A•l-T˚P A±-Æ-Vp - Kerala · Academic Co-ordinater Dr.Ancy Varghese, Research Officer, SCERT...

Tœß 1

Basic science

Part-1

Tamil medium

A•l-T˚P A±-Æ-Vp

˙LW[ AW—

Lp-Æj-’˚\

UÙ®Xd LpÆVÙWÙnf£ Utflm T´t£ ®flY]m(SCERT), ˙LW-[m

2015

Yœl◊ ˛ VIII

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala

Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in, e-mail : [email protected] : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869

Typesetting and Layout : SCERTPrinted at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi-30

© Department of Education, Government of Kerala

˙R£V ∏Rm_] LQ U] Aß-SÙ-VL _V a

TÙWR TÙdV ÆRÙRÙ,

TgNÙT £k’ œ_-WÙR UWÙhPÙ

ßWÙ-ÆP Ej-LX TeLÙ,

Æk-ßV ∂UÙ-NX Vÿ]Ù LeLÙ,

Ef-NX _Xß RWeLÙ,

RY —T SÙ˙U _Ù˙L,

RY —T B£^ UÙ˙L,

LÙ˙L RY _V LÙRÙ

_]-LQ Ue-L[ RÙVL _V a

TÙWR TÙdV ÆRÙRÙ.

_V a,- _-V˙a, _V˙a

_V _V _V _V˙a!

Efl-ß-˘UÙØ

Ck-ßVÙ G]’ SÙ” . Ck-ß-Vo A˚]-Y-⁄m G]-’ EPu

©\k˙RÙo. G]’ SÙh˚P SÙu E - -‡m UXÙL Ußd-

°-˙\u. ARu Y[mYÙnkR Tp-Y-˚Ll TWm-T-˚Wl ◊L-

Øp SÙu T⁄˚U LÙs°˙\u. ARt-œjRL SÙu Gu-

flm SPk’ ˘LÙs-˙Yu. Gu ˘Tt-˙\Ùo, B£-¨-Vo, Íj-

˙RÙo CYo-L˚[ SÙu Suœ Ußl˙Tu. SÙu G]’

SÙh-•-‡- P-V‹m, SÙh” Ud-L-fi- P-V-‹m Y[jßtLÙL-

‹m, Cu-Tj-ßt-LÙ-L-‹m ÿVt£ Nn-˙Yu.

Au-◊ UÙQ-Yo-L˙[,

—t-fll-◊-\j˚R Et-fl-˙SÙd-L-‹m, G∞V T¨-˙NÙ-R-˚]-L∞¤m

ÆWNÙW˚]f ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p D”-T-”-Y-Rt-œm ÿu Yœl-◊-L-∞p

EeL-fidœ YÙnl-◊-Ls LÙ”d-Ll-Th-•-⁄k-R-], °˚PjR RL-Yp-L˚[

J›e-LÙL œ±l-T-Rt-œm, LXk-’- W-VÙ-Pp YØ-VÙ-L-‹m, Tœl-TÙn-Æu

YÙ -XÙ-L-‹m, L⁄j-’-Ls ˘R∞-YÙd-œ-Y-Rt-œm, Yœl-T- \f ˘NVp-

TÙ-”-Ls ER-Æ-VÙL C⁄kß-⁄d-œm, A±-Æ-Vp ÿ˚\˚V A±k’

˘LÙs-Y-’-Pu A˚Y˚V Au-\ÙP YÙZd- L- p TVu-T-”j-’-Y-Rt-

LÙ] ß\- ]l Tfl-Y-Rt-LÙ] CkR ÿVt-£-Ls RÙPok’ S˚P- T\

˙Yi-”m. Aj-’-Pu —t-fll-◊-\j-’-P-]Ù] Au-TÙ] Li- QÙh-Pÿm

E⁄-YÙL ˙Yi-•-Ÿs-[-’, C˚Y A˚]j-’m ˙SW-• -VÙ]

A‡TYeLs YÙ´-XÙ-L-‹m, ÆY-¨j’ A±-Rp YØ-VÙ-L-‹m

©¨jR±Rp YØ-VÙ-L-‹m C⁄dL Yi-”m, ARtœ ER-‹m ÿ˚\´p

Cl-TÙ-Pl-◊j-R-Lj-ßp L⁄j-’-Ls NUol-©d-Ll-Th-”s-[].

L⁄j-’Ls Eh- LÙs-Y-Rtœ ER-‹U T - NÙ-R- ]-L-fim TPe-L-fim

Æ[d-Le-L-fim TÙPl-◊j-R-Lj-ßp Es-[-], „r-®- X- V-Ÿm NÙj-ßVd-

·-˚\-Ÿm ˘TÙflj’ RdL ©\ ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-˚[-Ÿm Eh-T-”jß

Lt\˚Xd ·”-Rp U°rf-£-Ÿ-\f ˘Nn-Y-Rtœ YÙnl-◊-Ls Es-[-],

£k-R˚] ˘Nn-’m, Æ]Ù G›l-©-Ÿm L⁄j-’-L˚[ ÆUo-N-]j-’-Pu

A‘-°-Ÿm B£-¨-Vo-L-fi-P‡m, Si-To-L-fi-P-‡m ÆNÙ-¨j-’m

LiP±k-’m ÿu-˙]-\-XÙm, Cq-YÙfl Lt-\˚X U°rf-£-L-W-UÙ]

A‡T-Y-UÙdL Ee-L-[Ùp ÿ•-Ÿm.

YÙrj-’d-L-fi-Pu,

ÿ˚]-Yo Gv. CW≈k-ß-Wu SÙVo

CVd-œ-So

UÙ®-Xd LpÆ T´t£ Ut-flm BWÙnf£ ®fl-Y-]m

ß⁄-Y-]k-R-◊-Wm

Academic Co-ordinaterDr.Ancy Varghese, Research Officer, SCERT

TEXT BOOK COMMITTEE

Experts

Sivasankara PillaiReader & Head(Rtd) Dept of Physics,University Gollege, Thiruvananthapuram.Dr.S, MohananReader & Head(Rtd) Dept of Physics,University Gollege, Tvpm.

Paul P.IAsst, Professor, Mar ivanios Gollege, TvpmDr.Alavudeen MPrincipal (Rtd.), Govt Gollege, Elirathattu.Sebastian Lucose T JSe. Grade Lecturer (Rtd.), University Gollege, Tvpm.

Musthajib E.C, MMRTHS Melmuri.Noushad vellalaseri, Ganapath AUPS, Kizhichery.Mohammed Shameem, VAUPS, Kavnoor

Lokithachan, Asst dept school.Viswanathan P, D D E Office, thirur

Aritists

Emerson,GGHS, chavara, Kollam.

Satheesh. R,GHSS Anchal west, Kollam.

Shajil,GGHSS, Balu cherry, Kozhikode.

Nishar ahamed M,GHSS Venjaramode, Thiruvanathapuram.

Rashid odakkal,GVHSS kondotti, Malappuram.

Vineesh T V,GHS chenad, vayanad.

P D Baby, St. Antony's HSS,Mutholi, Bala.

Gobalan N K,HSA (Rtd), KKMGVHSS Vadakara.

Unnikrishnan T K,Head master (Rtd), AKKRHS for Boys, Kozhikode.

Pradeep kumar K. V,muthedath,HSS, Thaliparampu, Kannur.

Prema chandran K V, GHSS, Maniyoor, vadakara, Kozhikode.

Sajikumar K. G, GV & HSS for Girls, Manarkade Thiruvznanthapuram.

Suresh kumar k,AMHSS, Thirumala, Thiruvananthapuram.Babu payyathu,B,P,O, BRC kozhikode.Abdul Nazar,Master Trainer I T@ school.Santhosh kumar V G,BYKVHSS, Valavannur, malappuram.Dr, Vishnu V S,Asst, Prof, Gollege of Engineering,Thiruvananthapuram.Sathananthan C,Panthirakavoo HSS, Kozhikode.Mohamad Rafi C,Govt Technical HS, Naruvappuran, kannur.Shabu Ismail,PMSAVHSS, Chappanakadi, malappuram.K T Manoj,CBHSS, Pallikunnu, Malappuram.Hassan C C,MMVHSS, Parappil, Kozhikode.Preethi K A,SHS, Manarkad, Palakkad.

Academic Co-ordinaterDr.Sahaya Dahas, Research Officer, SCERT

1. £fl A˚\- -‡s˙[

E´o WL£Ve-Ls...........................07

2. ˘Np-Æk-˚R-Ls ...............................22

3. ¡h- P-”l- TÙm T´o

®Xe-L˚[ .........................................35

4. ˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u Ru˚U ................53

5. ˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u A•l-T- Pd

LÙW-¶-Ls...........................................68

6. ˙Yß-UÙt-\e-Ls .............................80

7. E˙XÙLe-Ls ....................................91

8. A[-‹-L-fim AX-œ-L-fim ...... 103

9. CVd-Lm ............................................117

10. Æ˚N .................................................. 132

11. LÙk-Rj-Ru˚U .............................. 145

CkR ◊j-R-Lj-ßp YN-ßd-LÙL £X A˚P-VÙ-[e-Ls

TVu-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s-[’.

·”-Rp YÙ£l-T-Rtœ

(Ußl-¿h-•tœ Eh-T-”jR Yi-•-V-ßp˚X)

L⁄j’ R∞-Ætœ ICT YÙnl◊

ÿd-°V Lt-\p NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p Eh-T-”-T˚Y

Ußl-©-P-XÙm

˘RÙPo- N-Vp-TÙ-”-Ls

U¶ A•j-R’; E - -Vp © - Y˚[.

-Yœl-◊j-R- X-Yu YÙN˚X Gh-•l-TÙoj’Æh”d ·±]Ùu.

""B£- -Vo Y⁄-°-\Ùo. L´p Gu˘]u]˙YÙ TÙ⁄h-Ls Yj’s[Ùo.''-

AYo Al-T-•j-RÙu ˚L´p Gl- TÙ-’m H˙R-‡m ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[d ˘LÙi-”-

Y⁄-YÙo, Cufl ˘LÙi-”-Y-⁄-Y’ Gu-]-YÙL C⁄d-œm ? Gp-˙XÙ-⁄m

BY¤Pu C⁄k-R-]o.

B£- -Vo Yœl˚T A˚Pk-R-’m WaÙ]Ù EWd-Ld ·±-]Ùs:

""C’ G]dœj R -Ÿm, ÷i- QÙd-°-Vp-XYÙ!

Ufl L´p Es-[’ Gu]?''

""˘NÙp-¤-°- \u.''

B£- -Vo ÷i- QÙd-°˚V U˚N ¡’ Yj-RÙo.

©\œ L´p C⁄kR TÙ⁄h-L˚[ ¡]Ù-ÆPm LÙ”j-RÙo.

""C’ YÙ˚Z´u YWp-XYÙ?''

A•l-T˚P A±-Æ-Vp VIII8

TPm 1.1

·h” ÷i˙QÙd°

""BUÙm. GpXÙ E - -]e-L-fi- P-V-‹m EPp-T-œ-ß-Ls Np-≠-]Ùp B]’

G] øe-Ls T•j-ß-⁄d-°-»o-Ls Ap-X-YÙ, Cufl SÙm ˙Yü ˘Np-L˚[

Et-fll-TÙod-L-XÙm CkR ÷i- QÙd° ARt-œj-RÙu, Ye-LÙV Np-L˚[

Et-fll-TÙol˙TÙm ®˚]-Æ⁄d°\RpXYÙ? A˚Rl-˙TÙufl ˙Yü

˘NpL˚[ Et-fll-TÙo-lT-R-t-LÙ] HtTÙ”-L˚[ NnV˙Yi-”m. ARt-œj-

˙R- Y-VÙ] ˘TÙ⁄h-LsRÙu CkRl ˘Th-•- p Es-[]. VÙo C˚Rf

˘Nn’ TÙo-dLl TÙ°»oLs?''

""SÙu Nn-°- \u.'' U‡ Et-NÙ-Lj-’-Pu ÿu Yk-RÙu.

©˙[- Pl-T-Vu-T-”jß Yü Yh-”j- RÙt-\- U-”j’ v˚X-•p Yj’

÷i- SÙd° YØ-VÙ-Ll -TÙoj-RÙu.....

Ju-flm LÙQ-Æp- X, ÷i- SÙd-°- u SÙ˚T ¡i-”m ß⁄°lTÙoj-RÙu,

ÿ•-Æp HUÙt\j-’-Pu ·±-]Ùu:

""Cp˚X.... Gu]Ùp Ju- \-Ÿm LÙQ-ÿ-•-V-Æp˚X.''

U‡-Æu ÿVt£ ˙RÙp-Æ-V- P-Vd LÙW-Qm Gu]? Ee-L-[Ùp U‡-Ætœ

ERÆ ˘NnV ÿ•-ŸUÙ? ARtœ ÷i- QÙd-°- Vd ˚LVÙ-[‹m Etfl

˙SÙdL ˙Yi-•V ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[j RVÙ- d-L-‹m A±-V- Yi-”-Up-XYÙ?

÷i- QÙd-°˚V SÙm ˘S⁄e-°f- Nufl A±k’ ˘LÙs[ ÿVt£ ˘Nn˙YÙm.

B£-¨-V-ü ER-Æ-Ÿ-Pu ÷i-˙QÙd-°˚V Etfl˙SÙd° ∏˙Z œ±l-©-”m

TÙLeL- [-Ÿm AYt±u TVu-TÙh- P-Ÿm ©¨j- R-›’L.

� I¿v � ˙SÙ◊-Ls � ˘TÙ⁄-[⁄œ ˘Xuv

� ˙U˚PŸm °∞l◊m � PVl-Wm � B•

A•l-T˚P A±-Æ-Vp VIII 9

E⁄l- T-⁄dLjß\u(Magnification power)

˘TÙ⁄h-L- [l ˘T -RÙd-°d LÙh”Y˙R ÷i- QÙd-°- u ˙Y˚X.

CRt-LÙL ÷i-˙QÙd-°-´p ˘Xu-—-Ls ˘TÙ⁄j-Rl-Th-”s-[-].

AlTœß-Ls VÙ˚Y?

�

�

Ju-±tœ ˙Ut-ThP ˘Xu-—-Ls ˘TÙ⁄j-Rl-ThP ÷i-˙QÙd-°-Ls

·h” ÷i- QÙd-°-Ls.(compound microscope) G] A±-Vl-T-”-

°u\]. (TPm 1.1).

∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s[ RL-Y˚Xd œ±l-◊-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p

TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ ÿ•-‹-L˚[ A±-Æ-Vp œ±l- Th-•p G›-R-‹m.

÷i- QÙd-°- p J∞ J›eœT”j-Rp

÷i-˙QÙd-°- u v˙P-¥t-œd ∏˙Z ˘TÙ⁄j-Rl-Th-”s[ Tœß

Etfl ˙SÙd-Lp ˘TÙ⁄-∞u ¡’ J∞©W-ß-T-≠j’ Æ›-Y-Rt-LÙ]

A˚Ul-TÙ-œm, J⁄ E˙XÙL Y˚[Vjßp TÙ⁄j-Rl-Th-”s[ CkR

A˚Ul-©tœ CWi” R[e-Ls Es-[-], „¨V J∞˚Vl

©WßT≠dLf ˘Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] NU-R[ B•-Ÿm (plane mirror)˘NVt˚L J∞˚V ©W-ß-T-≠d-Lf ˘Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] œØ-VÙ-•-Ÿm

(concave mirror)-v- P-¥u A•-lTœß´p TÙ⁄j-Rl-Th-”s-[].

Li-Pu-^-¨-¤s[ ˘Xuv J∞-˚Vl ˘TÙ⁄-∞u ¡’ ˚UVl-

T”j’-°-\-’, Li-Pu- - u Tœ-ß-VÙ] PVl-Wm(diaphram)J-∞- u

æÆ-Wj˚R J›eœT”jR ER-‹-°-\’.

œ±l-◊-Ls

�� ÷i- QÙd-°- p Li-QÙ• GRt-LÙ-Ll ˘TÙ⁄j-Rl-Th-”s-[’?

�� Etfl SÙd-Lp TÙ⁄˚[ Yl-T-Rtœd Li-QÙ-•- -]Ùp B]

v- X” TVu-T-”j-’-Y’ GR-]Ùp?

÷i- QÙd-°- Tt±V A•l-T˚P Ei- U-L- [l- ◊¨k’ LÙi-ºoLs

Ap-XYÙ? T´t-£- u YÙ -XÙL Uh-”˙U ÷i- QÙd° TVu-T-”j’-

Y-ßp ˘R∞‹ A˚PV ÿ•-Ÿm. Ee-L[’ Bn-‹d-·-Pj-ßp

°˚PdLl ˘Tflm ®Wk-RW v˚X-”-L -˚[l TVuT”jß

÷i˙QÙd°˚V J›eœT”j-Rd Lt-fld ˘LÙsL.

Etfl ˙SÙd-Lp ˘TÙ⁄s RVÙ- d-L-‹m

Etfl SÙd-Lp TÙ⁄s RVÙ- j-Rp GuT’, ÷‘dL-ÿm TÙfl- UŸm

™L-‹m ˙R˚Yl-T-”m J⁄ ˘NVp-TÙ-PÙ-œm, RÙY-W˘Np-L˚[ Etfl

˙SÙd-L, v˚X” RVÙ-¨l-T-Rt-LÙ] ®˚X-Ls TP-Æ-[d-Lj-ßp

RWlTh”s-[˚Rd LY-≤d-L-‹m, CRuT• YÙ˚Z- u Y¨u œfldœ-

˘Yh”j ˙RÙt\- U-”j-’ (cross section) v- X” RVÙ- dL‹m.

˘TÙ⁄-[⁄œ Xu-£u E⁄l- T⁄d-Lj-

ß-\u 10x ,45,x G]d œ±l-©-Pl-

Th”s-[-’, I©-£-¤m Cq-YÙ-\Ù]

œ±l-©-P-˚Xd LÙ]XÙm,-˘TÙ-⁄-[-⁄-

°¤m, I©£¤-ÿs[ Gi-L-∞u

˘T⁄dœj ˘RÙ˚L˙V ÷i˙QÙd-

°´u E⁄l- T⁄dLm.


10x45x

E t - fl - ˙ S Ù d - L p

˘TÙ⁄∞u œfld-LÙL

Es[ ™L ˘Up-≠V

TœßL˚[ G”dL

Tœ-ß-L˚[l ©Wv TVu-

T-”jß £t\L≠¤s[

ø¨tœ UÙt-\-‹m.

™L-‹m L]m œ˚\k R’m

ÿ›-˚U-VÙ]-’-UÙ] Tœ-ß-

L˚[ ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ £t\L≠p

G”j-’ v˘P´≤p CP‹m

®˚X 1 ®˚X 2 ®˚X 3 ®˚X 4

®˚X 5 ®˚X 7 ®˚X 8

TP-Æ-[d-Lm 1.1

TPm 1.2

˘NVp-TÙh-”d œ±l©u

UÙß¨

CXdœ :

˙R˚Y-VÙ] ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls :

˘NVp-TÙh” Y¨˚N :

Etfl ˙SÙd-Lp :

ÿ•‹ :

®\-U-˚PkR ’i-•˚]

—j-R-ø-¨p L›-ÆV ©u

v˚X-•-¤s[ °∞-N-¨ -

≤p ˚Yd-L-‹m

®˚X 6

Etfl ˙SÙd-Lp ˘TÙ⁄-

∞¤s[ øo Am-Nm

CZd-Ll -T -PÙ -U -≠-⁄dL

£t\L≠¤s[ ø¨p

C”L.

Et-fl-˙SÙd-Lp ˘TÙ⁄s

EX-WÙ-Up C⁄l-T-Rtœ

Ju˙\Ù CWi˙PÙ ’∞

°∞-N- u v˚X-•p ÆP-

‹m

LÙtfld œ™r-Ls ◊LÙ-R-

YÙfl F£-´u ER-Æ-Ÿ-

Pu LYo °[Ù-£-]Ùp ÍP-

‹m.

Aß-L-ÿs[ °∞N¨˚]j

ß—- LÙ°Rm ˘LÙi”

Jl© G”dL‹m.

Etfl ˙SÙd-Lp ˘TÙ⁄s RVÙ- j-Rp

øe-Ls RVÙ- jR v˚X˚P ÷i- QÙd-°- p Yj’ Et-fll-TÙod-L-‹m, ÷i-

˙QÙd-°´p. 10x, 45x ˘Xu-—-Ls TVu-T-”j-Rl-T-”m˙TÙ’ E⁄l- T-⁄d-Lj-

ß-\-≤p Ht-T-”m ˙Yfl-TÙh- Pl ◊¨k’ ˘LÙsL.

A±-Æ-Vp ˘NVp-TÙ-”-Ls ˘Nn-Y-’-Pu œ±l- T-”j-R-¤m ÿd-°-V-

UÙ-]-RÙ-œm. ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ UÙß- ˚V A•l-T- P-VÙd° Jq-

˘YÙ⁄ ˘NVp-TÙh-”®- X-L˚[-Ÿm Eh-T-”jß A±-Æ-Vp ˘NVp

œ±l◊ RVÙ- dL.


˘Np E - -Vp YW-XÙt-±u A•f—-Y-”-Ls

WÙToh ©˘W¸i

˘Np- U-Vm LiP±k-RÙo

AR˚] ®Îd-∞-Vv G]

A˚Zj-RÙo

1831 1838

Gm. ˘_. v-ƒ-Pu

RÙYW EPp ˘Np-L -[Ùp

B]’ G]d LiP±kRÙo.

1839

ß˙VÙ-Po vYÙu

ÆXeœ EPp ˘NpL[Ùp

B]’ G]d- Li-P-±k-RÙo.

1858

⁄˙PÙpl Æo˙`Ù

©¨-Y-˚P-Ÿm ˘Np-L˚[ Etfl

˙SÙd-°-]Ùo, ÿk-˚RV ˘NpL

∞≠⁄k’ Uh-”˙U ◊ßV Np-Ls

˙RÙufl°u\] Gu\ ÿ•˚Y

E⁄-YÙd-°-]Ùo

WÙToh a¯d

WÙToha¯d Etfl˙SÙd°V

˘Np

A±-Æ-Vp YÙrd- Ldœ

TPm 1.3

˘Np Li”©•dLlT”°\’

G∞V J⁄ ÷i-˙QÙd-°-´u ER-Æ-VÙp ÿRu ÿR-≠p

˘NpL˚[d Li-P-±kR-Yo WÙToh-a¯d Gu\ A±-Æ-V-XÙ[o

BYÙo. LÙod ’i-”-L˚[ ÷i-˙QÙd° YØ-VÙL Etfl

˙SÙd°V TÙ’ Li-P±kR £±V A˚\-L˚[ AYo Np (cell)Gufl œ±l-©h-PÙo.

Cufl ˘RÙPok’ Y[ok’ ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-œm J⁄ ˘T¨V

A±ÆVp ©¨˙Y Np-LpÆ. C’ NpE - -Vp (Cell Biology)

Gu-\-±-Vl-T-”-°-\-’. ˘NpE - V¤dœ A•j-R-[-™hP ÿd-°V

Li” ©•l-◊-Ls S˚P-˘Tt-\’ Tj-˘RÙu-T-RÙm Ët-\Ùi-•u

UjßVl Tœ-ß- XÙ-œm.

÷i- QÙd° YØ-VÙL ˙SÙV-‘d-

L˚[ Et-fll-TÙod-œm LÙk-ß¥

(˙NY-Ù°WÙU B£-W-Um˛1940).

÷i E - -L-[Ù] ˙SÙV-‘dÛ-L˚[

Etfl ˙SÙd-L-‹m Lt-L-‹m Sm-UÙp

CVu-\’ ÷i- QÙd-°- u Li-”-

©•lTÙ-XÙ-œm. U⁄j-’-Yj-’- \- p

C’ ™Ll- T-⁄m ÿu- ]t-\j-ßtœ

YØ-Y-œj-R’. J⁄ LÙXj-ßp EX˚L

S”d-°V SÙn-L˚[d Lh-”l-T-”jR

ÿ•kR˚Udœd LÙWQm, TÙo-˚Y-

´u Gp- X-L- [d LPk’ ˘NpX

ER-‹m Cj-R- LV L⁄-Æ-Ls SUdœ

°˚Pj-R-ß-]Ù-XÙ-œm.-


˘Np-≠u Eó-

˙Y- X-Ls

Eh-L⁄

Nj-’l- TÙ⁄hL∞≠⁄k’

Bt\˚X Y∞- Vt-fl-°\’.

˙LÙp° LÙml-[dv

Au-≤V ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[j

R˚P-˘Nn-°u-\]

LÜ ÍXd-·-fl-L˚[j

RVÙ-¨d-°u-\’

˘Np-˙LÙh-TÙ”

Tp˙Yfl A±-Æ-V-XÙ[o-L-∞u Li-”-©-•l◊-L-∞u ÿ•-‹-L˚[ Eh-T-”jß

Gm.- _. vƒ-P-‡m ß˙VÙ-Pov-YÙ-‡m ˙Nok’ E⁄-YÙd-°V ˙LÙh-TÙ˙P

˘Np-˙LÙh-TÙ” (Cell theory). CWi” ÿd-°-Vd L⁄j-’d-L˚[ ˘Np

˙LÙhTÙ” ÿu- YjR’.

1. GpXÙ E - ] EP-pLfim ˘Np-L-[Ù-XÙ-]’.

2. E - -]j-ßu A˚Ul-©t-œm Eóf˘NVpTÙ”Lfidœm A•l-T- Pd-

LÙ-W¶ ˘Np-L-[Ù-œm.

Gj-R- LV Eó- Y- X-L- [f ˘Np-Ls ˘Nn-°u-\]?

TP-Æ-[d-Lm Etfl ˙SÙd-L-‹m

Cq ˙Y˚X-L- [f ˘Nn-Y-Rtœ Ht-\-YÙfl ˘Np-£d-L-XÙ] A˚Ul˚T E˚PV-

RÙ-œm. Jq- YÙ⁄ E -of ˘NV- X-Ÿm ˘Nn-Y-Rtœ Ht\ R≤l-ThP Tœ-ß-Ls

˘Np-≠p Es-[-], RÙYW ˘Np-≠-¤s[ Tp- Yfl Tœß-L˚[ Etfl ˙SÙd-L‹m.

÷i-œ™r

˚Uh-˙PÙ-LÙih-¨VÙu

˘Np-—-Yo

T—eL-¶-Lm

˚Nh-˙PÙ-©-[Ù-Nm

Gu-˙PÙ-©-[Ùv-™d

Y˚X

˚W˙TÙ-˙NÙm

˘NpNq‹

TPm 1.4RÙY-W- Np


$ ˘Np-≠u Es˙[ TV-¶d-œm TÙ˚R. ˘Np-≠-‡s

˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u ˙TÙd-œ-Y-Wj’ S˚P- T-fl-Y’ C’ YØ-

VÙ-œm.

$ ˘Np-≠tœ Efl-ß- VŸm Y•-Yj- R-Ÿm A∞l-T-RÙp

˘Np G¤m-◊-d-·” Gu-flm A±-Vl-T-”-°-\’.

$ ˘Np-≠u ◊WR Et-Tj-ß- UVm.

$ Gu- PÙ-©-[Ù-v™d Y˚X-ŸPu ˙Nok˙RÙ ˚Nh- PÙ-

©-[Ù-Nj-ßp —Rk-ß-W-UÙ-L˙YÙ LÙQl-T-”-°-\’.

˚Uh- PÙ-LÙih- -VÙu (Mitochondrion)

Gu- PÙ-©-[Ùv-™d Y˚X

(Endoplasmic reticulum)

˚W˙TÙ- NÙm (Ribosome)

$ ˘Np-≠u Bt-\p ®˚X-Vm. Bt-\p Et-Tj-ßd-œm

˙N™l-©t-œm ER-‹-°-\’.

$ Bt-\p Aß-L-UÙ-Lj- ˙R- Yl-T-”m Lp-ƒ-Wp, Í˚[,

R˚N-Ls TÙu-\-Yt-±u Np-L-∞p ·”-R-XÙ-Ld LÙQl-

T-”-°-\’

˘Np-—-Yo, ˘Np-T-P-Xm(©[Ùv-UÙ-T-P-Xm) ˚Nh-˙PÙ-

©[ÙNm, Eh-L⁄ Gu\ TœßL˚[ ÿu-]˙W øe-Ls

A±k-’s-«o-Ls. ©\ Gk- RkRl-T-œ-ß-L˚[l TPj-ßp

LÙQ ÿ•-°-\’? Th-•-V-≠-P-‹m.

$ $ $

$ $ $

˘Np- Xl-Tt± AßL RL-Yp, TPe-Ls

ÿR≠-V˚Y °˚Pl-T-Rtœ.

http://en:wikipedia.org/wiki/cell_biology

◊˙WÙh- PÙ-©-[Ù-N-ÿm ˚Nh- PÙ-©-

[Ù-N-ÿm

˘Np-T-P-Xj-ßp Es[ Gp-XÙl ˘TÙ⁄s-

L˚[Ÿm ˙Noj’ ◊˙WÙh-˙PÙ -©-[ÙNm

(Protoplasm) Gufl ·fl-Yo. ◊˙WÙh-˙PÙ-

©[ÙNj-ßp Eh-L⁄ øeLXÙ] Tœß ˚Nh-

˙PÙ-©[Ù-Nm (Cytoplasm). E´o ˘NVp-TÙ-”-

Lfidœj R˚Y-VÙ] Gp-XÙd LÙW-¶-L-fim

˚Nh- PÙ-©-[Ù-Nj-ßp APe-°-Ÿs-[-]. E´o-

˘N-Vp-TÙ-”-Ls S˚P- T-fl-Y-Rt--LÙL Nh- PÙ-

©-[Ù -Nj-ßp LÙQl-T-”m R≤j-Ru˚U

YÙnkR LÙW-¶-L˙[ Np £t-fl-fll-◊-Ls (Cellorganelles).


TpY˚L Np £t-fl-fll-◊-L-fiPu RÙPo-◊- PV ∏˙Z LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[ TP-Æ-[d-Lj˚Rl

Èojß ˘NnL.

$ ˙PÙ˙]Ù-©-[Ùvh (Tonoplast) Gu\ R≤j-Ru-˚U-Ÿ-˚PV

TPXjßp ˘TÙß-Vl-Th-”s-[’

$ øo, RÙ’ El-◊d-Ls, LØ-‹l-˘TÙ-⁄h-Ls ÿR≠-V˚YYt-˚\f

˙N™d°u\’.

$ ˘SÙß-Ls, aÙo- UÙu-Ls, ™Îd-Lv ÿR-≠V ˘Np øo-Ue-L˚[f

£fl TP-Xj-ß-]Ùp B] ˚TL-∞p ˙NL- d-°-\’ (Vesicles).

$ —Wl© ˘Np-L-∞p ·”-R-XÙLd LÙQl-T-”-°-\’.

÷i-œ™r (Vacuole)

˙LÙp° LÙml-[dv (Golgi Complex)

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

Gu- PÙ-©-[Ùv-™d Y˚X

TP-Æ[d-Lm1.2

÷i-œ-™r

÷iœ™r

� Bt-\p ®˚X-Vm

� Lp-ƒ-Wp, Í˚[, R˚N-Ls

˙TÙu-\-Yt-±p ·”-R-XÙ-Ld

LÙQl-T-”-°-\’


TPm 1.5TZe-LÙX ÷i- QÙd°

TPm 1.6GXd-hWÙu ÷i- QÙd°

TPm 1.7

EhL⁄

Y[of-£- u T•-Ls

˘Np E - -V-≠u Y[of£ ÷i- QÙd-°-L-∞u Bn-‹j-’- \- -p Ht-ThP

Y[of-£ -ú TVu Gufl ·\-XÙm. NÙRÙ -WQ ÷i-˙QÙdÛ -° -Ls

˘TÙ⁄hL˚[l ˘T⁄m-TÙ-¤m CWi-PÙ- -Wm UPeœ Uh-”˙U ˘T -RÙLd

LÙh”m. J∞d-œl-T-ß-XÙL GXdhWÙu-L˚[l TVu-T-”j-’-Y˙R GXd-hWÙu

÷i- QÙd-°-Ls (TPm 1.6). TÙ⁄h-L- [j R∞-YÙ-L-‹m TX Xh-Nm UPeœ

˘T -RÙdL LÙh”m GXd-hWÙu ÷i- QÙd-°-L-∞u YW‹ ˘Np-≠-p Es˙[

Es[ ÷i-·-fl-L-[Ù] Np £t-fl-fll-◊-L- [d œ±j’ SÙm R∞-YÙL A±V

ER-‹°-\-’.

A±-Æ-Vp, RÙØp ÷hTjßu Y[of-£d-œm,

˘RÙØp ÷h-Tm A±Æ-V-≠u Y[of-£d-œm

ER-‹-°-u\] Gu-T-Rt-LÙ] J⁄ £\kR

G”j’d-LÙh˙P ÷i- QÙd-°- u YW-XÙ-fl.

E - u £fl A˚\-L- [d Li-P-±V WÙToh

a¯d-°tœ ER-ÆV G∞V ÷i-˙QÙd°

(TPm 1.5) ÿRp £±V A˚\d-œs-∞-¤s[

Eó WL-£-Ve-L- [l ◊¨k’ LÙs[ Sm˚U

Rœ-ß-V- P-Vf NnR S≈] ÷i- QÙd-°-Ls

Y˚W-Ÿs[ TPe-L -fim RL-Yp-L -fim

ßWh”Y’ ™L- Æ-˙]ÙRÿ˚P-V-RÙL

A˚UŸm. GpXÙ Si-To-L-fim ßWh-”m

˘Nnß-L˚[ Eh-T-”jß J⁄ Li-LÙh£

HtTÙ” ˘Nn-VXÙm.-

Eh-L⁄ (Nucleus) ˛ ˘Np- Xd Lh-”l-T-”j-’m ˚UVm

˘Np-≠u Es˙[ Gi-Qt\ Eóf ˘NVp-L-˚[d Lh-”l-T-”j-R-‹m

J⁄e°˚QdL‹m Yi-”-Up-X-YÙ? Np-≠-¤s[ Tp- Yfl NVp-L˚[d

Lh-”l-T-”j-’Yßp, Np-≠p Et-Tjß Nn-Vl-T-”m Tp-Y˚Ld LÜ ÍXd-

·-fl-Lfid-œl -Te-œi”. CYt±u Et-Tjß S˚P- T-fl-Y’ Eh-L-⁄-Æ¤s[

œ˙WÙ- Uh-•u Y˚X- -¤s[ Àu-L-∞u Lh-”l-TÙh-PÙp Bœm, AR-]Ùp

˘Np-≠u Lh-”l-TÙh” ˚UVm Eh-L⁄ G]d-·-\-XÙm, ∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s[

TP-Æ-[d-Lj˚R Etfl ˙SÙdÛ-L-‹m.


Eh-L-⁄-Æu Tp-˙Yfl Tœ-ß-L-˚[-Ÿm AYt-±u ˙Y˚X-L-˚[-Ÿm A±k’

˘LÙi-ºo-L-[p-XYÙ?

Tœß

R≤j-Ru˚U

®Îd-∞- VÙ-Xv(Nucleolus)˙LÙ[ Y•-Æp LÙQl-T-”m. C’

˚W˙TÙ-˙NÙm RVÙ¨lTßp

ÿd°V Teœ Y°d-°-\’

®Îd-∞-˙VÙ-©-[ÙNm(Nucleoplasm)

Eh-L-⁄-Æu Es˙[ Es[øoUl-T-œ-ß. ®Îd-∞- VÙX-—mœ˙WÙ -˙Uh-•u Y˚X-ŸmLÙQl-T-”-°-u\].

