Alexander Hamilton StephensAlexander Hamilton Stephens(1812-1883)(1812-1883)

Slavery and the ConfederacySlavery and the Confederacy“The Cornerstone Speech”

at Savannah, GeorgiaMarch 21, 1861

Historical Context: The Historical Context: The AuthorAuthor Born to a yeoman farmer with a modest Born to a yeoman farmer with a modest

fortunefortune Father died while Stephens was youngFather died while Stephens was young He was left with nothingHe was left with nothing Friends supported his educationFriends supported his education Graduated from Franklin College, Athens Graduated from Franklin College, Athens

Georgia, in 1832Georgia, in 1832 Never had good healthNever had good health

Historical Context: The Historical Context: The PoliticianPolitician Elected to U.S. Congress in 1843 as a Elected to U.S. Congress in 1843 as a

WhigWhig Became a Democrat in 1855Became a Democrat in 1855 Retired from the House in 1859Retired from the House in 1859 Opposed the secession of his state of Opposed the secession of his state of

Georgia, but stuck with the state when Georgia, but stuck with the state when they did secedethey did secede

Played a leading role in the shaping of Played a leading role in the shaping of the Confederate Constitutionthe Confederate Constitution

Elected Vice President of Confederate Elected Vice President of Confederate States in 1861States in 1861

Was a friend of Abraham Lincoln and Was a friend of Abraham Lincoln and joined him in the Hampton Roads joined him in the Hampton Roads Conference 1865 to find a peaceful Conference 1865 to find a peaceful solution to end the war. It was a solution to end the war. It was a failure.failure.

Major Issues and EventsMajor Issues and Events

SlaverySlavery Secession from the UnionSecession from the UnionIntended Audience:Intended Audience: The people of Georgia and the The people of Georgia and the ConfederacyConfederacy

Main Point #1Main Point #1 The new Constitution is similar to the The new Constitution is similar to the

old only betterold only better““All the great principles of Magna Charta are All the great principles of Magna Charta are

retained in it. No citizen is deprived of life, liberty or retained in it. No citizen is deprived of life, liberty or property, but by the judgment of his peers, under the laws of property, but by the judgment of his peers, under the laws of the land. The great principle of the land. The great principle of religious liberty, religious liberty, which was the honor and pride of the old Constitution, is still which was the honor and pride of the old Constitution, is still maintained and secured.”maintained and secured.”

““So, taking the whole new Constitution, I have not So, taking the whole new Constitution, I have not hesitancy in giving it as my judgment, that it is decidedly hesitancy in giving it as my judgment, that it is decidedly better than the old.” [Applause]better than the old.” [Applause]

Main Point #2Main Point #2 With independence we will no longer be oppressed by tariffs With independence we will no longer be oppressed by tariffs

of the US federal government. Federal monies should not be of the US federal government. Federal monies should not be used to facilitate national commerce & infrastructureused to facilitate national commerce & infrastructure““The old thorn of the tariff, which occasioned the cause of The old thorn of the tariff, which occasioned the cause of so much irritation in the old body politic, is removed so much irritation in the old body politic, is removed forever from the new…”forever from the new…”““The cost of the grading, the superstructure and The cost of the grading, the superstructure and equipments of our roads was borne by those who entered equipments of our roads was borne by those who entered upon the enterprise…”upon the enterprise…”““The true principle is to subject commerce of every locality The true principle is to subject commerce of every locality to whatever burdens may be necessary to facilitate it.”to whatever burdens may be necessary to facilitate it.”

Main Point #3Main Point #3

Slavery is the cause of the splitSlavery is the cause of the split“…“…African slavery as it exists among us-the proper status of African slavery as it exists among us-the proper status of

the negro in our form of civilization. the negro in our form of civilization. This was the immediate cause of the late rupture and present revolution. JEFFERSON anticipated this, JEFFERSON anticipated this, as the “rock upon which the old Union would split”…What was as the “rock upon which the old Union would split”…What was conjecture with him, is now realized fact. But whether he fully conjecture with him, is now realized fact. But whether he fully comprehended the great truth upon which that rockcomprehended the great truth upon which that rock stood stood and and standsstands, may be doubted. , may be doubted. The prevailing ideas entertained by him and most of the leading statesmen at the time of the formation of the old Constitution were, that the enslavement of the African was in violation of the laws of nature; that it was wrong in principle, socially, morally, and politically.”

