substitute for traditional hydrocarbon fuel. Raw materials for production of biodiesel are • vegetable oils, • food-industry wastes • and waste oils used for cooking.

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• Biodiesel is meant to be used in standard diesel engines and is thus distinct from the vegetable and waste oils used to fuel converted diesel engines.

• Biodiesel can be used alone, or blended with petrodiesel in any proportions.

• The National Biodiesel Board (USA) also has a technical definition of "biodiesel" as a mono-alkyl ester.

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• Much of the world uses a system known as the "B" factor to state the amount of biodiesel in any fuel mix.

• 100% biodiesel is referred to as B100• 20% biodiesel, 80% petrodiesel is labeled B20• 5% biodiesel, 95% petrodiesel is labeled B5• 2% biodiesel, 98% petrodiesel is labeled B2

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Benefits of Biodiesel

• - High cetane number (Measure of the ignition quality of diesel fuel) (average 45.8-56.9 units).

• - High flash point (above +100)• - Good lubricating property• - Absence of sulfur and aromatic hydrocarbons• - Low toxicity of emissions• - Virtually complete biodegradability (99% • -biodiesel are destroyed in water or soil for 28 days)• - Zero balance of greenhouse gases

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Global Market of RES

Production of biodiesel

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Material balance of biodiesel

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Production of biodiesel by the regions of the world

70 % - EU 20 % - the USA

10 % - other countries

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Features of consumption of biodiesel

• The main consumers are Germany, Great Britain, France, Austria, Spain

• National biodiesel programs are started more than in 20 countries

• Three of four liters of diesel fuel sold in EU contain biodiesel. The obligatory share of biofuel is 5.75 % in 2010, 20 % by 2020

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Biodiesel raw-material base

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Sown areas for the production of vegetable oils for biodiesel

(worldwide)

• Today - 1 % (14 mln ha)• By the year 2030 – 2.5 % (35 mln ha)

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Raw material Liters of oil from 1 hectareSesame 696Sunflower 952Peanut 1059Rape (B. napus) 1190Olive 1212Jatropha 1818Avocado 2638Palm-oil 5950Algae 95000Soya 446Flax 478

Producton and cost price of biodiesel

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Cost of biodiesel production in some European countries

The price of rape in Germany is 450 EUROS per ton

Сountry Cost, Euro/lGermany 0.50-0.64Baltic States 0.41-0.42Hungary 0.65Poland 0.75Slovakia 0.70

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Type of Biodiesel Dollars per gallon of biodiesel

Dollars per gallon gasoline equivalent

India (Jatropha) 2.74 2.97U.S. (soybean) 3.20 3.33EU (rape) 3.26 3.54Russia (rape) 1.50 1.65

Production cost of biodiesel in various countriesin 2008

The price of rape in Russia - 240 euros per ton

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Algae and Biodiesel

• Algae Biodiesel is a good replacement for standard crop Biodiesels like soy and canola

• Up to 70% of algae biomass is usable oils• Algae does not compete for land and space

with other agricultural crops• Algae can survive in water of high salt content

and use water that was previously deemed unusable

Storing the Sun’s Energy (Photosynthesis)

• What is needed– Sunlight– CO2

– Nutrients

• Storage of Energy– Lipids and oils– Carbohydrates

http://www.veggievan.org/downloads/articles/Biodiesel%20from%20Algae.pdf

Controlling Nutrients

• Nitrogen– Aids in cell division

• Silicate– Aids in cell wall production

• Depleting Nutrients– Starving the algae of these two nutrients reduce the rate of cell

division– Oil production remains constant– Results in an increase in the oil to mass ratio

Mass Production of Algae

Choosing an Algae

• Important characteristics of Algae– High % of total biomass is oil– Maintains a high % of oil even

under stress– Compatible with the area

climate

What Type of Algae

• Botryococcus braunii– Converts 61% of its

biomass into oil– 86% of it is long chain

hydrocarbons– Drops to only 31% oil

under stress– Grows best between 22-

25oC (71-77oF)

Where To Grow It

• Extensions onto our water treatment plants– Clean up our waste and generate fuel

• Agriculture runoff– Exploit the county’s many farms.

Feasibility

• Due to the promising interest in alternatives to fossil fuels, there has been renewed research interest in Botryococcus braunii. • The DOE Joint Genome Institute sequenced

the DNA of Bb in 2009-2010

Pressing oil from the algae

• Dry the algae and press the oil from it. • Can retrieve up to 70% of the oil.• While drying must prevent the algae from

becoming contaminated.• Cheapest and simplest method

Chemical Oil Extraction

• Use hexane solvents to remove the oil.• Hexane is a neurotoxin.• Must be careful when using.• Removes oil out of almost all things.

Three ways to produce biodiesel

• Base catalyzed transesterification with alcohol.• Acid catalyzed esterification with methanol.• Convert the oil to fatty acids. Then acid

catalyze to alkyl esters.

Base Catalyzed with Alcohol

• Most common process• Most economical• Low pressure• Low temperature (150oF)• No intermediate steps• High conversion rate (98%)

http://biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/Production.PDF

TAG (triacylglycerol)

• Three chains of fatty acids attached to a glycerol

• Natural oil from the algae

Transesterification

• Start with triacylglycerol (TAG)

• End up with alkyl ester alcohol (biodiesel)

Diesel Hybrid• GM Hybrid Bus

Hybrid Bus Statistics

• GM Hybrid Bus– EP system (electric propulsion)– Clean Hybrid technology– Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide reduction of

about 90%– Nitrous oxide reduction of about 50%– Already in service in many cities– Up to 60% improved fuel economy

http:www.gm.com/company/adv_tech/300_hybrids/

index_bus.html

Conclusion

• Algae is a very efficient means of producing biodiesel

• The oil production from algae farms is feasible and scalable

• Further research necessary to unlock full potential of algae

• Rajkumar et al. (2014). “Algal Biofuel Production,” BioResources 9(1) 1606-1633.

• Kelsi Bracmort. (2013). “Algae’s Potential as a Transportation Biofuel,” Congressional Research Service. www.crs.gov

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References