œ˙WÙ-˙Uh-•u Y˚X(Chromatin reticulum)

˚Nh-˙PÙ-©-[Ù -Nj -ßp Y˚X˙TÙufl ©u-≤l ©˚Qk’LÙQl-T-”-°-\-’, Àu-L˚[ Eh-˘LÙi-”s-[’

Eh-L⁄ Nq‹

(Nuclear membrane)Eh-L-⁄-˚Yl ˘TÙßk’ LÙQl-

T-”m C⁄ A”d-œ-L-fi-˚PV

Nq‹

Eh-L-⁄j-’˚[

(Nuclear pore)Eh-L -⁄-Æp LÙQl-T -”m’˚[-Ls. Eh-L -⁄-ÆuEs˙[-Ÿm ˘Y∞-˙V-Ÿm˘TÙ⁄s-L-∞u LPj-R-¤dœER-‹-°-\’

TPÆ[dLm 1.3

AhPY˚Q 1.1

◊˙WÙ-LÙ- -VÙh-”-L-fim ÎLÙ- -VÙh-

”-L-fim

TÙd-º- -VÙ, NVÙ]Ù TÙd-º- -VÙ, Ud˙LÙ©[ÙvUÙ

ÿR-≠-V-Yt-±u ˘Np-L-∞p Eh-L⁄ LÙQl-

T”ßp˚X, Cj-R- LV E - -]eLs ◊˙WÙ-LÙ- -

VÙh”Ls(Prokaryotes) G]lT”m. B]Ùp

A¡TÙ,-Æ-Xe-œ-Ls RÙY-We-Ls ÿR≠-V-Yt-±u

˘Np-L-∞p TP-Xj-RÙp ˘TÙßVl-ThP ˘R∞-YÙ]

EhL⁄ LÙQl-T”-°-\’. Cj-R-˚LV E´-¨-Ls

ÎLÙ¨VÙh”s(Eukaryotes) Gu-\-±-Vl-T”°u-\]

˘R∞-YÙ] Eh-L⁄

CpXÙ-U-¤m E - ]

˘Np-Ls ®˚X

®t°u\]. Aß-N-Vm

RÙu!


®\j- R-Ÿm —˚Y- V-Ÿm UÙt-fl-T-Yo

T›d-œm- TÙ’ TZj-ßu®\ÿm —˚Y-Ÿm

UÙfl°u-\-], LÙW-QmGu]?

˘Np-L-∞-≠-⁄k’ Np˚X Yfl-©¨lT’ Cl-

T-P-X-UÙ-œm, ˘Np-≠tœ Uh”-™u± Eh-

L⁄Æt-œm ©\ ˘Np-Tœß-L -fid-œm

TPXeLs Es-[-]. ˘Np-L -fidœ

C˚P˙VŸm ˘Np-T-œ-ß-Lfid-œm ˚Nh- PÙ-

©[Ù-Nj-ßt-œm C˚P- VŸm- ˘TÙ⁄s-L-∞u

˙TÙdœYWj- Rd Lh-”l-T-”j-’-Y’ Eól-

TP-Xe-L-[Ù-œm, ˙R˚Y-VÙ] ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[

Uh-”m LPj-’-Y-RÙp Cl-T-P-Xe-Ls ˙Ro‹

LPjßfNq‹ (selectively permiablemembrane) Gu\±VlT”°u\].

CkRf Nk-˙R-Lm Ee-L-fidÛ -œm ˙RÙu-±-Ÿs-[’

ApXYÙ? LÙW-Qm Gu] Gu-T˚Rf £k-R˚]

˘NnŸe-Ls. ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ Æ[d-Lj- Rl

T•j’ Ee-L-[’ ÎLj-ßu NÙj-ß-Vd ·˚\l

T¨˙NÙR˚] Nn-Ÿe-Ls. œ±l-◊-L-∞u A•l-T- P- p

LXk-’- W VÙ• ÿ•˚Y A±-Æ-Vp ◊j-R-Lj-ßp G›’L.

œ±l-◊-Ls

$ RÙYW ˘Np-L-∞-¤s[ Eó-L-¶-Le-Ls

$ Yi-Qd L¶-Le-L-∞-¤s[ ®\-™-Ls

$ Yi-Qd L¶-Le-L-fim „¨V J∞-Ÿm

$ TZe-L-∞u ®\-UÙt\ÿm —˚Y UÙt-\-ÿm

RÙYW ˘Np-L-∞p Uh-”m LÙQl-T-”m ˘Np-T-œ-ß-L˙[ ©[Ùv-•hv

(Plastids). C˚Y Íufl Y˚Ll-T-”m Yi-Qd-L-¶-Lm (Chromoplast), T—e-

L-¶-Lm (Chloroplast), ˘Y∞o-L-¶-Lm (Leucoplast) Gu-T-˚Y-VÙ-œm.

J∞f˙Nod˚L S˚P-˘T-\f-˘Nn-Y’ T—e-L-¶-Lm G] Ee-L-fid-œj-

˘R¨ŸUpXYÙ? UXo-Ls, TZe-Ls Gu-T-Yt-±tœ ®\m A∞lT’ YiQd-

L-¶-Le-L-[Ù-œm. NÙk- RÙl-©p (Ug-Ns ®\m),L- WÙh-•u (UgNs LXkR

BWgf ®\m) Bk˙RÙ NVÙ-≤u( £Ll-◊, FRÙ ®\eLs) ÿR-≠-V˚Y

Yi-Qd-L-¶-Le-L-∞-¤s[ £X ®\-™-L-[Ù-œm. CYt±u Ht-\j-RÙr˙Y

RÙY-Wl-T-œ-ß-L-fidœl Tp-˙Yfl ®\e-L˚[ A∞d-°u-\-]. R≤l-ThP

®\™p-XÙR ©[Ùv•h-˙^- ˘Y-∞o L¶LeLs, EQ-‹l-˘TÙ-⁄s-L-∞u

˙N™l◊ S˚P- T-flm ˘Np-L-∞p ˘Y∞oL¶-Le-Ls ·”-R-XÙLd LÙQl-

T”-°u-\-]. LÙn-Ls L≤VÙY˚Rl- ˘TÙ-⁄j’ LÙn-L-∞-¤s[ T—e-L-¶-

LeLs Yi-Qd-L-¶-Le-L-[ÙL UÙfl-°u-\-], UÙl˘TÙ⁄s ∫≤-VÙL

UÙfl°\’. C’˙Y TZeL∞u ®\-UÙt-\j-ßt-œm —˚Yd-œm LÙW-Q-UÙ-œm.

EólTPXeLs


TPm 1.8

ÆXeœ ˘Np

˘Np-Nq‹

˚Nh-˙PÙ-©-[Ù-Nm

˚W˙TÙ- NÙm

Gu-˙PÙ-©-[Ùv-™d-

Y˚X

˚X˙NÙ-˙NÙm˚Uh-˙PÙ-LÙih-¨-VÙu

˙LÙp° LÙml-[dv

Eh-L⁄

˘Nuh-˙WÙ-˙NÙm

RÙY-W-˘Np-≠p Tp-˙Yfl E´o-˙Y-˚X-L-˚[f ˘Nn-Ÿm ˘Np-T-œ-ß-L-˚[l

Tt±j ˘R¨k-’- LÙi-ºo-Ls Ap-XYÙ? ÆXeœ ˘Np-≠p LÙQl-T-”m Tp-

˙Yfl ˘Np-T-œßLs TP-Æ-[d-L-UÙ-Lj RWl-Th-”s-[˚R Et-fl- SÙd-L-‹m

........................................˚X˙^Ù-˙NÙm

˘Np-—-Yo........................................

........................................

TPÆ[dLm 1.4

˘Nuh- WÙ- NÙm

(Centrosome)

˘Np-≠-‡s ÷˚Z-Ÿm æ˚U-

T -Vd-œm Au-≤V

˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ AØd-°-\-’.

EQ-‹l -˘TÙ -⁄h -L -˚[f

˘N¨d-Lf ˘Nn-Y-Rt -LÙ]

˘N¨j-Rp øo-Ue-Ls APe-°-

Ÿs-[-]. ÆXeœ ˘Np-≠p

LÙQl-T-”-°-\’.

˚X˙NÙ-˙NÙm

(Lysosome)

ÆXeœ ˘Np-≠p Uh-”m

LÙQl-T-”m ˘Np-T-œ-ß˙V

˘Nuh-˙WÙ -˙NÙm. ˘Np-

©¨Æp ÿd-°V Teœ

Y°dœm Nuh- - VÙp-Ls

E⁄-YÙ- -Y’ ˘Nu-˙WÙ -

˙NÙm≠-⁄k-RÙ-œm.

ÎLÙ- - VÙh-”-L-fid-œm ◊˙WÙ-LÙ- - VÙh”L-fidœ™˚P˙V LÙQl-T-”m

˙Yfl-TÙ-”-L˚[d LÙh”m Cj-R- LV J⁄ TP-Æ-[d-Lj˚R RVÙ¨d-L‹m.

E - -]e-L-∞u Y∞l-T-œ-ß- p Yfl-TÙ” LÙQl-Th-PÙ-¤m, AYt±u

˘Np A˚Ul-©-¤m ˙Y˚X-´-¤m HWÙ -[UÙ] Jt-fl˚ULs

LÙQlT”°u\-]. ÷i¶VR[j-ßp LÙQl-T-”m CkR Jt-fl˚U

E´¨]e-Ls Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl ˘RÙPo-◊-˚P-V] Gu-T-Rt-LÙ]

NÙu\Ùœm.

RÙYW ˘Np-L- [-Ÿm ÆXeœ ˘Np-L- [-Ÿm Jl-◊- U-l-T-”jß ∏˙Z

RWl-Th-”s[ TP-Æ-[d-Lj˚Rl Èojß ˘Nn-V-‹m.

RÙY-W- NpÆXeœ˘Np Eh-L⁄

˘Np-T-P-Xm

...............................

...................................................................................


ÆXeœ˘Np

©[Ùv-UÙNq‹

ÿd-°V Lt\p A˚P-‹-L-∞p Eh-T-”-T˚Y

�� E´¨u A•l-T- P-d LÙW¶ Np G]l-©- j-R-±k’ Æ[d-Lÿ•°\’.

�� ˘Np E - -Vp YW-XÙt-±u A•dLt-L˚[ Æ[dL CV-¤-°-\-’..

�� Tp-˙Yfl ˘Np-T-œ-ß-L-˚[Ÿm AYt-±u ˙Y˚XL˚[-Ÿm Jl-◊-˚U

˘Nn’ Jt-fl˚U ˙Yt-fl- U-L˚[ Æ[dL CV-¤-°-\’.

�� ÆXe-œ-˘Np-˚X-Ÿm RÙY-W-˘Np-˚X-Ÿm Jl-◊˚U ˘Nn’ Jt-fl˚U

˙Ytfl- U-L- [d Li-P-±V ÿ•-°-\’.

�� RÙY-Wl Tœ-ß-L-∞u œfldœ Yh-”j RÙt\˘U”j’ v˚X”Ls RVÙ-

¨dL ÿ•-°-\’.

�� ÷‘d-Lj-’-P-‡m N -VÙ-L-‹m ÷i- QÙd-°- Vl TVu-T-”jR ÿ•-°-

\’.

Ußl©P-XÙm

1. ÆXeœ ˘Np-L-∞u A˚Ul- TÙ” ˘RÙPo-◊- PV L⁄j-’l-TP Æ[d-

Lm ®Wl-◊L.

◊˙WÙh-˙PÙ-©-[Ù-Nm

˚Nh- PÙ-©-[Ù-Nm

Eh-L⁄

˚W˙TÙ-˙NÙm


˘Np-T-P-Xm

˚Nh˙PÙ©[ÙNm

˚W˙TÙ˙NÙm

Gu- PÙ-©-[Ùv-™d

˘Wh•-œ-Xm

÷iœ™r

˚Uh˙PÙLÙuh¨VÙ

˙LÙp° Efll◊

Eh-L⁄

˘Np-—-Yo

h

2. i. RÙYW ˘Np-≠p A, B, C, D, E G]d œ±l-©-”m TÙLe-L˚[l

©±j-R-±k’ G›-’-L.

CE

D

AB

ii. ∏r ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ G›j-’d-Ls œ±l-©-”m Tœ-ß-L-∞u

˙Y˚XL˚[ G›-’L.

A

B

C

iii. GkRf ˘Np Tœ-ß- p Àu-Ls LÙQl-T-”-°u-\]?

˘RÙPo NVp-TÙ--”-Ls

1. ˘Np- Ld

C’˙Y ˘Np-˙Ld, - SÙ-ÿm C˚Rl-˙TÙufl J⁄ WN-˚]-Ÿ-˚PV ˙Ld

˘Nn˙YÙUÙ? G˚R- V˚Rl TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm? LX-k-’- W-VÙ-Pp SPj-’L.

RÙ≤-Ve-Ls, LÙn-L±-Ls,-Lm-T-∞-Ëp, ÿj-’-Ls Si-To-L-fi-Pu ˙Nok’ J⁄

˘NpUÙß - Vj -R-VÙ- j’ Yœl-©p ˚Yl-¿o-L-[pXYÙ?


2.- A‡-Æu LÆ˚R

G]’ Y•-Ym TX-RÙ-œm

G]’ A[‹ TXRÙ-œm

Gu- ]d ˘LÙi”

E⁄YÙ]’RÙu

◊p-¤m ◊›-‹m ®u EP-¤m.

Tp- Yfl ˙Y˚X-L˚[ ®˚\-

˙Yt-fl- Yu, Gi-At\-RÙnl

˘T⁄-œ- Yu Y[o- Yu- SÙu,

Li-L-[Ùp LÙQ CV-XÙ’

G≤‡m SÙ˙] E - u A•l-

T˚P. Gp- XÙ- -P-ÿm SÙu

Es˙[u Gu-\Ùp ·flL SÙu

VÙ˘Wufl.?

A‡-Æu Æ]Ù-Ætœ Æ˚P °˚Pj-R-RÙ... Aq-YÙ- \-≤p Si-To-L-fi-Pu

˙Nok’ LÆ- R˚Vj RÙ[j-ßp TÙ”e-Ls.

˘Np- Xj R˚Xl-TÙ-Ld ˘LÙi” L˚R- VÙ, LÆ- R- VÙ, L⁄j-’l-T-P˙UÙ

øe-L-fim G›-R-XÙUp-XYÙ?

Si-To-L-∞u Lh-”- W-L˚[ Eh-T--”jß J⁄ Tßl◊ RVÙ- d-L-‹m.


G¤m◊ ˘NpLs

R˚Nf ˘Np-Ls

TP-Æ-[d-Lm2.1

EPp-T-œ-ß-Ls Gp-XÙm˘NpLXÙp BdLl-

Th”s[]. -B]Ùp Li-‘mÍd-œm SÙd-œm Gq-Y-[‹

˙Yfl-TÙ-” E- P-V-]........

Ei-¶- u Nk- R-Lj- Rd LY-≤j-æo-L[p-XYÙ? Ee-L-[’ L⁄j’

Gu]?

.........................................................................................................

EP-≠u Gp-XÙl Tœ-ßL∞¤m J˙W Y˚Lf ˘Np-L[Ù LÙQl-T-”-

°u-\]? ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ TP-Æ-[d-Lj˚RŸm RL-Yp-L-

˚[Ÿm Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn’ L⁄j˚R A±-Æ-Vp ◊j-R-Lj-ßp G›-R-

‹m.

SWm◊ ˘Np-Ls

WjR ˘Np-Ls


˘Np Tp-Y-˚L˚U

U≤R EP-≠u Jq- YÙ⁄ Tœ-ß-Ÿm Tp-Y- Ll-ThP LÙ•d-L-Qd-LÙ]

˘Np-L-∞-]Ùp BdLl-Th”s[’., SWm◊ ˘Np-Ls, R˚N ˘Np-Ls,-WjR

˘Np-Ls,- G-¤m◊ Np-Ls G] U≤R EP-≠p —UÙo C⁄Ëfl YflThP

Y˚L ˘Np-Ls Es-[]

GjR˚] At-◊-Rm CkR EP-p! CkR

˙LÙ•dLQdLÙ] ˘Np-L- [p-XÙm

Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl LXYÙUp

GqY[‹ N -VÙLf

˘NVpT”°u\]!

Bm, U≤R EPp At◊-R-UÙ] Ju-fl-RÙu. - Np-L-∞u J›e-L- Ul-◊m Lh”l-

TÙ-PÙ] ˘NVp-TÙ-”m EP≠u ®˚X®t©tœ BRÙ-W-UÙ-œm. ˘Np-Ls R≤j-

R≤-VÙLf ˘NVp-T-PÙ-Up Jt-fl-˚U-VÙ] ˘Np-Ls ·h-P-˚Ul-TÙLf ˘NVp-

T”-°u-\-]. Cj-R- LV ˘NpLs ß—d-Ls G] A˚Zd-Ll-T-”-°-u\].

ß—d-Ls (Tissues)

J˙W Np-≠-≠-⁄k’ E⁄-YÙ]’m J⁄ œ±l-©hP Y˚X˚Vf NnY’UÙ]

JjR˘Np-L-∞u ·h-P˙U ß—d-Ls. TX˘NpE´-¨-L-[Ù] ÆXe-œ-L-∞-¤m

RÙYWe-L-∞-¤m TX-Y-˚Lj- ß-—d-Ls Es-[-]. TX-Y-˚L-VÙ] EPp

˙Y˚XL˚[j ß\- U-Ÿ-Pu Nn-Y-Rt-œj ß—d-L-∞u Ju-fl-ThP NVpTÙ”

ER-‹-°-\’.

TP-Æ-[d-Lm 2.1 ¤s[ R˚N- Np- X-Ÿm, SWm◊ ˘Np- X-Ÿm Et-fll-TÙoj-

æo-Ls Ap-X-YÙ, C˚Y CWi-”m ˘Np-L-[Ù- -‡m TÙod-œm ˙TÙ’

GqY[‹ ˙Yfl-TÙ”˚PV- Y, CkR ˙Yfl-TÙh-•tœ A•l-T- Pd-LÙ-W-Qm

Gu]? C˚Y E´of- N-Vp-Ls ˘Nn-Y˚R Gq-YÙfl Ái-”-°u-\]?

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ RL-Yp-L˚[d

œ±l-◊L-∞u A•l-T- P- p LXk-’- W-VÙ-”L.


Æ˚R ˘Np-Ls Gu\Ùp

Gu]? Æ˚R- u

Es˙[ Es[ ˘Np-L-

[ÙL C⁄d-œUÙ

Nn{Xw 2.2

œ±l-◊-Ls

$ L⁄ E⁄-YÙ--Rp

$ ˘Np ˙Yfl-TÙ-P- P-R-≠u ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym

œ±l-◊-L-∞u A•l-T- P- p øe-Ls S˚P- T-\f ˘NnR LXk-’- W-VÙ--P-≠u

˘RÙœl˚T A±-Æ-Vp ◊j-R-Lj-ßp G›-’L.

L⁄-ÿh˚P

(˙Yfl-TÙ-P- P-VÙR Np-Ls)

(ÿ›- U-VÙL Yfl-TÙ-P- PkR

˘Np-Ls)

SWm◊ ˘Np-Ls

G¤m◊ ˘Np-Ls

WjR ˘Np-Ls

R˚Nf ˘Np-Ls

J⁄-˘Np-≠≠-⁄k’!

SU’ EPp L⁄-ÿh˚P Gu\ Jt˚\ Np-≠≠-⁄k’ RÙu-±-V-RÙ-œm. L⁄ÿh˚P

˘RÙPok’ Æ -Y- Pk’ Y•-Æ-¤m A[-Æ-¤m, Es-[-Pd-L-j-ß-¤m ˙Yfl-ThP

˘Np-Ls Nok’ L⁄-YÙL UÙfl°\-’. L⁄-Æu Np-Ls T•l-T-•-VÙL A˚Ul©¤m

˙Y˚X- -¤m Yfl-TÙ-”- P-V-RÙL UÙfl-°u-\-]. Cf NVp Np Yfl-TÙ-P- PRp

(cell differentiation) Gu-\-±-Vl-T-”-°-\’.

L⁄-˘Np-Ls

(J⁄ Tœß Yfl-TÙ-P- PkR Np-

Ls)

TP-Æ-[d-Lm 2.2

Æ˚R ˘Np Bn-Æp ˘T⁄m ÿu-˙]t-\m

Æ˚R ˘Np-L-∞-≠-⁄k’ ß—d-L˚[f ˘NVt-˚L-VÙLE⁄YÙd-œ-Y-ßp A±Æ-Vp EX-Lm ˘Yt-±- Tt-fls-[’.øiP SÙ˚[V Bn-Æu TX]ÙL U⁄j-’-Yj-’- \- pYW-XÙt-flf £\l-◊- P-V-RÙL UÙ\d-·-•V CkR ÿVt£˘Yt± A˚Pk-R’.

˘Nn-ßj-RÙ-˚[l T•jR v˙]-LÙ-Æu Nk-˙R-Lj-˚Rd LY-≤j-æo-L-[p-XYÙ?

Æ˚R ˘Np-L-fidœ CkR A[‹dœ ÿd-°Vj-’-Ym °˚PdLd LÙW-Qm

Gu]?

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ RL-Y˚Xd œ±l-◊-L -∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p

LXk’˚WVÙ-”-L.


$ EP- Xl ˘TÙßk’ TÙ’-LÙd-°-\’.

$ EQ-‹d-œ-ZÙ- u Eh-—-Y- Wl ˘TÙßk-’s-[’.

$ TÙ’-LÙl-◊, Eh-L-Y-⁄-Rp, øo-Ue-L-∞u Et-Tjß ÿR-≠V

˙Y˚XL˚[ ˘Nn-°u-\-’.

˘Y∞l-◊-\j-ß— (Epithelial tissue)

WjRjßu Æ˚R˘NpL∞≠⁄k’

E⁄YÙdlThP WjRjRU≤Ls

œ±l-◊-Ls

�� ©\ ˘Np-L- [l ˘TÙflj’ Æ˚R˘Np-L-fid-œs[ £\l-©-Vp◊ Gu]?

�� ß—d-L-∞-¤s[ ˘NpL-∞u AØ‹ ®Yojß ˘Nn-Vl-T-”-Y’ Gq-YÙfl?

�� Æ˚R ˘Np BWÙnf£ ÿd-°-Vj-’-Yj- Rl ˘Tfl-Y’ Gq-YÙfl?

œ±l-◊-L-∞u A•l-T- P- p øe-Ls SPj-ßV LXk-’- W-VÙ-P˚Xj RÙœj’ A±-Æ-Vp ◊j-RLjßp

G›-R-‹m.

TpY˚L ÆXeœj ß—d-L˚[d œ±j’ ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ RL-Yp-L-˚[-l T-œl-TÙn‹

˘Nn-L.

ÆXe-œj ß—d-Ls (Animal tissues)

$ EPt ˘NVp-L-˚[d Lh-”l-T-”j-’-Y-’-Pu J⁄e-

°˚Qd-L-‹m ˘Nn-°-\’.

$ EP-≠u Es- [-Ÿm ˘Y∞- VŸm Ht-T-”m UÙt-\e-

L˚[l ©¨j-R-±k’ Gßo-Æ- ]-VÙt\ ER-‹-°-\’.

SWm◊j ß— (Nervous tissue)

Æ˚R˘Np-Ls (Stem cells)GkR Np-XÙ-L-‹m UÙflm ß\-‡- PV R≤j-Ru˚U YÙnkR NpL˙[

Æ˚R- Np-Ls, C˚Y A•l-T˚P Np-Ls Gu-flm A±-Vl-T-”-°u\].

™L øiP ˙Yfl-ThP ˘NVp-Ls YÙ -XÙL ˘Np-Ls ©\ ˘Np-L-[ÙL

UÙfl-R-X--˚P-°u-\-].

Æ˚R˘Np-L-s ©¨-Y-˚P-Rp YÙ´-XÙ-Ll ©\ ˘Np-L-[ÙL UÙ\˙YÙ,

Æ˚R-˘Np-L-[Ù-L˙Y ˘RÙPW˙YÙ ˘Nn°u\]. ß-—d-L-∞-¤s[

˘NpLs AØ-Ÿm ˙TÙ’ ◊ßV ˘Np-Ls E⁄-YÙ-Y’

Æ˚R˘NpL∞≠⁄k-RÙ-œm. Uw- _,- ˙RÙp,- E-Q-‹d-œ-ZÙn,- ÿ-R-≠V

EPp TœßL∞p Æ˚R ˘Np-Ls Es-[-].

Bn-‹d-·-Pe-L-∞p £X œ±l-©hP „r-®-˚X-L-∞p Æ˚R ˘Np-

L∞≠⁄k’ Æ⁄mTjRdL ˘Np-L˚[ E⁄-YÙdL A±-Æ-Vp

EXLjßtœ Cufl ÿ•-Ÿm. WjRl ◊tfl ˙SÙn, ø¨-Ø‹ ˙SÙn,

TÙod°uNu ˙SÙn ÿR-≠-V-Yt-±u £°t˚N-´-¤m ˘NVt˚L

Efll◊Ls E⁄-YÙdœ-Y-ß-¤m Æ˚R˘Np BWÙnf£ ˘T⁄m

ÿu˙]t\j˚R- Ht-T-”j-’- U] GßoTÙod-Ll-T-”-°-\’.


ÆXe-œj ß—d-L-∞u v˚X-”-L˚[ B£- -V- u ER-Æ-Ÿ-

Pu ÷i- QÙd° YÙ -XÙ-Ll TÙod-L-‹m. Yfl-ThP ß—d-

L-fim AYt±u ˙Y˚X-L˚[Ÿm Eh-T-”jß TP-Æ-[d-

Lm RVÙ- dL‹m.

$ —⁄e-œ-Y-Rt-œm ©u T˚Z-V-®-˚X˚V A˚P-

YRtœm ß\-‡- PV ˘Np-Ls APe-°-Ÿs-[].

$ EPp A˚N-Ætœ ER-‹-°-\’.

R˚Nj-ß— (Muscular tissue)

RÙWÙÆu Nk- R-Lm Ee-L-fid-œm

˙RÙu-±-V-ßp-XVÙ?

RÙY-We-L-∞-¤m ÆXe-œ-L-∞-¤m

Y[o-N£ J˙W ˙TÙu-fls-[RÙ?

LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-”L.

C˚Ql-◊j-ß—

˘TV-⁄dœ HtT ©\-ß-—d-L˚[

Ju˙\Ù˘PÙufl C˚Ql-T˙R C˚Ql-

◊j-ß-—d-L-∞u ÿd-°V ˙Y˚X-VÙ-œm,

R˚N-L˚[ G¤m-◊ -Pu C˚Qd-œm

˘PuPu-Ls, G¤m-◊-L˚[ Ju-˙\Ù-

˘PÙufl C˚Qd-œm ≠L˘Ui-”-Ls,

Li-L- [-Ÿm £fl-ø-W-Le-L- [-Ÿm Gp-XÙm

J˙W CPj-ßp ®˚X˘T\f- Nn-Ÿm SÙoj-

ß— Gu-T] Gp-XÙm CkR ˙Y˚X˚Vf

˘Nn-°u-\-].

C˚Ql-◊j-ß-—d-L-[Ù] G¤m-◊j-ß-—-‹m

œ⁄j- R-¤m◊ ß—-‹m A˚N-‹dœ ERÆ

˘Nn-Y-’-Pu EP-¤dœ Y•-Yj-˚R-Ÿm

RÙe-œ-R-˚X-Ÿm TXj-˚R-Ÿm A∞d-

°u\]. Es-fi-fll-◊-L˚[l ˘TÙßk’

TÙ’-LÙd-L-‹m ˘Nn-°u-\].

øo-Uj-ß-—-YÙ] Wj-R-ÿm C˚Ql-◊j-

ß—Æp Eh-Th-P-RÙ-œm, —YÙ-N-YÙ-Ÿd-

Lfi˚P-V-‹m, Nj-’l- TÙ-⁄h-L-fi- P-V-‹m

˙TÙd-œ-Y-Wj-’, ˙SÙn-R-”l◊ ÿR-≠V

˙YflThP Y˚X-L˚[ Wj-Rm Nn-°-\’.

EP-≠p ™Ld ·”-R -XÙ -Ld LÙQl-

T”°u\, ™œkR Yfl-TÙ-”- PV ß—d- [

C˚Ql-◊j-ß-—d-Ls.

Gq-Y-[‹ Æ˚W-YÙL CkR

UWm Y[ok’ EV-⁄-°-\’

SÙu Hu Cq-Y-[‹ Æ˚W-

YÙL Y[W ÿ•-V-Æp˚X

$ ©\ ß—d-L˚[ Ju-˙\Ù-˘PÙufl C˚Qd-L˙YÙ

AYtfld-œj RÙe-œ-Rp A∞d-L˙YÙ ˘Nn-°-\’,

G¤m◊, œ⁄j-˘R-¤m-◊, SÙoj-ß-—, Wj-Rm ÿR-≠-V]

TpY˚L C˚Ql-◊j ß—d-L-[Ù-œm.

$ G¤m-◊m œ⁄j- R-¤m-◊m EP-≠t-œj RÙe-œ-R- X-Ÿm

TÙ’-LÙl- T-Ÿm Y•-Yj- R-Ÿm A∞d-°-u\].

$ SÙoj-ß— (Fibrous tissue) ©\ ß—d-L˚[ C˚Qd-°-\-’.

$ ˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u ˙TÙd-œ-Y-Wj-’, ˙SÙn-R-”l◊ ÿR-≠V

˙Y˚X-L˚[ Wj-Rm ˘Nn-°-\’.

C˚Ql-◊j-ß— (Connective tissue)


RÙY-We-L-∞p Ri-•-‡-˚P-V-‹m ˙Y¨-‡-˚P-V-‹m ÷≤-´pRÙu ™L-ÿd-°-V-UÙL Y[of-£-

˚U-Vm LÙi-”s-[-’, B]Ùp ÆXe-œ-L-∞p œ±l-©hP CPe-L˚[ UVl-T-”jß Y[of£

S˚P-˘Tfl-Y-ßp˚X.

RÙYW Y[of£ œ±l-©hP CPe-L-∞p ˚UVm ˘LÙi-•-⁄l-T-Ru LÙW-Qm Gu]?

-∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ RL-Y- Xl Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn’ CkR Æ]Ù-Ætœ Æ˚P Li-P-±L

˘U¨v-P-UÙh•d Np

·”-R-XÙ] Nh-

˙PÙ-©-[Ù-Nm

R•Uu œ˚\kR ÿRu-

˚Uf —YoH\d-œ- \V T¨V

Eh-L⁄

ÿ›- U-VÙL Y[of£ Tt\ Np

R•Uu ·•V

CWiPÙm —YoÿRu- Uf —Yo

$ Eh-L-⁄-‹dœj RœkR A[‹

$ ˘Np-—-Y- u R•Uu

$ ˚Nh˙PÙ ©[Ù-Nj-ßu A[‹

TPm 2.1

R≤j-Ru- U-Lsÿ›- U-VÙL Y[of£ ˘Tt\

RÙYW ˘Np-Ls

˘U¨v-P-UÙh•d

˘NpLs

˘Yq˙Yfl Y˚Lj RÙY-Wjß—dLs E⁄-YÙ-Y’ ˘U¨v-P-UÙh•d ß—d-L-∞-≠-⁄k-

RÙ-œm, TÙWu-˚L-UÙ, ˙LÙ[u-˚L-UÙ, v°-«-Wu-˚L-UÙ, ˚NXm, ◊˙[Ù-Vm

ÿR≠V˚Y Yq- Yfl Y˚Lj- RÙ-Y-Wj-ß-—d-L-[Ù-œm. Cj-ß-—d-L˚[ ÷i- QÙd°

˘U¨v-P-UÙh•d Np-≠-‡- P-V-‹m ÿ›- U-VÙ] Y[of£ A˚PkR Np-≠-‡- PV‹m

TPe-L˚[ Jl-◊˚U ˘Nn’ ˙Yfl-TÙh˚Pd Li-P-±k’ Th-•-V˚X ®Wl-◊L.

˘U¨vP-UÙh•d ß—d-Ls (Meristematic Tissues)RÙY-We-L-∞u Ri-•-‡-˚P-V-‹m ˙Y¨-‡-˚P-V-‹m ÷≤l-

TœßL∞p LÙQl-T-”m R≤j-Ru˚U YÙnkR ˘Np-L˙[

˘U¨v-P-UÙh•d ß—d-Ls. CYt±u Æ˚W-YÙ] © -Y- P-Rp

RÙYW Y[of-£d-œd LÙW-Q-UÙ-°-\’.

Ah-P-Y˚Q 2.1


RÙY-Wj-ß-—d-Ls (Plant Tissues)

$ ™L-‹m G∞V A˚Ul-◊- PV ˘Np-L∞u ˘RÙœß.

$ ˘Uu- U-VÙ-] RÙY-Wl-T-œß´p LÙQl-T-”-°-\’.

$ J∞f- Nod-- Ld-œm EQ‹ ˙N™l-T-Rt-œm ER-‹-°-\’.

$ ˘Np —Y-¨u Í˚X-L-∞p Uh-”m L]m ·•V ˘Np-Ls

˙NokR˚Y.

$ RÙY-Wl-T-œ-ßdœ ˘S°r˚Y-Ÿm RÙe-œ-R- X-Ÿm A∞d-°-\’.

$ ˘Np —Y- u Gp-XÙl Tœ-ß-L-∞-¤m J˙W ˙TÙufl L]m ·•V

˘Np-Ls ˙Nok-’ E⁄YÙ]˚Y.

$ RÙY-W-Tl-T-œ-ßdœj RÙe-œ-R- X-Ÿm TXj- R-Ÿm A∞d-°-\’.

˙LÙXu- LUÙ

TÙWu- LUÙ

v°-«Wu- LUÙ

˚NXm

◊˙[Ù-Vm

10 x

45 x

TÙWu- LUÙ (Parenchyma)

˙LÙXu- LUÙ- (Collenchyma)

v°-«-Wu- LUÙ- (Sclerenchyma)

TPm 2.2RÙY-Wj-Ri-•u A˚Ul◊

TVu-T-”jß Et-fll-TÙol˙TÙUÙ? YÙ˚Z-´u ˙Y¨-¤s[ ˘Np-L˚[ øe-Ls

Etfll TÙoj-R’ ˙TÙp J⁄ RÙY-Wj-Ri-•u A˚Ul˚T Etfl ˙SÙd° ˘NVp

œ-±l◊ RVÙ- d-L‹m. Etfl˙SÙd°V ß—d-L˚[l TPj-ßu (TPm 2.2) ER-ÆŸPu

©¨j-R±L.-

∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s[ RL-Yp-L˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹ Nn’ RÙY-Wj-ß-—d-L- [d œ±j’

·”Rp A±k’ ˘LÙsL.


LPj’jß—dLs (Vascular tissues)

RÙY-We-L-∞p ˙Yo E±g—m ø˚WŸm RÙ’El◊dL˚[Ÿm C˚X-L-fidœm,

C˚XL∞p RVÙ- d-Ll-T-”m EQ˚Yl Tp- Yfl Tœ-ß-L-fid-œm LPjR ˙Yi-•-

Ÿs-[-’. -CkR ˙Y˚X˚Vf ˘Nn-Y-Rtœl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] ˘Np-Ls ˙Nok’ E⁄-YÙ]

R≤l-ThP ß—d-L˙[ LPj-’m ß—d-Ls, TX Y˚Lf ˘Np-Ls ˙Nok’ E⁄-YÙd-Ll-

Th-P-RÙp C˚Y £d-L-XÙ] ß—d-Ls (Complex tissues) Gu-flm A±-Vl-T-”-°-u\].

RÙY-WeL-∞¤s[ C⁄-Y- Lf £d-L-XÙ] ß—d-L˙[ ˚NX-ÿm, ◊˙[Ù-V-ÿm.

˚NXm (Xylem)$ øiP ˘Np-Ls ˙Nok’ œZp-L-[ÙL E⁄-YÙ-°-Ÿs-[].

$ ˙Yo E±g-—m ø˚W-Ÿm RÙ’l-˘TÙ-⁄h-L-˚[-Ÿm C˚X-L˚[ A˚P-Vf-

˘Nn°\’.

$ Efl-ß-VÙ] ˘Np —Y-˚W-Ÿ-˚PV ˘Np-L -[Ù -]-ß-]Ùp RÙY-We-L -fidœ

RÙeœR˚XŸm TXj- R-Ÿm A∞d-°-\’.

◊˙[Ù-Vm (Phloem)

$ œZp-L-[Ùp E⁄-YÙ] Ju- \Ù- PÙufl C˚QkR ˘Np-Ls ˙Nok-R˚Y.

$ C˚X-L-∞p RVÙ-¨jR EQ‹ RÙY-Wj-ßu Tp-˙Yfl Tœ-ß-L˚[ A˚P-Vf-

˘Nn°\’.

Tp-Y- Lj RÙY-Wj-ß-—d-L- [-Ÿm AYt±u R≤j-Ru- U-L- [-Ÿm ◊¨k’ LÙi-ºoLs

Ap-XYÙ? œ±l◊-L˚[ A•l-T-˚P-VÙL ˚Yj’ RWl-Th-”s[ T´t£j-RÙ˚[

®WlT‹m.