“Those ideas, however, were fundamentally wrong. They rested upon the assumption of the equality of the races. This was an error. It was a sandy foundation, and the idea of a Government built It was a sandy foundation, and the idea of a Government built upon it-when the “storm came and the wind blew, it upon it-when the “storm came and the wind blew, it fellfell.” .” (Matthew (Matthew 7:27)7:27)

Main Point #4Main Point #4

Slavery our “Slavery our “cornerstonecornerstone””““Our new Government is founded upon exactly the Our new Government is founded upon exactly the

opposite ideas; its foundations are laid, its cornerstone opposite ideas; its foundations are laid, its cornerstone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery, subordination to the superior race, white man; that slavery, subordination to the superior race, is his natural and moral condition. is his natural and moral condition. [Applause] [Applause] This, our new This, our new Government, is the first, in the history of the world, based Government, is the first, in the history of the world, based upon this great physical, philosophical, and moral truth.”upon this great physical, philosophical, and moral truth.”

““It is upon this, as I have stated, our social fabric is It is upon this, as I have stated, our social fabric is firmly planted.”firmly planted.”

Main Points #5 & #6Main Points #5 & #6

People of the North are fanatics and People of the North are fanatics and insaneinsane““Those at the North who still cling to these errors with a zeal above Those at the North who still cling to these errors with a zeal above knowledge, we justly denominate fanatics. All fanaticism springs from knowledge, we justly denominate fanatics. All fanaticism springs from an aberration of the mind; from a defect in reasoning. It is a species of an aberration of the mind; from a defect in reasoning. It is a species of insanity.”insanity.”

They are going against the CreatorThey are going against the Creator““They assume that the negro is equal, and hence conclude that he is They assume that the negro is equal, and hence conclude that he is entitled to equal privileges and rights, with the white man. If their entitled to equal privileges and rights, with the white man. If their premises were correct, their conclusions would be logical and just; but premises were correct, their conclusions would be logical and just; but their premises being wrong, their whole argument fails. They were their premises being wrong, their whole argument fails. They were attempting to make things equal which the Creator had made unequal.”attempting to make things equal which the Creator had made unequal.”

Main Point #7Main Point #7 Government in conformity with natureGovernment in conformity with nature

““It is the first Government ever instituted upon principles in strict It is the first Government ever instituted upon principles in strict conformity to nature, and the ordination of Providence, in furnishing conformity to nature, and the ordination of Providence, in furnishing the materials of human society. Many Governments have been the materials of human society. Many Governments have been founded upon the principles of certain classes; but the classes thus founded upon the principles of certain classes; but the classes thus enslaved, were of the same race, and in violation of the laws of enslaved, were of the same race, and in violation of the laws of nature. Our system commits no such violation of nature’s laws. The nature. Our system commits no such violation of nature’s laws. The negro by nature, or by the curse against Canaan, is fitted for that negro by nature, or by the curse against Canaan, is fitted for that condition which he occupies in our system.”condition which he occupies in our system.”““It is, indeed, in conformity with the Creator. It is, indeed, in conformity with the Creator. It is not for us to It is not for us to inquire into the wisdom of His ordinances or to question them. inquire into the wisdom of His ordinances or to question them. For For His own purposes He has made one race to differ from another, as His own purposes He has made one race to differ from another, as He has made “one star to differ from another in glory.” The great He has made “one star to differ from another in glory.” The great objects of humanity are best attained, when conformed to his laws objects of humanity are best attained, when conformed to his laws and degrees, in the formation of Governments as well as in all things and degrees, in the formation of Governments as well as in all things else. Our Confederacy is founded, upon principles in strict else. Our Confederacy is founded, upon principles in strict conformity with these laws. This stone which was rejected by the conformity with these laws. This stone which was rejected by the first builders first builders “is become the chief stone of the corner” in our new “is become the chief stone of the corner” in our new edifice.” edifice.” [Applause] [Applause] (Matthew 21:42)(Matthew 21:42)

