Alain Blondel, journée neutrinos Jussieu 27 Novembre 2003 Three family oscillations The Japanese...

Alain Blondel, journée neutrinos Jussieu 27 Novembre 2003

Three family oscillations

The Japanese way: JPARC SK, HK

The alpine way: CERN-SPL … and beta-beam and Fréjus

Neutrino Factory

Superbeam Neutrino Factory and beta-beam R&D EMCOG statements

design studies

Conclusions

Future neutrino experimentsThe road-map…

and a few itineraries


RoadmapYou are here

You w

ant t

o go

ther

e

Where do we stand?

Where do we go?

Which way do we chose?

Cheapest?

Shortest?

Fastest?

Taking into accountpracticalities or politics?


1. We know that there are three families of active, light neutrinos (LEP)2. Solar neutrino oscillations are established (Homestake+Gallium+Kam+SK+SNO+KamLAND)3. Atmospheric () oscillations are established (IMB+Kam+SK+Macro+Sudan+K2K)

4. At that frequency, electron neutrino oscillations are small (CHOOZ) This allows a consistent picture with 3-family oscillations ~300 m12

2~7 10-5eV2 ~450 m23 2~ 2.5 10-3eV2 ~ 100 with several unknown parameters mass hierarchy

Where are we?

*)to set the scale: CP violation in quarks was discovered in 1964 and there is still an important program (K0pi0, B-factories, Neutron EDM, LHCb, BTeV….) to go on for >>10 years…i.e. a total of >50 yrs. and we have not discovered leptonic CP yet!

5. LSND ? ( miniBooNe) This result is not consistent with three families of neutrinos oscillating, and is not supported (nor is it completely contradicted) by other experiments.

If confirmed, this would be even more exciting See Barger et al PRD 63 033002

Where do we go? leptonic CP & T violations=> an exciting experimental program for at least 25 years *)


The neutrino mixing matrix: 3 angles and a phase

Unknown or poorly known even after approved program:13 , phase , sign of m13

OR?

m223= 3 10-3eV2

m212= 3 10-5 - 1.5 10-4 eV2

23(atmospheric) = 450 , 12(solar) = 300 , 13(Chooz) < 130

2

m212= 3 10-5 - 1.5 10-4 eV2

m223= 3 10-3eV2


Consequences of 3 Family oscillation :

I There will be ↔ e and ↔ e oscillation at L atm

P (↔ e )max =~ ½ sin 22 13 +… (small)

II There will be CP or T violation

CP: P (↔ e) ≠ P (↔ e

T : P (↔ e) ≠ P (e ↔

III we do not know if the neutrino which contains more e is the lightest one (natural?)

or not.

Oscillation maximum 1.27 m2 L / E =/2

Atmospheric m 2= 2.5 10-3 eV 2 Latm = 500 km @ 1 GeVSolar m2 = 7 10-5 eV2 Lsol = 18000km @ 1 GeV


= ACP sinsolar term…

sinsin (m212 L/4E) sin

… need large values of sin m212 (LMA) but *not* large sin2

… need APPEARANCE … P(ee) is time reversal symmetric (reactors or sun are out)

… can be large (30%) for suppressed channel (one small angle vs two large)

at wavelength at which ‘solar’ = ‘atmospheric’ and for e , … asymmetry is opposite for e and e

P(e) - P(e)

P(e) + P(e)

P(e) = ¦A¦2+¦S¦2 + 2 A S sin

P(e) = ¦A¦2+¦S¦2 - 2 A S sin


T asymmetry for sin = 1

0.10 0.30 10 30 90

JHFI-SK

!asymmetry is

a few % and requires

excellent flux normalization

(neutrino fact., beta beam or

off axis beam withnot-too-near

near detector)

JHFII-HK

neutrino factory

NOTE:This is at first maximum!Sensitivity at low valuesof 13 is better for short baselines, sensitivity at large values of q13 may be better for longer baselines (2d max or 3d max.) This would desserve a more careful analysis!


Road Map

Experiments to find : 1. search for e in conventional beam (MINOS,

ICARUS/OPERA) limitations: NC background, intrinsic e component in beam 2. Off-axis beam (JHF-SK, off axis NUMI, off axis CNGS) or 3. Low Energy Superbeam (BNL Homestake, SPL Fréjus)

Precision experiments to find CP violation -- or to search further if is too small

1. beta-beam 6He++ Li+++ e e

and 18Ne 10+ 18F 9+ e e

2. Neutrino factory with muon storage ring

fraction thereof will exist . e+ eand e- e


Where will this get us…

comparison of reach in the oscillationsright to left:present limit from the CHOOZ experiment, expected sensitivity from the MINOS experiment, CNGS (OPERA+ICARUS)0.75 MW JHF to super Kamiokande with an off-axis narrow-band beam, Superbeam: 4 MW CERN-SPL to a 400 kton water Cerenkov in Fréjus (J-PARC phase II similar)from a Neutrino Factory with 40 kton large magnetic detector.