˚NXm ◊˙[Ù-Vm

TPm 2.3

A. C˚XL-∞p RVÙ-¨d-Ll-ThP EQ‹ RÙY-Wj-ßu Tp-˙Yfl Tœ-ß-L˚[

A˚PVf ˘Nn°-\’.

B. ˙Yo E±g-—m ø˚W-Ÿm RÙ’-El-◊d-L- [-Ÿm C˚X-L˚[ A˚P-Vf- Nn-°\’.

C. RÙY-Wj-ßu ˘Uu- U-VÙ] Tœ-ß-L-∞p LÙQl-T-”-°-\-’.

D. ˘Np—Y- u Í˚X-Ls Uh-”˙U R•U‡- P-V˚Y.

E. Gp-XÙl Tœ-ß-Ÿm J˙W ˙TÙufl R•U]Ù] —Y-⁄- PV ˘Np-Ls LÙQl-T-”-

°u-\].


ß—d-Ls

SWm-◊j-ß—

˘Y∞l-◊\ ß—

C˚Ql◊ ß—

C˚Wl˚T

R˚Nj-ß—

Efll-◊-Ls

CkRf Nk- R-Lj-’d-œ- V E]’ L⁄j˚R G›’L.

˘Np-Ls Jufl ˙Nok’ ˘NVp-T-”-Y’ ˙TÙufl ß—d-L-fim C˚Qk’

˘NVpT-”UÙ?

∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s[ TP-Æ-[d-Lj˚Rd œ±l-◊-L-∞-u A•l-T-˚P-´p

TœlTÙn‹ ˘Nn’ A±-Æ-Vp ◊j-R-Lj-ßp G›-’-L.

.

˘Np-Ls ˙Nok’ ß—d-Ls

˙RÙufl°u-\], ß—d-Ls

˙Nok-RÙ˙XÙ?

œPp

˘N¨j-Rp Ui-P-Xm

TP-Æ[d-Lm 2.3

A B

C D

E

LPj-’ ß—d-Ls

©\-RÙ-Y-Wj ß—d-Ls


œ±l-◊-Ls

$ TP-Æ-[d-Lj-ßp Jq- YÙ⁄ ß—-‹m Gk-- RkR ˙Y˚X-L- [f ˘Nn-°u-\]?

$ C˚Wl-˚T, œPp ÿR-≠V Efll-◊-Ls ÿd-°-V-UÙL Gk-˘RkRj ß—d-Ls

˙Nok’ E⁄-YÙ-]˚Y?

$ C˚Wl- T- u ˙Y˚X Gu]?

$ œP-≠u ˙Y˚X Gu]?

$ ß—d-Ls ˘Nn-Ÿm ˙Y˚X- Vj-RÙu A˚Y ˙Nok’ Ei-PÙœm Efll-◊m

˘Nn-°-\RÙ?

$ Efll-◊-Ls ˙Nok’ Efll-◊-L-∞u ·h-P-˚Ul◊ E⁄-YÙ-]-RÙp Ht-T-”m

˙Uu˚U Gu]?

ß—d-Ls ˙Nok’ Efll-◊ -Ls E⁄-YÙ -°u-\]. Efll-◊ -Ls ˙Nok˙RÙ?

LXk’˚WVÙP‹m.

$

Gi-Qt\ Efll-◊-Ls ˙Nok’ ˘NVp-T-”-Y-RÙp, EPp ˙Y˚X-Ls Au-\Ù-Pm

S˚P- T-fl-°u-\-], N¨j-Rp Ui-P-Xj-ß--¤s[ Efll-◊-L-[Ù] CWl- T, Lp-ƒWp,

œPp ÿR-≠-V˚Y C˚Qk’ ˘NVp-T-”-Y-Ru TV-]ÙL ˘N¨j-Rp S˚P- T-fl-

°\’. B]Ùp ˘N¨j-R-≠u Æ˚[-YÙ-Lj ˙RÙu-flm Nj-’l- TÙ⁄h-Ls EP-≠u

Tp- Yfl Tœ-ßL˚[f Nu-\- PV Yi-”- U-≤p N¨j-Rp Ui-P-Xm Uh”m

˘NVp-Th-PÙp ˙TÙ’UÙ? LXk-’- W-VÙP‹m.

$

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLl-Th-”s[ Efll-◊-L-∞u ˘TVo-Ls Gk- RkR Efll◊ UiP-Xj-

’Pu ˘RÙPo-◊- P-V] G]d Li-P-±k’ Th-•-V˚X ˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙL ®Wl-◊L.

ß—d-L- [d œ±jR ·”-Rp

RL-Yp, TPe-Ls ÿR-≠-V-˚Y,-T-Pe-Ls

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)

Efll-◊-Ls Efll◊ Ui-P-Xm

C⁄-R-Vm,- Wj-Rd-œ-ZÙn-Ls

Ídœ, —YÙ-Nd-œ-Zp, ÷˚W-¬-Wp

£fl-ø-W-Lm,- £-fl-øod-œ-ZÙn,- £-fl-øol˚T

Í˚[, SWm-◊-Ls

J⁄ Efll◊ Ui-P-Xm R≤l-Th”f ˘NVp-TP ÿ•-VÙ -’. Tp-˙Yfl

Efll◊UiPXe-L-∞u J⁄e°˚QkR ˘NVp-TÙh-•-]Ùp Uh-”˙U GkR J⁄

EPp ˘NVp-TÙ-”m ÿ›- U- T-flm.

˘Np-Ls Nok’ ß—d-Lfim, ß—d-Ls Nok’ Efll-◊-Lfim, Efll-◊d-Ls Nok’

Efll◊ Ui-P-Xe-L-fim E⁄-YÙ-°u-\-] G-]l- ◊- k-RRp-XYÙ?

Efll◊Ui-P-Xe-Ls ˙Nok-RÙ˙XÙ?

LXk-’- W-VÙP‹m.

$

AhPY˚Q 2.2


A‘

ÍXd-·fl

˘Np-£t-fl-fll-◊-Ls˘Np ß—

Efl-T◊

Efll◊ Ui-P-Xm

E´¨]m

E - -]d·hPm

E - -]- N-Í-Lm

Tp-Y˚L Efll◊ Ui-P-Xe-Ls Nok-R˙R J⁄ E´¨ G]l ◊¨k-R-Rp-XYÙ? Efll◊

Ui-P-Xe-Ls Ju-˙\Ù-˘PÙufl ˙Nok’ ˘NVp-T-”m ˙TÙ’RÙu GkR J⁄

E´¨dœm —Rk-ß-W-UÙL ®t-L -ÿ-•-Ÿm. Efll◊Ui-P-Xe-Ls

£d-L-XÙ-œm ˙TÙ’ EPp A˚Ul-◊m £d-L-XÙ-]-RÙL

A˚U-°-\’, U≤-Ru Eh-TP ˙Um-ThP ÆXe-œ-

L -∞u EPp A˚Ul◊ TX-Y˚L Efll◊

UiPXe-Ls Jufl ˙Nok’ E⁄-

YÙ]RÙ˚LVÙp ˘T⁄m-TÙ-¤m £d-L-XÙ-]-

˚YVÙœm.

GpXÙ E - -]e-L-∞-¤m Efll◊ Ui-PXm

A˚Uk-’s[RÙ? J⁄˘Np U-h”m Es[

E´¨]e-L-fim È™- p ®˚X®t-°u-\-Rp-XYÙ?

LXk-’- W-VÙ-P‹m.

E - u A•-T- Pd-LÙ-W¶ ˘Np Bœm, ˘Np-

TœßLs VÙ‹m A˚Ud-Ll-Th-•-⁄l-T’ Tp- Yfl

˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞-]Ù-XÙ-œm.

Gp-XÙl ˘TÙ⁄h-L-fim A•l-T- P- p

A‘dL∞]Ùp B]’ G] øeLs ◊¨k-’s-«o-Ls.-

A‘ ÿRp E -]f-N-Í-Lm Y˚W- -XÙ] A˚Ul◊

®˚X-Ls RWl-Th-”s-[]. A˚R Et-fll-TÙoj’

œ±l◊ RVÙ- j’ A±-Æ-Vp ◊j-R-Lj-ßp G›-’e-Ls.

TP-Æ-[d-Lm 2.4

˘RÙPok-’ © -Y- P-R-¤m Tp-Y- L- U-V˚P-R-XÙ¤m RÙu TV-]ÙL Np-L-∞-≠⁄k’

£d-L-XÙ] A˚Ul-◊˚PV E - ]m E⁄-YÙ-°-\-’,- ˙Um-ThP A˚Ul◊- PV E -

¨L-∞p Tp-Y-˚Lj-ß-—d-Ls ˘TÙ⁄jRUÙL C˚Qk’ £d-L-XÙ] HWÙ-[m E´of

˘NVp-Ls S˚P-˘T-fl-°u-\-]. ß—d-L∞u TpY˚L˚U AßL¨lTRt˙LtT

E´¨]e-L-∞u NVp ß\-‡m Aß-L- d-°-\-’. -Jt-fl- U- u Uu- U˚V A±k’

˘LÙi-ºo-L-[p-X-YÙ, SU’ NÍ-L-YÙr-Æ-¤m C’ ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym YÙnk-R-Rp-XYÙ!


A

B

C

D

TPj˚R Etfl˙SÙd° ∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s[ ·t-fl-L-fi-Pu RÙPo-◊- PV ß—d-

L- [d œ±l-©-”m G›j˚R G›-’L.

$ RÙe-œ-R- X-Ÿm TÙ’-LÙl- T-Ÿm Y•-Yj˚R-Ÿm A∞d-°-\’ : ...................

$ EPp Tœ-ß- Vl ˘TÙßk-’s-[’ : ...................

ÿd-°V Lt-\p A˚P‹-L-∞p Eh-T-”-T˚Y

$ ˘Np-Ls ß—d-L-[ÙL UÙfl-Y’ Gq-YÙfl G]l ©¨j-R±k’ Æ[dL CVp-

°-\’.

$ ÆXe-œj ß—d-L- [l ©¨j-R-±k’ ARu R≤j-Ru- U-Ls, ˙Y˚X

Gu-T-Yt˚\ Æ[dL ÿ•-°-\’.

$ ˘U¨v-P-UÙh•d ß—d-L-∞u R≤j-Ru- U-L˚[l Th-•-V-≠P ÿ•°\’.

$ L⁄-ÿh- P- -≠-⁄k’ TX-Y˚L ˘Np-Ls E⁄-YÙ-Y- Rl ©¨j-R-±k’

Æ[dL ÿ•-°-\’.

$ Tp-Y-˚Lj RÙY-Wj-ß-—d-L-∞u A˚Ul-˚TŸm ˙Y˚X-˚VŸm

©¨jR±k’ Th-•-V-≠P ÿ•-°-\’.

$ E - -L-∞u Tp-Y˚L A˚Ul◊ ®˚X-L- [l ©¨j-R-±k’ TP-Æ-[d-

Lm RW CV-¤-°-\’.

Ußl-©P-XÙm

1. ˚L´u A˚Ul-◊-Pu RÙPo-◊- PV £X ß—d-L-∞u TP-Æ-[d-Lm ∏˙Z

RWl-Th-”s-[’.


$ ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u ˙TÙdœYWj˚R SPj’°\’ : ...................

$ UÙt-\e-L- [l ©¨j-R-±k’ GßoÆ- ]-VÙt\ ER-‹-°-\’ : ...................

2. ß—d-L-fi-Pu ˘RÙPo-©pXÙR ·tfl G’?

a. TX-Y˚Lf ˘Np-Ls LÙQl-T-”-°-u\].

b. J˙W Y˚L-VÙ] ˘Np-Ls LÙQl-T-”-°-u\].

c. R≤l-ThP ˙Y˚X˚Vf ˘Nn-°-\’.

d. TX ˘Np-L-∞-≠-⁄k’ E⁄-YÙ-°-\’.

3. ÷i- QÙd-°- u YØ-VÙLj ß—d-L˚[ EtfllTÙod-œm ˙TÙ’

˙LÙXu- L-UÙ- Yl ©¨j-R-±V ER-‹m œ±l◊ G’ ?

a. ˘Np—Y-⁄dœ R•Uu Cp˚X.

b. ˘Np—Y- u Gp-XÙl Tœ-ß-Ÿm R•U‡- P-V’.

c. ˘Np-≠-‡s Eh-L⁄ Cp˚X.

d. ˘Np-≠u Í˚X-L-∞p Uh-”m R•Uu ·”RXÙœm.

˘RÙPo NVp-TÙ-”Ls

1. TX Y˚L-VÙ] ˘Np-L-∞u TPe-L- [Ÿm RL-Yp-L- [Ÿm Eh-T-”jß

Li-LÙh£ HtTÙ” ˘NnL.

2. Æ˚R˘Np-L-∞u ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym, ˙Uu- U, YÙn-l-◊-Ls ÿR-≠-V-Yt- \

Eh-T-”jß A±-Æ-Vp Tßl◊ RVÙ¨d-L-‹m.


EQ-‹j Rh-”l-TÙ”

EQ-‹l TÙ’-LÙl◊

TP-Æ-[-dLm 3.1

TP-Æ-[d-Lj- R-Ÿm Tj-ß- ˚Lf ˘Nn-ß- V-Ÿm LY-≤j-æo-L[p-

X-YÙ...... TP-Æ-[d-Lm Gk-Rd L⁄j- Rd œ±l-©-”-°-\’?

œ±l-◊-L∞u A•l-T- P- p LXk-’- W-VÙ•

Ee-Ls L⁄j˚R A±-Æ-Vp ◊j-R-Lj-ßp G›-R-‹m.

$ EQ-‹j Rh-”l-TÙh-•u LÙW-Qe-Ls.

$ N¨ ˘Nn-Y-ßp A±-Æ-V-≠u Teœ.

$ EQ‹ TÙ’-LÙl-©u ˙Uu˚U.

EQ-‹l-TÙ-’-LÙl◊ U˙NÙ-RÙTÙWÙ-fi-Uu-\jßp

®˚\˙Y±V’◊’˘Pp≠: E-Q‹ TÙ’-LÙl◊ U˙NÙRÙ TWÙ-fi-Uu-\jßp ®˚\˙Y±V’, C’ œ˚\kRÆ˚X- p EQ‹RÙ≤VeL˚[ Æ≤- VÙ-°d-œm ßh-Pm Bœm. Íufl ÏTÙndœA -£-Ÿm CWi” ÏTÙndœ LÙ’- U-ŸmYZe-œm ÿ˚\´p U˙NÙ-RÙ Nh-P-UÙLS˚P-ÿ- \l-T-”j-Rl-Th”s[’.


SpX SÙ˚[ ˙SÙd°

Gp- XÙ-⁄d-œm B˙WÙd-°-V-UÙ] YÙrd˚L YÙr-Y-RtLÙ] ˙Yi•V

EQ-‹, ˙R˚Yd-˙LtT °˚Pd-œm „r-®-˚X˙V EQ-‹l-TÙ-’-LÙl◊.

Hr-˚U˙VÙ Nj-’-Q-‹d œ˚\-TÙ-•-]Ùp Ht-T-”m EPp SXl-©-Wf-

£˚]L˙[Ù Cp-XÙR J⁄ NÍ-Lm E⁄-YÙL EQ-‹l TÙ’-LÙl˚T Eflß

˘NnV ˙Yi-•-V’ Cu-±-V- U-VÙRRÙ-œm.

SU’ ÿd-°V EQ‹ A¨£ Ap-X-YÙ, ˙LW-[j-ßp ˘Sp Et-Tj-ß-Ÿ-Pu

˘RÙPo◊-˚PV ∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s[ Th-•-V˚X Bn‹ ˘Nn-Ÿe-Ls,

œ±l◊L∞u A•l-T- P- p RL-Yp-L- [l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn’ ÿ•-‹-L˚[

A±-Æ-Vp ◊j-R-Lj-ßp G›-R-‹m.

˘Sp Et-Tjß

Y⁄-Pm ˙Y[Ùi ®Xj-ßu Et-Tjß Ud-Lh ˘RÙ˚L

TWl◊ (Xh-Nm Pi-¶p) (˙LÙ•)

(Xh-Nm ˘ad-P-¨p)

1971 8.75 13.65 2.13

1991 5.5 10.6 2.91

2011 2.08 5.69 3.34˘Y∞-¬” : _]-T-Rm

AhPY˚Q 3.1œ±l-◊-Ls

$ 1971 ÿRp 2011 Y˚W-VÙ] LÙX A[-Æp ˙Y[Ùi ®Xj-ßu

TWlT[Æp Ht-ThP UÙt-\m Gu]?

$ CkRd LÙX A[-Æp UdLh ˘RÙ˚L ˘T⁄d-Lj-ß-¤m ˘Sp Et-Tj-

ß´¤m GkR UÙt-\j˚Rd LY-≤dL ÿ•kR’?

$ CkR UÙt\m Ht-◊- P-VÙ-]RÙ? GR-]Ùp?

˘Sp Et-Tj-ß- VÙ” ˘RÙPo-◊- PV Ei- U-L˚[ Uh-”˙U SÙm Bn‹

˘Nn- RÙm, ©\ EQ‹ Y˚L-L-∞u ®˚X-Ÿm UÙfl-TÙ-”- P-V’ ApX.

TZm, LÙn-L-±-Ls, ÿh- P, UÙ™-Nm ˙TÙu-\-Yt-±tœl ©\ UÙ®Xe-L- [f

NÙok’ YÙZ- Yi-•V ®˚X SUdœ Gq-YÙfl Ht-Th-P’?

˙Y[Ùi ®Xe-Ls œ˚\k’ Y⁄m „r-®- X- p EQ-‹l-TÙ-’-LÙl˚T Eflß-

˘Nn-Rp Gu-T’ J⁄ ˘T⁄m NYÙ-XÙLm . -®-Xj- R-Ÿm ˙Y[Ùi- U- VŸm

Æ⁄m◊m J⁄ LXÙf-NÙ-Wj˚R Ceœ ¡h˘P”dL ˙Yi-•-Ÿs-[’. CZk’

˘LÙi-•-⁄d-œm ˙Y[Ùi-®-Xe-L-˚[ ¡i-˘P-”j-Rp ÿd-°-Vm. J⁄e-

°˚QkR J⁄ A‘-œ-ÿ- \- -]Ùp Uh-”˙U EQ‹ Y˚L-L-fidLÙ] SU’

◊\fNÙo˚Td œ- \dL CV-¤m.


Æ˚X ≈rf£

T´o-Sh-

Pm

—t-fl-l◊-\m UÙN˚P

R¤m —-LÙ-RÙ-Wl ©f-£-

˚]L--fimLÙX-®-˚X-

UÙt-\m

CPl-Tt-\Ùd-

œ˚\

Et-Tjßf ˘NX‹

TPm 3.1

C˚Pj-R-W-Lo-L-

∞u —Wi-Pp

˙Y[Ùi-Ui-P-Xj-ß-¤s[ ©Wf£˚]-Ls

˙Y[Ùi- U˚V YÙr-YÙ-RÙ-W-UÙ-Ld LÙi-P-Yo Gßo˘LÙ[fim ©Wf£˚]-Ls G˚Y?

TPj-ß-¤s[ œ±l-◊-L˚[l TVu-T-”j-ß-Ÿm ·”-Rp RL-Yp-Ls ˙Noj-’m œ±l◊

RVÙ-¨dL‹m.

˙Y[Ùi-˚U-Ÿ-P]Ù] A‘œ-ÿ˚\ ·”-Rp A±-Æ-Vp ÿ˚\l-T•VÙ-]Ùp TX

©Wf£- ]-L- [-Ÿm LPk’ ˘NpX ÿ•-Ÿ-Up-XYÙ? Jq- YÙ⁄ ©Wf-£- ]-L- [-Ÿm

LPk’ ˘Np-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-L˚[ SÙm T - NÙ-ßl- TÙm.

∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s[ RL-Yp-L˚[d œ±l-◊-L-∞u A•l-T- P- p LXk-’- W-VÙ-”-L,

Si-To-L-fi-Pu ˙Nok’ ÿ•-‹-L˚[ A±-Æ-Vp ◊j-R-Lj-ßp G›-R-‹m.

EQ-‹l-TÙ-’-LÙl-©tœ A•lT˚P Y[UÙ] Ui

RÙY-We-L-∞u N¨-VÙ] Y[of-£dœ C⁄-T’dœm ˙Ut-ThP R≤-Ue-Ls

˙R˚YVÙœm, C˚Y Cu±V- U-VÙR R≤-Ue-Ls (essential elements) Gufl

A˚Zd-Ll-T-”-°-u\]. LÙl-To, ah-W-_u,- Bd-£-_u, TÙh-PÙ-£-Vm, Sh-W-_u,

TÙv-T-Wv,- Np-To Gu-T˚Y Cu-±-V- U-VÙj R≤-Ue-L-fidœ G”j-’dLÙh-PÙ-œm.

CkRj R≤-Ue-Ls NÙRÙ-W-Q-UÙ-Ld °˚Pl-T’ ÷i-‘- - -Ls SPj-’m ˘N¨j-Rp

Æ˚]L∞u YØ-VÙ-œm. Y[Ùi ®Xe-L-∞p TV-fl-Y- Lj RÙY-We-L˚[ Y[oj’

Y⁄-Y-Ru ˙Uu-˚U-˚Vl ◊¨kß⁄l-¿o-Ls Ap-XYÙ? C’ Uh-”-Up-XÙ-Up

ÿ˚\VÙ] Y[l-T-Vu-TÙ” ÍXÿm Ui-¶u ˘N›-˚U˚V Aß-L-¨d-Lf-

˘NnVXÙm. Ui-¶u pH Ußl-◊m RÙYW Y[of-£-˚Vj-Ái-”m J⁄

LÙW¶VÙœm, Ui-¶p APe-°-Ÿs[ R≤-Ue-L-∞u A[-‹m pH Ußl-◊m

Ui˚Qf ˙NÙR˚] ˘Nn-Y-Ru ÍXm ©¨j-R±-V-XÙm. TÙd-º-¨-VÙd-Ls,

LÙ[ÙuLs, Bp-LÙd-Ls, L˚WVÙu, Ui-◊› ÿR≠V E´-¨] Y˚L-Ls

Ui¶u ˘N›- U˚V Aß-L- dL ER-‹-°u-\].


Eó Y[m

Gu\Ùp Gu]

œ±l-◊-Ls

$ Ui-¶p R≤-Ue-Ls NÙRÙ-W-Q-UÙ-Ld °˚Pl-T˚R Efl-ß-˘Nn-Y-ßp

÷i‘- - -L-∞u Teœ Gu]?

$ Ui T - NÙ-R˚] ˘Nn-Y-Ru ˙R˚Y Gu]?

$ AßL Æ˚[f-N-¤dœ Y[l-T-Vu-TÙ” ˙R˚Yl-T-”-Y-’ GR-]Ùp?

Ui-¶u ˘N›˚U˚V Aß-L- dL ÆY-NÙ´ TX-Y˚L Y[e-L- [l TVu-

T”j-’-Y-’i-”, Yß EWm, Eó EWm, Tf-£˚X EWm Gu-T˚Y Ee-L-fidœl

TZd-L-UÙ-]˚YVp-X-YÙ? ∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s[ TPj- Rl TÙod-L-‹m-.

Nk-˙R-Lm ®Yojß ˘NnV ˙Y[Ùi Aß-LÙ-¨˚V A‘°V ∏’-Æt-œd

°˚PjR LÙ°Rd œ±l˚Tl TÙod-L-‹m.

Y[m R⁄m E´ -Ls

Ui-¶u ˘N›˚U Aß-L-¨dL ER-‹m ÷i-¶-´-¨-Ls APe-°V ˘TÙ⁄h-L˙[ Eó

Y[eLs, E - -L-∞u ÿu-≤˚X RÙY-W Y[of-£d-œj ˙R˚Y-VÙ] LÙW-¶-L∞u A[˚Y

Aß-L-¨dLf ˘Nn-°-\-’, Ui-¶p ˚Sh-W-_-≤u A[‹ ·h-”-Y-Rt-LÙL ˚W˙^Ù-©-Vm,

A^h˙PÙ-TÙd-Po, A˙NÙv ˚T¨p-Xm ÿR-≠V TÙd-º- -VÙd-L- [-Ÿm A˙NÙ[ Gu\ øoj

RÙY-We-L- [-Ÿm TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm.

LY-≤j-ßt ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-•-V˚Y

$ Ui-¶p E´¨ Y[m Eflß ˘NnVlTP ˙Yi-”m.

$ ˙TÙ’-UÙ] øo-TÙ-N-]m C⁄dL ˙Yi-”m.

$ ˙Yß EW-ÿm ˙Yßl-Èf-£- LÙp≠ U⁄k-’-L-fim TVu-T-”j-Rd-·-PÙ’.

CkR Gf-N- d- L-L- [l L˚P-©-•j-RÙp Uh-”˙U ÷i-‘- - -L[Ùp Ui-¶p ®˚X ®tL

ÿ•-Ÿm.


A±-Æ-Vp NÙo-©p-XÙR Y[l-T-Vu-TÙ” Gj-R-˚LV ©u Æ˚[-‹-L˚[

HtT”j’m?

RWl-Th-”s[ œ±l-◊-L-∞u A•l-T- P- p LXk-’- W-VÙ-”L.

�� Ui-¶u A˚Ul◊

�� Ui-¶-¤s[ ÷i-‘- - -Ls

�� —LÙ-RÙWl ©Wf-£- ]-Ls

�� ˘TÙ⁄-[Ù-RÙ-Wd LÙW-¶-Ls

CkRd L⁄jßp ÆY-NÙ- -L-∞-Pm ÆØl-◊-Qo˚Y Ht-T”jR J⁄ Li-LÙh-£˚V

Ht-TÙ” ˘Nn-Ÿe-Ls.

Èf-£-L-˚[d Lh-”l-T-”jR

ÆY-NÙ- -Ls Gßo ˘LÙs-fim ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ ÿd-°-Vl-

©Wf-£˚] Èf-£-jRÙdœRp Bœm, C˚Rj R˚P

˘NnV ˙Yßl-Èf£ ˘LÙp≠ U⁄k-’-L-˚[l TVu-

T”j-’-Y’ Ei”. Èf-£-L˚[ ÿt±¤UÙL AØlT’

Gu-T’ ˙Yßl-Èf-£d˘LÙp-≠d Lh-”l-TÙh-•u

ÿ˚\VÙ-œm. B]Ùp Èf£Ls Gßol-◊j-ß-\-˚]l

˘Tfl-Y-RÙp Ndß ·•V Èf-£d- LÙp-≠-L˚[ ·”Rp

A[-Æp TVu-T-”jR ˙Yi-•-V ®˚XŸs-[’.

˙Yßl-Èf-£-d ˘LÙp≠L-∞u Aß-Ll-T-Vu-TÙ”

HWÙUÙ] —t-flf„Zp Ut-flm, —LÙ-RÙ-Wl-©-Wf-£-˚]-

Lfid-œd LÙW-Q-UÙ-°u-\].

Tj-ß- ˚Lf ˘Nn-ß˚V LY-≤dL.

◊t-fl- SÙn ˙SÙVÙ-∞-Ls˘T⁄œ°u-\-]o

ß⁄-Y-]k-R-◊-Wm: ˙Yßl-Èf-£d-˘LÙp≠U⁄k’-L-∞u TW-Y-XÙ] TVu-TÙ” ◊t-fl-˙SÙn ˙SÙVÙ -∞-L -∞u Gi-¶d-˚LAßL¨dL LÙW-Q-UÙLd L⁄-Rl-T-”-°-\-’.-®XjR• ø¨-¤m AßL A[-ÆpÈf£d˘LÙp≠ U⁄k-ßu ÿu-≤-˚X-˚VdLi-P-±k-R’ ¿ß- Vd °[l-©ŸTs-[’

Cf-„r-®-˚X-´p CVt-˚Ld-œm B˙WÙd-°Vj-ßt-œm æ˚U TVd-LÙR

Èf£d ˘LÙp≠ ÿ˚\-L˚[l TVu-T-”jR ˙Yi-•-Ÿs-[’ Ap-XYÙ?


IT @ School Edubuntu - SchoolResource "Èf£dLh”lTÙh” YØLs'

LÙiL.

J⁄e-°- QkR Èf-£d Lh-”l-TÙh” ÿ˚\- u ˙Uu- U-L- [l Th-•-V-

≠-P-XÙm.

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˙Y[Ùi˚U CXÙ-T-L-W-UÙ-]-RÙL Cp-XÙ-R-Ru ÿd-°V LÙW-Qe-L∞p Jufl

˙Y[Ùi-˚Ud-œ AßL ÿRƒ” ˙R˚Yl-T-”-°-\’ Gu-T-RÙ-œm.

Æ˚Rdœm, EWj-ßt-œm, Èf£d˘LÙp≠d-œUÙL ˘T⁄k˘RÙ˚L

˘NX‹˘NnV ˙Yi-•-Ÿs-[’. C’ ÆY-NÙ- -L-fidœ AßL ˘TÙ⁄-[Ù-RÙW

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ A±-Æ-Vp Lh-”- W- u Tœ-ß- VlT•d-L-‹m

Èf-£-L-fim CVt˚L Gß- -L-fim

£X Èf-£-Ls A[-‹dœ Aß-L-UÙL ˘T⁄-œ-Y’ GR-]Ùp? AYt˚\

C˚W-VÙL Ei-‘m E - -]e-L-∞u Gi-¶d- L- p Ht-T-”m œ˚\‹

ÿd-°Vd LÙW-Q-UÙ-œm. Èf-£-L˚[ C˚W-VÙL Ei-T-˚Y-Ÿm,

Èf£Lfidœ ˙SÙ˚Vl TWl-◊m E´-¨-]e-L-˚[-Ÿm, Èf-£-L-∞p

Jh”´WÙL YÙ›m E - -]e-L- [-Ÿm Èf-£-L-∞u CVt˚L Gß- -Ls

G] A˚Zd-L-XÙm, Èf-£d Lh-”l-TÙh-•tœ CkR E´-¨-]e-L-∞u

˙N˚Y˚V ˙Y[Ùi˚U- p £\kRÿ˚\´p TVuT”j-R-XÙm.

S≈]j ˘RÙØp

÷h-Tÿm- Èf£Lfim

˙Yßl-Èf-£d LÙp≠ EtTjß

˘T⁄m ˘RÙØXÙL Y[ok-R-R-

]Ùp ©\ Èf£ Lh”l-TÙ”

ÿ˚\L-∞u Bn-‹-Ls AkR

A[-‹dœ Et-NÙ-Ll-T”jRlT-P-

Æp˚X, Aph-WÙ- NÙ-≤d J≠

A˚X-L- [lTVu-T”jß Èf-£-

L˚[ ALt-\XÙm G] ®Ï-©d-

Ll-Th-•⁄k-RÙ-¤m NÙRÙ-WQ

ÆY-NÙ- -L-∞-Pm Aj-R- L˚V

˘RÙØp ÷h-Te-Ls Nufl NW-

Æp˚X.

Lßo-≈f—L˚[l TVu-T”jß

Bi-Èf-£-L-∞u C]l- T-⁄d-

Lj ß\˚] CZdLf Nn’ Èf-

£-Ls ˘T⁄-œ-Y- Rd Lh-”l-T-

”j-’-Y’ ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ ÿ˚\VÙ

œm,©W-˙UÙi-˘TÙ± ˙TÙu\

A˚Ul-◊-Ls ·”-R-XÙ-Ll -T-Vu-

T-”j-RlT”°u-\]. E - -]e-

Ls ˘Y∞- Vt-flm ©W˙UÙi

’Ls-L-fid-œf NUUÙ] ˙Yß

A˚Ul-◊˚PV ˘NVt˚L

˘TÙ⁄h-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jß

Èf-£ -L˚[d LY-Wf -˘Nn’

AYt˚\ AØd-œm ÿ˚\

Ceœ TVu-T-”j-RlT”-°\’.

©W- UÙi ’Ls-Ls LÙt-±-¤m

„h-•-¤m BÆ-VÙdLl-T-”-Y-

’m ø¨p L˚Wk’ No-Y-’m -C-

Ru œ˚\-TÙ-PÙ-œm, B]Ùp

˙Yß T¸ßL UÙt-\e-Lfidœ

Eh-T-PÙR ©W- UÙi- TÙ-±-Ls

S≈] RÙØp ÷h-Tj-ßu ER-Æ-

Ÿ-Pu Cufl RVÙ- dL ÿ•Ÿm,

J⁄e-°- QkR Èf-£d-Lh-”l-TÙh-”-ÿ˚\

(Integrated Pest Management-IPM)ÿ›- U-VÙL Èf-£-L˚[ AØdL ÿVt-£l-T-Rtœl Tß-XÙLl Èf-£-Ls

˘T⁄-œ-Y- Rj R˚P- Nn-Y-’-Pu ˙Y[Ùi- UL-„p CZl◊ Ht-T-PÙR

®˚Xdœ Èf-£-L-∞u Gi-¶d- L- Vd œ˚\d-L-‹m Nn-Y’ GuT˙R

J⁄e-°- QkR Èf-£d-Lh-”l-TÙ” ÿ˚\- u A•l-T- P- SÙdL-UÙ-œm.

˙Yßl-Èf£d˘LÙp≠l TVu-TÙh- Pl ˘T⁄U[Æp œ˚\j-’, E - l-

Èf£d˘LÙp≠-Ls, Èf-£-L-∞u Gß- -Ls, Èf-£d Lh-”l-TÙh”l TÙ±Ls

ÿR-≠V Lh-”lTÙh” ÿ˚\-L- [j R˚Y-d˙LtT Rok- R-”j’l TVu-

T--”j’YRu ÍXm —t-fll-◊\f „Z-¤dœ TÙßl◊ Ht-T-PÙUp Èf-£d-

Lh”l-TÙh˚P SPj-’m ÿ˚\˙V C’.

—t-fll-◊-\j˚R UÙ—T”jRÙR Èf-£d Lh-”l-TÙh” ÿ˚\-L˙[ £\k-R˚Y.


TPm 3.2T˙VÙ°VÙv A˚Ul◊

˘S⁄d-L-•˚V HtT-”j-’-°-\-’. -Ui-¶u ˘N›˚U œ˚\k’

Y⁄Y-’m Gßol-◊-jß-\u ·•V Èf-£-Ls ˘T⁄-L-‹m ˘Nn-Ÿm

˙TÙ’ ·”-Rp EW-ÿm Èf-£d- LÙp-≠-L-fim TVu-T-”jR Yi•-

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AßLUÙL TVu-T-”j-’-Y’ Rt-LÙ-≠-L-UÙL CXÙ-Tm A∞d-œ-

UÙ´‡m T•l-T-•-VÙL ˙Y[Ùi®-Xm TÙ˚X-Y-]-UÙL UÙflm.

Cf-„r-®-˚X-´p ®˚XVÙ] ˙Y-[Ùi˚U Gu\ L⁄j’

ÿd°Vj’-Y-ÿ- P-V-RÙL A˚U-°-\-’. -E-W-ÿm Èf£˘LÙp≠-L-fim

Eh-TP Y∞- -≠-⁄k’ °˚Pd-œm TÙ⁄h-L-∞u TVu-TÙh˚P

œ˚\j’ J⁄e-°-˚QkR ˙Y[Ùi˚U YØ Ju±-≠⁄k’

°˚Pdœm LØ-‹l-˘TÙ-⁄˚[ ˙Y˘\Ùu±tœ EW-UÙ-Ll TVu-

T”j-’m ÿ˚\ Ceœ TVu-T-”j-Rl-T-”-°-\-’. Cmÿ˚\ TVu-

T”j-’m ˙Y[Ùi-®-Xj-ßp Tp-Y- Ll Tó-Ls Æ˚[-Æd-Ll-

T-”-°-\-’. LØ-‹l ˘TÙ⁄hLs Ju-flm Aeœ Gg—Yßp˚X.

EQ‹l-˘TÙ -⁄h-L -fidœ ÿd-°-Vj-’-Ym ˘LÙ”l-T -RÙp

Nk˚R˚Vf NÙok-ß-⁄l-T- Rd œ˚\l-T-Rtœm, CkR Ui-P-Xjß-

¤s[ Æ˚X-˙Vt-\-jß≠-⁄k’ Rl-©d-L-‹m CV-¤m. SÙh”

C]eL˚[ Y[oj-’-Y-Ru ÍXm E´-¨]l Tp-Y-˚L˚U

TÙ’LÙl◊ NÙj-ß-V-UÙ-œm.