Main Point #8Main Point #8 We can maintain nationality & have We can maintain nationality & have

peacepeace““Have we the means and ability to maintain nationality Have we the means and ability to maintain nationality among the Powers of the earth? On this point I would among the Powers of the earth? On this point I would barely say, that as anxious as we all have been, and are, barely say, that as anxious as we all have been, and are, for the Border States, with institutions similar to ours, to for the Border States, with institutions similar to ours, to join us, still we are abundantly able to maintain our…If join us, still we are abundantly able to maintain our…If they [the original Thirteen States], with a less population, they [the original Thirteen States], with a less population, dared maintain their independence against the greatest dared maintain their independence against the greatest power on earth, shall we have any apprehension of power on earth, shall we have any apprehension of maintaining ours now?”maintaining ours now?”““Our object is Our object is PeacePeace, not only with the North, but with the , not only with the North, but with the world…War can be of no more benefit to the North, than world…War can be of no more benefit to the North, than to us…All I can say to you, therefore, on that point is, keep to us…All I can say to you, therefore, on that point is, keep your armor bright, and your powder dry.” [Enthusiastic your armor bright, and your powder dry.” [Enthusiastic Applause]Applause]

Main Point #9Main Point #9

The North: a strange paradoxThe North: a strange paradox““The principles and position of the present Administration of the United The principles and position of the present Administration of the United States-the Republican Party-present some puzzling questions. While it is States-the Republican Party-present some puzzling questions. While it is a fixed principle with them, never to allow the increase of a foot of a fixed principle with them, never to allow the increase of a foot of Slave Territory, they seem to be equally determined not to part with an Slave Territory, they seem to be equally determined not to part with an inch “of the accursed soil”…They were ready to fight on the accession inch “of the accursed soil”…They were ready to fight on the accession of Texas, and are equally ready to fight now on her secession. Why is of Texas, and are equally ready to fight now on her secession. Why is this? How can this strange paradox be accounted for? There seems to this? How can this strange paradox be accounted for? There seems to be but one rational solution-and that is, notwithstanding their be but one rational solution-and that is, notwithstanding their professions of humanity, they are disinclined to give up the benefits professions of humanity, they are disinclined to give up the benefits they derive from slave labor. Their philanthropy yields to their interest. they derive from slave labor. Their philanthropy yields to their interest. The idea of enforcing the laws, has but one object, and that is a The idea of enforcing the laws, has but one object, and that is a collection of the taxes, raised by slave labor to swell the fund necessary collection of the taxes, raised by slave labor to swell the fund necessary to meet their heavy appropriations. The spoils is what they are after-to meet their heavy appropriations. The spoils is what they are after-though they come from the labor of the slave.” [Continued applause]though they come from the labor of the slave.” [Continued applause]

Main Point #10Main Point #10

If we stay true, we will not FAILIf we stay true, we will not FAIL““If…we are true to ourselves, true to our cause, true to our If…we are true to ourselves, true to our cause, true to our

destiny, true to our high mission, in presenting to the world the destiny, true to our high mission, in presenting to the world the highest type of civilization ever exhibited by man-there will be highest type of civilization ever exhibited by man-there will be found in our Lexicon no such word as FAIL.”found in our Lexicon no such word as FAIL.”

(Revisit Thoreau)(Revisit Thoreau)

Historical SignificanceHistorical Significance

Gave the South’s view of the split with Gave the South’s view of the split with the Norththe North

Showed slavery as the true cause for Showed slavery as the true cause for the splitthe split

Shows the South’s perspective on Shows the South’s perspective on slavery and the Civil Warslavery and the Civil War

Questions to ConsiderQuestions to Consider

Why were Jefferson’s words not Why were Jefferson’s words not heeded?heeded?

Why did Stephens use religious Why did Stephens use religious overtones and Biblical references?overtones and Biblical references?

Would there ever have been a Would there ever have been a peaceful solution?peaceful solution?