0.10 10 2.50 50 130

Mezzetto

X 5


T2K (JPARC Super-Kamiokande)

295 km baseline J-PARC approved neutrino beam under discussion

but set as first priority by international committee

Proposal to be submitted early 2004

Super-Kamiokande: 22.5 kton fiducial Excellent e/ ID -- 10-3

Additional 0/e ID -- 10-2

(for E~ 500 MeV- 1 GeV)

Matter effects small need near detector! European collaboration

forming (mailing list: UK(5)-Italy(5)-Saclay-Gva-ETHZ- Spain(2))

This experiment is at the right ratio of Energy to distance Lmax = 300 km at 0.6 GeV


p

140 m0 m 280 m 2 km 295 km

Problem with water Cerenkov: not very sensitive to details of interactions. Either 280 m or 2 km would be good locations for a very fine grained neutrino detectorPlanned: a scintillating fiber/water calorimeter.

Liquid argon TPC would be a very good (better) candidate!

Event numbers: near/SK = m(near[tons]) / 22500 . (300/2)2 = m(near[tons])

=> Need 10-50 tons fiducial or so

The (J-PARC-T2KBeamline

1.5km

295km

Neutrino spectra at diff. dist

280m


Schematic drawing of Hyper-Kamiokande

1 Mton (fiducial) volume: Total Length 400m (8 Compartments)

Super-K

40

m

Other major goal: improve proton decay reachSupernovae until Andromedes, etc…

Excavation will not start until 2011


This will be the case in 2011+8+8.3 = 2027.3


APEC design study

Motivations to go beyond this…

1. Intrinsic limits of conventional neutrino beams (intensity, purity, only , low energy )

2. Go back to Europe and try to establish a CERN-based program on the long run

SPL Superbeam Neutrino factoryThe ultimate tool for neutrino oscillations

Beta beam Very large underground labWater Cerenkov, Liq.Arg

The common source: SPL

EURISOL

SPL physics workshop: 25-26 May 2004 CERN SPSC Cogne meeting sept.2004

Superbeam/neutrino Factory design study

EURISOL design study

HIPPI


300 MeV Neutrinos

small contamination from e (no K at 2 GeV!)

A large underground water Cerenkov (400 kton) UNO/HyperKor/and a large L.Arg detector. also : proton decay search, supernovae events solar and atmospheric neutrinos. Performance similar to J-PARC IIThere is a window of opportunity for digging the cavern stating in 2008 (safety tunnel in Frejus)

Possible step 0: Neutrino SUPERBEAM

Fréjus underground lab.


Europe: SPLFrejusG

enev

e

Italy

130km

40kt400kt

CERN

SPL @ CERN2.2GeV, 50Hz, 2.3x1014p/pulse 4MWNow under R&D phase


CERN: -beam baseline scenario

PS

Decay

RingISOL target & Ion source

SPL

Cyclotrons, linac or FFAG

Decay ring

Brho = 1500 Tm

B = 5 T

Lss = 2500 m

SPS

ECR

Rapid cycling synchrotron

MeV 86.1 Average

MeV 937.1 Average

189

1810

63

62

cms

cms

E

eFeNe

E

eLiHe

Nuclear Physics

,

,


Tunnels and Magnets

Civil engineering costs: Estimate of 400 MCHF for 1.3% incline (13.9 mrad) Ringlenth: 6850 m, Radius=300 m, Straight sections=2500 m

Magnet cost: First estimate at 100 MCHF

FLUKA simulated losses in surrounding rock (no public health implications)


Detectors

UNO(400kton Water

Cherenkov)

Liquid Ar TPC(~100kton)


Combination of beta beam with low energy super beamUnique to CERN:

need few 100 GeV accelerator (PS + SPS will do!)experience in radioactive beams at ISOLDE

many unknowns: what is the duty factor that can be achieved? (needs < 10 -

3 )

combines CP and T violation tests

e (+) (T) e (+)

(CP)

e (-) (T) e (-)

Can this work???? theoretical studies now on beta beam + SPL target and horn R&D design study together with EURISOL


DUTY FACTOR(this is an issue for low energy superbeam and beta beam)

Sub-GeV Atmospheric Neutrino interactions are at rate ~100/kt/year.