LØ-‹l ˘TÙ⁄s ød-L-ÿm ®˚X-VÙ] ˙Y[Ùi- U-Ÿm

Cufl SÙm Gßo ˘LÙs-fim ÿd-°-Vl-©-Wf-£˚] E´-¨-]d

LØ‹l- TÙ-⁄h-L˚[ AØj-Rp Gu-T-RÙ-œm. ®˚X-VÙ] Y[Ùi-

ÿ˚\Ls CRtœ J⁄ æo-YÙ-œUÙ ? ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”-d-Ll-Th-”s[

œ±l-◊-L-∞u A•l-T-˚P-´p LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-”-L, A±Æ-Vp

◊jRLjßp œ±d-L-‹m.

$ Lm- TÙvh Et-Tjß

$ Eó YÙŸ Et-Tjß

$ LÙpS˚Pj-æ-Y] Et-Tjß

$ ˙LÙØj-æ-Y] Et-Tjß

$ ¡u æY] Et-Tjß

UÙflm

Li˙QÙhPMes

˘T⁄-°-Y-⁄m Ud-Lh-˘RÙ-˚L-˚Vl-

˘TÙflj’ ˙Y[Ùi Et-Tj-ß- Vl

˘T⁄d-œm ÿVt-£ú TV-]Ù-L AßL

Et-Tjß ß\u E˚PV Æ˚R

C]eLs T⁄m A[-Æp T - NÙ-ßdÛ-

Ll-Th-P]. Cj-’-Pu EWe-L-∞-‡˚P-

V‹m Èf£ ˘LÙp≠Lfi ˚P--V-‹m

TVu-TÙ-”m Aß-L- j R-],-Æ- R-Ÿm

EWÿm ˙Y[Ùi ®Xj-’dœ

˘Y∞´p C⁄k’ Y⁄-Y-RÙp CkR

ÿ˚\˚V HEIA( High external inputagriculture) Gufl A˚Zd-LXÙm

,B]Ùp Cm-ÿ˚\ B˙WÙd-°-Vj-

˚RŸm —t-flf „Z˚X-Ÿm TÙßl-T-

’Pu, AßL NX- Y Ÿm Ht-T-”j’Y-

RÙp CkR ˙Y[Ùiÿ˚\ ÆYÙRj-

ßtœ Es-[Ù-]-’. - Y∞- -≠⁄k-Y⁄m

˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u TVu-TÙh˚P ˘T⁄

U[Æp œ˚\dœm ˙Y[Ùi- U˙V

®˚XVÙ]’ Gu\ Li- QÙh-Pj-ßp

A˚UkR LEISA (Low External InputSustainable Agriculture)- Gu\ ÿ˚\dœl

TW-Y-XÙ] Ae-°-LÙ-Wm °˚Pj-’. AY-N-

W-®- X- p Uh-”m EWeLfim Èf£d

˘LÙp≠Lfim Lh-”l-TÙPÙ] A[-Æp

TVu-T-”j-Rl-T-”m Cm-ÿ-˚\-ú

A”jR CXd-œ, Ju-±u LØ-‹l- TÙ-

⁄s Ut-˘\Ùu-±tœ EWUÙ°u\,

Ru≤˚\ ‹˚PV, Y∞- p C⁄k’

Ju-˚\-Ÿm TVu-T-”j-Rj ˙R˚Y

´pXÙR NEISA ( No External InputSustainable Agriculture) -Gu‡m

ÿ˚\VÙœm.


ÿh- Pd-œm, UÙ-™-Nj-ßt-œm T\- Y-Ls Y[od-Ll-T-”-°u-\-].

˙LÙØ Y˚L-Ls; A’p-VÙ, °WÙ-U-Xh-—™,- Yh- X- LÙu

LÙ˚P Y˚L-Ls; _l-TÙ-…v, ˙TÙl- Yh

T\˚Yl TWÙU¨l◊

Th-”-Ëp Y[ol◊(Sericulture)

CVt˚L øo-®- X-L-∞-¤m YVp-L-∞-¤m, ˘NVt˚Lj ˘RÙh-•-L-∞-¤m A±-Æ-Vp

ÿ˚\- p ¡u-L˚[ Y[ol-T˙R ©v-≥-Lp-No. EQ-‹j- R- Yd-LÙLd L -¡u,

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ÿR˘#Ù≠V˚Y-Ÿm Y[od°u\]o.

CqYÙfl Y[odLd·•V ÿd-°V C\Ùp Y˚L-Ls SÙWu, LÙW Gu-T]YÙœm.

¡uY[ol◊ (Pisciculture)

LÙp-S˚Pl TWÙ-U- l◊

LÙp-S- P-Ls TÙ≠t-œm UÙ™-Nj-ßt-œm Y[Ùi R˚Y-L-fid-œm Yi• TWÙ-U- d-Ll-T-”-°u\].

ÿd-°V LÙp S˚P C]e-Ls

T— ; _o-≥, ˙aÙpv-ºu, l√v-Vu,

˘Yf-„o

G⁄˚U: ÿ\Ù, ø≠-W-Æ, TRÙY¨

B” : RXf- N- , _m-]Ù-TÙ- , ˙TÙVo

T´o ˘Nn- YÙm Tp-Y- L-Ls

A±-Æ-Vp A‘-œ-ÿ˚\ YÙ -XÙL ˙Um-ThP Y⁄-UÙ-]m ˘T\ CV¤m Tp-Y˚L ˙Y[Ùi

’˚\-Ls Es-[], „r-®-˚X-˚VŸm YÙnl-˚T-Ÿm ˘TÙ⁄j’ ˙Rok-˘R-”d-Ll-T-”m £X

˙Y[Ùi-ÿ- \-L˚[d LÙi˙TÙm.

CVt˚Ll Th-•u Et-Tj-ßd-LÙLl Th-”-Ëp ◊›d-Ls Y[odLl-

T-”-Y˚R ˘N¨d-Lp-No Gufl ·fl-Yo. Th-”-Ëp ◊›-Æu

XÙoYÙÆu R≤l-ThP —Wl-©-L -∞-≠-⁄k’ Th” Ëp

EiPÙ°\’, Up-T¨ -Th-”-Ëp ◊›, P^o Th-”-Ëp ◊›, ÿLÙ

Th”Ëp ◊› Gu-T˚Y ÿd-°V C]e-L-[Ù-œm


A±-Æ-Vp ÿ˚\- -XÙ] LÙ[Ùu Y[oj-Rp.

LÙ[Ùu Nj-’l- TÙ-⁄s APe°V’m —˚Y-™dL-’-UÙ] Ko EQ‹

Y˚LVÙœm. TÙp-L-[Ùu, £l-©d LÙ[Ùu Gu-T˚Y NÙRÙ-W-Q-UÙL

Y[odLl-T-”-°-u\].

TZm, LÙn-L-±-Ls Gu-T˚Y A±-Æ-Vp ÿ˚\l-T• ˙Y[Ùi˚U - Nn-Rp. SÙh” Y˚Ll-

TZe-Ls Ap-XÙ-Up ≠f-£, WÙm-◊h-PÙu, •Ÿ- -VÙu ÿR-≠V ˘Y∞-SÙh” TZe-L-fim SU’

SÙh-•p T´o ˘Nn-Vl-T-”-°-u\].

A±-Æ-Vp ÿ˚\-´-XÙ] ÿVp Y[ol◊ °Ÿ-≤Lp-No. UÙ™-Nj

ßtœm AXe-LÙ-Wj-ßt-œUÙL °˙W _Vuh, ˚Yh _Vuh, Gu\

C]e-Ls Y[odLl-T-”-°u-\-]. Ae-˙LÙWÙ E˙WÙUj-ßt-LÙL

Y[odLl-T”-°u-\-’.

◊˙[Ù-¨d-Lp-No(Floriculture)

C’ ˘RÙØpÿ˚\´p Èd-L˚[ Y[odœm ˙Y[Ùi

ÿ˚\VÙœm. ÿp- X, ˘Ni-”-Up-≠,- _Uk-ß, ˙WÙ_Ù, Bo-d°h,

Bk-Á- -Vm, Gu-T˚Y ÆVÙ-TÙ-Wj-ßtœ ELk-R- YVÙ-œm.

A±-Æ-Vp ÿ˚\- -XÙ] ˙R… Y[ol◊.

U⁄j-’Y œQ-ÿm Nj-’l- TÙ-⁄s ˘LÙi-P-’-UÙ] J⁄ Et-Tj-ßl

˘TÙ⁄˙[ ˙Ru. ˙LÙXu, ˘Up-≠-˘T-W, ˘OÙ•-Vu C]e-L-∞p

EhThP ˙R…d-Ls NÙ-RÙ-W-Q-UÙL Y[odLl-T-”-°u-\-].

˙R…Y[ol◊ (Apiculture)

°Ÿ-≤Lp-No (Cuniculture)

LÙ[Ùu Y[ol◊ (Mushroom culture)

˙RÙh-Pd-L˚X (Horticulture)


SU’ SÙh-•u £°t˚N ÿ˚\-VÙ] BŸo˙YRm ÿt±¤m Í≠˚Lj

RÙY-We-L -˚[f NÙok-’s-[-’. BŸo˙YRj-ßu ˘NpYÙdœ

AßL¨jR-’m, CVt˚L YÙØPeLs AØ‹flR¤dœ Es[ÙY’m

Í≠˚LjRÙY-WY[ol©u ÿd-°-Vj-’-Yj˚R AßL¨dLf

˘Nn’s[’. ’[-£, -Lt -\ÙoYÙ˚Z, ˙Yl-◊, BP-˙XÙ-P -Lm,

œflk˙RÙh•, ·Y-[m, WÙUf-Nm, ˘LÙ”-˙Y≠ ÿR-≠-VYt˚\

˙Y[Ùi ®Xj-ßp Y[-Wf- Nn-V-XÙm.

Í≠˚LjRÙYW Y[ol◊

Th-•-Vp 3.2

Tp- Yfl ˙Y[Ùi’˚\-L-fi-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊- PV ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[ AhPY˚Q˚V ®Wl-◊L.

’˚\-Ls Et-Tj-ßl ˘TÙ⁄s-Ls C]e-Ls

................ .................. L -¡u, ˙WÙa˜

.................. ˙Ru, ˘U›œ ..................

LÙ[Ùu Y[oj-Rp .................. ..................

LÙp-S- Pl-T-WÙ-U- l◊ .................. ..................

.................. .................. Ae- LÙ-W, °˙W-_Vuh

.................. .................. ..................

T\- Yl TWÙ-U- l◊ .................. ..................


TÙ∞-a-‹v TÙ@-™e

(Polyhouse Farming)

TÙ∞j-ßu ˙TÙu\ J∞-L-Pj-’m Ãh•-]Ùp ˙Y[Ùi

˘NnŸm CPm ÿ›-˚U-VÙ -L˙YÙ, Tœ-ß-VÙ -L˙YÙ

U˚\j’j ˙RÙtflÆd-œm R≤lThP A˚Ul-˙T

TÙ∞a‹v. TÙ∞-a-‹-≥-¤s[ Yl-T-ÿm DW-ÿm J›eœ-

T-”j-Rl-T-”-Y-RÙp RÙYW Y[of£ Æ˚W-Æp S˚P- T-flm.

ø¨p Nj-’l- TÙ-⁄h-Ls L˚W-Vf- Nn’ ˘NÙh”øoTN]m

ÍXUÙLd ˘LÙ”d-Ll-T-”-°-\’. -TÙ-∞-a-‹-≥u Td-Le-Ls

Y˚X TVu-T-”j-Rl-T-”-Y-RÙp Èf-£-L-∞u RÙdœRp

œ˚\YÙL C⁄d-œm. ˘RÙPd-Lj-ßp ˘NX‹ ·”-UÙ- -‡m

NÙRÙ-WQ Æ˚[®Xj-ß-≠-⁄k’ °˚Pl-T˚R ÆP AßL

Æ˚[fNp Cß-≠-⁄k’ °˚Pd-œm.

Kl-Tu © -≥-Nu TÙ@-™e

(Open Precision Farming)

˙Y[Ùi ®Xj-ßu Ui-¶u Ru-˚U, Ui-¶-¤s[

R≤Ue-L-∞u A[-‹, Ui-¶u pH, ø¨u ÿu≤˚X

GuT-Yt˚\ S≈] ˘RÙØp ÷h-Tm TVu-T-”jß

’p≠VUÙL A±k’ ELkR T´˚W ˙Y[Ùi˚Udœj

˙Ro‹˘Nn-°u\ ÿ- \-VÙ-œm. TÙ∞j-æu Ãh TVu-T-”jß

Ui-˚Ql ˘TÙßY-RÙp øolTÙN-]m œ˚\l-T-Rt-œm

L˚[L-˚[d Lh-”l-T-”j-R-‹m CV-¤m Gu-T’ CkR

ÿ˚\´u ˙Uu- U-VÙ-œm.

Tj-ß-¨-˚Lf ˘Nn-ß-˚Vd LY-≤j-æo-L-[p-

XYÙ?

S≈] Y[Ùi ÿ˚\-L- [l- ©u-Tt-fl-Y-RÙp

Ht-T-”m Su- U-Ls VÙ˚Y?

$ EtTj-ß- Vl ˘T⁄d-L-XÙm.

$ L˚[-L- [-Ÿm, Èf-£-L- [-Ÿm Lh-”l-T-”j-R-XÙm.

$

˙YÙ[Ùi-UiPXm Gßo ˘LÙs-fim ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ Cd-LhPÙ] „r-®- X-Vp-XYÙ LÙX-

®˚X UÙt\m. L¶dLÿ•VÙR LÙX-®- X, TWÙm-T- V Y[Ùi-ÿ- \-L˚[ ™L- UÙNUÙL

TÙßd-°u-\-’. C˚Rj RÆolTRtœ ER-‹m S≈] ˙Y[Ùi-ÿ-˚\-Ls Cufl

S˚Pÿ˚\´p Es[]. -Cj-R- LV £X ˙Y[Ùi-ÿ- \-L˚[ A±ÿ-L-m ˘LÙs- YÙm.

˘LÙ”d-Ll-ThP RL-Yp œ±l-◊-L-∞u A•lT˚P-´p LXk-’-˚W-VÙ• ÿ•-‹-L˚[

A±ÆVp ◊j-R-Lj-ßp G›-R-‹m.

TPm 3.4

TPm 3.3

TÙ∞j-æu TÙ@™e

Kl-Tu ©W-≥-Nu TÙ@-™e


TPm 3.5˚ah˙WÙ˙TÙ¶dv

TPm 3.6Gn˙WÙ˙TÙ¶dv

Ui CpXÙU¤m ˙Y[Ùi˚U

Ui-¶p-XÙ-Up RÙY-We-L˚[ Y[odL ÿ•-ŸUÙ?

AqYÙ- \-≤p Y[Ùi-Ui-P-Xm Gßo- LÙs-fim LÙX-®˚X UÙt-\m,- Ui-¶u

A˚Ul-©-¤s[ ˙Yfl-TÙ-” øo-TÙ-N] YN-ß- u˚U ÿR-≠-V- R- P-L- [- Vp-XÙm

LPdLXÙmApXYÙ? ˙Y[Ùiÿ˚\ Gu\ ®˚X´p C˚Rl TWl◊YRtœ

HWÙ[m RPeLpLs C⁄l-©-‡m, Ui-¶p-XÙ-U-¤m ˙Y[Ùi˚U ˘Nn-Y’

NÙjßV˙U G] A±-Æ-Vp EX-Lm ˘R∞-YÙd-°-Ÿs-[-’. - ah- WÙ˙TÙ¶d—m

(Hydroponics) Gn- WÙ- TÙ¶d-—m (Aeroponics) CRtœ G”j-’d-LÙh-”L-[Ù-œm.

FhPd L˚W-N-≠p RÙY-We-L˚[ Y[odœm ÿ˚\ ah- WÙ- TÙ-¶dv, YoLs

YÙŸ-Æp Y[ok’ C\e-œm ÿ˚\-´p RÙY-We-L˚[ Y[oj’, Nj-’l-

˘TÙ⁄sL˚[ ˙SW-•-VÙL ˙Y⁄dœ vl˙W ˘Nn’ ˘LÙ”d-œm ÿ˚\˙V Gv-

˙WÙ˙TÙ-¶dv.

œ±l-◊-Ls

$ LÙX-®˚X ˙Y-flTÙh-•-]Ùp ˙Y[Ùi CZl- Td œ˚\l-T-Rtœ S≈]

˙Y[Ùi ÿ˚\-Ls ER-‹-Y’ Gq-YÙfl?

$ Kl-Tu © -≥- u TÙ@-™e-°u ˙Uu- U-Ls VÙ˚Y?

$ Ui˚Qf NÙokß-WÙR ˙Y[Ùi˚U NÙj-ß-V-UÙ-Y’ Gq-YÙfl?

Et-Tj-ß˚V Aß-L-¨l-T˚R Eflß ˘NnV S≈] ˙Y[Ùi ÿ˚\-L-∞p-

LXl©]eL˚[l TVu-T-”j-’-°-\Ùo-Ls, S≈] ˙Y[Ùi ÿ˚\-L-fidœl TX

Y˚WV˚\Ls Ei” Gu-flm TÙWm-T- V Y[Ùi-ÿ- \-d-œj ß⁄m-©f- Np-Y˙R

CVt-˚Ld-œm U≤-R-‡d-œm Su˚U TVd-œm Gu\’UÙ] L⁄j-’-L-s S˚P-

ÿ˚\´p Es-[]. TÙWm-T- V ˙Y[Ùi ÿ˚\- p -TVu-T-”j-’-Y’ SÙh”Y˚L

C]e-L-˚[VÙ-œm.

RWm YÙnkR LXl-©-]e-Ls HWÙ-[m C⁄d-œm ˙TÙ’ SÙh” C]e-L˚[ ®˚X

®flj-R- Yi-•-Ÿs-[RÙ? E]’ L⁄j- Rd- œ-±d-L-‹m.

....................................................................................

RL-Y- Xl-T-•j’ E]’ L⁄j-ßu NÙj-ß-Vd·˚\ T - NÙ-ßd-L-‹m.

Ck-Rd L⁄j-ßp ·”-RpRL-Yp ßWh-• J⁄ ÆYÙ-Rm Ht-TÙ” ˘Nn-V-‹m.


Th-•-Vp 3.3

Th-•-Vp 3.4

SÙ˚[dœm ˙Yi-”m SÙh” C]eLs

J⁄ Tœ-ß- u LÙX®- X, EQ-‹-°- Pj-Rp, Ui-¶u A˚Ul◊ Gu-T-]Yt-±tœl

˘TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ] RL-Y˚Ul-◊-L-˚[l ˘Ttfl CVt-˚L-VÙ-L˙Y ˙SÙn Gßol◊j

ß\˚]l ˘Ttfl ®˚X®t-T- Y˙V Al-T-œ-ß- -¤s[ SÙh” C]e-Ls. -Et-Tjß

œ˚\-YÙL C⁄k-RÙ-¤m ˙SÙn Gßol◊j ß\-‡m TWÙ-U- l◊f ˘NX‹ œ˚\-YÙ-]-’

UÙ] SÙh”Y˚L LÙp-S˚P C]e-L-fim Yq- Yfl Y˚L- —˚Y-Ÿm Nj-’l- TÙ⁄s-

L- [-Ÿm R⁄m T´o-Lfim SUdœf ˘NÙk-R-UÙL C⁄k-R-].- S-Udœf ˘NÙkR-UÙL

C⁄kR TX-°Zeœ Y˚L-L-fim Cufl U˚\k’˘LÙi-•-⁄d-°u-\-], LÙf£p, Nm◊,

·Y ÿR-≠-V˚Y SU’ EQ‹lTZdLjß-≠⁄k’ Y∞- Vt-\l-Th-”s-[]. - NX‹

œ˚\kR-’m ˙Y[Ùi-˚U-˘NnV G∞RÙ-]-’m Nj-’l-˘TÙ-⁄s ®˚\k-R-’-UÙ]

CjR˚LV EQ-‹l- TÙ-⁄h-L-∞u ˘RÙPof£ AØk’ ˙TÙY-RÙp Ußd-L-ÿ-•-VÙR

˘Np-Ym Cp-XÙ-Up B°-\’ Gu-T˚R SÙm A±V ˙Yi-”m.

SÙh” C]e-Ls AØk’˙TÙY’ SU’ CVt˚L AØ-Ætœd LÙW-Q-UÙ-°-\-’.

CVt˚Lf ∫t\e-L˚[ Gßoj’ ˘LÙi” ®tœm SU’ C]e-L-∞-≠-⁄k’ Uh-”˙U

˙UmThP ◊ßV C]e-L˚[ E⁄YÙdL ÿ•-Ÿm. Ck-Rf ˘Np-Ym J⁄ RP˚Y

CZl-◊dœ Es-[Ù-]Ùp ß⁄mTd °˚Pd-LÙ’ Gu\ G∞V Ei- U˚V SÙm U\k’

ÆPd·-PÙ’.

£X SÙh”Y˚L-Ls ∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s-[].

·”-Rp RL-Yp-L˚[ ßWh• Th-•-V˚X Æ -‹-T-”j-’L.

T´o C]e-Ls

UÙU-Wm ÍYÙi-Pu,°∞f-—i-

Pu

YÙ˚Z OÙ≠l-È-Yu,

TÙ[-Ve- LÙPu

ÆXeœ C]e-Ls

T— ˘Yf-„o,

LÙNo- LÙ” œs-[u

B” UX-TÙ¨

AhPl-TÙ• ©[Ùd


·h-P- Ul◊ Bu˚X-≤-¤m

E - ] Et-Tjßl˘TÙ-⁄s R˚Yl-T-”- YÙo Aß-L- j-R-’-Pu

ÆY-NÙ-´-L-∞u Bu-˚Xu ·h-P-U-˚Tl◊ ˘T⁄œ-°u-\-].

RWUÙ] E - -]l- TÙ-⁄h-Ls ˙R˚Yl-T-”- YÙ- Wd- Li-P-±-

Y-Rt-œm, EVokR Æ˚X °˚Pl-T-Rt-œm Bu-˚Xu

·hP˚Ul-◊-Ls ER-‹-°u-\], ÆVÙ-TÙ-Wm Uh-”-Up-XÙ-Up

A±˚Y-Ÿm A‡-T-Yj-˚R-ŸU Teœ ˚Yl-T -Rt -œm

Gi¶XPe-LÙR YÙnl-◊L˚[ S≈] FP-Le-Ls R⁄-°u-\].

RÙe-œ-Rp R⁄m ·h-P- Ul◊

ÆY-NÙ- -L-∞u Æ˚[-‹l- TÙ-⁄h-Ls C˚P-j-R-W-Lo-Ls Cp-XÙUp

˙SW-•-VÙL Æt-T-Rt-œm YÙe-œ-Y-R-t-œm E¨V YN-ß-Ls ˘Nn’

R⁄m ÆY-NÙV Ne-Le-Ls ’WıR Lß- p Nn-Vl-T-”-°u-\-]. SpX

™[œ, ˙Re-LÙn, TÙd-œ, -˘Sp, LÙn-L-±-Ls, ÿR-≠-V-Yt˚\f

˙N™l-T-Rt-LÙ] YN-ß-L-fim Nk-˚R-L-fim Ht-TÙ” ˘Nn-Vl-T-”-

°u\-]. ˙N™d-Ll-T-”m ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls SpX Æ˚X °˚Pd-œm

„r®˚X TÙoj’ Æt-TRuÍXm ÆY-NÙ-´dœ AßLÆ˚X

°˚Pl-T˚R Eflß ˘Nn-V-XÙm. ˙Y[Ùi Tó- Nn-V œ- \kR

Yh-•- p LPu YNß-Ls °˚Pd-œm.

ÆY-NÙ-´-L-∞u YÙrd˚L R˚Pú± ÿu-˙]Ùd-°f ˘Np-YRt-LÙ] J⁄

YØVÙL A˚UV ˙Yi”m ˙Y[Ùi˚U. Et-Tjßl ˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u Æ˚X

≈rf-£-Ÿm C˚Pj-R-W-Lo-L-∞u —Wi-P-¤m ÆY-NÙ-´-Ls Gßo-˘LÙs-fim

©Wf£˚]-Ls Bœm. CYt˚\ Gq-YÙfl Gßo ˘LÙs-[-XÙm? LXk-’- WVÙ•

L⁄j-’-L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-L-‹m.

˙Y[Ùi Ui-P-Xj˚R CXÙ-T-L-W-UÙ-]-RÙ-L-‹m ®˚X-˙T-fl-˚P-V-RÙ-L-‹m

GqYÙfl ®˚X ®fljR ÿ•-Ÿ- U]l ◊¨k’˘LÙi-PÙp Uh-”m ˙TÙRÙ-’,

˙Y[Ùi˚U ÆY-NÙ-´-L-∞u LP-˚U- Uh-”˙U Gu\ U]-®˚X UÙ\-

˙Yi”m. ©\ ˘RÙØp’˚\-L-∞p D”-T-”-Th-P-Yo-L-fim KW-[-˙Y-‡m

˙Y[Ùi˚U NnV RVÙ-WÙL Yi-”-m. -Gp- XÙ-⁄m Y[Ùi˚U NnŸm

NÍ-Lm Gu\ L⁄j-ßtœ Cufl ™L ÿd-°-Vj-’-Y-ÿi”.

Gp- XÙ-⁄m Y[Ùi˚U Nn-Y’ Gu\ L⁄j’ S˚P-ÿ- \dœ ELkRRÙ?

AY-N-W-UÙ] YÙrd- Lf „Z≠p Y[Ùi˚U Nn-Y-Rtœ SWm EiPÙ?

˙R˚Y-VÙ] ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls Gp-XÙm Nk- R- p YÙe-Ld °˚Pd-LÙRÙ?

CkRf Nk- R-Le-L- [p-XÙm NÙRÙ-WQ-UÙL EVok’ YW-XÙm.

J⁄ ÆYNÙ´ú SÙhœ±l˚T YÙ£dL‹m.


•NmTo 152014

SÙh œ±l˚T T•j-æo-L-[p-X-YÙ? Gp-˙XÙ-⁄m ÆY-NÙ-Vm ˘Nn-Ÿm NÍ-Lm Gu\

L⁄j’ NÙj-ß-V-UÙ-œUÙ? E]’ L⁄j- Rd œ±d-L-‹m.

...........................................................................................................................................................................................

CkR ÆY-NÙ- ´u ÿ˚\-Ls A±-Æ-Vp Ru- U-Ÿ- P-VRÙ?

A±-Æ-Vp ÿ˚\ Gu-\Ùp Gu]? ∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s[ œ±l˚Tl T•d-L-‹m

©Wf-£-˚]˚Vl ©¨j-R-±-L, Etfl˙SÙd-Lp, Bn‹ ÿR-≠V Tp-˙Yfl

YØLs YÙ -XÙLl ˘T⁄mTÙXÙ] RL-Yp-L- [j ßWh-”-Rp. ßWh-•V

RL-Yp-L˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-Rp. N¨-VÙ] ÿ•˚Y E⁄-YÙd-œ-L,

˘RÙPok-’s[ ÆNÙ-W˚Q ÍXm ÿ•-‹-L˚[ ˙Um-T -”j-’Rp

GuT˚Y˙V A±-Æ-Vp ÿ˚\. Cmÿ˚\˚Vl ©u-Tt-fl-TY˙W

A±ÆVXÙ[o. °˚PjR A±-‹-L-˚[l-T-Vu-T-”jß ©Wf-£-˚]˚V

®Yojß Nn-’ Um-ThP Y⁄e-LÙ-Xj˚R E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-Rt-œ ER‹m J⁄

L⁄-Æ˙V A±-Æ-Vp.

ÆY-NÙ- u SÙh-œ-±l-©p ©Wf-£- ]- Vl ©¨j-Rp, Etfl ˙SÙd-Lp, Bn-‹, RL-Yp

ßWh-”-Rp ÿR-≠V A±-Æ-Vp ÿ˚\-Ls Eh-Th”s[]YÙ? BWÙn- YÙm.

OÙ´fl ßeLs ˘NqYÙn ◊Ru ÆVÙZu ˘Ys∞ N≤

1 2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9 10 11 12 13

14 15 16 17 18 19 20

21 22 2 3 24 25 2 6 27

2 8 29 30 31

LÙ˚X ˙SWj-ßp LÙp-S- P-VÙL ˙Y[Ùi ®Xm YØ-VÙ-Lf ˘Np-¤UÛ ˙TÙ’ TX-’m

LY-]j-ßtœ Y⁄-°u-\-]. ˙Y[Ùi Aß-LÙ- - u A±-‹-flj-R-≠-]Ùp Ui- Ql-T- -

˙NÙ-ßj-R-’m ARu A•l-T-˚P-´p —i-QÙm◊ ˙Noj-R’m Su˚U TVj-R-’.

LÙnL±L∞p Ae-°e-LÙd LÙn D Bd-°-W-™l◊ ˘RÙPe-°-Ÿ-s-[-’. ◊˚L- - Xf NÙfl

TVu-T”jR Yi-•V SW-™-’. -T-V-±-¤-⁄k’ ™Lf-£-\k-R-Yt˚\ Æ˚Rd-LÙ-Lf NL¨dL

˙Yi-”m. -H-WÙ-[m SÙe·r Lh-•-Ls LÙQl-T-”-°u-\-]. Ui-◊-›d-L-∞u Gi-¶d˚L

Aß-L-¨jß⁄d-L-XÙm. Lÿ°u ˚RLs ˘Y´≠p YÙ”-°u-\-]. CRtœj æoYÙL

K˚XVÙp U˚\d-L˙YÙ Ri-•tœ Ys˚[®\m ÈN˙YÙ Nn-V-XÙm. J⁄ SiT≤u

B˙XÙ-N- ]l-T• ˙RÙhP˘StNÙœT• ˘Nn˙Ru. ˙Yß EW˙UÙ Èf-£d- LÙp-≠˙VÙ

TVu-T-”jR ˙Yi• YW-Æp˚X. SÙh”˘Sp-Y- L- RÙY-WeLs Gp-XÙm Y[ÿPu

®t-T- Rd LÙ‘m- TÙ-’, Gu] J⁄ B]k-Rm! CkR A -£-Ÿm LÙn-L-±-Ls Es[

EQ‹m ˘TÙ⁄-[Ù-RÙ-W XÙTj˚R Uh-”-Up-XÙ-Up, —˚Y- VŸm B˙WÙd-°-Vj- R-Ÿm

U]-ß-⁄l--ß-˚V-Ÿm R⁄-°u-\-]. ARtœ Gp-XÙm Æ˚X ®oQ´dL ÿ•-Ÿ-UÙ!- -

E˚Zl©u ULj-’-Yj˚R A‡-T-Æj’j ˘R¨k’˘LÙs[˙Yi”m. A¤-Y-¤dœ

C˚P- -¤m £±’ SWj˚R ÆY-NÙ-Vj-ß-tœ UÙt± YjR’ Gq-Y-[‹ £\kRRÙ´tfl!


TPm 3.7˘UÙh˚PU• ˙Y[Ùi˚U

TPm 3.8œ˙WÙTÙd ˙Y[Ùi˚U

TPm 3.9˘Neœj’ ˙Y[Ùi˚U

TPe-L-fim Tj-ß-¨˚Lf ˘Nn-ß-L-fim

LR-m-T-ÿm LY-≤d-L. ÿu-]o ·±V

R˚P-L- [d LPl-T-Rt-LÙ] YØ-ÿ- \

L˚[ Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘NnL.

A±-Æ-Vp ÿ˚\-˚Vl TVu-T-”j-’-TY˙W ÆY-NÙ-´. J⁄ Ei-˚U-VÙ]

ÆYNÙ´ A±-Æ-V-XÙo Gufl ◊¨k-’s-[-Rp-X-YÙ, GkR J⁄ NÍ-Lj- R-Ÿm

®˚X ®flj-’-T-Yo ÆY-NÙ-´-L˙[ Ut-\-Yo-L-˚[-ÆP Ae-∏-L-¨d-Lj Rœ-ß-

Ÿ˚PVYo EQ‹ Ei-‘m ˙TÙ’ ARu ©u-]Ùp J⁄ ÆY-NÙ- ´u

E˚Zl◊ Ei” G] SÙm ®˚]-Æp ˘LÙs-°- \ÙUÙ?

©\ Y˚X-L-fidœ C˚P- -¤m R≤j-’m Nok’m Y[Ùi˚U Nn-°u\

STo-Ls SU’ NÍ-Lj-ßp Aß-L- j’ Y⁄-°u-\-]o. LXl-©-P-™pXÙR —j-RUÙ]

EQ˙Y B˙WÙd-°-Vj-ßu A•l-T˚P Gu\ ©¨j-R-±˙Y CkR ˘NVp-

TÙh•tœd LÙW-Qm. Ni˙P TÙ@-™e, œ”mT ˙Y[Ùi˚U ÿR-≠V

˘TVoL∞p æÆ-W-UÙ] Cj-R- LV NVp-TÙ-”-Ls E]’ Tœ-ß- p Es-[]YÙ?

CR-]Ùp Es[ ˙Uu- U-Ls G˚Y ?

$ R¨— ®Xe-L-∞u Æ≤- VÙ-Lm

$ Æ`m LXYÙR EQ‹

$ EPtT´t£

$ U]-U-°rf£

$

$

Æ`mLXkR EQ-‹l- TÙ-⁄h-Ls YÙ -XÙL Ht-T-”m B˙WÙd-°Vl ©Wf-£˚]

L- [d œ±jR ÆØ-l◊-Qo‹ Ht-Th-P-‹-Pu J⁄ £±V LÙn-L-±j- RÙh-Pm

˘NÙk-R-UÙ-dL Æ⁄m◊˙YÙo HWÙ-[m CkR B˚N˚V ˘NVpT”j’YRtœj

R˚P-VÙL C⁄lT˚Y G˚Y?

$ CPl- Tt-\Ùd-œ˚\

$ Æ˚R °˚Pj-Rp

$ TWÙ-U- l˚Tl Tt-±V A±‹ Cp-XÙ˚U

$


TPm 3.5˙U¤m TX ©Wf-£-˚]-L-˚[-Ÿm LXk-’-˚W-VÙP ˙Yi-•-Ÿs-[’. ÿu

Yœl©-¤s[ TÙPl-Tœ-ß-Ÿ-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV A±-‹-L-fim A‡-T-Ye-

Lfim Si-To-L-∞-Pm C⁄d-œ-Up-XYÙ? ÆY-NÙ-´-L-∞-P-™-⁄k-’m, Bn‹

®˚XVe-Ls ˘Nnß FP-Le-Ls ÿR-≠-V-Yt±≠⁄k-’m

·”Rp RLYpLs ßWh• Yœl-©p LXk-’˚W-VÙ-Pp

SPj’L.Gp- XÙ-⁄m ˙Y[Ùi˚U ˘Nn-Ÿm NÍ-Lm

Gu\ L⁄j˚R S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”jR SmUÙ

XÙ]˚R SÙÿm ˘Nn-˙YÙm. ˙Y[Ùi˚U

˘Nn-Y-’-Pu A‡-T-Yd-œ-±l◊ RVÙ- l-T-Rtœm

U\dL ˙Yi-PÙm RVÙ- jR A‡-T-Yd-œ-±l-◊

L˚[ Rmÿs T°ok’ ˘LÙi” T•d-L-‹m

˙NL- j’ TßlTÙdL-‹m ˘NnL.

˙Y[Ùi˚U ˘RÙPo-◊- PV A˚]j- R-Ÿm ˘Nn’ R⁄-Y-Rtœ HWÙ-[UÙ]

®fl-Y-]e-Ls ˘NVp-T-”-°u-\-]. ˙Y[Ùi˚U ˘Nn-Y˚R Fd-Ll-T-”jR

AW-NÙe-Lm TX ßh-Pe-L˚[j æh• S˚P-ÿ-˚\l-T-”jß Y⁄-°u-\’.

C˚[Oo-L˚[ ˙Y[Ùi˚U ˘NnV Et-NÙ-Ll-T-”j-’-Y-’-Pu ß\˚UŸ- P

V-Yo-L˚[ Ae-∏ -L -¨d -L -‹m BR-¨d-L -‹m T¨-— -L -fim Ht-TÙ”

˘NnVlTh”s[]. C˚Rl-Tt-±V ·”-Rp RL-YpL˚[j ßWh-”L.

