Alcohol fermentation
Transcript of Alcohol fermentation
ALCOHOL FERMENTATION
INDEX:INTRODUCTION PROCESSORGANISMS USEDSUBSTRET AND MEDIA
COMPOSITION AND IDEAL CONDITION
PRODUCT RECOVERYUSESCONCLUSION
alcoholic fermentation, also referred to as, Ethanol fermentation, is a biological process in which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose are converted into cellular energy and thereby produce ethanol and carbon dioxide as metabolic waste products. Because yeasts perform this conversion in the absence of oxygen ethanol fermentation is classified as anaerobic.
Conversation Mechanism
C6H12O6
180
C2H5OH + CO2
92 88
100 Kg 51.1 Kg 48.9 Kg
Theoretical Yield : 51.1%
The figure uses a symbolic notation familiar in biochemistry. It shows the stepwise transformation of glucose to ethanol through intermediates, pyruvate and acetaldehyde.
Sugar ====> Alcohol + Carbon dioxide gas + Energy(Glucose) (Ethyl alcohol)
Organisms used:Bacteria:Zymomonas mobilisClosteridium acetobutylicumKlebsiella pneumoniaeYeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Saccharomyces carlsbergenesiae Saccharomyces saki Saccharomyces oviformis Candida utilis Mucur sp.
FERMANTABLE SUBSTRATE
Sugary materials Starchy material Cellulosic materials
SUGARY MATERIALS:MolassesSuger caneSugar beetSweet potatoSulfide wasteWeet sorgumWheyglucoseSuccroseLactose
STARCHY MATERIALS
cereals:
wheat,maize,barley,sorgum,corn,rice
Roots: potato,tropicaMild products: wheat flour,corn feed
CELLULOSIC MATERIALSWoodPaper wasteAgricultural waste
Nutrient Raw materialCarbon molasses, starchNitrogen corn steep liquor, soybean
meal, pure ammonia or ammonium salts, urea, nitrate salts, phosphate salts
Vitamins and growth factors
biotin, yeast extract, beef extract, corn steep liquor, wheat germ meal
Fermentation media
CONDITIONS FOR FERMENTATION
Carbon sources: pure sugar or crude sugars/molasses (10-18%).Growth factors: can be provided in the form of molasses.pH: 4.8-5.0.Temperature: 21-26°F. Temp. can be controlled by heating or cooling of tanks.
CONTN……..
Time: Depends on yeast strain. Usual time is between 30
to 72hrs.
Yield: 0.4 gallon of ethyl alcohol per one
gallon of molasses. 90%
carbohydrates can be converted in to alcohol.
FERMENTATION PROCESS CARRY OUT BY:
batch fermentationContinuous fermentation continuous fermentation is
used because of several advantages.
FERMENTATIONInoculums size: In range of 3% to 10%
with an average about 4%Media: 10 -18%. Concentrations
greater than 20% are not employed as they could be detrimental to yeast.
PRODUCT RECOVERY
Distillation is a separation process for a mixture of liquids or oils. It relies on differences in the boiling points of the component liquids to be separated.
Alcohol can be obtained by distillation and column is known as rectified column.
Can also be recovered by fractional distillation. Distillate contains 95.6% ethyl alcohol and 4.4% water.
BY-PRODUCTSThree byproducts generated1.Carbon dioxide- used for production
of dry ice and pure form used for preparation of soft drinks.
2.Yeast biomass- used for animal fodder because it contains high protein, vitamins etc.
3.Distillery effluents- used as a fertilizer and animal feed.
Ethanol Tolerance
Growth Tolerance Production Tolerance
Ethanol levelat which
Growth ceases
6-9% wt/vol
Ethanol levelat which
Ethanol production ceases
15% wt/vol or higher
USES:Fuels Some alcohols, mainly ethanol
and methanol can be used as an alcohol fuel
PreservativeSolventsAlcohols have applications in industry
and science as reagents or solvents ethanol can be used as a solvent in medical drugs, perfumes and vegetable essences such as vanilla
Alcoholic beveragesAntifreezeAntisepticsEthanol can be used as
an antiseptic to disinfect the skin.
CONCLUSIONThus alcohol production is an important
fermentation because of following reasons:
1.Gives ethyl alcohol used for consumption as well as industrial purposes.
2.Gives byproducts like carbon dioxide, yeast biomass, fertilizer etc.
3.Gives effective utilization of agro-waste eg. Molasses, sulphite waste liquor etc.