~ 50% e and 50%

For a 500 kton detector this will give 50 000 events of the wrong lepton

At this energy the directionality if poor (cuts will not be effective)

It is necesary to discriminate with timing!

Duty factor required < 10-3

SPL (50 Hz), needs 20 microseconds every 20 ms. (accumulator)

Betabeam : needs stacking of ions along the perimeter of the SR. (2 bunches of 10ns / 7km)

(more bunches of same intensity OK)


L. Mosca


-- Neutrino Factory --CERN layout

e+ e

_

interacts

giving oscillates einteracts givingWRONG SIGN MUON

1016p/s

1.2 1014 s =1.2 1021 yr

3 1020 eyr

3 1020 yr

0.9 1021 yr


Where do you prefer to take shifts?


Neutrino fluxes + -> e+ e

/ e ratio reversed by switching

e spectra are different No high energy tail.

Very well known flux (10-3)

-- E& calibration from muon spin precession

-- angular divergence: small effect if < 0.2/-- absolute flux measured from muon current or by e -> e in near expt.

-- in triangle ring, muon polarization precesses and averages out (preferred, -> calib of energy, energy spread)

Similar comments apply to beta beam, except spin 0 Energy and energy spread have to be obtained from the properties of the storage ring (Trajectories, RF volts and frequency, etc…)

polarization controls e flux:

+ -X> e in forward direction


Detector

Iron calorimeter Magnetized

Charge discrimination B = 1 T

R = 10 m, L = 20 m Fiducial mass = 40 kT

Baseline

3500 Km

732 Km 3.5 x 107

1.2 x 106

5.9 x 107

2.4 x 106

1.1 x 105

1.0 x 105

CC e CC signal (sin2 13=0.01)

Events for 1 year

Also: L Arg detector: magnetized ICARUS Wrong sign muons, electrons, taus and NC evts *->

(J-PARC I SK = 40)


6 classes of events right sign muon

electron/positron e eor e e e- wrong sign muon e

right sign tau wrong sign tau eno lepton NC & other taus


ICARUS

NB: additional potential wrt magnetized iron calorimeter: tau detection, sign of *low* energy electrons, if magnetized. May redefine the optimal parameters of neutrino factory


CP asymmetriescompare e to e probabilities

e

_

e-

e

_

e-

//

// A

is prop matter density, positive for neutrinos, negative for antineutrinos

HUGE effect for distance around 6000 km!! Resonance around 12 GeV when

= 0


CP violation (ctd)

Matter effect must be subtracted. One believes this can be done with uncertaintyOf order 2%. Also spectrum of matter effect and CP violation is differentIt is important to subtract in bins of measured energy. knowledge of spectrum is essential here!

5-10 GeV

10-20 GeV20-30 GeV

30-40 GeV40-50 GeV

40 kton L M D 50 GeV nufact5 yrs 1021/yr

In fact, 20-30 GeV Is enough!

Best distance is 2500-3500 km

e.g. Fermilab or BNL-> west coast or …


channel at neutrino factory

High energy neutrinos at NuFact allow observation of e(wrong sign muons with missing energy and P). UNIQUE

Liquid Argon or OPERA-like detector at 3000 km.

Since the sin dependence has opposite sign with the wrong sign muons, this solves ambiguitiesthat will invariably appear if only wrong sign muons are used.

ambiguities with only wrong sign muons (3500 km)

equal event number curvesmuon vs taus

associating taus to muons (no efficencies, but only OPERA mass)

studies on-going

A. Donini et al


NUFACTSuperbeam onlyBeta-beam only

Betabeam + superbeam

Upgrade 400kton-> 1 Mton

Area of phase space in which CP violation can be seen (Mezzetto)





J-PARC HK540 kton?


The proposed Roadmap

Consistently with the recent DG talk on the future of CERN, is in preparation a document (“Future Projects and Associated R&D”) to be presented at the December Council.

The chapter “Upgrade of the Proton Injector Complex” presents a roadmap, consistent with 2 basic assumptions:• construction of Linac4 2007/10 (before end of LHC

payment)• construction of SPL in 2008/15 (after end of LHC payments)Task Name

LINAC4

Design ref inment

Construction

Commissioning

Start operation with PSB

SPL

Design ref inment

Construction

Linac4 displacement + commissioning

Start operation as PS Injector

12/31

12/30

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Linac 4 approval SPL

approvalLHC

upgrade

M. Vretenar


L. Mosca

This fits very well!


