Alan Scott - Pacific Seeds - Australian Oilseeds ... · increase product or trait expression. ......
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Alan Scott - Pacific Seeds
Transcript of Alan Scott - Pacific Seeds - Australian Oilseeds ... · increase product or trait expression. ......
Alan Scott -Pacific Seeds
Gene Technology and Sunflower in Australia
Sunflower BREEDING– Conventional Sunflower breeders have made
huge progress in improving the performance of Sunflower varieties, particularly hybrids, in the last 30 years.
– Most of the work done by conventional crossing of lines selection of lines that combine the desirable traits, and selective combinations of these in F1 Hybrids.
– The genes for these hybrids obtained from naturally occurring genetic variation or from mutation plant breeding.
Australian SunflowerAustralian SunflowerYield (t/ha)Yield (t/ha)
00.20.40.60.8
11.21.41.6
60/61
63/64
66/67
69/70
72/73
75/76
78/79
81/82
84/85
87/88
90/91
93/94
96/97
99/00
QLDNSW
Australian SunflowerAustralian SunflowerProduction (x1000Production (x1000 mt mt))
020406080
100120140160180200
93/94 94/95 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02(E)
PolyMono
CONVENTIONAL SUNFLOWERBREEDING
• Breeding Strategies :– Pedigree Method– Back-cross
• Hybrid crop• Cytoplasmic male sterility• A, B & R lines
– A & R in H. petiolaris cytoplasm– B in H. annuus cytoplasm
• Single or recessively branched male
PEDIGREE METHOD
1- Hybridization A x B (AxC) x BF1
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2- Plant F2 SeedSel. Ind. Plants
3- Grow indiv. F3 rowsSel. Best rowsSel. Best F3 Plants
4- Grow indiv. F4 rowsSel best familiesSel. Best rowsSel. Best F4 Plants /TC
5- Grow indiv. F5 rowsSel best familiesSel. Best rowsSel. Best F5 Plants Results TC
w z o y o o x o …… F2 Pop
CMS SYSTEM
A LINE (cms)
B LINE (maintainer)
R LINE (Rf gene)F1 HYBRID
•• GENE MAPPING:GENE MAPPING:– QUALITATIVE TRAITS– QUANTITATIVE TRAITS
•• LINELINE FINGERPRINTING: FINGERPRINTING:– LINES RELATIONSHIP– VARIETY PROTECTION
•• MOLECULAR ASSISTED SELECTION (M.A.S):MOLECULAR ASSISTED SELECTION (M.A.S):– TO FIXED ALLELES IN EARLY INBREEDING STAGES– LINE CONVERSIONS– BACK-CROSS: RECURENT PARENT GENOME
RECOVERY
MOLECULAR MARKERSMOLECULAR MARKERS
R LINESDISSIMILARITY
PCR: MICROSATELLITES IN ASEGREGATING POPULATION
Resistant parent(check)
Susceptible parent(check)
Heterozygous individualsResistant homozygous individuals
Susceptible homozygous individuals
Gene Technology and Sunflower in Australia
Modern Gene Technology– Genetic modification techniques developed in the
last twenty years has allowed the genetic material to be altered in ways that may not occur naturally.
– Such techniques are now able to achieve the following useful genetic alterations:
Transfer gene from related species - but difficult to breed by conventional cross-pollination.Transfer gene from unrelated species - eg. Bt genes from bacteria.Switch off a gene - stop function of an undesirable trait.Up-regulate or down-regulate a gene - reduce or increase product or trait expression.
Gene Technology and Sunflower in Australia
Opportunities for Exploiting GM Sunflower– 1) Opportunities for Farmers
Benefits in other crops such as corn achieved to date are variable with net productivity gains of 5 -10%, due to insect resistances and herbicide tolerances.Herbicide Resistance:
– improved weed control– use of conservation farming techniques
Insect Resistance:– reduction in chemical insecticide usage
Disease ResistanceTolerance of Environmental Stresses:
– Moisture– Acidity– Temperature– Nutrients.