˙Y[Ùi- Uj-’˚\ Gßo˘LÙs-fim £X R˚P-L- [-Ÿm A˚Rj LPk’

˘Np-Y-Rt-LÙ] NÙj-ß-Vd-·-fl-L- [-Ÿm CkR AX-°p LXk-’- W-VÙ-Pp ˘Nn-

˙RÙm. ÿd-°V L⁄j-’-L˚[ Eh-T-”jß ∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s[ Th-•-V˚X

®Wl◊L.R˚P-Ls R˚P- Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] YØ-ÿ- \-Ls

LÙX®- X- UÙt-\m $ TÙ∞-a-‹v TÙ@-™e

$ ˚ah˙WÙ˙TÙ¶dv

—tfll--◊\ AØ-‹m $ A±-Æ-Vp EWl-T-Vu-TÙ”

B˙WÙd-°-Vl-©-Wf-£-˚]- $ J⁄e-°- QkR Èf-£d-Lh-”l-TÙ”

L-fim $ E - ]dLØ-‹l - TÙ-⁄h-L-∞u U˚\‹

Et-Tjßf ˘NX‹ $$

Æ˚[f-Np SxPm $$

CPl- Tt-\Ùdœ˚\ $$

Æ˚X ≈rf£ $

$


ÿd-°V Lt-\p A˚P-‹-L-∞p Eh-T-”-T˚Y

�� EQ‹l TÙ’-LÙl◊ Gu\ L⁄j˚R Æ[dL ÿ•-°-\’.

�� J⁄e-°-˚QkR Èf-£d Lh-”-TÙh” YØ-L-∞u ˙Uu-˚U-L˚[l ©¨j-R-±k’

Æ[dL CV¤-°-\’.

�� ˙Y[Ùi ˘RÙØpL∞u ÿd-°-Vj-’-Yj˚Rl ©¨j-R-±k’ ÆY-NÙ-´-L-fidœ

U¨VÙ˚R ˘N¤j-’-°u-\-]o .

�� S≈] ˙Y[Ùi ÿ˚\-L-∞u YØ-ÿ- \-L˚[l ©¨j-R-±k’ Æ[dL ÿ•-°-\’

�� SÙh” C]e-L-∞u ÿd-°-Vj-’-Yj- Rl ©¨j-R-±k’ TÙ’-LÙl-◊f NVp-TÙ-”L∞p

D”-T-”-°u-\-]o.

�� —t-fll-◊-\j-ßt-œm B˙WÙd-°-Vj-ßt-œm æ˚U TVd-LÙR ˙Y[Ùi ÿ˚\- Vl-

T-Vu-T-”j-’-Y-’-Pu ©Wf-NÙ-W-ÿm ˘Nn-°u-\-]o.

Ußl©PXÙm

1. °Î-≤-Lp-No GkR Ui-P-Xj-’-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊- P-V’??

a. ˙R… Y[oj-Rp

b. ÿVp Y[oj-Rp

c. TZm, LÙn-L± Y[oj-Rp

d. ¡u Y[oj-Rp

2. ""˙UmThP LXl-©-]e-Ls AßL Æ˚[f-N˚X SUdœ A∞d-°-u\]. ©-\œ

GRtœ SÙh” Y˚L-Ls? CkR Nk- R-Lm œ±jR E]’ L⁄j˚R G›-’L.

3. Èf-£-Ls YØ-VÙL Ht-T-”m Æ˚[fNp CZl˚Td œ˚\l-T-Rtœ ™Lf-£-\kR

YØ G’?

a. NdßYÙnkR Èf-£d ˘LÙp-≠-L- [l TVu-T-”j-Rp.

b. Gß- -L-fidœ Gß- -VÙ] Èf-£-L- [l TÙ’-LÙj-Rp.

c. J⁄e-°- QkR Èf-£d-Lh-”lTÙh˚Pl TVu-T-”j-Rp

d. E - -l Èf£d˘LÙp≠- V Uh”m TVu-T-”j-Rp.

4. "Æ˚[f-Np ·•-]Ùp Æ˚X œ˚\-Ÿm'

ÆY-NÙ´ Gßo˘LÙsfim CkRl ©Wf£˚]-˚Vd LPk’ ˘NpX J⁄ S˚P-

ÿ˚\jæo˚Yd ·flL.

˘RÙ-Po- N-Vp-TÙ-”-Ls

1. ˙Y[Ùi A¤-Y-Xo, A‡-T-Y-™dL ÆY-NÙ´ Gu-T-Y- u ·h”-\-‹-Pu Ts-

∞f —tfll◊\j-ßp ˙RÙhP- StNÙœT•, LÙn-L± ˙Y[Ùi˚U Gu-T-]-Yt˚\

ßh-P-™h” S˚P-ÿ- \lT-”j’L.

2. Tp˙Yfl RÙY-We-L-∞u SÙh”Y˚L-L- [l Tt-±V RL-Yp-L˚[j ßWh• Tßl◊

-RVÙ-¨dL‹m.

Gk-- RkR ˘TÙ⁄s-Ls TPj-ßp Es-[]?

Jq- YÙ⁄ ˘TÙ⁄-∞-¤m APe° C⁄d-œm ˘TÙ⁄s-L-∞u Ru˚U Gu]?

$ TÌi :

$ ˘Tu-£p :

$

$

Sm-˚Uf-—t±l TX-Y-˚L-VÙ] ˘TÙ⁄s-Ls Es[]. C˚Y A˚]j’m UÙflThP

˘TÙ⁄hL[Ùp BdLlTh”s[].

˘TÙ⁄s-L-∞u CVt-©-Vp ®˚X- Vl Tt± SÙm R¨k-ß-⁄d-°- \Ùm Ap-X-YÙ? Sm˚Uf

—t±-¤m Es[ ˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u CVt-©-Vp ®˚X-Ls VÙ˚Y- ?

$

$

$

A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII54

ÿL-‹-˚WVÙLd ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ TPj-ßp LÙQl-T”m ˘TÙ⁄s-L-∞u

CVt©-Vp®˚X A•l-T- P- p Y˚Ll-T-”jß Ah-P-Y- Q˚V ®Wl-T-‹m.

ßPm ßWYm YÙŸ

$ ˘TÙ⁄s-L-∞u £\l◊ Ti-◊-Ls VÙ˚Y?

£X ˘NVp-TÙ” ÍXm SÙm C˚Rd-Li” ©•dL

ÿVt£l˙TÙm

$ TPj-ßp Es[ ˘NVp--TÙh˚P ˘Nn-Y-Rtœ ˙R˚Y-VÙ]

˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[l Th-•-V-≠-P-‹m

$ Ck-Rf ˘NVp-TÙh˚P Gq-YÙfl ˘Nn-V-XÙm?

TPm 4.1 I Etfl ˙SÙd° ˘Nn-ÿ˚\ G›-ßl-TÙod-L-‹m.

$ Ri-¶¨p Lp˚X Ír-L-;d˘Nn-Ÿm ˙TÙ’ Ri-Ωo

UhPjßtœ Gu] UÙt-\m ®L-›m? LÙW-Qm ·flL?.

J⁄ ÿL- Y- p ÿd-LÙp Teœ Ri-Ω˚W G”d-L-‹m. Aß-p

J⁄ LiQÙ• Pm-[˚Wj R˚X-∏-ZÙL Ír-Lf- Nn-V-‹m.

(TPm 4.2)

$ ÿL-˚Y-´p Es[ Ri-Ωo Uh-Pj-ßtœ Gu] UÙt-\m

®L›m?

$ Pm-[- -‡s Ri-Ωo Hfl°\RÙ?

$ Pm-[- -‡s LÙQlT”m ˘TÙ⁄-∞u Ru˚U VÙ’?

$ CkR ˘TÙ⁄-∞u T⁄U‡d-œm ÿL- Y- p Es[ Ri-Ωo

Uh-Pj-ßp Ht-ThP UÙt-\j-ßt-œm C˚P˙V ˘RÙPo◊

C⁄d°-\RÙ? -

TPm 4.2

TPm 4.1

Ah-P-Y˚Q 4.1

A•lT˚P A±ÆVp VIII 55

Ah-P-Y˚Q 4.2

TPm 4.3

YÙŸ ®˚X ˘LÙs- -Y -Rtœ CPm ˙R˚Y Gufl

◊¨k’˘LÙiºoLs Ap-XYÙ?

30 cm ø[m Es[ J⁄ A[-‹-˙LÙ˚X G”j’ ARu C⁄

ÿ˚]-L-∞-¤m LÙtfl ®\l-©V TÌ˚]d Lh-•j- RÙeL ÆP‹m,

J⁄ ˘Np- XÙ- Pl˚T J⁄ TÌ-≤p Uh-”m Jh• ˚Yd-L-‹m

A[-‹- LÙp °˚PUhP-UÙL ®t-œ-UÙfl TPm 4.3 Cp Es-[’

˙TÙp ®flj-R-‹m.

©\œ TÌ-≤p ˘Np- XÙ- Pl Jh-•V Tœß´p F£-VÙp J⁄

’˚[ CP-‹m.

$ Ee-Ls Etfl ˙SÙd-L˚X œ±j-’d ˘LÙs-[-‹m

$ Cß-≠-⁄k’ øe-Ls ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi-P’ Gu]?

˘Nn’ TÙojR ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p C⁄k’ ˘TÙ⁄hL∞u Ru˚U

Tt± Gu] ÿ•-‹dœ Yk-æo-Ls?

$

®˚X˘LÙsYRtœ CPÿm ®˚\Ÿm ˘LÙiP

A˚]j˚RŸm ˘TÙ⁄s Ap-X’ T⁄l- TÙ-⁄s (Matter)G] A˚Zd LXÙm.

NÙRÙ-WQUÙLj ßPm, ßW-Ym, YÙŸ B°V Íufl ®˚X-L∞p

Es[ ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[ SUdœ ˘R -Ÿm Ap-XYÙ?

$ ßPl-˘TÙ-⁄h-L-s Tt± Ee-L-fidœj ˘R¨kR Ti-◊-Ls

VÙ˚Y?

$ ßW-Ye-L-∞u £\l◊ Ti-◊-Ls VÙ˚Y

CYt-±p YÙŸ ®˚X-Ÿ-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊- PV Ti◊-Ls VÙ˚Y?

˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u Íufl ®˚X-L-fi-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV Ah-P-

Y˚Q˚V ®Wl-◊L. (˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]Yt±tœ � ˘NnL).

(AhPY˚Q 4.2)

Ti◊ ßPm ßW-Ym YÙŸ

®˚\ Ei”

œ±l©hP T⁄-Uu Ei”

®˚XVÙ] Y•-Ym Ei”

©[Ùv-UÙ-‹m ©\-®- XLfim

ßPm, ßW-Ym,- YÙŸ Gu\ Íufl

®˚X-L∞p Uh-”-Up-XÙUp ˙U¤m

£X ®˚X-L-∞p ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls LÙQl-

T-”-°-u\]. - TÙ-⁄h-L-∞u SÙu-LÙ-Y’

®˚X ©[ÙvUÙ (plasma) Bœm.

„¨-Vu Utflm Sh-Nj-ß-We-L-∞u

˚UVl-T -œ-ß -´¤s[ ˘TÙ⁄s

©[ÙvUÙ ®˚X- p LÙQl-T-”-°-\-’,

EVokR ˘Yl-T-®- X- p ˘TÙ⁄h-L-

∞u A‘d-Ls AV-≤-VÙ-d-Ll-Th”

LÙQl-T-”m TÙ⁄h-L-∞u ®˚X˙V

©[ÙvUÙ.

˘TÙ⁄h-L -∞u Ik-RÙ -Y’ ®˚X

˙TÙv-˛-Iuv-ºu Lu-Puv-˙Ptfl

(Bose Einstein Condensate) Gu-flm,

B\Ù-Y’ ®˚X˚V ˘To-™- VÙ-≤d

Lu-Puv-˙Ptfl (FermionicCondensate) Gu-flm TV- -Pl-Th-”s-

[-’. - TÙ-⁄h-L-∞u Ut- \Ù⁄ ®˚X-

RÙu „l-To lfi-Îh ®˚X (Superfluid state). £X œ±l-©hP „r-®- X-

L-∞p Uh-”m Bn-Y-Lj-ßp CkR

®˚XL˚[ E⁄-YÙd-L-ÿ-•-Ÿm.


˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u ÷i-’-Ls-Ls

J⁄ ÿL- Y- p ÿd-LÙp TÙLm Ri-Ωo G”j’ Aßp CWi˙PÙ Íu˙\Ù,

˘TÙh-PÙ-£-Vm ˘To-UÙe-L- ]h T•Lj˚R Ch” Su-\ÙL LXd-L-‹m

$ ˘TÙh-PÙ-£-Vm ˘To-UÙe-L- ]h T•-Lj-ßtœ Ht-ThP UÙt-\m Gu]?

$ ˘TÙh-PÙ-£-Vm ˘To-UÙe-L- ]h T•-Le-L˚[l TÙodL ÿ•-ŸUÙ?

$ L˚W-N-≠p ˘TÙh-PÙ-£-Vm ˘To-UÙe-L-˙]h C⁄kR ˙TÙ’m ARu

’LsL˚[l TÙodL ÿ•-V-Æp˚X. Hu?

Cß-≠-⁄k’ ˘TÙh-PÙ-£-Vm ˘To-UÙe-L-˙]h ™L ÷i-¶V ’Ls-L-[Ùp

E⁄YÙdLl-Th-P’ Gufl ◊¨k-RRp-XYÙ?

˙Y˘\Ù⁄ ˘NVp-TÙh˚P ˘Nn-’-TÙod-L-XÙm.

£-±-R-[‹ Nod-L- W˚V G”j’ Ri-Ω- p L˚Wj’ L- W-N˚X E⁄-YÙd-L-‹m.

Nod-L- W- u ’Ls-L˚[l TÙodL ÿ•-°u-\RÙ? LÙW-Qm ·fl-L.

∫≤d-L- W-N-¤dœ C≤l◊ —˚Y C⁄d-°u-\RÙ?

Ri-Ω- p L˚Wk-ß-⁄d-œm Nod-L˚W- u ’Ls-Ls RÙu L˚W-N-¤dœ C≤l◊

—˚Y ˘LÙ”d-°u-\-].

Li-L-[Ùp TÙodL ÿ•-VÙR ÷i-¶V ’Ls-L-[Ùp TÙ⁄h-Ls E⁄-YÙdLl-

Th-”s-[-]. ˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u Gp-XÙl Ti◊-L-fim CkR ’Ls-L-fidœ

Ei”.

Tp- Yfl ®˚X-L-∞p LÙQ-l-T-”m ˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u A˚Ul◊

Tp- Yfl ®˚X-L-∞p LÙQl-T-”m TÙ⁄h-L-∞u ’Ls-L- [Ù” RÙPo-◊- PV

£\l◊ Ti-◊-L-s ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[˚Rd LY-≤ŸeLs.

$ ’Ls-L-fid-°- P- p AL-X-ÿi”.-

$ ’Ls-Ls CVe-œ-°-u\-].

$ ’Ls-Ls Ju˚\ Jufl Dod-°u].

Jq- YÙ⁄ ®˚X- -¤m CkRl Ti◊Ls UÙfl-Th-•-⁄d-œm.- C’ GqYÙfl G]l

TÙol˙TÙm.

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ TPj- Rd LY-≤ŸeLs. (TPm 4.4)-


IT @ School EdubuntuCp PhET Es[ State ofmatter Etfl ˙SÙd-œ-L‹m.

$ ßPm, ßW-Ym, YÙŸ Íufl ®˚X-L-∞-¤m ’Ls-L-∞u A˚Ul◊ Jufl

˙TÙp LÙQl-T-”-°-\RÙ?

$ CYt-±p GkR ®˚X- p ’LsLs ™L ˘S⁄d-L-UÙLd LÙQl-T-”m?-

$ GkR ®˚X- p ’Ls-L-fid-°- P˙V Es[ ˘RÙ˚X‹ ™L Aß-Lm-?

˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u ®˚X-UÙt-\m (Change of State)

T≤d-Lh• E⁄° Ri-Ω-WÙ-L-‹m, Ri-Ω- Wf „PÙd-°-]Ùp øWÙ-Æ-VÙL‹m

˘Yl-Tl-T-”j’m ˙TÙ’

................

ßPm YÙŸ................

œ∞o-Æj-Rp

................

Ceœ ®˚X UÙt-\j-ßtœd LÙW-Q-UÙ] Bt-\p Y•-Ym G’?

TPm 4.5 I Etfl SÙd° ßPm, ßW-Ym, YÙŸ ®˚X-L-∞p Es[ ’LsL∞u

CVd-Lj˚Rd LY≤d-L-‹m.-

˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u ’Ls-Ls YlTj˚R

Htœm ˙TÙ’ ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-

Th”s[ Ti-◊-L-∞p Gu-] UÙt-\m

Ht-T-”m?-

TPm 4.4

$ ˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u Bt-\p :-

$ ’L-∞sL-fid-°- P˙VŸs[ AL-Xm- :

$ ’Ls-L-fid-°- P- V-Ÿs[ Dol◊ Æ˚N- :

$ ’Ls-L-fid-°- P- V-Ÿs[ CVd-Lm :

TPm 4.5

ßPm ßW-Ym YÙŸ

UÙflm Gufl øe-Ls T•j-æo-Ls- Ap-XYÙ?

C˚Rl- TÙufl GpXÙ ®˚X-L-∞-¤m Es[ TÙ⁄h-L-fid-œm ®˚X-UÙt\m

Ht-T-”-Up-XYÙ?

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ Æ[d-Ll- T-P-j˚Rl- Èojß ˘Nn-V-‹m


˘Yl-Tj˚R Htœm ˙TÙ’ ßPm ßW-Y-UÙ-L-‹m, ßW-Ym YÙŸ-YÙ-L-‹m

UÙfl°u\]. B˚L-VÙp YÙŸ-®- Xd-œj-RÙu ßPm ßW-Yj˚R ÆP Bt\p

Aß-Lm.

$ ßP ®˚X- p ˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u ’Ls-Ls ˘S⁄d-L-UÙLd LÙQl-T-”-Y-RÙp

AYt-±u CVd-Lf —Rk-ß-Wm œ˚\-YÙLd LÙQl-T-”-°-\-’.

$ ßWY ®˚X- p ’Ls-L-fid-œdœ C˚P- V AL-Xm Ntfl AßLUÙLd

LÙQlT”°\’. BR-XÙp ßP-®- X˚V ÆP CVd-Lf —Rk-ß-Wm AßLm.

$ YÙŸ ®˚X-´p ’L-s-L-fidœ C˚P˙V AL-Xm ™L Aß-L-UÙL

LÙQlT”m G]˙Y CVdL —Rk-ß-Wm ™L Aß-Lm

$ ˘YlT®˚X- ¤s[ ˙YflTÙ” ®˚XUÙt\jßtœd LÙWQUÙ°\’.

˘YlT Bt-\p A∞d-œm ˙TÙ’ GpXÙ ®˚X-L-∞-¤m Es[ ’Ls-L-∞u

Bt-\p, CVdL —Rk-ß-Wm ˙TÙu-\˚Y Aß-L- j’ ’Ls-L-fid-°- P- -XÙ]

Dol◊ Æ˚N œ˚\-°-\-’.

£X ßPl-˘TÙ-⁄h-L˚[f „PÙd-°-]Ùp

ßWY-UÙLÙ-Up ˙SW-•-VÙL YÙŸ ®˚X˚V

A˚P-°u-\]. Cj Ru˚U TRe-L-UÙ-Rp

(Sublimation) G]l-T-”m. Cj-R-˚LV

˘TÙ⁄-∞u YÙŸ˚Y œ∞o-Æj-RÙp A’

ßP-UÙL UÙflm. TÙfNÙ E⁄i-˚P,

A˙VÙ•u ˙Tu-\˚Y CRtœ G”j-’d-

LÙh-PÙ-œm. LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ TPj˚R

Bn‹-˘Nn-V-‹m.

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ Ah-P-Y˚Q 4. 3 I Bn‹ ˘Nn’ ®˚X UÙt-\m

S˚P-- T-flm „r-®˚XL∞p Ht-T-”m UÙt-\e-L˚[ G›-R-‹m.

ßPm YÙŸ

ßW-Ym

ßW-Y

-UÙd

Û-Lp

ßP-UÙd

-Lp

œ∞

o-Æj-Rp

ßP-UÙ-œ-Rp

TRe-L-UÙ-Rp

AhPY˚Q 4.3

TX ®˚X-L-∞p ˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u TW-‹-Rp (Diffusion)

˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u Ut- \Ùfl £\l◊ Ti©˚]l Tt±j ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙs-[-XÙm.

A˙VÙ-•u (Iodine) G∞-ßp BÆ-VÙ-œm Ru-˚U-Ÿ-˚PV ˘TÙ⁄-[Ù-œm.

A˙VÙ•u T•-Le-L˚[ J⁄ Li-QÙ• TÙj-ß-Wj-ßp ˚Yj’ „PÙd-L-‹m,

YÙŸ _Ù•- p CkR YÙŸ˚Y ˙NL- d-L-‹m. Ut- \Ù⁄ YÙŸ _Ù•-VÙp C˚R

ÍP-‹m (TPm 4.6).

ßPm ßW-Y-UÙL ßW-Ym YÙŸYÙL YÙŸ ßWYUÙL ßPm YÙ-ŸYÙL-

UÙflm TÙ’ UÙflm TÙ’ UÙflm ˙TÙ’ UÙflm TÙ’

’Ls-L-∞u CVd-Lm

’Ls-L-fid-°- P- -XÙ] AL-Xm

’Ls-L-fid-°- P- -XÙ] Dol◊ Æ˚N

’Ls-L-fid-°- P- -XÙ] Bt-\p

BÆ

VÙ-R

p


$ BÆ- u ®\j˚R Etfl ˙SÙd-L-‹m.

$ ∏˙Z LÙQl-T-”m YÙŸ-_Ù-•-´p C⁄d-œm A˙VÙ-•u

BÆdœ Gu] UÙt-\m Ht-T-”m.?

$ ˙U˙X Es[ YÙŸ _Ù•- ˙XÙ?.

$ CRtœd LÙW-Qm Gu]?.

F’-Tj-ßdœ UQm Ei”. B]Ùp A˚R G¨Vf˘NnŸm

˙TÙ’ RÙu UQm GpXÙ CPe-L-fid-œm TW-‹m. G¨Vf˘NnŸm

˙TÙ’ UQm TW-‹-Y-Rtœd LÙW-Qm Gu]?

˘YlT ®˚Xd-œm, TW-‹-R-¤d-œm ˘RÙPo◊ EiPÙ?, „PÙ] EQ-‹l

˘TÙ-⁄h-L-∞u UQm GpXÙ CPe-L-fid-œm TW-‹-Y-Rtœd LÙW-Qm Gu]?

˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u TW-‹-Rp YÙŸ®˚X´-¤m, ßWY ®˚X-´-¤m J˙W ˙TÙp

LÙQl-T”-°-\RÙ?.

J⁄ ¿d-L- p Ri-Ωo G”j’ Aßp J⁄ ’∞ £Ll◊ ®\ U˚V Ft\‹m.

øe-Ls LÙi-T’ Gu]?, ˚U Ri-Ω- p TW-‹-°-\RÙ?

A˙VÙ-•u BÆ, ˚U CYt-±u TW-‹-R˚X Etfl ˙SÙd-°, ˙Yt-fl˚U-L˚[

Li-”-©-•d-L-‹m.

Tp- Yfl ®˚X-L-∞p Es[ ’Ls-L-∞u CVdLj-ßtœm T-W-‹-R-¤d-œm

C˚P˙V Es[ ˘RÙPo◊ Gu]?

ßPl-˘TÙ-⁄h-L-∞p TW-‹-Rp S˚P-˘Tfl-Y-Rtœ YÙn-l◊s[RÙ? J⁄

LiQÙ•j RL•p J⁄ ’∞ ˚U G”j’ ˚Yj-’l -TÙod-L-‹m

CVdL —Rk-ßWÿs[ ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls Ju- \Ù” Jufl LXl-T˚R

TW-‹-Rp (Diffusion) Gu°˙\Ùm.

Au\ÙP YÙrd- L- p TW-‹-R-¤d-LÙ] „r-®- X-L˚[d Li” ©•d-L-‹m.

$ TZe-L-∞u UQm TW-‹-Rp.

$

$

—j-R-UÙ] TÙ⁄-hLfim LX- Y-Lfim (Pure Substances and Mixtures)

˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u Tp- Yfl ®˚X-L- [-Ÿm AYt-±u ’Ls-L-∞u Ti-◊Ls-

Tt-±-Ÿm ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙiºo-Ls Ap-XYÙ? SÙm Au-\ÙP YÙrd- L- p

TPm 4.6


TVu-T-”j-’m A˚]j’ ˘TÙ⁄s-L-fim, ™L ÷i-¶V ’Ls-L-[Ùp

E⁄YÙdLl-Th-”s[-]. ’Ls-L-∞u Ti-©u A•l-T- P- p ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[

CWi-PÙ-Ll ©¨d-L-XÙm.

1. —j-R-UÙ] ˘TÙ⁄s 2. LX- Y.

Ri-Ωo, El-◊, Re-Lm, CYt-±u ’Ls-L-∞u Ti◊ Yfl-Th” LÙQl-T-”°\’.

J˙W Ti-◊-L-fi- PV ’Ls-L-[Ùp E⁄-YÙd-Ll-ThP ˘TÙ⁄hLs —j-RUÙ]

˘TÙ⁄s Gufl ·\-XÙm. El◊ L˚W-N-≠p, El◊, Ri-Ωo B°V CWi•u

Ti-◊-L-fim LÙQl-T-”-°-\’ Ap-XYÙ?˙Yfl-ThP Ti◊˚PV ’Ls-L-[Ùp

E⁄YÙd-Ll-ThP ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[ LX- Y-Ls Gufl ·\-XÙm.

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-ThP ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[f —j-R-UÙ] ˘TÙ⁄s, LX- Y-Ls Gufl

Y˚Ll-T-”j-R-‹m.

ReLm, ˙NÙPÙ øo, Ui, Ri-Ωo, T≤d-Lh-•. øW-Æ, ∫≤, El-◊, LÙo-Tu ˚P

Bd- N-”, ∫≤d-L- W-Np, El◊ L˚W-Np.

—j-R-UÙ] ˘TÙ⁄s LX-˚Y-Ls

$ Re-Lm $ ˙NÙPÙ øo

$ $

$ $

$ $

$ $

Ee-L -fidœj ˘R¨kR ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[f ˙Noj’ Ah-P-Y-˚Q˚V

Æ¨‹T”jR‹m.

IT @ School Edubuntu Cu school resources Cp

˘TÙ⁄hL∞u Y˚Ll-T-”j-Rp Gu\ Tœ-ß-˚Vl TÙod-L-‹m

LX-˚Y-L-∞u Tœ-ßl-˘TÙ-⁄h-L˚[l ©¨j-˘R-”j-Rp

CVt- L- p LÙQl-T-”m A˙]-Ll ˘TÙ⁄h-L-fim LX- Y- V.

G”: Ui, LPp øo, TÙ˚\l ˘TÙ•, UQp, Btfl øo, YÙŸ CYt-±u Tœßl-

˘TÙ-⁄h-L- [l Tt± £k-ßj-’l TÙ⁄e-Ls.

Au\ÙP YÙr- L-L- p LX- Y-L˚[l ©¨j- R-”d-œm „r-®- X-Ls EiPpXYÙ?

LX-˚Y-Ls ©¨j-˘R-”d-œm „r-®-˚X-Ls ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[˚R

LY≤ŸeLs. - U-¤m £X G”j-’d-LÙh-”-L˚[ Li-P-±-V-‹m.

$ ˘Sp-≠p C⁄k’ TRo ©¨j- R-”j-Rp.

$ ˙R…˚W Y•-Lh-”-Rp.

$ LPp-ø- p C⁄k’ El˚Tl ©¨j- R-”j-Rp.

$$

AhPY˚Q 4.4


Ah-P-Y- Q- V ®Wl◊L. (AhPY˚Q 4.5)

Tœ-ßl-˘TÙ-⁄h-L-∞u Ru-˚U-˚Vl ˘TÙflj’ LX-˚Y-L∞p C⁄k’

Tœßl- ˘TÙ -⁄h-L˚[l ©¨j’ G”d-œm ÿ˚\˚Vj ˙Ro‹

˘NnVXÙm.

BÆ-VÙR-≠u ÍXm El-◊d-L- W-N-≠p C⁄k’ El- T ©¨j- R-”d-L-XÙm

G]j ˘R -Ÿ-Up-XYÙ?

El-◊d L˚W-N-≠p C⁄k’ El-˚T-Ÿm Ri-Ω-˚W-Ÿm ©¨j-˘R-”d-L CkR

ÿ˚\ ˙TÙ’-UÙ-]RÙ.?

CRtœ LÙnf£ Y•j-Rp ÿ˚\ Gufl ˘TVo.

LÙnf£ Y•jRp (Distillation)

TPm 4. 7 Cp LÙnf£ Y•j-Rp ÿ˚\ ˘LÙ”d-Ll-

Th”s[-’.

El-◊d-L- W-N˚X A• E⁄iP œ”- Y- p G”d-L-‹m,

L˚W-N˚X „PÙd-°-]Ùp?

$ Gk-Rl Tœ-ßl ˘TÙ⁄s BÆ-VÙ-œm?

$ œ”- Y- p LÙQl-T-”m Gg-£V ˘TÙ⁄s VÙ’?,

LÙW-Qm ·flL?.

$ Li-Pu--No YØ-VÙLf ˘Np-¤m ˙TÙ’ øWÙ-Ædœ

Ht-T-”m UÙt-\m Gu]?

LX- Y- p J⁄ Tœ-ßl- TÙ-⁄s BÆ-VÙ-œm Ru- U-Ÿ- PV-’m,

Cu- ]Ù⁄ Tœ-ßl- TÙ-⁄s BÆ-VÙ-œm Ru˚U Cp-X-’-UÙ-]Ùp

LÙnf£ Y•j-Rp ÿ˚\- p CkRd LX˚Y ©¨j’ G”d-L-XÙm

Ju- \Ù” Jufl LXd-°u\ LX- Y- p Es[ Tœ-ßl- TÙ-⁄-hL∞u ˘LÙß-

®- X- p AßL ˙Yfl-TÙ” LÙQl-Th-PÙp CkR ÿ˚\- Vl TVuT”jß

©¨j-˘R-”d-L-XÙm.

TPm 4.7 LÙnf£ Y•-j-Rp

El-◊d L˚W-NX

Li-Nu^o

Ri-Ωo

˘Y∞˙V

Ri-Ωo

˘Y∞˙V

AhPY˚Q 4.5

—j-R-øo

„r-®˚X ©¨j- R-”d-œm GkR Ti-©u A•l-T- P- p

ÿ˚\ ©¨j- R-”d-Ll-T-”-°-\’

$ ˙R…¨≠-⁄k’ Á˚[l- ©¨j- R-”j-Rp Y•-Lh-”-Rp ’LsL∞u A[‹

$ LPp ø¨p C⁄k’ El◊

$ ˘Sp-≠p C⁄k’ TRo

$ A¤-™≤Vm Áfim C⁄m◊jÁfim

˙NokR LX˚Y´≠⁄k’ C⁄m˚Tl

©¨j- R-”-Rj-Rp


GLÙ: Ri-Ωo (˘LÙß-®˚X 1000C) ANh˙PÙu

(˘LÙß®˚X 560C) ˙NokR LX-˚Y˚V ©¨j-

˘R”dL LÙnf£ Y•-j-Rp ÿ˚\˚Vl TVu

T”jRXÙm.

NÙRÙ-W-Q-UÙL Ri-Ω- p TX El-◊-Ls LÙQl-T-”-

° -u\]. CkR El-◊ -L˚[ LÙnf£ Y•jRp

ÿ˚\´p ALt± U⁄j-’Y ET-˙VÙ-Ljßt-œm

˙N™l-◊- ™u-LXj-ßp TVu-T-”j-’YRt-œ-UÙ]

—jRøo (Distilled water) RVÙ- d-Ll-T-”-°-\-’.

Y•j’l Tœj-Rp (Fractional Distillation)

LX-˚Y-´p APe° C⁄d-œm Tœ-ßl-˘TÙ⁄h

L∞u ˘LÙß®˚X´p ˙Yfl-TÙ” ™Ld

œ˚\YÙLd LÙQl-T-”-UÙ-]Ùp Ad-L-X-˚Y˚Vl

©¨j- R-”dL Y•j’ Tœj-Rp ÿ˚\- Vl -T-Vu-

T”j-R-XÙm. TPm 4.8 Et-fll-TÙod-L-‹m.

Gj-R-]Ùp (˘LÙß-®˚X 780C), ˘Uj-R-]Ùp (˘LÙß-

®˚X 650C) C˚Y Ju-˙\Ù” Jufl LXd-°u\

ßW-Y-eL[Ùœm. ˘LÙß-®- X- u ˙Yfl-TÙ” ™Lf-

£-±-V-RÙ-œm. CkR ÿ˚\- Vl TVu T”j-ßl ©¨j-

˘R-”d-L-XÙm.

LX- Y- Vl ˘Yl-Tl-T-”j-’m ˙TÙ’ E⁄-YÙ-œm

BÆ-VÙ-]’ Y•j-’l-©-¨d-œm A˚\-Y-Ø-VÙL

(Fractionating Column) LPk’ ˘Np-¤m ˙TÙ’

¡i”m ¡i-”m ßW-Y-UÙ -Rp, BÆ-VÙ -Rp

GuT˚Y S˚P- T-fl°u\]. ˘LÙß-®˚X œ˚\kR

˘Uj-R-]Ùp ÿR-≠p BÆ-VÙL UÙfl-°-\-’. CkR

BÆ Li-P-]-^o YØ LPk’ ˘Np-¤m ˙TÙ’

œ∞of-£-V-˚Pk’ ßW-Y-UÙL UÙ± œ”-˚Y-´p

˙NL¨d-Ll-T-”-°-\-’. ARu©u GjR]Ùp C˙R

ÿ˚\- p ©¨j- R-”d-Ll-T-”-°-\’. J⁄ LX- Y- p

TX Tœ-ßl- TÙ-⁄h-Ls C⁄k-RÙp AYt-±u LÙß-

® -˚X-´u A•l-T -˚P-´p ©¨j-˘R-”d-œm

ÿ˚\˚V Y•j-’l-T-œj-Rp GuTo.

©¨j-˘R-”d-œm ◊]p TVu-T-”jß (SeparatingFunnel) LX- Y˚Vl ©¨j- R-”j-Rp

J⁄ œl-©-´p LÙp Teœ Ui-˘Qi˘Qn

G”dL-‹m. A˙R A[‹ Ri-Ωo Noj’ Su-\ÙLd

œ¤d-L-‹m.

TPm 4.8 Y•j-’l-Tœj-Rp

˘Th-˙WÙp

Ui- Qi-]n

˘aÆ B´p

¤l-©- - L-•e

B´p

LfNÙ Gi-

˘Qn

To-Qo

LfNÙ Gi- Qn Gu-T’ È™d-L-•- p ˘LÙß-®-

˚X-´p AßL ˙Yfl-TÙ” Cp-XÙR TX ßWY

˚ah˙WÙ LÙo-Tu-L-∞u J⁄ LX-˚Y-VÙ-œm.

Y•j-’l-T-œj-Rp ÿ˚\- Vl-T-Vu T”jß LfNÙ

Gi-˘Q-´p C⁄k’ ˘Th-˙WÙp, ºNp Ui-

˘Qi- Qn ˙TÙu-\˚Y ©¨j- R-”d-Ll-T-”-°-

\-’.

©¨j- R-”d-œm

A˚\

Li-Pu- o

Ri-Ωo

Es˙[

Ri-Ωo

˘Y∞˙V

LfNÙ Gi- Qn

Y•j’l Tœj-Rp


£X-®-™-Pe-Ls œl-©˚V A˚N-VÙ-Up ˚YjR ©u Etfl ˙SÙd-L-‹m.

Gu] ®Lr°\’?

CRtœd LÙW-Qm Gu]?