Some Critical issues

Super beam & Neutrino Factory

SPL cost, cleanliness, power limits capability to handle different time structures

Accumulation of protons Target and target stationCollection (Horn at high radiation and high rep rate) Design/optimization of multihorn system and decay tunel

Muon Cooling of large emittance muon beam (MICE + kickers)Fast and cheap accceleration (RF source, FFAG, kickers)

Beta beam

Ion yieldsActivation Stacking Do we need a new PS?

Megaton detector

What size cavity can be dug?cost/time scale Photosensitive devices!!!

Other detector (Larg, other) safety….


APEC design study

Motivations to go beyond this…

1. Intrinsic limits of conventional neutrino beams (intensity, purity, only , low energy )

2. Go back to Europe and try to establish a CERN-based program on the long run

SPL Superbeam Neutrino factoryThe ultimate tool for neutrino oscillations

Beta beam Very large underground labWater Cerenkov, L.Arg

The common source: SPL

EURISOL

SPL physics workshop: May 2004 CERN SPC Cogne meeting sept.2004

Superbeam/neutrino Factory design study

EURISOL design study

HIPPI


EMCOG (European Muon Concertation and Oversight Group) FIRST SET OF BASIC GOALS

The long-term goal is to have a Conceptual Design Report for a European Neutrino Factory Complex by the time of JHF & LHC start-up, so that, by that date, this would be a valid option for the future of CERN. An earlier construction for the proton driver (SPL + accumulator & compressor rings) is conceivable and, of course, highly desirable. The SPL and targetry and horn R&D have therefore to be given the highest priority.

Cooling is on the critical path for the neutrino factory itself; there is a consensus that a cooling experiment is a necessity.

The emphasis should be the definition of practical experimental projects with a duration of 2-5 years. Such projects can be seen in the following four areas:


Superbeam & Beta Beam cost estimates

Educated guess on possible costs USD/CHF 1.60UNO 960 MCHFSUPERBEAM LINE 100 MCHFSPL 300 MCHFPS UPGR. 100 MCHFSOURCE (EURISOL), STORAGE RING 100 MCHFSPS 5 MCHFDECAY RING CIVIL ENG. 400 MCHFDECAY RING OPTICS 100 MCHF

TOTAL (MCHF) 2065 MCHFTOTAL (MUSD) 1291 MUSD

INCREMENTAL COST (MCHF) 705 MCHFINCREMENTAL COST (MUSD) 441 MUSD


Neutrino Factory studies and R&D

USA, Europe, Japan have each their scheme. Only one has been costed, US study II:

Neutrino Factory CAN be done…..but it is too expensive as is. Aim: ascertain challenges can be met + cut cost in half.

+ detector: MINOS * 10 = about 300 M€ or M$


1. High intensity proton driver. Activities on the front end are ongoing in many laboratories in Europe, in particular at CERN, CEA, IN2P3, INFN and GSI. Progressive installation of a high intensity injector and of a linear accelerator up to 120 MeV at CERN (R. Garoby et al) would have immediate rewards in the increase of intensity for the CERN fixed target program and for LHC operation. This (HIPPI) has received funding from EU!

2. Target studies problem at 4 MW!!. This experimental program is underway with liquid metal jet studies. Goal: explore synergies

among the following parties involved: CERN, Lausanne, Megapie at PSI, EURISOL, etc…Experiment at CERN under consideration by the collaboration. (H. Kirk et al)

3. Horn studies. Problem at 50 Hz and 4 MW A first horn prototype has been built and pulsed at low intensity. Mechanical properties measured

(S. Gilardoni’s thesis, GVA) 5 year program to reach high intensity, high rep rate pulsing, and study the radiation resistance of

horns. Optimisation of horn shape. IN2P3 Orsay has become leading house for this. Collaborations to be sought with Saclay, PSI (for material research and fatigue under high stress in radiation environment)

4. Muon Ionization Cooling Never done! A collaboration towards and International cooling experiment MICE has been established with the

muon collaboration in United States and Japanese groups. There is a large interest from European groups in this experiment. Following the submission of a letter of Intent to PSI and RAL, the collaboration has prepared a full proposal at RAL. Proposal has been strongly encouraged and large UK funding secured (10M£). PSI offers a solenoid for the muon beam line CERN, which as already made large initial contributions in the concept of the experiment, has earmarked some very precious hardware that could be recuperated. (RF! Cryo?)More collaboration needed from European institutes outside UK.


NUFACT R&D: Target station

Experiment @BNL and @CERN

Speed of Hg disruption Max v 20 m/s measured

v// 3 m/s jet remains intact for more than 20

microseconds.