Gene Technology and Sunflower in Australia
Opportunities for Exploiting GM Sunflower contd..
– 2) Opportunities for Grain Processors
Improvements in milling efficiencies - lignin controls
Modified oil types for food and industrial uses.
Modified protein types.
Gene Technology and Sunflower in Australia
Opportunities for Exploiting GM Sunflower contd..
– 3) Opportunities for Consumers
Altered fatty acid profiles.Changed protein qualityLignin modification.
Gene Technology and Sunflower in Australia
Opportunities for Exploiting GM Sunflower contd..– 4) Opportunities for Novel Products– Genetically modified to produce unconventional products
Human and veterinary pharmaceuticals– cost, purity freedom from animal origin contaminants.
Industrial feedstocks– enzymes– biodegradable plastics feedstocks– building materials
Energy Feedstocks– starch– sugars– Cellulosic biomass (modified to minimise unusable by-
products)
Gene Technology and Sunflower in Australia
Concerns about GM Crops– Human and Animal Health Concerns– Safety of food
– toxins, allergens, carcinogens– reduction of these materials
Ingestion of GM DNA:– no significant risk to health– consider in context of normal consumption.
– Safety of Livestock Feedno increase in risk to animals or humans consuming the animal productsdigestion renders the GM DNA functionally inertNo significant uptake of GM DNA in animal tissues and into products.
Gene Technology and Sunflower in Australia
Environmental Concerns– Herbicide Resistance
Resistant weeds may be selected out by repeated use of certain herbicides. Resistance development minimised by rotating herbicides, crops and other management practices.
– Insect ResistanceManage deployment to minimise development of resistant insects.
– Non-Target SpeciesAvoid negative effect on non-target species eg Monarch butterflies.
– Stress Tolerance and Disease Resistance:Increased weediness of cropEntry into natural ecosystemsAssess the real risks.
Gene Technology and Sunflower in Australia
Environmental Concerns contd..– Stress Tolerance and Disease Resistance
increased weediness of cropEntry into natural ecosystemsAssess the real risks.
– Gene Flow into Plant PopulationsOut-crossing with weedy relatives may increaseweedinessOut-crossing to other crops (eg non-GM)
– Managed by existing procedures– Industry Code of Practice being developed.
– Gene Flow into Land Races and In-Situ GermplasmConcern about GM gene flow to local varieties and natural germplasm in MexicoShown to be not truePossible since Sunflower is a naturally cross-pollinating
Gene Technology and Sunflower in Australia
Regulation of GM Crops in Australia– Comprehensive system of legislation, regulation and
licensed dealings.– By various bodies.– OGTR
Overall responsibility and specific responsibility for risks to human health and environment.Manages by licensing dealings with GMO’s.
– Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ)Responsibility for food safetySafety assessmentsLabelling and other information requirements protocolsApproval of certain GM products.
Gene Technology and Sunflower in Australia
Regulation of GM Crops in Australia contd.– Australian Quarantine & Inspection Service (AQIS)
Manages importation of GM productsCo-ordinates imports with OGTR requirements for licensed dealings in Australia.
– National Registration Authority (NRA)Evaluation, registration and regulation.GM crop plants that produce agricultural chemical products (eg. Bt toxins)New use of agricultural chemical in conjunction with GM crop plants (eg.herbicide use with GM herbicide resistance)
– Other BodiesVarious other federal, state and local government bodies.
Gene Technology and Sunflower in Australia
Conclusion
– Opportunities are immense and could deliver great benefits
– Technology is sophisticated and expensive– Regulatory process is complex, time-consuming
and costly.– GM Sunflower will ultimately have a significant
impact on world agriculture.
GMO: GMO: Sclerotinia Sclerotinia Stem RotStem RotToleranceTolerance
Oxalic AcidHOOC-COOH
Ox-OxOxalate Oxidase
CO2 + H2O2