∏˙Z LÙQl-T-”m ßW-Ym G’? LÙW-Qm Gu]? Cß-≠-⁄k’ Ri-Ω- W-Ÿm

Ui- Qi- Q-Ÿm ©¨d-œm ÿ˚\˚Vd ·\-XÙUÙ?.

Ju-˙\Ù” Jufl LXYÙR ßW-Ye-L˚[l ©¨j-˘R-”dL TVu-T-”m

L⁄Æ- u ˘TVo-RÙu ©¨j- R-”d-œm ◊]p.

©-¨j-˘R-”d-œm ◊]p TVu-T-”jßd LX-˚Y˚V ©¨j-˘R-”d-œm ÿ˚\

TPm 4.9 Cp ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[’.

TRe-L-UÙ-Rp (Sublimation)

A˙VÙ-•u T•-Le-L˚[f „”-T-”jß BÆ˚Vf ˙NL-¨j-R’ ®˚]Æp

C⁄d°-\RÙ? A˙VÙ-•˚]f „”-T-”j-’m ˙TÙ’ ßWYUÙ-LÙ-Up ˙SW-•-VÙL

BÆ-VÙ°\’. C˚Rl ˙TÙufl Ti-◊-˚PV ˘TÙ⁄s ˙Yfl

EiPÙ? Lt-È-Wm, TÙfNÙ E⁄i- P, Am- UÙ-≤-Vm œ˙[Ù- W-”,

B°-V-Yt˚\ Íufl ˙NÙR-˚]d œZÙ-´p G”j’ „”-T-”jß

UÙt\e-L˚[ Etfl ˙SÙd-L-‹m. CkRl ˘TÙ⁄s ßW-YUÙL

UÙfl°\RÙ.? „”T”j-’m ˙TÙ’- ß-Pl-˘TÙ-⁄s ßW-Y-UÙ-LÙ-Up

˙SW•VÙL BÆ ®˚X˚V A˚P-Ÿm ÿ˚\˚Vl TRe-L-UÙRp

GuTo. TRe-L-UÙ-œm Ru- U-Ÿ- PV ˘TÙ⁄s-L˚[d LX˚Y´p

C⁄k’ ©¨j- R-”dL CkR ÿ˚\˚Vl TVu-T-”j RXÙUÙ?

Am- UÙ-≤-Vm œ˙[Ù- W-”m, UQ-¤m ˙NokR LX- Y- u Tœ-

ßl- TÙ-⁄s-L˚[l ©¨j- R-”d-œm ÿ˚\- u TPm 4.10 ˘LÙ”d-

Ll-Th-”s-[’. TPj˚R Etfl ˙SÙd°f ˘Nn-ÿ- \˚V G›-’-L.

—j-R-UÙ] Am- UÙ-≤-Vm œ˙[Ù- W” °˚PjR’ Gq-YÙfl?

˚UV-mÆ-XdœRp (Centrifugation)

Tœ-ßl ˘TÙ⁄s-L-∞u G˚P-´p Es[ ˙Yfl-TÙh-•u A•l-

T˚P´p LX- Y-L˚[l ©¨j- R-”dL ˚UVÆXdœd L⁄-Æ˚V

TVu-T-”j-R -XÙm. U⁄j-’Y Bn-‹d-·-Pe-L -∞p CWjR

A‘dL˚[l ©¨j- R-”d-L-‹m, Bn-Y-Lj-ßp ≈r-T-•-‹-L˚[l

©¨j- R-”d-L-‹m CkR ÿ˚\- Vl -T-Vu-T-”j-R-XÙm, ˙NÙR- ]d

œZÙ-´p L˚W-N˚X G”j’ CkRd L⁄-Æ-´p ˚Yj’ J⁄

◊s∞˚V ˚UV-UÙ-Ld-˘LÙi” ˙YL-UÙL —Zt\-‹m.- G˚P

AßLUÙ] ’Ls ˚UVj-ßp C⁄k’ ÆX-°-Ÿm, G˚P œ˚\-YÙ]

˘TÙ⁄s ˚UVjßtœ A⁄°¤UÙL ˙Yfl-T-”jRlT”°u-\].

©¨j- R-”d-œm ◊]p

TPm4.9

T

Am- UÙ-≤-Vm

œ˙[Ù- W”

BÆ

ßP®˚X- -XÙ]

Am- UÙ-≤VÙ

Tg—

T

˚N]Ù •x

Am˙UÙ-≤-Vm œ˙[Ù-˚W-•u

TRe-UÙ-Rp

TPm 4.10


TPm 4.12 (a)

TPm 4.12 (b)

R´¨p C⁄k’ ˘Yi˘Qn ©¨j˘R”dL CkR ÿ˚\ TVuT”°\’.

®\-Y˚W-Æ-Vp (Chromatography)

¨l-Tu Y•-Æp J⁄ Y•RÙs G”j’ ARu J⁄ ÿ˚]- p v˘Lf ˙T]Ù

TVu-T-”jß L⁄- U-®\ ˚U˚V ˚Yd-L-‹m. C˚Rl TPj-ßp LÙhPl-Th-P’

˙TÙp J⁄ ÿL- Y- p Ri-Ω- p ˚Yd-L-‹m, TPm 4.12.

$ Ri-Ωo Y•-RÙs YØVÙL ˙Up ˙SÙd° EV-⁄m-˙TÙ’ Ht-T-”m

UÙt\j˚R Etfl ˙SÙd-L-‹m.

$ Tp-˙Yfl ®\e-L-s Y•-RÙ∞p LÙQl-T-”-°-u\]. Cß-≠-⁄k’ Gu]

˘R¨k’ ˘LÙi-PÙn?

C’ ˙TÙufl LX-˚Y˚Vl ©¨j-˘R-”dL TVu-T-”j-’m ÿ˚\˙V ®\-

Y˚WÆVp.

®\-Y- W-Æ-V˚Xl TVu-T-”jß Ju-fldœ ˙Ut-ThP L˚W- TÙ-⁄s

J⁄ L˚Wl-TÙ-≤p LÙQl-T-”m Gu-\Ùp A˚Rl-©- j- R-”d-L-XÙm.

Cmÿ˚\˚V ÿRuÿR-≠p TVuT”jßV’ ®\-ÿs[

˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ ©¨j- R-”lTRtœ Bœm. G]˙Y Cf˘NVpÿ˚\

®\-Y- W-Æ-Vp Gufl A˚ZdLlTh-P’.

˚UV ÆXdœ L⁄Æ —Zp-°-\’˚UV-Æ-Xdœ L⁄Æ

®\-Y˚WÆ-Vp TVu-T-”j-’m £X „r-®˚XL˚[l

TÙol- TÙm.

$ NÙVe-L˚[l ©¨j- R-”d-L.

$ Wj-Rj-ßp C⁄k’ Æ`e-L˚[l ©¨j- R-”dL.

LX- Y- p Tœ-ßl- TÙ-⁄h-L˚[l ©¨j- R-”d-œm

ÿ˚\-˚Vl Tt± ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙi-ºo-Ls

ApXYÙ? Ju-±tœ ˙Ut-ThP ÿ˚\-L˚[ TVu-

T-”j-ß-Ÿm LX-˚Y˚V ©¨j-˘R-”d-œm ÿ˚\

L˚[l Tt± ˙Up Yœl-©p T•d-L-XÙm.

TPm 4.11

J⁄ ßWYdLX˚Y´p Es[ L˚WVÙR

’LsL˚[ AYt±u G˚PL∞u

˙YflTÙ” A•lT˚P´p ©¨j˘R”dL

˚UVÆXdœdL⁄Æ TVuT”jRl

T”°\’. (TPm 4.1) Cf˘NVpÿ˚\

˚UVm ÆXdœRp G]lT”°\’.

˘Y∞d-L-YWp ®\Y˚WÆV≠u A•lT˚P--

™L ÷i-¶V ’˚[-Ls YØ-VÙL Ri-Ωo ˙Up-

˙SÙd° EV-⁄m Ru-˚U Rk’° Ht-\m G]l-T-”m.

L˚Wl-TÙ-≤p Es[ L˚W- TÙ-⁄-fim CkR ÷i-¶V

’˚[-Ls YØ-VÙL ˙Up ˙SÙd° EV-⁄-°-\ -’,

Y•RÙ∞t-œm ÷i-¶V ’Ls-L-fid-œm C˚P˙V

Es[ Dol◊ Æ˚N LÙW-Q-UÙL Y•-RÙ-∞p Jh-•d-

˘LÙs-°-\’ C’ ˘Y∞d-L-YWp (Adsorption) G]l-T”-

°-\-’. Rk’° Ht-\m ÍXm ˘Y∞d-L-YWp Æ°-Rjßp

Es[ ˙Ytfl˚U˚Vl ˘TÙflj’ Y•-RÙ -∞p

’LsLs Jh•d ˘LÙs-°u\].


ÿd-°V Lt-\p A˚P‹L∞p EhThP˚Y

$ ˘TÙ⁄s-L-∞u £\l◊ Ti-◊-L˚[d ·\ -ÿ-•-°-\-’.

$ ˘TÙ⁄s-L-∞u TX-®- X-L- [-Ÿm ARu £\l◊ Ti-©- ]-Ÿm Li”-

©-•j’ ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[ Y˚Ll-T-”jR ÿ•-°-\-’,

$ TX-®- X-L-∞p Es[ ˘TÙ⁄s-L-∞u A˚Ul˚T Y˚WV ÿ•-°-\’

$ YÙŸ, ßWY ®˚X-L-∞p Ht-T-”m TW-‹-Rp ARu Au-\ÙP

YÙrd˚L´p TVu-T-”j-’m „r-®- X-L˚[d ·\-ÿ-•-°-\-’,

$ LX- Y, —j-R-UÙ] ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[ Y˚Ll-T-”jR ÿ•-°-\’

$ Tœ-ßl TÙ⁄h-L-∞u Ti-©u A•l-T- P- p A˚R Y˚Ll-T-”jR

ÿ•-°-\-’,

$ LX-˚Y-L˚[l ©¨j-˘R-”d-œm ÿ˚\-L-fim A˚R Au-\ÙP

YÙrd˚L- p TVu-T-”j-R-‹m ÿ•-°-\-’,

Ußl-©-P-XÙm

1. £X-L-X- Y-Ls ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-]. ARu Tœ-ßl- TÙ-⁄h-L˚[l

©¨j-˘R-”d-œm ÿ˚\-L-˚[Ÿm,- LÙ-W-Qj-˚R-Ÿm Ah-P-Y-˚Ql-

T”jR‹m.

2. ®˚X-UÙt-\m S˚P˘Tflm TÙ’ ’LsL-fidœ Ht-T-”m £X UÙt-\eLs

˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[]. AYt±≠⁄k’

Ri-Ωo øWÙ-Æ-VÙ-L-‹m, ø-WÙÆ Ri-Ω-WÙ-L-‹m UÙfl-m˙TÙ’ ’LsLfidœ

HtT-”m UÙt-\e-L˚[d Li”©•j’ AhPY˚QlT”jR‹m.

$ ˘RÙ˚X‹ ·”-°-\-’.

$ Dol◊ Æ˚N œ˚\-°-\-’.

$ Bt-\p ·”-°-\-’.

LX˚Y ÿ˚\ LÙW-Qm

El-◊, Am- UÙ-≤m œ˙[Ù˚W”

Nod-L˚Wd-L-˚W-Np

˘Th- WÙp, Ui- Qi- Qn.

Lt-È-Wm, Li-QÙ-•jÁs

C⁄m◊j Ás,- U-Qp


$ CVdL ˙YLm ·”-°-\-’.

$ ˘RÙ˚X‹ œ˚\°-\-’.

$ Bt-\p œ˚\-°-\-’.

$ Dol◊ Æ˚N ·”-°-\-’.

$ CVdL ˙YLm œ˚\-Ÿm.

3. J⁄ £t\L≠p ß\k’ ˚Yd-Ll-Th-”s[ v©-¨h £±’ ˙SWj-ßp

U˚\k’Æ”°\’. ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ®Lr‹L∞p CRtœd

LÙWQUÙ]˚Y G˚Y?

a) TReLUÙRp b) LÙnf£ Y•jRp

c) BÆVÙœRp d) TW‹Rp

4. El-◊, Am- UÙ-≤-Vm œ˙[Ù- W-”, UQp ˙NokR LX- Y- X Es[

Tœ-ßl-˘TÙ-⁄h-L˚[ ©¨j-˘R-”d-œm ÿ˚\-L˚[ N¨-VÙ] ÿ˚\-´p

Y˚Ll-T-”j-R-‹m.

5. NÙRÙ-WQj Ri-Ω- p A˙]-Lm El-◊d-Ls LÙQl-T-”m Ap-XYÙ?

a) El◊dL˚[ ALt± —jRøWÙL UÙtflYRtœd LVÙfim ÿ˚\ G’?

b) GkR Y˚L LX- Y- p Cmÿ˚\˚Vl TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm?

c) Cq-YÙfl —j-ß-L- jR Ri-Ωo RÙu •v-•p” YÙh-Po. (•v-•p”

YÙh-P- u CWi” TVu-L˚[ G›-R-‹m)

6. ∏˙Z LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ ·t-fl-L-∞p ßP˘TÙ⁄hLfidœl TÙ⁄j-R-UÙ-]-Yt˚\

(�) ˘Nn-V-‹m.

’Ls-L-fidœ CVd-Lf —Rk-ß-Wm œ˚\-‹.

’Ls-L-fidœ C˚P- -XÙ] ˘RÙ˚X‹ ™Ld·”-Rp.

’Ls-Ls ™L˘S⁄d-L-UÙL ®˚X˘LÙs°u\].

’Ls-L-∞u Bt-\p ™L Aß-Lm.


1. J⁄ R•- -XÙ] NU-N-’WLh- P- (cube) Cu T⁄Uu LÙi-L. (T⁄Uu =

ø[m x AL-Xm x -E-V-Wm).

J⁄ T¨V ÿL- Y- p ÿd-LÙp TÙLm Ri-Ω˚W G”j’ øo-Uh-Pj˚R

œ±j-’d ˘LÙs-[-‹m. ARu ©u NU-N-’W Lh-˚P˚V Ri-Ω-¨p

ÍrLf - Nn’ øo-Uh-Pj- Rd œ±j-’d ˘LÙs-[-‹m,

a) Ri-Ω- u øo-Uh-Pj-ßp Ht-T-hP UÙt-\-ÿm NU-N-’W Lh- P- ] TWl-

T-[-‹dœm C˚P˙V ˘RÙPo◊ EiPÙ?

b) ˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u GkRl Ti˚T CkRf NÙR˚] ÍXm R¨k’ LÙs-[-XÙm.


2. GXdhWÙ≤d RWÙ—Ls TWYXÙLl TVuT”jRlT”°u\]YpXYÙ?

LÙt±pXÙR J⁄ TÌ≤u G˚P˚V GXdhWÙ≤d RWÙ— TVuT”jß

Li” ©•d-L-‹m. TÌ≤p YÙŸ˚Y ®Wl-©-V-©u]o ¡i”m G˚P

LÙiL. TÌ-≤p Es[ YÙŸ-Æu G˚P˚Vd Li” ©•d-L-XÙm

ApXYÙ?

Tp˙Yfl A[ÆXÙ] TÌuL˚[l TVu-T-”jßŸm TÌ≤¤s[

YÙŸÆu A[˚Y ˙YflT”jßŸm Cf˙NÙR- ]˚V ¡i”m ˘Nn’

TÙod-L-‹m.

3. J⁄ £±V TÙh-•-≠p NÙd¿vÁs LXkR Ri-Ω˚W G”d-L-‹m.

œl©˚V J⁄ Ë≠p Lh• ˙YL-UÙL —Zt-\-‹m. £X-®-™-Pm LØj’

œl-©˚V Etfl ˙SÙd-L-‹m.

˘RÙeLp Y•Æ¤s[ ©\ LX˚YL˚[l TVuT”jß NVpTÙh˚P

¡i”m ˘NnL. LX˚YL∞u Tœßl˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ ˙YflT”j’

YRtLÙ] GkR ÿ˚\ŸPu C˚Rj ˘RÙPo◊T”jRXÙm? CkRj

Rj’Ym TVuT”jRlT”m „r®˚XLs Es[]YÙ?

4. J⁄ ˘T¨V NÙd¿v ’i” G”j’ ARu A•lTœß´≠⁄k’ £±’

EVWjßp Lfll◊˚UVÙp Ko A˚PVÙ[m C”L. NÙd¿v ’i˚P

J⁄ £t\L≠p Es[ RiΩ¨p ˘NeœjRÙL ®fljR‹m. Ntfl

˙SWjßtœl ©u]o UÙt\eL˚[ Etfl˙SÙdL‹m. Tp˙Yfl NÙd¿v

’i”L∞p ˙YflThP ®\ÿs[ v˘Lhf ˙T]ÙdL˚[l

TVuT”jß A˚PVÙ[™h” ˙NÙR˚]˚V ¡i”m ˘NnL.

LX˚YL∞¤s[ Tœß˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ ˙YflT”j’YRtLÙL øeLs

Lt\ GkR YØÿ˚\˚V CRtœl TVuT”jRXÙm?


ÆR-Æ-R-UÙ] ˘TÙ⁄s-L-∞u E˚\-Æ-P˙U SÙm YÙ›-°u\ È™. TX

®˚XL∞p LÙQl-T-”m CkR TÙ⁄h-Ls LX- Y-L-[ÙL‹m, —j-R-UÙ] TÙ⁄h-

L-[Ù-L-‹m LÙQl-T-”-°u\]. Ee-L-fidœj R¨kR TÙ⁄h-L˚[d LX- YLs

Gu-flm —j-R-UÙ-]˚Y Guflm Y˚Ll-T-”j-R-XÙ-Up-X-YÙ. C’ ˙TÙu\

˘TÙ⁄hLs TPj-ßp LÙQl-T-”-°-u\-]YÙ? CkR ˘TÙ⁄hLs GqYÙfl

E⁄YÙdLl Th”s[]?

J⁄ ’i” Lt-Li˚P G”j’ E˚Pj-’l TÙod-L-‹m. °˚PjR £fl

’i”L˚[ ¡i-”m E˚Pj-’l-TÙod-L-‹m. Cq-YÙfl ¡i-”m ¡i-”m

E˚Pj’ Gq-Y-[‹ £±V-RÙdL ÿ•-Ÿm Gufl £k-ßj-R-’iPÙ?

Lt-Li-”, ˘TÙh-PÙ-£-Vm, Re-Lm,-˘Ys∞ B°-V˚Y —j-R-UÙ] ˘TÙ⁄h-

L[pXYÙ. Lt-Li” L˚W-Np, ˘TÙh-PÙ-£-Vm ˘To-UÙe-L-˙]h L˚W-N-≠p

’LsL˚[l TÙodL ÿ•-VÙRRu LÙW-Qm A’ ™L ÷i-¶V ’Ls-L-[Ù-œm.

C≤ J⁄ ˘NVp-TÙh˚Pf ˘Nn-’- TÙod-L-XÙm.

J⁄ ¿eLÙu ˙LÙl- T- p Ju˙\Ù CWi˙PÙ LtÈ-Wm G”d-L-‹m. ˘U’-

YÙL A˚Rf „”-T-”-jR-‹m. Gu] LÙi--¿o-Ls?

$ Lt-È-Wj-’dœ Ht-ThP UÙt-\m Gu]?

$ UQm EQWlT”°\RÙ?

Lt-È-Wm ÿ›- U-VÙLd L˚WkR ©u-◊m ARu UQm —t-fll-◊\j-ßp EQ-Wl-

LÙlTo Np˙Th

L˚WNp

El◊øo

NodL˚W

L˚WNp

LÙlTo

NpToLÙoTu C⁄m◊j RÙ’

˘TÙhPÙ£Vm

˘To UÙeL˙]h

L˚WNpøo


T-”-°-\-Rp-XYÙ? Ceœd Lt-ÈW ’Ls-L˚[l TÙodL ÿ•-Y-ßp˚X Ap-XYÙ?

Cß-≠-⁄k’ Lt-È-Wj-’-Ls-Ls ™L ÷i-¶V ’Ls-L-[ÙL YÙŸ-Æp TW-‹-°-\’

Gu-\p-XYÙ ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙs[ ˙Yi-•-Ÿs-[-’.

--J⁄ Li-QÙ-•l-TÙj-ß-Wj-ßp G”jR Ri-Ωo BÆ-VÙ-œm ˙TÙ’ C’ RÙ˙]

S˚P- T-fl-°-\’

-LtLi”, ˘TÙh-PÙ-£-Vm ˘To-UÙe-L- ]h, Ri-Ωo, Lt-È-Wm Gp-XÙm ÷i-

¶V ’Ls-L-[Ùp E⁄-YÙd-Ll-Th-P˚Y G]l ◊¨k’ LÙs-[-XÙm Ap-XYÙ?

C˚Rl-˙TÙufl Re-L-ÿm ˘Ys-∞-Ÿm ÷i-¶V ’Ls-L-[Ùp E⁄-YÙ-Ll-

Th”s[].

—j-R-UÙ] ˘TÙ⁄s-L˚[ ¡i-”m E˚Pd-L- ÿ-•-ŸUÙ?

J⁄ ˘LÙß œZÙ- p LÙp Tœß NodL˚W˚V G”d-L-‹m. Tg— TVu-T-”jß

˘LÙß œZÙ˚V A˚Pj-R-©u Su\ÙLf „”-T-”j-R-‹m. (TPm 5.1) Gu] LÙi-

°-»o-Ls? ˘LÙßœZÙú Td-Le-L-∞p G˚Rl TÙodL ÿ•-°\’?

$

$

NodL˚W˚Vf „-”-T-”j-ß-V- TÙ’ °˚PjR ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls VÙ˚Y?

LÙo-T-‡m, Ri-Ω-⁄m Nod-L˚Wú Tœ-ßl-˘TÙ-⁄h-Ls Gufl ◊¨k’

˘LÙiºoLs Ap-XYÙ? °˚PjR LÙo-T˚] ¡i-”m ©¨dL ÿ•-VÙ’

B]Ùp Ri-Ωo YØ-VÙL ™u-NÙ-Wj˚R LPjß Æh” ˚ah-W-_-]ÙL‹m,

Bd-£_-]ÙL‹m ©¨dL ÿ•-Ÿm Gufl 1806 Cp No aml¨ ˙PÆ Li-”-

©•j-RÙo (Sir Humphry Davy). ˚ah-W-_u Bd-£-_-‡-Pu G -Ÿm ˙TÙ’

Ri-Ωo E⁄-YÙ-œm Gufl ˘au± LÙ˘Yi-•v Li-”-©-•l-˙T (HenryCavendish) CRtœd LÙW-Q-UÙ-]’. NodL˚W˚V LÙo-Tu, ˚ah-W-_u,

Bd£_u Gu-flm ©¨d-L-XÙm. B]Ùp LÙo-Tu, ˚ah-W-_u, Bd-£_u,

Re-Lm, ˘Ys∞ ˙TÙu\ —j-R-UÙ] ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ ¡i”m ˙Yß-ÿ- \l-T•

Tœ-ßl- TÙ-⁄-[ÙL ©¨dL ÿ•VÙ’.

R≤-Ue-L-fim ˙No-Ue-L-fim (Elements and Compounds)

CWi” Y˚L-VÙ] —j-R-UÙ] ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls Ei” G]l ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi-ºo-

L[p-XYÙ? ˙Yß-Æ-˚]-ú ÍXm Tœßl˘TÙ⁄hL-[ÙL ©¨dL

ÿ•VÙR, —j-R-UÙ] ˘TÙ⁄˚[ R≤-Um G]l-T-”m. R≤-Ue-L-fidœ

G”j’d-LÙh˚Pd Li” ©•j’ Ah-P-Y- Ql-T-”j-R-‹m

$ ˚ah-W-_u $

NodL˚W˚V„”T”j-’m

˘NVpTÙ” TPm 5.1

˘a]¨ a˘Yu-•v

(1731 - 1810)

No aml¨ ˙PÆ

(1778 - 1829)


R≤-Um ˘TVo„hP≠u A•lT˚P

˘TÙ˙[Ù-≤-Vm ................................................................................................

©WÙu-£Vm ................................................................................................

Ï©-•-Vm ................................................................................................

◊fih- PÙ-≤-Vm ................................................................................................

˚Ph-PÙ-≤Vm ................................................................................................

˘Uu-P-ƒ-ÆVm ................................................................................................

ÏRo-˙TÙ-•-Vm ................................................................................................

R≤Um ˘TVo„hP≠u A•lT˚P

˘TÙ˙[Ù-≤-Vm ˙TÙXih ˛ SÙ”

°-Î¨Vm ˙U¨°Î¨ ˛ A±-Æ-V-XÙ[o

œ˙WÙ-™-Vm œ˙WÙm ˛ ®\m

Cu-•-Vm Cu•˙LÙ ˛ ®\m

œ˙[Ù-¨u œ˙[Ù˙WÙ ˛ ®\m

˘Sl-•-Î-≤Vm ˘Sl-•-Îu ˛ ˙LÙs

I˙WÙl-©-Vm I˙WÙlTÙ ˛ Li-Pm

Ah-P-Y˚Q 5.1

Ah-P-Y˚Q 5.2

˘To-∫-≠-Vp

(1779 - 1848)

IT@School Edubuntu Cp

kalziumold TVu-T-”jß R≤-

Ue-L∞u ˘TVo YkR YØ˚V

Li-”-©-•d-L-‹m

CWi˙PÙ ARtœ Ut-ThP R≤-Ue-L˙[Ù Yß-Æ- ]dœ Eh-Th” E⁄-

YÙ-œm ˘TÙ⁄h-L˙[ ˙No-Ue-Ls. CR˚] ˙Yß-ÿ-˚\l-T• Tœßl-

˘TÙ⁄hL[ÙL UÙt\ ÿ•-Ÿm. No-Ue-L-fidœ G”j-’d-LÙh-”d-L˚[d Li”-

©-•j’ Ah-P-Y- Ql-T-”j-R-‹m.

$ Ri-Ωo $ NodL˚W

$ $

˙Yß-Æ˚] ÍXm Tœ-ßl- TÙ-⁄h-L[ÙLl ©¨dL ÿ•-VÙR —j-R-UÙ]

˘TÙ⁄h-Ls R≤-Um (elements) G]l-T-”m. ˙Yß-Æ˚] ÍXm

CWi•tœ ˙Ut-ThP R≤-Ue-Ls ˙Nok’ E⁄-YÙ-œm —j-R-UÙ]

˘TÙ⁄hLs ˙NoUe-Ls (compounds) G]l-T-”m.

R≤-Ue-L-fidœ ˘TVo „h•V ÿ˚\

R≤-Ue-L-fidœ ˘TVo „h-•-V’ Gq-YÙfl G] £k-ßj--’l TÙojR-’iPÙ?

BWm-Td-LÙ-Xe-L-∞p CPm, SÙ”, Li-Pe-Ls, Ti-◊-Ls, A±-Æ-V-XÙo-Ls

˘TVo, °W-Le-Ls, ’˚Q-°-W-Le-L-∞u TVo--Ls Gu-T-Yt-±u TVo-L- [Ù”

˘RÙPo-◊- PV ˘TVo-RÙu R≤-Ue-L-fidœ ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-P’

£X G”j-’d-LÙh-”-L˚[ LY-≤dÛ-L-‹m.

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ R≤-Ue-L-∞u ˘TV- u A•l-T˚P LÙW-Qm

Li-”-©-•j’ Ah-P-Y- Q˚V Èojß ˘Nn-V-‹m.

˘To-∫≠-Vv

BWm-T-LÙ-Xj-ßp TPe-Ls

RÙu R≤Ue-L-fidœ œ±-¬-

PÙL TVu-T-”j-Rl-Th-P-].

˘To-∫≠-Vv Gu\ Pf—

A±-Æ-V-X -± -Oo RÙu

S≈] ÿ˚\´-XÙ] œ±

¬h” ÿ˚\˚Vl TVu-T-

”j-ß-]Ùo

˘Nƒ-Vm, ˙RÙ -Vm, ∫ -Vm,

£≠dLÙu ˙TÙu\ R≤Ue

L˚[ ˘To-∫-≠-Vv Li-”-

©•j-RÙo.


R≤-Um Xj-æu ˘TVo œ±-¬”

˙NÙ•-Vm Natrium Na

˘TÙh-PÙ-£-Vm Kalium KLÙl-To Cuprum Cu

C⁄m◊ Ferum Fe

IT@ School Edubuntu Cp School resources Cp

R≤-Ue-Ls Gu\ Tœ-ß˚V LÙQ-‹m.

AhPY˚Q 5.3

Ah-P-Y˚Q 5.4

Ah-P-Y˚Q 5.5

£X R≤-Ue-L-fidœ Xj-æu ˘UÙØ ˘TV- u G›j-’d-Ls œ±¬-PÙLl TVu

T-”j-Rl-Th-”s-[].

œ±-¬”Ls (Symbols)

R≤-UeL˚[d œ±l-©-”-Y-Rtœd œ±-¬”Ls TV-u-T-”j-Rl-T-”-°-u\]. TX

ÿ˚\-L-∞p R≤-Ue-L-fidœd œ±-¬” YZeLl-T-”-°\’.

£X G”j-’d-LÙh-”-L˚[l TÙod-L-‹m.

R≤-Um Be-°-X-˘T-Vo œ±-¬”

LÙo-Tu Carbon C

Bd-£-_u Oxygen O˚Sh-W-_u Nitrogen N

˚ah-W-_u Hydrogen HNp-To Sulphur S

Be°X ˘TV¨u ÿRp G›j’ Ah-P-Y- Q- p Es[ R≤-Ue-L-fidœd

œ±-¬-PÙLd ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[’.

£X R≤-Ue-L-fidœ Be-°X ˘TV- u ÿRp G›j-’-Pu CWiPÙY’ Ap-

X’ Ut-˘\Ù⁄ ÿd-°-V-UÙ] G›j˚RŸm ˙Noj’ œ±-¬-PÙL TVu-

T”jRlT”°\’.

R≤-Um Be-°-X-˘T-Vo œ±-¬”

LÙp-£-Vm Calcium Ca

œ˙[Ù-¨u Chlorine Cl

œ˙WÙ-™-Vm Chromium Cr

◊˙WÙ-™u Bromine Br˘T -≠-Vm Beryllium Be


R≤-Ue-Ls APe°V BYoj-R] Ah-P-Y˚Q TPm 5.2 Cp ˘LÙ”d-Ll-

Th-”s-[’. (BYo-jR] Ah-P-Y- Q Td-Lm 159 I TÙod-L-‹m).

He

TPm 5.3

Ne

O2

S8P4

TPm 5.2

Ah-P-Y-˚Q˚Vl Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn’ ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-Yt˚\d

Li”- ©•dL‹m.

$ Ee-L-fidœ A±ÿL-UÙ] R≤-Ue-Ls.

$ øe-Ls TÙojR R≤-Ue-Ls.

$ Au-\ÙP YÙrd- L- p SUdœ AßLUÙLl TVu-T-”m R≤-Ue-Ls.

$ ßPm, ßW-Ym, YÙŸ G] R≤-Ue-L˚[ Ah-P-Y- Ql-T-”j-R-‹m.

A‘-‹m, ÍXd-·-flm (Atom and Molecule)

J⁄R≤-Uj-ßu ™Lf-£-±V ÍXd-·fl Gu-]- Yufl TÙod-L-XÙm. LÙo-Tu J⁄

R≤-Um Ap-X-YÙ, LÙo-Tu HWÙ-[m ÷i-¶V ’Ls ˙Nok-R-RÙ-œm, LÙo-Tu

™Lf-£-±V ’Ls-L-[ÙL UÙ±-]Ùp, LÙo-T-≤u Gp-XÙl Tu-◊-L- [-Ÿm LÙiP

™Lf £±V ’Ls °˚Pd-œm Ap-X-YÙ, C˚Rd LÙo-T-≤u J⁄ A‘ Gufl

·\-XÙm. ©\ R≤-Ue-L-fim A‘d-L-[Ùp E⁄-YÙd-Ll-Th-P˚YVÙ-œm.

J⁄ R≤-Uj-ßu Gp-XÙl Ti-◊-L-˚[-Ÿm APd-°V ™Lf-£-±V

’LsL˙[ A‘ G]l-T-”m

Õ≠-Vm, ®VÙu ˙TÙu\ YÙŸ ÍXd-·-fl-Ls J˙W J⁄ A‘-YÙL Uh-”˙U

CVt-˚L-´p —Rk-ß-W-UÙL ®˚X ˘LÙs[ ÿ•-°-\-’. B]Ùp ˚ah-W-_u,

Bd-£-_u ˙TÙu\ YÙŸ ÍXd-·-fl-Ls CWi” A‘-d-Ls ˙Nok-’-RÙu

®˚X ˘LÙs-°-\’-.

R≤Ue-L-∞u ÿXd-·flLs


_Ùu PÙp-Pu (1766-1844)

TpX‘ ÍXd-·-fl-L∞p, ÍXd·flL∞u TœßVÙL ®tœm A‘dL∞u

Gi¶d˚L œ±¬h•u ∏ZÙL YX’ TdLjßp (Subscript)œ±l©PlT”°\’. ÍXd·flL∞u ˘UÙjR Gi¶d˚L ÍXd·±u CP’

TdLjßp œ±l-©-PlT”°\’.

∏˙Z LÙQlT”m ÍX-d-·-fl-L˚[ KW-‘, DW-‘, TpX‘ ÍXd-·fl Gufl

Y˚Ll-T-”j-R-‹m

H2, Cl2 P4, O2, S8, He, Ar

£X R≤-UA‘dLs CWi-”dœm ˙UtThP A‘d-Ls ˙Nok’ LÙQl-T-”-

°-u\]. (TPm 5.3) ®˚X-VÙ-L-‹m —Rk-ß-W-UÙ-L-‹m ®˚X- LÙs-fim ™Lf-£±V

’Ls-L˚[ ÍXd-·fl Gufl ·\-XÙm. C˚Rl TÙufl No-Ue-L-fid-œm ÍXd-

·-fl-Ls LÙQl-T-”-°u-\-]. Cßp TX R≤U A‘d-Ls LÙQl-T-”-°-u\].

®˚X-VÙ-L-‹m, —Rk-ß-W-UÙ-L-‹m ®˚X-˘LÙs-fim ™Lf-£-±V

’LsL˚[ ÍXd-·fl Gu-°- \Ùm

A‘d-L- [-Ÿm ÍXd-·- \-Ÿm œ±l-©-”m ÿ˚\

R≤-Ue-L-fidœd œ±-¬” ˘LÙ”d-œm ÿ˚\ ˘R -Ÿm Ap-XYÙ. C≤

A‘d-L-fid-œm, Í-Xd-·-fl-L-fid-œm œ±-¬” ˘LÙ”d-œm ÿ˚\- Vl

Tt-±j ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙs-[-XÙm.

Õ≠-Vj-ßu œ±-¬” He Bœm. He Gufl G›j-ß-]Ùp Õ≠-Vm

R≤-Uj-ßu J⁄ A‘-YÙ-œm. 2He Gufl G›-ß-]Ùp?

Õ≠-Vm, ®-˙VÙu, Bo-LÙu ˙TÙu\ R≤-Ue-Ls CVt˚L-´p

—RkßWUÙL LÙQl-T-”-°-u\]. C˚Y- J⁄ A‘d-Ls Uh-”m

LÙQlT”m ÍXd-·-\Ù-œm. CYt-±u ÍXd-·˚\ He, Ne, Ar Gufl

œ±l-©-P-XÙm. B]Ùp ˚ah-W-_u ˙TÙu\ R≤-Ue-L-s CWi”

A‘d-Ls ˙NokR ÍXd·\ÙLd LÙQl-T-”-°-\-’. ˚ah-W-_u-

A‘˚Y H Gufl œ±l-©-P-XÙm. ˚ah-W-_u ÍXd-·- \˙VÙ?

H2 Gu-T’ ˚ah-W-_u ÍXd-·˚\d œ±l-©-”-°-\’.

£X R≤-Ue-Ls CWi-”dœ Aß-L-UÙ] A‘d-Ls Nok’ ÍXd-·˚\

E⁄-YÙd-œ-°-\’. G”j-’d-LÙh-” : TÙv-T-Wv (P4), Np-To (S8)

J⁄ A‘ Uh-”-ÿs[ ÍXd-·˚\ KW‘ ÍXd-·fl (Mono atomic)GuTo, CWi” A‘d-Ls LÙQl-T-”m R≤U ÍXd-·˚\ DW‘

ÍXd-·fl Gu-fl œ±l-©-P-XÙm (Diatomic). CWi-”dœ Aß-L-UÙ]

A‘d-Ls LÙQl-T-”m R≤U ÍXd-·-fl-L˚[ TpX‘ (Polyatomic)Gu-fl œ±l-©-P-XÙm.

