Alexandre Sheldon Duplaix

8/3/2019 Alexandre Sheldon Duplaix

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Alexandre Sheldon-DuplaixService historique de la defense, Vicennes, [email protected]
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Naval forces are chess pieces that

may exert a political influence

through their capabilities and

disposition without actually havingto fight

To win one hundred victories in

one hundred battles is not the

acme of skill. To subdue the enemywithout fighting is the acme of

skill.

Sun Tzu


3/38

The PLA completes the former Soviet aircraft carrier

Varyag in Dalian to serve as a training platform in the

neighboring academy.

The PLA has been sending military personnel to the

Ukrainian carrier pilots training facility of Saki in

Crimea and has signed an agreement with Brazil forcarrier pilot training.


4/38

Early involvement of the

Chinese government from the

purchase ofVaryags hull inUkraine, allegedly to be

turned into a floating casino

in Macau where the waters

were too shallow. Beijings trade concessions to

the Turkish government

allowed the Varyag to be

towed through the Bosporus.


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83

8182

WAN

According to an official sources, the future aircraft

carrier converted in Dalian, is designated "aviation

training ship." The ship belongs to the Naval Academy,

hull number 83, ship name "Shi Lang.The Shi LangQing government recovered Taiwan


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In effect the former Varyag will play the same role

as its sistership the Kuznetsov in the Russian Navy

except that China will call it a training ship


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Chinese researchers underline that in a globalised

world, war at sea is less and less advantageous for

the initiator: the military method to solve maritime

geo-strategic issues has gone through two phases. Thesea originally was a space where mighty countries could

invade markets and rob resources. The sea has now

become a space to exchange resources and marketsIf

one country launches a war by using the sea blockade

to seek a certain political or security objective, this

country will pay the price in the political and economic

spheres.

Characteristics of Chinas geo-strategic security and its historical

changes , Zhongguo junshi kexue (Military Science), 1/2007, pp.22-29


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Open ocean-area defense is an essential shield oflong-term national interests.

In the future, some maritime powers may employ long-range

strike weapons to attack into the depths of China. The vast,

unobstructed character of the naval battlefield is favorablefor military force concentration, mobility, force projection,

and initiating sudden attacks.

The maritime security threat comes from the open

ocean. This requires the navy to cast the field ofvision of its strategic defense to the open ocean.[Xu Qi, NWCR 2006]


10/38

China sees Taiwan like Japan and thePhilippines - as an outpost of Americas military

presence on its shores. General Wen Zongren called for the breaking

of the international forces blockade againstChinas maritime security to enable Chinas

rise. Various incidents with the USN in Chinas ZEE

A stauncher Japan calls Taiwan a strategicconcern .


11/38

Liu Huaquing, the navy commander

(1982-87) and admirer of Gorshkovsblue water navy drew a map for

future naval operations up to the

first and second chain islands in the

Western Pacific.

In the aftermath of the UNCLOStreaty creating the economic

exclusive zone [EEZ], China issued in

1985 a new strategic doctrine of

offshore defense.

primacy of near-seas operations () and middle- and far-

seas operations as [only] supportive

and auxiliary ()

[quoted by Nan Li and Christopher

Weuve, NWCR, Winter2010]

First Island Chain

Second Island Chain

middle and far seas ()


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Washington spectacular victory in the 1991 Gulf

War against an entrenched army resembling the

PLA, and new doctrine to win local wars underconditions of modern technologies.

Despite the Tiananmen embargo, the end of the Cold

War meant the lifting of the COCOM restrictions on the

export of Western dual use technologies andresumption of military cooperation with Russia.

For Liu Huaquing, the development of science and

technology for national defense was not a technological

issue but a strategic issue.


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Trained as an electrical engineer and a former Minister ofElectronics Industry, President Jiang Zemin initiated an information

revolution on military affairs in his capacity as the chairman of the

Central Military Commission [CMC].

break the barriers between the services and create an integrated

system of operating units [Land, Sea, Air, Space and ElectronicWarfare] sharing common elements for ISR [Information,

Surveillance and Reconnaissance], C4 [Command, Control,

Communications and Computer], K [Kill/ Digitized and

Interconnected Weapons Platforms] and Integrated Logistics.


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6 FFG Type 054A

2 DDG Type 051 C

2 DDG Type 052 C2 DDG Type 052 B

General Li Jinai, the head of Chinas General Armaments Department, called in

2003 the marked improvement in national defense scientific research and

production the best period of development ever in the countrys history .

2 weapons test ships 891-892


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In 1945 the KMT had asked the US forescort carriers; in 1979, there had beendiscusions between the UK and the PRC for

selling the Harrier to China.

Liu Huachings visit onboard the Kitty Hawk

in May 1980, prompted the Chinese carrier

program: Liu was deeply impressed by its

imposing magnificence and modern fighting

capacity".

He advocated the development of aircraftcarriers to the PLA General Staff, created a

course for future carriers captains.

1


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When we were focusing on theTaiwan strait issue [1994] werealized that using land basedaviation was a waste because wewould increasingly need more

planes and more air bases. And Ifwe developped an aircraft carrier,we would not need to increase thetotal number of planes. We wouldjust need to modify themThe

aircraft carrier would become aforce multiplier, augmenting thefire power of the whole force .

Memoirs, 2004

2

L d b d f iliti


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In addition to four ships (Melbourne, Kiev,

Minsk and Varyag), China obtained several

carriers blueprints including those of anotherNevskoye design (possibly Ulyanovsk), Spanish

(Bazan) designs and CSSC worked on a model.

