Alfred Alder (1870-1937)• Dreams important in understanding human personality• Rejected idea that dreams only about sexuality (Freud)…

unlike Freud, Alder believed that humans motivated by all kinds of power, not just sexual

• “inferiority complex”- people feel inferior at times, especially children. They try to compensate by seeking experience of power (ex. Promotion, biggest house, fastest car)

• Developed a system of therapy, individual psychology- guided people’s goals and values

Carl Jung (1875-1961)• Analytical psychology• Interested in how personality develops• Each person is unique• Personal unconscious and collective unconscious (contains memories

from our ancestors• Developed a system to define personality (introverts/extroverts)• Introvert- some people use the psychological “power” inward into

themselves, they are often emotionally self sufficient and do not need many personal relationships to give them reassurance and confidence

• Extrovert- use power to draw people closer to others, outgoing and more comfortable in large group of people

• Psychological Functions: • Sensation (experience of the physical world) • Intuition (deeper perception of inner meaning)• Thinking (evaluation of fact, intellect)• Feeling (emotional, based on our ideas of likes and dislikes)

Jean Piaget (1896-1960)• Interested in and influenced childhood development theories• Believed that differences in child’s capacity to reason and

learn could be measured• Chronological, you can’t skip stages (30% of 30 year olds do

not reach last stage)• 4 stages of Learning

• Sensory motor (0-2: touch)• Preoperational (begins to understand symbols)• Concrete operational (logical- water in cups)• Formal Operational (reason- other persons point of view)

Erik Erikson (1902-1994)• Interested in human development• People suffer from identity crises (each individual must resolve

conflict between wants and needs)• Developed a theory of 8 stages of development• To pass onto the next stage of life in a positive way, the conflict

within each stage needs to be resolved positively ( Ex Teens: Identity Vs. Role confusion… to be a successful adult important to know who you are and what you stand for)

• Focused on individual and the way he or she relates to society as a whole