KW‘ ÍXd-·-fl-L-∞p œ±-¬-•u CP-’TdLm G›’m Gi ARu

A‘d-Ls Utflm ÍXd-·fl Gi-¶d-˚L˚Vd œ±l-©-”-°-\’.

A‘l-T-⁄-Uu

-A‘Æu T⁄-U˚]d œ±j’

Lt-T˚] ˘NnV ÿ•-ŸUÙ?

Bt-\-˙UÙv (Atomos) Gu\

Xj-æu ˘UÙØ- p C⁄k’-RÙu

A‘ Gu\ ˘NÙp E⁄-YÙ]’.

CRu ˘TÙ⁄s ¡i-”m ©[‹

T”jR CVXÙ’ Gu-T-RÙ-œm.

ReLj-ßu J⁄ A‘Æu

TWl◊ 0.0000000254 cm Bœm.

ARÙ-Y’ HL- R-Nm 3.5 ˙LÙ•

Re-Lj-ßu A‘dL˚[

˙Noj’ ˚YjRÙp 1 cm ø[m

°˚Pdœm.

Ët-\Ùi-”-L-fidœ ÿu˙T TÙWR

SÙh˚P NÙokR LQÙ-Ru, °˙WdL

Rj-’-Y-OÙ≤ ˘P˙UÙd-°-√h-Pv

Gu-T-Yo-Ls ˘TÙ⁄s-L-∞p Es[

÷i ’Ls-L˚[l Tt± œ±l-

©h•⁄k-RÙo-Ls. _Ùu PÙp-Pu

S≈] A‘d-˙LÙh-TÙh˚P E⁄-

YÙd-°-]Ùo.


Ah-P-Y˚Q 5.6

LÙo-Tu ˚P Bd- N” J⁄ ˙No-Um Ap-X-YÙ? LÙo-Tu Bd-£-_-‡Pu ˙Yß-

Æ˚]dœ Eh-Th” LÙo-Tu ˚P Bd-˚N” °˚Pd-°-\-’. LÙp£Vm

LÙoT˙]h ˘Yl-Tj-RÙp £˚R-‹t-flm, LÙo-Tu ˚P Bd- N” °˚Pd-°-\’.

J⁄ ˙No-Um Gk-R E˚\ÆPjß≠⁄k’ °˚Pj-RÙ-¤m Aßp LÙQl-T-”m

A‘d-L-fidœ C˚P˙V J⁄ œ±l-©hP Æ°-Rm LÙQl-T-”m. LÙo-Tu ˚P

Bd˚N” ÍXd·±p LÙoTu, Bd£_u A‘d-L-fid-°-˚P˙V J⁄

˙No-U-Í-Xd-·-fl-L-fim A‘d-L-fim

ÍXd-·-fl-Ls APe-°-Ÿs[ A‘d-Ls

LÙo-Tu ˚P Bd- N” LÙo-Tu, Bd-£-_u

˚ah-W-_u œ˙[Ù- W” ˚ah-W-_u, œ˙[Ù- u

Ri-Ωo ...............................................

Nod-L˚W ...............................................

˘Uo-œ± Bd- N” ˘Uo-œ-±, Bd-£-_u

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´p ÍXd-·fl A‘d-L-∞i

Gi¶d˚L˚V G›-R-‹m

R≤-Um ÍXd-·-fl-L-∞u Gi-¶d˚L A‘d-L-∞u-Gi-¶d˚L

O2

2N2

6Cl2

2He

5Na

O3

P 4

KW‘ DW‘ TpX‘

˙No-Ue-Ls (Compounds)

J˙W Y˚L-VÙ] R≤-U-A-‘d-Ls Nok’ ÍXd-·fl E⁄-YÙ--Y- Rl -TÙoj˙RÙm

Ap-XYÙ? G›j-’d-Ls Nok-Rp-XYÙ CXhNdLQdLÙ] Be-°X NÙtLs

E⁄YÙ-]’. A˚Rl- TÙufl Yfl-ThP R≤U A‘d-Ls Nok’ E⁄-YÙœm

ÍXd-·flLs ˙No-Ue-Ls G]l-T-”m

Ah-P-Y˚Q5.7

Ah-P-Y˚Q 5.8


CO2

CH4

H2O

LÙo-Tu P Bd- N”, Ri-Ωo,

¡j- Ru, ˙TÙu\ ˙No-U

ÍXd·flL∞u UÙß¨

-TPm 5.4 (a)

¡j- Ru ÍXd-·-±u (CH4)

Tk’ Ut-flm œf£ UÙß¨

-TPm5.4 (b)

IT@ School EdubuntuCp gchemical

TVuT”jß

TXY˚LVÙ]

ÍXd·˚\

E⁄YÙdL‹m.

Ah-P-Y˚Q 5.9

œ±l©hP Æ°-Rm LÙQl-T-”°\’. LÙo-Tu ˚P Bd- N” ÍXd·±p

LÙoTu, Bd£_u A‘dL∞u Æ°Rm Gl˙TÙ’m 1 : 2 Gu\ Æ°Rjßp

C⁄dœm. LÙoTu ˚P Bd- N-•u ÍXd-·fl CO2 Gufl œ±l-©-P-XÙm.

ÍXd-·-fl-L˚[ Cq-YÙfl œ±l-©-”-Y˙R ARu YßYÙnlTÙ” (Chemicalformula).£X ÍXd-·-fl-L-fim AYt-±p APe° C⁄dœm R≤U A‘d-L-fim

Ah-P-Y-˚Q-´p ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-’. ·”-Rp G”j-’d-LÙh-”d-L˚[

Li”©-•d-L-‹m.

ÍXd-·fl APe°V A‘d-Ls ˙Yß-YÙnl-TÙ”

LÙo-Tu ˚P Bd- N” LÙo-Tu˛1 CO2

Bd-£_u˛2

Ri-Ωo ˚ah-W-_u˛2 H2OBd-£-_u˛1 -

$ Np-È- d A™-Xj-ßu ˙Yß-YÙnl-TÙ-” H2SO4 Bœm. J⁄ Np-È- d A™-

Xj-ßu ÍXd-·-±p Gj-R˚] ˚ah-W-_u A‘d-Ls Ei”?

$ Gj-R˚] Np-To A‘d-Ls Es-[]?

$ ˘UÙjR A‘d-L-∞u Gi-¶d˚L GqY[‹?

2H2SO4 B]Ù˙XÙ?

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ ˙NoU ÍXd-·-fl-L-∞u A‘d-L-∞p ˘UÙjR

Gi¶d˚L˚Vd Li-”-©•

$ CO2 $ 2C12H22O11

$ 5H2O $ 3NaCl$ 7NH3 $ ZnCl2

˙Yßf-N-Uu-TÙ-”-Ls (Chemical Equations)

£ed Gu\ R≤-Uj-ßu œ±-¬h˚P G›-’L

˚ah-˙WÙ-œ-˙[Ù-¨d A™-Xj-ßu ˙YßYÙnl-TÙ˙PÙ? £ed ˚ah-˙WÙ-

œ˙[Ù¨d A™-Xj-’-P-]Ù] ˘NVp-TÙh˚P CRtœ ÿu◊ øe-Ls TÙojR-

’iPp-X-YÙ? Ck-Rf ˘NVp-TÙ” ÍXm °˚Pd-œm ˘TÙ⁄hLs VÙ˚Y?

J⁄ ˙Yß-Æ-˚]-´p Eh-T-”m ˘TÙ⁄s-Ls Æ˚]-◊¨ ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls

(Reactants) Gu-flm, Æ˚]´u TX]ÙLj ˙RÙuflm ˘TÙ⁄hL˚[

Æ˚[‹l ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls (Products) Gu-flm ·\-XÙm

˙U˙X ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ ˙Yß-Æ-˚]-´p, Æ˚]-◊-¨, Æ˚[‹

˘TÙ⁄hL∞u ˘TVo-L˚[ G›-ßl-TÙod-L-‹m.


A‘ Æ˚]-◊- - TÙ-⁄s Æ˚[-‹l- TÙ-⁄s

Zn 1 1

H 1 2

Cl 1 2

A‘d-L-∞u Gi-¶d˚L

A‘ Æ˚]-◊- l- TÙ-⁄s Æ˚[-‹- TÙ-⁄s

Zn 1 1

H 2 2

Cl 2 2

A‘d-L-∞u Gi-¶d˚L

Ah-P-Y˚Q 5.10

Ah-P-Y˚Q 5.11

Æ˚]-◊- - TÙ-⁄h-Ls :

Æ˚[‹l ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls :

Æ˚]-◊- - TÙ-⁄h-Ls, Æ- [‹l ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls B°-V-Yt-±u œ±-¬-”, ˙Yß

YÙnl-TÙh˚Pl TVu-T-”jß ˙Yß Æ˚]˚Vd œ±l-©-P-XÙm, CkR

˙YßÆ˚]-´u œ±-¬-”, ˙Yß-YÙnl-TÙh˚P TVu-T-”jß G›-ßl-

TÙodLXÙUÙ?

Zn + HCl � ZnCl2 + H2

Am-◊d-œ-±- u C⁄ Td-Le-L-∞p LÙQl-T-”m A‘d-L˚[ Ah-P-Y- Q´p

œ±l-©h-”s-[- Rl TÙod-L-‹m

Am-◊d-œ-±dœ C⁄ Td-Le-L-∞-¤m LÙQl-T-”m A‘d-L-∞u Gi-¶d˚L

NU-UÙLd LÙQl-T-”-°-\RÙ?

Æ˚]-◊- - TÙ-⁄h-L-∞-¤m, Æ˚[‹l ˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞-¤m Es[ A‘d-L-∞u

Gi-¶d- L˚Vf NU-UÙd-L, ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[’ ˙TÙp NUu-TÙh˚P

UÙt± G›-R-XÙUÙ?

Zn + 2HCl � ZnCl2 + H2

Ck-Rf NUu-TÙh-•¤s[ A‘d-L-∞u Gi-¶d- L˚V Bn‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m

Am◊d-œ±dœ C⁄-Td-Le-L-∞-¤m Es[ A‘d-L-∞u Gi-¶d˚L Cl- TÙ’

NU-UÙLd LÙQl-T-”-°-\RÙ?

J⁄ ˙YßfN-Uu-TÙ” G›-’m-˙TÙ’ Æ˚]-◊¨ ˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞p Es[

A‘d-L-∞u Gi-¶d-˚L-Ÿm, Æ˚[‹ ˘TÙ⁄h-L -∞p Es[

A‘dL∞u Gi-¶d- L-Ÿm NU-UÙL C⁄d-œm. C˚R NUu ˘Nn-Vl-

ThP ˙Yßf-N-Uu-TÙ” G]l-T-”m. (Balanced Chemical Equations)


Ah-P-Y˚Q 5.12

£X NUu ˘Nn-Vl-ThP ˙Yßf-N-Uu-TÙ”Ls ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[] CYt-±u

Æ˚]-◊- - TÙ-⁄s, Æ- [‹l ˘TÙ⁄s G]l ©¨j’ Th-•-V-≠-P-‹m.

(1) C+ O2 � CO2

(2) H2 + Cl2 � 2HCl

(3) 2H2 + O2 � 2H2O

Gi Æ˚]-◊- - TÙ-⁄s Æ- [‹l ˘TÙ⁄s

1

2

3

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ NUu-TÙh˚Pf NUu-T-”j-R-‹m

Mg + O2 � MgO

NaOH + H2SO4 � Na2SO4 + H2O

N2 + H2 � NH3

H2O2 � H2O + O2

Ee-L-fidœj ˘R¨kR ˙Yß-Æ-˚]-L-∞u NUu-TÙh˚P G›ßf NUu-

˘NnV‹m, AßL ˙Yß-Æ-˚]-L˚[VŸm, ˙Yßf-N-Uu-TÙ-”m EVokR

Yœl©p T•d-L-XÙm

ÿd-°V Lt-\p A˚P‹L∞p EhT”T˚Y

$ R≤-Ue-L- [-Ÿm ˙No-Ue-L- [-Ÿm ©- j-R-±V ÿ•-°-\’.

$ Tp- Yfl R≤-Ue-L-∞u œ±-¬h” G›R ÿ•°-\’.

$ R≤U ÍXd-·-flL∞-¤m, ˙NoU ÍXd-·-fl-L-∞-¤m Es[ A‘d-L˚[

AhPY˚QlT”jR ÿ•-°-\’.

$ Tp- Yfl R≤-Ue-L-∞u œ±-¬h˚P E⁄-YÙdL ÿ•°\-’.

$ ˙No-Ue-L-∞u ˙Yß-YÙnl-TÙh˚P G›R ÿ•-Ÿm.

$ ˙Yß Æ˚]-L-∞u NUu-TÙh˚P G›ß A˚R NUu-T-”jR ÿ•-°-\’.


Ußl-©-P-XÙm

1. ∏˙Z LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[Yt˚\ R≤-Um, No-Um Gufl Y˚Ll-T-”jR‹m

Am-˙UÙ-≤-VÙ, NodL˚W, -˚Sh-W-_u, ˘Uo-œ-±, ˙NÙ•-Vm œ˙[Ù-˚W-”,

Ri-Ωo, LÙl-To Np- Th, ˙NÙ•-Vm, LÙo-Tu.

2. ˚ah-W-_-‡m, Sh-W-_-‡m C˚Qk’ Am- UÙ-≤VÙ E⁄-YÙ-°-\-’. CRu

˙Yßf-Nu-TÙ” ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[’. Bn‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m.

N2+ 3H2 � 2NH3

(a) CkR Æ˚]- u Æ˚]-◊- - TÙ-⁄s, Æ˚[‹l ˘TÙ⁄s VÙ’?

(b) Æ˚] ◊ - TÙ-⁄h-L-∞p Es[ ÍXd-·-fl, A‘d-L-∞u Gi-¶d- L˚Vd

Li-”-©•.

(c) Æ˚[‹ ˘TÙ⁄hL-∞p Es[ ÍXd-·-fl, A‘d-L-∞u Gi-¶d- L˚Vd

Li”©•

(d) Æ˚]-◊¨ ˘TÙ⁄s, Æ˚[‹l ˘TÙ⁄h-L-s B°VYt±u

A‘dL∞u Gi-¶d- L- p Es[ ˘RÙPo◊ Gu]?

3. N Gu-T’ ˚Sh-W-_-≤u œ±-¬-PÙ-œm

(a) N2` 2N, 2N2 GuT˚Y G˚Rd-œ-±l-©-”-°-\’?

(b) 5N2 ˛ p Es[ A‘d-Ls, ÍXd-·-fl-L∞u Gi-¶d˚L

4. £X ˙Yßf-N-Uu-TÙ”Ls ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[].

C+ O2 � CO2

CH4 + 2O2 � CO2 + 2H2O

N2+ O2 � NO

CaCO3 � CaO + CO2

H2 + I2 � HI

Fe + HCl � FeCl2 +H2

CO2+ C � CO

(a) CYt-±p NUu ˘Nn-Vl-ThP NUu-TÙ” G’?

(b) NUu- Nn-Vl-T-PÙR NUu-TÙ” G›ß NUu-T-”jß G›-R-‹m.

5. ∏˙Z LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ ·t-fld-Ls N -VÙ, RY\Ù Gufl Li-”-©-•dL‹m.

(a) J⁄ R≤-Uj-ßp GpXÙ A‘d-L-fim J˙W Ti˚Td LÙh-”-°-u\].

(b) J⁄ ˙No-Uj-ßp Es[ R≤U A‘d-Ls ˙Yfl-Th” LÙQl-T-”-°-u\].

(c) R≤-Ue-Ls —j-R-UÙ] ˘TÙ⁄-[Ù-œm.

(d) ˚ah-W-_u KW‘ ÍXd-·-\Ù-œm.



1. J⁄ ¿eLÙu TÙjßWjßp 2:1 Æ°j-ßp C⁄m◊ ˘TÙ•-Ÿm, Np-To

˘TÙ•Ÿm ˙Noj’ Su-\ÙLf „”-T-”j-R-‹m.

(a) LÙkRj˚Rl TVu-T-”jß C⁄m◊l ˘TÙ•˚V ©¨j- R-”dL ÿ•-°-\RÙ?

Bn‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m. Etfl ˙SÙd-Lp Gu]? LÙW-Qm ·\-‹m.

(b) °˚PjR Æ˚[-‹l- TÙ-⁄-∞p £±-R-[‹ øojR HCl Noj’ UÙt-\e-L˚[

Etfl ˙SÙd-L-‹m.

(c) Ck-R Æ˚]´u ÿ-•‹ Gu]?

2. Tk-’, v•d, -T-X-Y- L-VÙ] LÙn-L-≤-Ls, Dod°p TÙu\Yt˚\l TVu-T-”jß ∏˙Z

˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ ÍXd-·-fl-L-∞u A˚Ul˚T E⁄-YÙdL‹m.

a) Ri-Ωo (H2O)

b) Am- UÙ-≤VÙ (NH3)

c) LÙo-Tu ˚P Bd- N” (CO2)

d) ¡j- Ru (CH4)

(3) R-≤-Ue-L-fidœd œ±-¬” ˘LÙ”d-œm ÿ˚\- Vl TÙoj- RÙm Ap-XYÙ. Xj-æu

˘UÙØl TV- p C⁄k’ œ±-¬” Tt\ £X R≤-Ue-Ls ∏˙Z LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[].

BYoj-R] Ah-P-Y˚Q ER-Æ-Ÿ-Pu Ah-P-Y˚Q˚Vl Èojß Nn-V‹m.

R≤-Um Xj-æu-˘T-Vo œ±-¬”

£p-Yo .................... ....................

.................... ˚ah-W-_u ....................

•u .................... ....................

.................... .................... Pb

Bu-±-U¶ .................... ....................

.................... BWm (Aurum) ....................

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˘YlTm LPj’YRtLÙ] ß\u J⁄ £\l©Vp◊ ApXYÙ? Cf£\l©Vp◊

˘YlTd LPjRp (Thermal conductivity). Bœm.

E˙XÙLeLs ˘YlTd LPjßLs Bœm.

TPm 7.2

TPm 7.3


E˙XÙLeL∞p ™Lf £\kR ˘YlTdLPjß ˘Ys∞ Bœm. A¤™≤Vm

LÙlTo ÿR≠VYtfldœm ˘YlTdLPj’m ß\u AßLUÙœm.

A˚]j’ E˙XÙLeLfim ™uLPjßLs Bœm.

J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄∞tœ ARu YØVÙL

™uNÙWj˚R LPj’YRtLÙ] ß\˙]

™uLPj’j ß\u. E˙XÙLeL∞p

™Lf £\kR ™uLPjß Ys∞ Bœm.

™uLPj’jß\≤p ˘Ys∞˚Vj

˘RÙPok’ LÙlT⁄m A¤™≤Vÿm

C⁄d°u\]. B]Ù¤m SU’ ≈”L∞p

™uLm©Ls E⁄YÙdLlTh•⁄lT’

LÙlTo Lm©´]Ùp ApXYÙ. A˚Rl

˙TÙufl ≈h•tœ ˘Y∞˙V LÙQlT”m ™uLmTeL∞p ™uLm©Ls

E⁄YÙd°´⁄lT’ A¤™≤VjRÙp Bœm. CRtœd LÙWQm Gu]?

�

�

�

J⁄ E˙XÙLl TÙjßWj˚RŸm UiTÙjßWj˚RŸm G”j’ LWi•VÙp

˘U’YÙL Rh•l TÙodL‹m.

� A‡TYlT”m ˙YflTÙ” Gu]?

� _ÙpWÙ, U¶Ls ÿRXÙ]Yt˚\ RVÙ¨dL UWm, ©[Ùv•d

B°VYt˚\l TVuT”jRXÙUÙ?

� CYt˚\j RVÙ¨dLl TVuT”jRlT”m ˘TÙ⁄sLs G˚Y? CRtœd

LÙWQm Gu]?

R•U‡s[ TÙ⁄sL[Ùp E˙XÙLjßu UtTWl©p Rh”m˙TÙ’

J≠˚Vj ˙RÙtflÆlTRtLÙ] E˙XÙLeL∞u ß\u ÿZeœm

Ru˚U (Sonority) Gufl A˚ZdLlT”°\’.

E˙XÙLeLs ˘TÙ’YÙL EVokR ˘YlT®˚X´p E⁄œT˚YŸm EVokR

APojß Es[˚YŸm Bœm.

LÙ≠Vm, ∫£Vm, TÙRWNm B°V E˙XÙLeLs œ˚\kR ˘YlT®˚X´p

E⁄œT˚Y Bœm.

≠jßVm, ˙NÙ•Vm, ˘TÙhPÙ£Vm ÿRXÙ]˚Y APojß œ˚\kR

E˙XÙLeL∞p EhT”T˚Y Bœm.

TPm 7.4

TPm 7.5

TPm 7.6


TVuLs

™uLm©Ls RVÙ¨dL.

EQ‹l˘TÙ⁄hLs ˘TÙß°u\ A¤™≤Vj

RL”Ls RVÙ¨dL.

TÙjßWeLs RVÙ¨dL.

˙Y[Ùi BŸReLs RVÙ¨dL.

BXVU¶Ls RVÙ¨dL.

£\l©Vp◊Ls

˘Up≠V RL”L[ÙdLXÙm

£X E˙XÙLeL∞u E⁄œ®˚X ˘LÙß®˚X APojß B°V˚Y AhPY˚Q´p

RWlTh”s[]. AhPY˚Q˚Vl TœjRÙV‹m.

E˙XÙLeLfidœl ˘TÙ’YÙLf £X CVt©Vp Ti◊Ls Es[RpXYÙ.

˙YßlTi◊L∞p C˚Y Jtfl˚U˚Vd LÙh”°u\]YÙ?

∏˙Z ·\lT”°u\ Ei˚UL˚[ øeLs LY≤jß⁄l¿oLs ApXYÙ :

� ≈h•tœ ˘Y∞˙V TÙ’LÙdLlT”°u\ C⁄m◊l ˘TÙ⁄hLs SÙ[˚PÆp

’⁄l©•j’ AØ°u\].

� S˚LLs RVÙ¨dL ReLm ˘Ys∞ ©[Ùh•]m ÿR≠V˚Y NÙRÙWQUÙLl

TVuT”jRlT”°u\].

� A¤™≤Vl TÙjßWjßp ˙UÙo TÙ’LÙdLlT”Yßp˚X.

� ˘Nm◊l TÙjßWeL∞p °[Ùq ©•d°\’.

CRtœd LÙWQm Gu] GuT˚R £kßj’ C⁄d°u»oL[Ù? £X ˙NÙR˚]L˚[f

˘Nn’ TÙodLXÙm.

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school resources Cp

E˙XÙLeLs Gu\

Tœß˚Vd LÙiL.

C’Y˚W LXk’˚WVÙ•Vßu A•lT˚P´p E˙XÙLeL∞u TÙ’YÙ] CVt©Vp

Ti◊L˚[ J⁄e°˚QdLXÙm ApXYÙ?

� EVokR ˘YlTm LPj’m ß\u � EVokR APojß

� EVokR ™u LPj’m ß\u � ÿZeœm Ru˚U

� RLPÙœm Ru˚U � EVokR E⁄œ®˚X

� Lm©VÙœm Ru˚U

E˙XÙLeL∞u £X CVt©Vp £\l©Vp◊Ls TVuT”jRlTh”s[ „r®˚XLs

RWlTh”s[]. AhPY˚Q˚V ®WlT ÿVX‹m.

AhPY˚Q 7.3

E⁄œ®˚XŸm LÙß®˚XŸm

ßPl˘TÙ⁄hL˚[ ˘YlTlT”jß ßWYeL

[ÙL UÙt\XÙm ApXYÙ. T≤dLh• E⁄°

RiΩWÙL UÙflY’m. Cj RiΩ˚W

˘YlTlT”jß]Ùp A’ øWÙÆVÙL UÙflm

Guflm SUdœj ˘R¨Ÿm ApXYÙ. GkRj

ßPl˘TÙ⁄˚[Ÿm Cmÿ˚\´p

®˚XUÙt\jßtœ EhT”jRXÙm. ßPl

˘TÙ⁄s ßWYUÙL UÙflm ˘YlT®˚X

E⁄œ®˚X Guflm, ßWYm ˘LÙßj’

YÙŸYÙL UÙflm ˘YlT®˚X ˘LÙß®˚X

Guflm ·\lT”°\’.

E˙XÙLm E⁄œ®˚X ˘LÙß®˚X APojß

C) (°C) (g cm–3)C⁄m◊ 1538 2861 7.873˘Ys∞ 961 2162 10.500

ReLm 1064 2836 19.281

PevPu 3414 5555 19.254˚PhPÙ≤Vm 1670 3287 4.508

LÙlTo 1084 2562 8.933

œ˙WÙ™Vm 1907 2671 7.194AhPY˚Q 7.2


Y∞UiPXd LÙtflPu Es[ Æ˚]

J⁄ ’i” ˙NÙ•Vj˚R Ljß˚Vl TVuT”jß ˘Yh• G”dL‹m.

◊ßVRÙL Y•Ym ˘LÙiP ˙UtTWl©p E˙XÙL T[T[l˚T

Etfl˙SÙdL‹m. Ntfl˙SWm ClTœß˚V Y∞UiPXdLÙt±p ß\k’

E˙XÙLd LX˚YLs (Alloys)CWi” ApX’ ARtœ ARßLUÙ]

E˙XÙLeL∞u J⁄ T•jRÙ]

ßPdL˚WNpLs E˙XÙLdLX˚YLs

Bœm. E˙XÙLeL˚[l ˘TÙflj’

™œkR EflßŸ˚PV’m E˙XÙL

A¨jR˚X R˚P˘NnYRtLÙ] ß\‡m

CYt±tœ Ei”. 90 Æ›dLÙh•tœ

AßLUÙ] E˙XÙLeLfim E˙XÙLd

LX˚YL[ÙL TVuT”jRl T”°u\].

˙UmThP £\l©Vp◊Ls Es[

˘T⁄U[‹ RVÙ¨l◊d L⁄ÆLs

E ˙ X Ù L d L X ˚ Y L [ Ù p

˘NnVlT”°u\]. ReLm LÙlTo

B°VYt±u E˙XÙLdLX˚Y S˚LLs

RVÙ¨dLl TVuT”jRlT”°\’.

Tœßl˘TÙ⁄sLs ∏˙Z RWlTh”s[’.

E˙XÙLdLX˚Y Tœß

E˙XÙLeLs

©jR˚[ LÙlTo, £e

˘YiLXm LÙlTo, •u

®d˙WÙm ®dLp

œ˙WÙ™Vm

C⁄m◊

Ap®d˙LÙ C⁄m◊

A¤™≤Vm

®dLp

˙LÙTÙph

˚YdL‹m.

� ˙UtTWl©tœ S¨hP’ Gu]? CRtœd LÙWQm Gu]?

� J⁄ A¤™≤Vd Lm©˚V G”j’ El◊jRÙs TVuT”jß

EW£lTÙodL‹m. SpX T[T[l◊ LÙQlT”°\’

ApXYÙ? J⁄ £X SÙhL∞p ClT[T[l◊

Ue°l˙TÙ°\’. CqYÙfl ˙S¨Pd LÙWQm Gu]?

� C˚Rl ˙TÙufl LÙlTo Ud…£Vm ÿRXÙ] E˙XÙLeLs

Y∞UiPXd LÙtflPu Æ˚]◊¨°\’.

E˙XÙLeLs Y∞UiPXdLÙtflPu RÙPo◊ LÙsfim˙TÙ’

LÙt±p Es[ Tp˙Yfl LÙW¶LfiPu ˙YßÆ˚]´p

D”T”°u\]. CRuÆ˚[YÙL E˙XÙL ˙UtTWl©u

T[T[l©tœ CZl◊ HtT”°\’.

E˙XÙLeLfidœj RiΩ⁄Pu Es[ Æ˚]

CWi” ¿dLoL∞p ÿdLÙp TÙLm ≈Rm RiΩo G”dL‹m.

ÿRXÙm ¿dL¨p J⁄ £fl ’i” ˙NÙ•Vj˚RŸm CWiPÙY’

¿dL¨p £fl’i” LÙlT⁄m CP‹m. EeL∞u Etfl˙SÙdL˚X

G›R‹m.

� RiΩ⁄Pu Æ˚]◊¨kR E˙XÙLm G’?

� Æ˚]´u TV]ÙL ˙RÙu±V YÙŸ G’?

£X E˙XÙLeLs A‡·XUÙ] „r®˚XL∞p RiΩ⁄Pu

Æ˚]◊¨k’ ˚ahW_u YÙŸ˚Y ˘Y∞Æ”°\’.

˙NÙ•Vm RiΩ⁄Pu Æ˚]◊¨Ÿm Æ˚]´] NUuTÙh˚P

G›R‹m?

˙NÙ•Vm + RiΩo � NÙ•Vm ahWÙd˚N” + ahW_u

2 Na + 2 H2O � 2 NaOH + H2

˘TÙhPÙ£Vm, LÙp£Vm B°V˚YŸm œ∞okR ø⁄Pu

Æ˚]◊¨°u\].

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school resources p E˙XÙLeLs

SÙNU˚PR˚Xj R”jRp Gu\

Tœß˚Vd LÙQ‹m.

£X E˙XÙLdLX˚YL∞p. (G.LÙ:

’⁄©•dLÙR G@œ) ™Lf£±V A[Æp

LÙoTu £≠dLu ˙TÙu\ A˙XÙLj

R≤UeLs ˙NodLlT”°u\].


E˙XÙLeLfidœ A™Xj’Pu Es[ Æ˚]

£ed E˙XÙLm øojR ˚ah˙WÙœ˙[Ù¨d A™Xj’Pu

Æ˚]◊¨R˚X øeLs ÿu]˙W Ltfls«oLs ApXYÙ.

˙YßÆ˚]´u TV]ÙL RÙu±V Æ˚[‹l˘TÙ⁄hLs G˚Y

G] G›R‹m.

Tp˙Yfl ˙NÙR˚]dœZÙnL∞p øojR ˚ah˙WÙœ˙[Ù¨d

A™Xm G”j’ £ed, A¤™≤Vm, C⁄m◊, Ud…£Vm, LÙlTo

ÿRXÙ] E˙XÙLeL˚[ Ch” ˙NÙR˚]˚V ¡i”m ˘Nn’

TÙodL‹m. EeLs Etfl˙SÙdLp Gu]?

� A™Xj’Pu Æ˚]◊¨kR E˙XÙLeLs G˚Y?

� ™LjæÆWUÙL Æ˚]◊¨kR E˙XÙLm G’?

� CYt±p A™Xj’Pu Æ˚]◊¨VÙR E˙XÙLeLs

Es[]YÙ?

� CqÆ˚]L∞p ˘Y∞˙Vfl°u\ YÙŸ G’? LiP±Y’

GqYÙfl? ˘Nn’ TÙodL‹m.

� A™Xj’Pu Es[ Æ˚]´u æÆWjßp

E˙XÙLeLfidœ C˚P˙V ˙YflTÙ” Es[RÙ?

C-Yt±p £X Æ˚]L∞u NUuTÙh˚P G›RXÙm?

£ed + ˚ah˙WÙœ˙[Ù¨d A™Xm � £edœ˙[Ù˚W” +

˚ahW_u

Zn + 2HCl � ZnCl2 + H2

Mg + 2HCl ��Fe + 2HCl ��2Al + 6HCl��

A-¤™≤Vm £ed, Ud…£Vm, C⁄m◊ ÿRXÙ] E˙XÙLeLs

A™XeLfiPu Æ˚]◊¨k’ ˚ahW_u YÙŸ ˙RÙufl°\’.

Aj’Pu J⁄ E˙XÙL El◊f ˙NoUÿm ˙RÙufl°\’.

G¤™fNm TZjß¤m ˙UÙ¨¤m A™XeLs APe°Ÿs[]

Gufl Ltfls«oLs ApXYÙ? G¤™fNm TZj˚Rj ’iPÙdL

C⁄m◊d Ljß˚Vd LÙh•¤m ’⁄©•dLÙR G@œ Ljß £\kR’

Gufl ·flY’m A¤™≤Vl TÙjßWjßp ˙UÙo

TÙ’LÙdLlTPÙRRu LÙWQÿm Cl˙TÙ’ ◊¨kR’ ApXYÙ?

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school resources Cp Es[

A™Xÿm E˙XÙLeLfim

Gu\ Tœß˚Vd LÙQ‹m.

E˙XÙLeLs Ge°⁄k’?

E˙XÙLeLs RVÙ dLlT”Y’ £±R[‹

E˙XÙLm APe°Ÿs[ CVt˚L´p

Es[ ˘TÙ⁄hL∞p C⁄kRÙœm. È™´p

LÙQlT”m CjR˚LVl ˘TÙ⁄hLs

RÙ’dLs (Minerals) Gufl A˚ZdLl

T”°u\]. CYt±≠⁄k’ ˙Yßf

˘NVpÿ˚\Ls YØVÙL E˙XÙLeLs

©¨j˘R”dLlT”°u\]. —RkßW

®˚X´p LÙQlT”m J⁄ E˙XÙLUÙœm

ReLm. È™´p AßLUÙLd LÙQlT”m

E˙XÙLm A¤™≤Vm. C⁄m◊, LÙp£Vm

ÿR≠V˚Y A”jR CPeL∞p

Y⁄°u\].

E˙XÙLeLsU≤R EP≠¤m

£±V A[Æp Gu\Ù¤m £X

E˙XÙLeL∞u ÿu≤˚X EPp

˘NVpTÙ”Lfidœm, —LÙRÙWjßtœm

Nj’QÆtœm ™L‹m Cu±V˚U

VÙR’ Bœm. CWjßtœ £Yl◊ ®\m

A∞dœm Õ˙UÙœ˙[Ù©≤p C⁄m◊

APe°´⁄d°\’. G¤m◊Ls TtLs

B°VYt±u Y[of£dœ LÙp£Vm

˙R˚YVÙœm. ˘NpL∞u TpY˚Lf

˘NVpTÙ”Lfidœf ˙NÙ•Vm TÙhPÙ

£Vm ˙TÙu\ El◊dLs ˙R˚Y

VÙœm. ™Ld œ˚\kR A[Æp

Gu\Ù¤m £ed LÙlTo ˘N≠≤Vm

ÿRXÙ]˚Y —LÙRÙWjßtœj ˙R˚Y

VÙœm.


E˙XÙL A¨jRp (Corrosion of metals)

Au\ÙP YÙrd˚L´p SÙm AßLUÙLl TVuT”j’m E˙XÙLm C⁄m◊

Bœm. Sm˚Uf —t±¤m Es[ C⁄m◊l ˘TÙ⁄hLfidœ SÙ[˚PÆp

H˙R‡m UÙt\m ˙S¨”°u\RÙ?

EeLfi˚PV ≈h•¤s[ C⁄m◊ _u]p Lm©Lfidœ AZ˚Ld

·h”YRtœ Uh”UÙ ˘T´uh A•dLlT”°\’?

CqYÙfl ˘NnVÆp˚X Gu\Ùp ˙S¨”Y’ Gu]?

C-⁄m◊ ’⁄©•jRp ˘NVpTÙh•p RÙdLm ˘N¤j’°u\ LÙW¶Ls

G˚Y G] EeLfidœj ˘R¨ŸUÙ?

J⁄ ˘NVpßhPm ˘Nn˙YÙUÙ?

˙R˚YVÙ]d L⁄ÆLs

—jRUÙ]’m DWUt\’UÙ] ˙NÙR˚]dœZÙn ˛ 4

’⁄©•dLÙR —jRUÙ] C⁄mTÙ¶Ls ˛ 4

—hP—iQÙm◊ ˛ 10 g

˙NÙ•Vmœ˙[Ù˚W” L˚WNp ˛ 25 mL

øojR ah˙WÙœ˙[Ù¨d A™Xm / Æ≤Lo ˛ 25 mL

LÙod ˛ 1

˘NVpÿ˚\

SÙuœ ˙NÙR˚]dœZÙnL∞¤m Jq˘YÙ⁄ C⁄mTÙ¶ CP‹m (TPm 7.8).