2CV model on a CSSC movie 1997

Minsk, Kiev, Melbourne (1984)

Land based facilities


19/38

All members of the United Nations SecurityCouncil possess carriers, except China.

Major-General Qian Lihua: "The navy of any

great power has the dream to have one or more

aircraft carriers". "The question is not whetheryou have an aircraft carrier, but what you do

with your aircraft carrier,"."Even if one day we

have an aircraft carrier, unlike other countries,

we will not use it to pursue global deployment

or global reach."

Financial Times, 11-11-08; Experts defend China'snaval rights to possess aircraft carriers

3


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Chinas new

language:

New Jiangnan :Shangxi : onecarrier visible on

the official model

3


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India:2013: 1

2020: 2

21 CTOL Mig 2913 hel

16 CTOL Mig 29LCA, 10 hel

Korea2007: 1

2020: 3

19 000 tpc22 nds

Japan2009: 12011: 22020: 4

Lik l i t d ti f
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg


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Likely introduction ofF-35 on Japanese andKorean DDH/LPH
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg


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In March 2009, Chinese media reported that Defense

Minister General Liang Guanglie and his Japanese

counterpart Yasukazu Hamada had discussed the

carrier issue. Members of a Project 048 Engineering

Command responsible for developing special largemilitary ships were said to be present at their

meeting on 20 March. Financial Times, 11-11-08;

Experts defend China's naval rights to possess aircraft

carriers http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief; Volume: 9 Issue:7, April 2, 2009
http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabriefhttp://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief


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A future national carrier said to have been ordered at

the new Changxi shipyard.

the training facility in Wuhan supports a Varyag design

Most likely based on Varyag


26/38

A Chinese semi

stealth national

naval fighter underdevelopment

Purchase of an early Su-27K in Ukraine and development ofthe national J13

Projet national


27/38Based on the Ulyanovsk?


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Original design?


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we will not use it to pursue global deployment orglobal reach."

To subdue the enemy without fighting is the acme of

skill


30/38

Nan Li and Christopher Weuve propose 5 missions for a

Chinese carrier

1. SLOC protection.

2. Deployment to overseas crisis locations.

3. Exclusive economic zone/territorial enforcement.

4. Humanitarian aid and disaster relief.

5. Taiwan contingency.

It seems however, that the main mission for a Chinesecarrier would be closer to Soviet/Russian bastion

defense concepts in relation with Taiwan and other

sovereignty issues. Deployment to overseas crisis

location seems very unlikely unless under the

auspices of the UN.


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58 000 tpc302x70 m4 TV : 29 nds12-32 CTOL SU-33 /18 heli12 SSM (500 km)

75 000 tpc

320x72 mNucl. : 30 nds40 CTOL SU-33/24 heli2 catapults for CTOL AEW12 SSM (500 km)

Missions: shoot down anti-submarine airplanesStrike aircraft carriers, tracksubmarines


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Underwater weapons represents a main dimension of Chinas anti-

access architecture. China sees the submarines - the poisonedarrow [Shashou jian] - as an answer to delay the progression of

U.S. naval forces while the PLA would try to secure victory in

Taiwan.

Espousing Russian concepts, a Chinese Varyag could provide an air

defense umbrella for submarines operating east of Taiwan andparticipate in the missiles strikes against an incoming US fleet.

Maritime patrol aircrafts would be at risk

SSN Type 093 SHANG


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Missions:air war over Taiwans East coastSoviet bastion defense concept

anti-ship and anti-land strikes

with32 YJ-63 cruise missiles (250 km)


34/38

China is building a new

strategic submarine

base in Hainan/Sanya

the Chinese carrier

could provide airdefense over the

strategic submarine

patrol zones near

Hainan


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A Chinese carrier answers President Hu

Jintaos November 2003 call forstrengthening the system to defend

the sea rights and interests of our

country. Tang Fuquan, Ye Xin Rong, Wang Daowei,On the strategy of defending Chinese sea rights,

Zhongguo junshi kexue (Military Science), 6/2006, pp.56-67

A carrier will be a decisive tool to

further convince Taiwan to move

towards reunification and support

sovereignty claims in the disputedareas of the South China Sea where

local navies will be checkmated

Vietnams vision


36/38

China already has thedestroyers and supportships to escort the former

Varyag.If China decides toacquire two or threeaircraft carriers, it will

have to increase thenumber of fleet supportships and antiaircraftdestroyers


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The justification given by Chinese officials for

Chinese future carrier developments

Hideaki Kaneda, a retired Japanese admiral,

supports the String of Pearls theory. Accordingly,

China would establish bases along its sea lanes to

support a Mahanian Sea Power strategy

For the time being, it seems unlikely that China

would contemplate deploying a carrier following

Western practises to exert pressure on a distant

country

Toshi Yoshihara, James R. Holmes, Japanese Maritime Thought : if not

Mahan, who ? Naval War College Review, Summer 2006, Vol. 59, No. 3


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Chinas White Book on defense for 2008 emphasizes thefact that China is engaged in a phase of peaceful

development and has made repeated pledges that its

forces were purely defensive.

One Chinese researcher suggests self restraint andpatience towards the United-States; mutual

assistance with Russia; cooperation with Japan and

reconciliation with India. One can notice that during

two maritime incidents with Russia and the United-States, in March 2009, the Chinese government

perhaps fearful of a nationalistic reaction from its

public opinion - has played down its protests.http://merln.ndu.edu/whitepapers/China_English2008.pdf, p.1 Sea

P d Chi 2008
http://merln.ndu.edu/whitepapers/China_English2008.pdfhttp://merln.ndu.edu/whitepapers/China_English2008.pdf

Alexandre Sheldon Duplaix

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