Protons1 cm

liquid jet of mercury


A. Fabich et al– CERN-BNL-Grenoble

US scheme: jet is inside a very high field tapered solenoid (20 T max)

this was tested at the Laboratoire de Champs Intenses (Grenoble)


Magnetic horn

Protons

Current of 300 kA

To decay channel

Hg Target B1/R

B = 0


Lateral reflector …. To do better : can one place a reflector on the axis – exposed to the 4 MW proton beam power?Question: what is the best proton energy? (can go up to 4 or 5 GeV protons with SPL ++) Probably would like to match the beta-beam energy (600 MeV)

Contact S. Gilardoni (UniGe) J.E. Campagne LAL Orsay

Horn design – not a finished issue


Incoming muon beam

Diffusers 1&2

Beam PIDTOF 0

CherenkovTOF 1

Trackers 1 & 2 measurement of emittance in and out

Liquid Hydrogen absorbers 1,2,3

Downstreamparticle ID:

TOF 2 Cherenkov

Calorimeter

RF cavities 1 RF cavities 2

Spectrometer solenoid 1

Matching coils 1&2

Focus coils 1 Spectrometer solenoid 2

Coupling Coils 1&2

Focus coils 2 Focus coils 3Matching coils 1&2

10% cooling of 200 MeV/c muons requires ~ 20 MV of RF single particle measurements =>

measurement precision can be as good as out/ in ) = 10-3

never done before either….

Experiment is now APPROVEDAt RAL.


COOLING RINGSTwo goals: 1) Reduce hardware expense on cooling channel 2) Combine with energy spread reduction (longitudinal and transverse cooling)

major problem: Kickers

(Same problem occurs in Japanese acceleration scheme with FFAG)


Yoshi Mori NB: a standard cyclotron would be MUCH smaller and inexpensivebut would have much smaller acceptance and could not be scaled upto higher energies.


SPL Physics workshop 24-25 May 2004EMCOG recommended a study of SPL physics opportunities in the framework of the ECFA working groups and BENE(neutrinos + low energy muons + Eurisol + …)

SuperBeam/neutrino Factory design study EMCOG fully endorses the proposal and calls for proposals for the R&D experiments. It is stressed that support from the home countries and laboratories is essential to complete the EU funding.

Beta-beam design study EMCOG finds this possibility very promising and deserving a thorough study in the best conditions. The subject is very specific and pertinent to a particular site and would justify a separate design study. This has been accepted as a EURISOL work package.

EU call for proposal 11 November 2003 Dead line for submission 4 March 2004 Full presentation to community: muon week 16-19 February 2004


Design studies

FP6 foresees funding for design studies of new infrastructures. Encouraged by EU in reference with the (approved) CARE.

In preparation ( 4 March 2004) is the proposal for a European based Design study of a

Superbeam and Neutrino Factory RAL as leading house. (Peach/Edgecock)

Proton driver CERN in coll. with RAL, etc.,Target many interested. Still searching a leading house. (PSI not interested?) TTA at CERN under consideration. (pulsed beam important)Horn and collectors LAL orsayCooling; MICEAcceleration, FFAG Saclay, GrenobleDesign

Europe alone does not have critical mass for all this. => world collaboration with USA and Japan was launched at NUFACT03 in June 2003.


ConclusionsNeutrino Physics is alive an attractive. We have an exciting program for many years. discovery and studies of leptonic CP violationThis addresses very fundamental questions (GUTS, matter asymmetry, masses) from a completely different viewpoint than the energy frontier.

1. We should not miss the opportunity to make a coherent contribution to JPARC-

2. We must however make sure that there is a competitive long term program in Europe

SPL is a good start and we must support it very strongly.

Without target, horns etc… it would be however useless for neutrino physics there is a strong physics program with a neutrino superbeam (2015 seems a goal date) and at a later stage beta-beam

SPL makes full sense for particle physics as a driver for a neutrino factory

There are several severe questions to solve before either can be proposed. design studies with the aim of Conceptual Design Report at LHC/J-Parc start-up


Conclusions II

After an exciting start in 1998/1999 (NUFACT99 and NFWG…) we had two difficult years in 2001-2003.

We see now positive signals: -- approval of HIPPI and BENE inside CARE -- SPL seems well on the way -- strong supprt of Dapnia+IN2P3 – INFN for Fréjus Laboratory -- Support and scientific approval of MICE at RAL Next big mountain is success in the Design Study Proposals and of the SPL workshop!

good luck to us!


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Alain Blondel, journée neutrinos Jussieu 27 Novembre 2003 Three family oscillations The Japanese...

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