ÿRXÙY’ NÙR˚]dœZÙ´p DWUÙ] Tg˚N Ch” Y∞UiPXd LÙt±p

ß\k’ ˚Yj’ TÙ’LÙdL‹m.

CWiPÙY’ ˙NÙR˚]dœZÙ´p C⁄mTÙ¶

—hP—iQÙm˚T Ch” A˚Pj’ TÙ’LÙdL‹m.

(—hP—iQÙm©tœ DWj˚R E±g—YRtLÙ] ß\u

Es[’).-

Íu\ÙY’ ˙NÙR˚]dœZÙ´p C⁄mTÙ¶ŸPu

TÙßV[‹ Írœm ÆRjßp ˙NÙ•Vmœ˙[Ù˚W”

L˚WNp Ft±lTÙ’LÙdL‹m.

SÙuLÙY’ NÙR˚]dœZÙ´p C⁄mTÙ¶ TÙßV[‹

Írœm ÆRjßp øojR ˚ah˙WÙœ˙[Ù¨L A™Xm

/ Æ≤Lo Ft± TÙ’LÙdL‹m.

J⁄ YÙWm ˙NÙR˚]dœZÙ˚V TÙ’LÙjR ©u]o

C⁄mTÙ¶Lfidœ HtThP UÙt\j˚R Etfl˙SÙdL‹m.TPm 7.8

TPm 7.7


� C⁄mTÙ¶Ls ’⁄©•jR ˙NÙR˚]dœZÙnLs G˚Y?

� C⁄mTÙ¶Ls ™L AßLUÙL ’⁄©•jR NÙR˚]dœZÙnLs G˚Y?

� Y∞UiPXd LÙt±p ß\k’ YdLlTh”s[ C⁄m◊l TÙ⁄sLs

’⁄©•lTRtœd LÙWQUÙ] LÙW¶Ls G˚Y?

� C⁄mTÙ¶ ’⁄©•dLÙR ˙NÙR˚]dœZÙn G’?

Y∞UiPXd LÙt±p Es[ Bd£_u øo B°VYtflPu

˙YßÆ˚]´p D”T”m˙TÙ’ C⁄m◊ ’⁄©•d°\’.

� LPtL˚Wl ©W˙RNeL∞¤s[ C⁄m◊ _u]p Lm©Ls ˙YLUÙL

’⁄©•lTßu LÙWQm Gu]?

� ˙NÙ•Vm ˘TÙhPÙ£Vm ˙TÙu\ E˙XÙLeL˚[ Ui˘Qi˘Q´p

TÙ’LÙlTRu LÙWQm Gu]?

C-⁄m◊m ©\ E˙XÙLeLfim Y∞UiPXdLÙt±p Es[ Tp˙Yfl

LÙW¶LfiPu YßÆ˚]´p D”Th” ◊ßV TÙ⁄hL[ÙL UÙfl°u\].

Cf˘NVp E˙XÙL A¨jRp Gufl A˚ZdLlT”°\’.

E˙XÙL A¨jRp HtTPÙR E˙XÙLeLs Es[]YÙ? Es[˘Ru\Ùp A˚Y

G˚Y? A˚Y GRt˘LpXÙm TVuT”jRlT”°u\]? œ±l◊ RVÙ¨dL‹m.-

C-⁄m©u E˙XÙL A¨jR˚Xj R˚P ˘NnYRtœ Htfld˘LÙsfim

YØÿ˚\Ls G˚Y?

ÿd°V Lt\p A˚P‹L∞p EhT”T˚Y

� E˙XÙLeL∞u CVt©Vp Ti◊L˚[ ˙YflT”jß A±k’

Æ[dL‹m CYt˚\ Au\ÙP YÙrd˚L´p TVuT”jR‹m

CVp°\’.

� E˙XÙLeL˚[ A™XeLfiPu Æ˚]◊¨Vf˘Nn’ ˚ahW_u

YÙŸ RVÙ¨dL CVp°\’.

� E˙XÙLeL∞u T[T[l◊ CZlTRtLÙ] LÙWQj˚R Æ[dL

CVp°\’.

� C-⁄m©u E˙XÙL A¨jR˚X R˚P˘NnYRtLÙ] YØÿ˚\L˚[

A±‹fljR CVp°\’.


Ußl©PXÙm

1.- £X E˙XÙLeLs ∏˙Z AhPY˚QlT”jRlTh”s[]. CYt±u

Tp˙Yfl TVuLfim ARtœl˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ] £\l©Vp◊L˚[Ÿm

Li”©•j’ AhPY˚Q˚V ®WlT‹m.

E˙XÙLm TVu £\l©Vp◊

ReLm �

�

LÙlTo �

�

A¤™≤Vm �

�

£ed �

�

C⁄m◊ �

�

2.- ™L˙YLUÙL A¨jR¤dœ EhT”°u\ E˙XÙLUpXYÙ C⁄m◊.

� C⁄m©u A¨jR≠p RÙdLm HtT”j’°u\ LÙW¶Ls G˚Y?

� LPtL˚Wl ©W˙RNeL∞p C⁄mTÙ¶dœ UÙt\ÙL LÙlTo B¶

TVuT”jRlT”°\’. LÙWQm Gu]?

� C-⁄m©u A¨jR˚X R˚P ˘NnYRtLÙ] YØÿ˚\L˚[

A±‹fljRXÙUÙ?

3.- E˙XÙLeL∞u £X CVt©Vp £\l©Vp◊L∞u

A•lT˚P´p ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ·tflLs N¨VÙ RY\Ù

Gufl G›R‹m.

1 A¤™≤Vm ™uLPjß Bœm. N¨

2 ∫£Vm ˘TÙ’YÙL EVokR ˘YlT®˚X´p

E⁄œ°\’.

3 ©[Ùh•]m RLPÙœm Ru˚U œ˚\kR E˙XÙLUÙœm.

4 ˘TÙhPÙ£Vm L•]jRu˚UŸs[ E˙XÙLUÙœm.

5 ˘Nm◊ ÿZeœm Ru˚UŸ˚PV’.

6 ReLjßu APojß ™Ld œ˚\YÙœm.

7 ˘Nm◊ ™Lf£\kR ˘YlTdLPjßVÙœm.


8 ˙NÙ•Vm L•]jRu˚U ·•V E˙XÙLUÙœm.

9 ReLm S˚LLs ˘NnYRtLÙLl TVuT”jR J⁄-

LÙWQm ARu T[T[l◊j Ru˚UVÙœm.

10 PevPu EVokR Lm©VÙœm Ru˚U E˚PV’.

4.- ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[Yt±p C⁄k’ Ui˘Qi˘Q´p ˚Yj’

TÙ’LÙdLlT”m E˙XÙLj˚R ˙Rok˘R”j’ G›R‹m.

(a) ˙NÙ•Vm (b) C-⁄m◊ (c) PevPu (d) œ˙WÙ™Vm

CR˚] Ui˘Qi˘Q´p ˚Yj’ TÙ’LÙlTRu LÙWQm Gu]?

5.- £X E˙XÙLeL∞u ˘TVoLs RWlTh”s[]. PevPu, ReLm,

˙NÙ•Vm, LÙlTo, C⁄m◊, Ud…£Vm.

C-Yt±≠⁄k’ ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ Æ]ÙdLfidœ

˘TÙ⁄jRUÙ]Yt˚\j ˙Rok˘R”j’ G›R‹m.

� S˚LLs RVÙ¨jR≠p TVuT”jRlT”Y’m EVokR

RLPÙœm Ru˚U Es[’UÙ] E˙XÙLm G’?

� œ∞okR ø⁄Pu Æ˚]◊¨Ÿm E˙XÙLm G’?

� L•]jRu˚U ·•V’m ˙YLUÙL A¨jR¤dœ

EhT”Y’UÙ] E˙XÙLm G’?

6.- ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”dLlTh”s[ ·tflLfidœd LÙWQm G›R‹m.

a. A¤™≤Vl TÙjßWjßp ◊∞ TÙ’LÙdLlT”Yßp˚X.

b. C⁄m◊d L⁄ÆL∞p A•dL• Gi˘Qn ÈNlT”°\’.

c. G¤™fNm TZj˚Rj ’iPÙdœYRtœ C⁄m◊d Ljßdœ

UÙt\ÙL ’⁄©•dLÙR G@œ Ljß TVuT”jRlT”°\’.

˘RÙPo ˘NVpTÙ”Ls

1.- LPj’m ß\˚] Jl¿” ˘NnVXÙm

˙R˚YVÙ] L⁄ÆLs

J˙W ø[ÿm R•U‡s[ LÙlTo, C⁄m◊ A¤™≤Vm, ®d˙WÙm

Lm©Ls PÙof Tpl, 3 ˙YÙph ™uLXm, —Æhf.

˘NVpÿ˚\

PÙof Tp˚T Tp˙Yfl ™uLm©Ls TVuT”jß ™uLXj’Pu

C˚QdL‹m. GkR ™uLm©˚Vl TVuT”j’m ˙TÙ’ J∞jæÆWm

·”RXÙL Es[’ GuT˚Rd LiP±V‹m. Cq E˙XÙLeL˚[

™uLPj’jß\≤u HflY¨˚N´p G›R‹m.


2.- J⁄ C⁄mTÙ¶ A¤™≤VdLm© ˘Tu£≠u ˘Xh ˘Nm◊dLm©

T˚N™uLXjßu LÙoTu Ri” B°VYt˚\f ˙NL¨dL‹m. C˚Y

Jq˘YÙu˚\Ÿm —jßVXÙp A•j’ RLPÙdL ÿVX‹m. A•j’

RLPÙdL ÿ•kR˚Y G˚Y? Cß≠⁄k’ øeLs A˚PŸm ÿ•‹ Gu]?

3.- E˙XÙLeL∞u £\l©Vp◊L˚[ øeLs ◊¨k’˘LÙiºoLs ApXYÙ.

∏˙Z ·\lT”°u\ E˙XÙLeL˚[j ˙R”Rp SPjß Li”©•dL‹m.

a. YÙL]eL∞u ˙N™l◊ ™uLXeL∞p TVuT”jRlT”m

E˙XÙLm G’?

b. ˘T⁄mTÙXÙ] E˙XÙLeLfim ßPl˘TÙ⁄sLs ApXYÙ.

™Ldœ˚\kR ˘YlT®˚X´¤m ßWY®˚X´¤s[ E˙XÙLm

G’?

c. C-⁄m˚T A¨jR≠p C⁄k’ TÙ’LÙlTRtLÙL ARu¡’ ©\

E˙XÙLeLs ÈNlT”°u\]. CRtLÙLl TVuT”jRlT”°u\

CWi” E˙XÙLeLs G˚Y?

d. ˘TÙ’YÙL E˙XÙLeLs APojß ·•V˚Y ApXYÙ. ™L‹m

APojß ·•V E˙XÙLm G’?

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" "A’ Gl-T• NÙo, SÙm Cl-˙TÙ’ CVd-L-Ut\ ®˚X-´p Ap-XYÙ

C⁄d°˙\Ùm!''

""Cp˚X ,SÙm Cl- TÙ’ CVe-°d - LÙi”RÙu C-⁄d-°- \Ùm.''

J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s CVdL ®˚X-´XÙ Ap-X’ CVd-L-Ut\ ®˚X-´XÙ Gu-fl

Gq-YÙfl ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙs-[-XÙm?

SÙm LÙi˙TÙm.

NÙo,

˙U˙X EVok’ T\d-°u\

CkR BLÙV ÆUÙ-]m,-

GqY[‹ Æ˚WÆp Li-¶p

C⁄k’ U˚\k’ TÙ°u-\’?

Cßp Bf-£- -Vl-T-”-Y-Rtœ

Ju-fl-™p- X. -SÙ-ÿm Aß

˙YLj-ßp CVe°d˘LÙi•⁄d-

°-˙\Ùm Ap-XYÙ?


AhP-Y˚Q 9.1 I Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn’ Æ”-ThP Tœ-ß˚V ®Wl-T-‹m.

J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s CVe-œ-°-\RÙ Cp-˚XVÙ G]d ·\-˙Yi-”-UÙ-]Ùp Ut-˘\Ù⁄

˘TÙ⁄˚[ A•l-T- P-VÙdL ˙Yi-”m Gufl Ah-P-Y- Q˚Vl Tœl-TÙn‹

˘NnR ˙TÙ’ ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙi-ºo-L-[p-X-YÙ A•l-T-˚P-VÙd°V CkRl

˘TÙ⁄˚[d œ±l-TÙ-Vm (frame of reference) Gufl A˚ZlTo.

J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄-∞u CVd-L-®˚X Ap-X’ CVd-L-Ut\ ®˚X˚Vd œ±l-©-”-Y-

Rtœ SÙm A•l-T- P-VÙLd L⁄-’m ˘TÙ⁄- [d œ±l-TÙ-Vm Gu-°- \Ùm.

œ±l-TÙ-Vj˚Rl TÙ-flj’ J⁄ TÙ⁄∞u CPm TV-⁄-UÙ-]Ùp AkR TÙ⁄s

CVe-œ-°-\-’. CPm ˘TV-W-Æp˚X Gu-\Ùp A’ CVd-L-Ut\ ®˚X-´p

C⁄d°\’.

CVe-œ-°u\ ˘TÙ⁄-fidœ ®˚X UÙt-\m Ht-T-”-°-\-Rp-X-YÙ? C˚R Gq-YÙfl

LQd-°-P-XÙm?

ÁW-ÿm CPl- T-Vof-£-Ÿm (Distance and Displacement)

J⁄-Yo A¤-Y-X-Lj-ßtœf ˘Nufl Y⁄m TÙ˚R-, TPm 9.2 Cp ˘LÙ”dLl-Th-

”s-[-’. A¤-Y-X-Lj-ßtœf ˘Nu-\’ U⁄j-’-Y-U- ]- u A⁄-LÙ- U- -XÙœm.

K”m ˙T⁄k-ßp C⁄d-œm ˙T⁄k-˚Rl-˘TÙflj’ �TV-¶-Ls NÙ˚X-˚Vl-˘TÙ-flj’

˙Unk’ ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-œmT—-Æu T—-˚Yl-˘TÙ-flj’

˙Up AUok’ C⁄d-œm LÙLm R˚W-˚Vl-˘TÙ-flj’

YVp YWm-©p ®t-œm R˚W-˚Vl-˘TÙ-flj’

UÙQ-Yu „¨-V-˚]l-˘TÙ-flj’

—Z-¤m ˙U˚N ¡’ �C⁄d-œm ◊j-R-Lm �

„r®- X-Ls CVdL ®˚X CVd-L-Ut-\-®˚X

Ah-P-Y˚Q 9.1

TPm 9.1


B]Ùp ≈h-•tœ Y⁄m YØ ®VÙVÆ˚Xd L˚P YØ-VÙ-œm. CYo TV-¶jR

A[-‹-L˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-V-XÙm.

TV-¶jR TÙ˚R- u ø[m ÁWm G]l-T-”m.

$ AYo Gq-Y-[‹ ÁWm TV-¶j’ A¤-YXLj˚R A˚Pk-RÙo? ≈h-•tœ

YkR˙TÙ’?

$ Cq-Æ-Wi” „r-®- X-L-∞-¤m TV-¶jR ÁWm J˙W ˙TÙp Es-[RÙ?

$ ≈h•tœm A¤YXLjßtœm C˚P˙V Es[ ˙So˙LÙh”j ÁWj˚Rd

Li”©•dL‹m.

$ ≈h-•-≠-⁄k’ 480 m YPdœ ˙SÙd-°- -S-Pk-RÙp A¤-Y-X-Lj˚R A˚P-V-

XÙUÙ?

$ ≈h-•-≠-⁄k’ 480 m ÁWm RÙu CY-⁄dœ Ht-ThP CPl- T-Vof£?

CYo ≈h-•-≠-⁄k’ A¤-Y-X-Lj-ßt-œd °Zdœ ˙SÙd-° CkR ˙SWÙ] 480 mRÙu CkR ST- u CPl- T-Vof£.

CYo ≈h-•-≠-⁄k’ A¤-Y-X-Lj-ßt-œm, ©u ≈h-•t-œm YkR ˙TÙ’ TV-¶jR

˘UÙjR ÁWm Gq-Y-[‹?

CY¨u CPl- T-Vof£ Gq-Y-[‹?

BWmT ®˚Xd-œm Cflß ®˚Xd-œm C˚P˙V Es[ ˙So ˙LÙh-

”j ÁW˙U CPl- T-Vof£. CRtœ ß˚N-Ÿm, T -UÙ-Q-ÿm Ei”.

J⁄ Lp˚X ˘Ne-œj-RÙL ˙Up ˙SÙd° G±k-R-˙TÙ’ 6 ¡h-Po EV-Wj˚R

A˚PkR ©u ¡i”m ˚L´p Yk-R- Pk-R’. CRu A•l-T- P- p Ah-P-

Y˚Q 9. 2I Èojß ˘Nn-V-‹m.

„r-®˚X Lp TV¶jR ÁWm Lp-≠u CPl-˘T-Vof£

Lp EV˙W ˘Nu-\- TÙ’

Lp ß⁄m© ˚L´p Yk-’ ˙N⁄m - TÙ’

Ah-P-Y˚Q 9.2

600 m 300 m

660 m420 m

480 m

N

W E

S

TPm 9.2


Gu] CuflE]dœ Èw-¥-

Vm Ußl-˘Ti°˚Pj-RRÙ?

TPm 9.3

Cp˚X Am-UÙ, Cufl Ge-Ls

B£- -Vo CPl- T-Vof-£˚V Tt±- TÙPm

SPj-ß-]Ùo, ≈h-•-≠-⁄k’ Ts∞d-·-Pm

˘Nufl ß⁄m© ≈h-•tœ YkR ˙TÙ’

HtThP CPl- T-Vof£˚V

G›-ß-V-RÙ-œm

CPl- TVof-£˚Vd œ±l-©-”m TÙ’ TV-¶jR RÙ˚X- Y-Ÿm ß˚N-

˚V-Ÿm œ±l-©h-PÙp Uh-”˙U A’ ÿ›-˚U-V-˚P-°-\-’. C˚Rl

˙TÙufl A[-˚Y-Ÿm ß˚N-˚V-Ÿm œ±d-œm A[˚Y ß˚N-Ÿfl

A[‹ Gu-To (Vector Quantities). ß˚N˚V ˙Noj’ œ±l-©-PÙR

CVt©-Vp A[-‹-L˚[ ß˚N´≠ A[-‹-Ls (Scalar Quantities)Gu-To.

$ CPl- T-Vof£ (Displacement) J⁄ ß˚N-Ÿfl A[-YÙ-œm, ÁWm ß˚N-Ÿfl

A[YÙ? ß˚N- ≠ A[YÙ?

Ee-L-fidœd °˚PjR L⁄j-’d-L-∞u A•l-T- P-

´p TPm 9.4 I Etfl ˙SÙd° Ah-P-Y˚Q 9. 3

Èoj-ß-VÙd-L-‹m.

A Gu\ CPj-ßp C⁄k’ J⁄-Yo TV-¶j’ B, C,D Cu YØ-VÙL TV-¶j’ ß⁄m-T -‹m

A Gu\ ®˚X˚V Yk-R- Pk-RÙo.

Ah-P-Y˚Q 9.3

TPm 9.4

60 m

100 m

60 m30 m80 m

A

B

C

D

TV-¶jR B Cp Y⁄m C Cp Y⁄m D Cp Y⁄m ˙TÙ’ ¡i-”m AST-¨u ˙TÙ’ Y⁄m˙TÙ’ Cp Y⁄m˙TÙ’

CP-UÙt\m

ÁWm

CPl- T-Vof£


40

A CB60 m 40 m

TPm 9.5 (b)

A Gu\ ◊s-∞- p C⁄k’ J⁄-Yo TV-Qj- Rj ˘RÙPe-° B YØ-

VÙL C I ˘Nu-\-˚Pk-R-Ru TPm ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[˚R Et-fl-

˙SÙd-L-‹m.

A Cp C⁄k’ B Y-Ø-VÙL C A˚Pk-R- TÙ-’,

$ TPm 9.5 (a) I ˘TÙ-flj’ TV-¶jR ˘UÙjR ÁWm Gj-R˚]?

CPl- TVof£ Gq-Y-[‹ ?

$ TPm 9.5 (b) I ˘TÙ-flj’ TV-¶jR ˘UÙjR ÁWm Gj-R˚]?

CPl- TVof£ Gq-Y-[‹ ?

CkR CWi” Æ˚P-L- [-Ÿm Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn’ ÁWm, CPl- T-

Vof£ B°V CWi-•u A[-‹-L-fim J˙W ˙TÙp Y⁄m „r-®-

˚X˚V Li-”-©-•j’ A±-Æ-Vp œ±l- Th-•p œ±j-’d- LÙs-[-

‹m

80 m

60 m40 m

CA

B

TPm 9.5 (a)

˙YL-ÿm ÁW-ÿm (Speed and Velocity)

SL-Wj-ßp ˚Yd-Ll-T-h-”s[ RL-Yp TX- L˚Vl TÙoj-æo-L-

[p-X-YÙ? AßL ˙YL-ÿm LY]d -œ-˚\-‹m RÙu ÆT-j

ßtœd LÙWQm.

AßL ˙YLm Gu-\Ùp Gu]? Ee-L-fidœj ˘R -ŸUÙ?

TPm 9.2 Cp RW-lTh-”s[ A[-‹-L-˚[l TVu-T-”jß

Ut˘\Ù⁄ NV-pTÙ-h˚Pf Nn’ Tod-L-‹m. A-¤Y-X-Ljßtœ

˘Nu-\-Rt-œm ≈h-•t-œ ˘Nu-\-Rt-œm 600 s ˙SWm G”-’d-

˘LÙiP-RÙ-œm.

CRu A•l-T-˚P-´p Ah-P-Y˚Q 9.5 I Èojß ˘Nn-V-

‹m.

Y¨˚NÁWm CPl-˘T-Vof£

Gi

1 ß˚N- ≠ ß˚N-Ÿfl

2

TPm 9.4

IT @ School Edubuntu Cp school resource Cp

Es[ ÁW-ÿm CPl- T-Vof£Ÿm Gu\ Tœ-ß˚V

TÙod-L-‹m.

J˙W ß˚N- p ˙So ˙LÙh-•p CVe° ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-œm J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄-

∞u ÁW-ÿm, CPl- T-Vof-£-Ÿm J˙W ˙TÙp LÙQl-T-”m

ÁWm, CPl- T-Vof-£, B°-V-Yt-±t-°- P- -XÙ] ˙Yt-fl- U-L˚[d Li”

©•j’ Ah-P-Y- Q 9.4 I Èoj-ß-VÙd-L-‹m

SL-Wj-ßp CkR Y⁄-PmYÙL] ÆTj-ßp UW-Q-U- Pk-R-Yo-Ls

C’-Y-˚W...146E´o Æ˚X-U-ßl-◊- PVRÙœm LY-]-UÙL YÙL-]m Kh-P-‹m


J⁄ AXœ ˙SWj-ßp TV-¶jR ÁWm ˙YLm G]l-T-”m

J⁄ AXœ ˙SWj-ßp Ht-ThP CPl- T-Vof£ ß˚N- Y-Lm G]l-T-”m

bqWn‰v kabØn¬AYhm Hcp

sk°‚n¬ D≠mbÿm\m¥cw

Ah-P-Y˚Q 9.5.

A¤-Y-X-L-ßtœf ˘Nu-\-

˙TÙ’

≈h-•tœj ß⁄mT Yk-R-

˙TÙ’

TV-¶jR

˘UÙjR

ÁWm ¡h-P-

¨p(m)

CPl-

˘TVof£

¡hP¨p (m)

TV¶dL

G”j-’d-

˘LÙiP

˙SWm (t)Æ]Ù-•-

´p(s)

AXœ SWj-ßp

ApX’ J⁄ Æ]Ù-•-

´p TV-¶jR ÁWm

AXœ SWj-ßp

AXX’ J⁄ Æ]Ù-•-

´p Ht-ThP CPl-

˘T-Vof£

TV¶jR ®˚X-Ls

$ ˙YLm = ÁWm/˙SWm Ap-X-YÙ, Gu\Ùp ß˚N-˙Y-Lj-ßu

NUu-TÙh˚P G›-R-‹m.

$ ≈h-•-≠-⁄k’ A¤-YX-Lj-ßtœf ˘Nu\ ˙TÙ’ Ht-ThP ˙YL-

ÿm, ß˚N- Y-L-ÿm J˙W ˙TÙp Es-[-]YÙ?

$ ˙YLm GkR AX-°p œ±l-©-Pl-Th-P-’. ß˚N- Y-L˙UÙ?

$ Gq-Y-[‹ ˙YLj-ßp CYo ≈h-•tœl TV-¶j-RÙo?

$ ≈h˚P A˚PkR TÙ’ CY-⁄d-LÙ] ß˚N- Y-Lm Gq-Y-[‹?

$ ß˚N- Y-Lm ß˚N-Ÿfl A[-YÙ-œm Gu-\Ùp ˙YL˙UÙ?

J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s A ˛p C⁄k’ TV-Qm ˘RÙPe° B YØ-VÙ-L C I

A˚PkRRu TPm RWl-Th-”s-[’. TPj˚R Etfl ˙SÙd-L-‹m.

(TPm 9.6)

CkR ˘TÙ⁄-∞u ˙YLÿm, ß˚N˙YLÿm LQd-°-P-‹m.

CVe° ˘LÙi-•-⁄d-œm J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄-∞u ˙YL-ÿm, ß˚N ˙YL-

ÿm J˙W ˙TÙp Y⁄m „r-®- X˚V G›-R-‹m,

˙YLm, ß˚N˙YLm-B-°-V-Yt-±u ˙Yt-fl- U-L˚[l Th-•-V-≠-P-

‹m.

Ah-P-Y˚Q 9.6

Y¨˚N ˙YLm ß˚N-˙Y-Lm

Gi

1 ß˚N- ≠ A[‹ ß˚N-Ÿfl A[‹

2

70 m

60 m 40 m

CA

B

TPm 9.6

6s 4s˙SÙh-•d-Lp ˚Up

(Nautical mile)ÆUÙ] ˙TÙd-œ-Y-Wj-’d-œm,

LPp-YØ ˙TÙdœ YWj-’d-œm

ÁWm A[-Æ-”-Y-Rtœl TVu-

T-”j-’m AXœ SÙh-•d-Lp

˚Up Bœm. J⁄ SÙh-•d-Lp

Gu-T’ 1.852 km Bœm. -Ll-Tp,

ÆUÙ-]j-ß-u ˙YLj-ßu AXœ

SÙh (knot) G]l-T-”m. J⁄ SÙh

Gu-T’ U¶d-·-±p J⁄ SÙh-

•d-Lp ˚Up Gu\ A[-Æp

TV-¶jR ˙Y-UÙ-œm.

J⁄ TÙ⁄s J⁄ CPj-ß-≠-⁄k’

Ut- \Ùo CPj-ßtœ TV-¶d-œm

TÙ˚R G’-YÙL C⁄k-RÙ-¤m,

CPl- T-Vof£ Gu-T’ BWmT

®˚Xd-œm Cflß ®˚Xd-œm

C˚P˙V Es[ ˙So-˙LÙh-”l

TÙ˚R-VÙ -œm. ß˚N ˙YLm

LQd-°-”m ˙TÙ’ ˘TÙ⁄s TV-

¶jR TÙ˚R Ei-˚U-VÙ-]’

ApX Gu\ ˙TÙ’m ˙So˙LÙh-

”l-TÙ˚R RÙu CPl-˘T-Vof-£.

Ei-˚U-VÙ] TÙ˚R YØ-VÙL

TV-¶dL G”j-’d-˘LÙiP

˙SWm TVu-T-”jR ˙Yi-”m,


∫WÙ] ˙YL-ÿm ∫Wt\ ˙YL-ÿm

(Uniform speed and Non uniform speed)

J⁄ LÙo TX LÙX C˚P- Y-∞- p TV--¶jR ÁWm TPj-ßp RWl-Th-”s-

[˚R Etfl ˙SÙd-L-‹-m.

NU-UÙ] LÙX C˚P- Y-∞- p LÙo TV-¶jR ÁW-ÿm J˙W ˙TÙp LÙQl-T-

”-°u-\-Rp-XYÙ? LÙ¨u CVd-Lm ∫WÙ] CVd-L-Up-XYÙ? CkRf „r-®- X-

L-∞p LÙo ∫WÙ] ˙YLj-ßp Gufl ·\-XÙm. TPm 9.8 I Etfl ˙SÙd-L-‹m.

J⁄ LÙo TV-¶jR ÁW-ÿm, A-Rtœ G”j-’d˘LÙiP ˙SW-ÿm ˘LÙ”d-Ll-

Th-”s-[’.

Ceœ LÙo NULÙX C˚P˘Y∞- p TV-¶jR ÁW-eLs ˙Yfl-Th-”s-[-R-p-

XYÙ? Al-T• Gu-\Ùp Ck-Rd -LÙ- u CVd-Lm ∫WÙ] CVd-LUÙ? ∫Wt\

CVd-LUÙ? AlT•VÙ]Ùp ˙YL˙UÙ?

A B C D E F0 20 m 40 m 60 m 80 m 100 m

0 s 2 s 4 s 6 s 8 s 10s

TPm 9.7

TPm 9.7 I Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-’ A-h-P-Y˚Q 9.7 I Èojß ˘Nn-V-‹m.

Ah-P-Y˚Q 9.7

TV-¶jR ÁWm ˙SWm ˙YLm

A ��B 20 m 2 s 10 m/sB ��CC ��DD ��EE ��F

TPm9.8

A B C D E F0 5 m 20 m 26 m 44 m 50 m

0 s 2 s 4 s 6 s 8 s 10s�

TV-¶jR ÁWm ˙SWm ˙YLm

A � B 5 m 2 s 2.5 m/sB � C 15 m 2 s 7.5 m/sC � DD � EE � F

Ah-P-Y˚Q 9.8

TPm 9.8 Il Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-’ A-h-P-Y˚Q 9.8 Il Èojß ˘Nn-V-‹m.

IT@ SchoolEdubuntu Cp school

resources ˙Ym Gu\ Tœ-

ß-˚Vl TÙd-L-‹m


NU-LÙX C˚P- Y-∞- p J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s NU ÁWm TV-¶j-RÙp ARu

ß˚N ˙YLm ∫WÙ] ß˚N- Y-Lm G]l-T-”m,-B-]Ùp NU LÙX C˚P-

˘Y-∞- p NU ÁWm TV-¶dL Æp˚X Gu-\Ùp ARu ß˚N ˙YLm

∫Wt\ ß˚N ˙YLm G]l-T-”m.

J⁄ YÙL-]j-ßu ˙YL-UÙ-≤˚V TÙoj-’d- LÙi-•-⁄d-œm UÙQ-Y-u YÙL-]j-

ßu YLm Yfl-T-h-”d- LÙi-•-⁄l-T- Rl TÙoj-RÙ-u. Cf „r-®- X- p YÙL-

]m TV-¶jR ˙YLm Gq-YÙfl LQ-d°-Pl-T-”-°-\-’. NWÙ-N¨ ˙YL-Up-XYÙ

LQd-°-P-ÿ-•-°-\RÙ?

TPm 9.8 ¤s[ RL-Yp-L˚[l TVu-T-”jß LÙü NWÙ-N¨ YLj- Rd LQd°-

P-‹m.

$ LÙo A ÿRp F Y˚W TV-¶jR ÁWm= 50 m

$ Cq-Y-[‹ ÁWm TV-¶dL G”j-’d- LÙiP ˙SWm = 10 s

NWÙ-N¨ ˙YLm =TV-¶jR ˘UÙjR ÁWm

TV-Qj-ßtœ G”j-’d- LÙiP ˙SWm

= 50 m 5 m/s10 s

∫WÙ] ˙YLj- R-Ÿm .∫-Wt\ ˙YLj- R-Ÿm ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙiºo-L-[p-XYÙ? C≤

∫WÙ] ß˚N-- Y-L-ÿm, ∫Wt\ ß˚N ˙YLÿm Gu] Gufl TÙod-L-XÙm.

∫WÙ] ß˚N- Y-Lm, ∫Wt\ ß˚N ˙YLm

(Uniform velocity and Non uniform velocity)

Íufl LÙo-L-∞u CVd-Lj-’-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊- PV RL-Yp-Ls ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-

[].

LÙo A ˘UÙj-Rm 500 ¡h-Po ÁWm ˙So ˙LÙh-•p TV-¶j-R-’, Jq- YÙ⁄

Æ]Ù•´¤m NU-Á-Wm TV-¶d-°-\’

LÙo B ˘UÙj-Rm 500 ¡h-Po ÁWm ˙So ˙LÙh-•p TV-¶j-R-’, Jq- YÙ⁄

Æ]Ù•´¤m NU-Á-Wm TV-¶d-LÆp˚X

LÙo C ˘UÙj-Rm 500 ¡h-Po ÁWm Yh-Pl-TÙ- R- p TV-¶j-R-’, Jq- YÙ⁄

Æ]Ù•´¤m NU-Á-Wm TV-¶d-°-\’

CR˚]l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn’ Æ]Ùd-L-fidœ Æ˚P G›-R-‹m

$ Jq- YÙ⁄ Æ]Ù-•- -¤m LÙo A ú ß˚N- Y-Lm J˙W ˙TÙp Es-

[RÙ? LÙW-Qm ·\-‹m.

$ Jq- YÙ⁄ Æ]Ù-•- -¤m LÙo B ú ß˚N- Y-Lm J˙W ˙TÙp Es-

[RÙ? LÙW-Qm ·\-‹m.?

J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄-∞u CVdL ß˚N UÙfl-T-”-UÙ-]Ùp Al- TÙ-⁄-∞u ß˚N-

˙Y-L-ÿm UÙt-\-U- Pk’ ˘LÙi•⁄d-œm.

IT@ SchoolEdubuntu Cp schoolresources Cp ˙YLm

Gu\ Tœ-ß˚Vd

LÙQ‹m.

TPm 9.9


$ Jq- YÙ⁄ Æ]Ù-•- -¤m LÙo C Cu ß˚N ˙YLm J˙W ˙TÙp Es-

[RÙ? LÙW-Qm Gu]?

J⁄ TÙ⁄s ∫WÙ] ß˚N YLj-ßp CVeœm TÙ’ ARu ß˚N-

˙Y-Lm NU-LÙX C˚P- Y-∞- p NU-UÙ-L-‹m, J˙W ß˚N- p CVe-

L-‹m ˘Nn-Ÿm

˙YLm, ß˚N ˙YLm CYt-±p H˙R-‡m Ju-±tœ UÙt-\m Ht-T-

”m ˙TÙ’ ˘TÙ⁄-∞u ß˚N- Y-L-ÿm UÙflm.

�

Ah-P-Y˚Q 9.9

∫WÙ] ˙YLm ∫Wt\ ˙YLm LÙW-Qm

LÙo A ß˚N ˙YLj-ßu A[‹, ß˚N UÙfl-Y-ßp˚X

LÙo B

LÙo C ß˚N ˙Ym UÙfl-Y-ßp- X, ß˚N UÙfl-°-\’

∫WÙ] ß˚N- Y-Lj- R-Ÿm, ∫Wt\ ß˚N˙YLj- R-Ÿm ˘R¨k’ ˘LÙi-ºo-L-

[p-X-YÙ? ∫-WÙ] ß˚N ˙YLj-ß-¤m, ∫Wt\ß˚N ˙YLj-ß-¤m TV-¶lT-

Yt˚\d Li-”-©-•j’ G›-R-‹m.

∫WÙ] ß˚N- Y-Lm

$ J∞ ˘Yt-±-Pj-ßp TV-¶d-°-\’

$

∫Wt\ ß˚N- Y-Lm

$ W´p ®˚X-Vj-ßp C⁄k’ ◊\l-T-”m W´p

$

ÿ”d-Lm (Acceleration)

J⁄ LÙ¨p øe-Ls TV-¶l-T-RÙ-Ld L⁄-R-‹m, LÙo TV-¶j’ A’

˙So ˙LÙh-•p TV-¶d-œm ˙TÙ’ ARu ß˚N ˙YLj-ßp UÙt-\m

Ht-T-”-°-\-’. C’ Gq-YÙfl S˚P- T-fl-°-\’? ß˚N ˙YLj˚R UÙt-fl-

Y-Rtœ TVu-T-”m J⁄ A˚Ul˙T Bd-≥- Xh-Po. C˚Rl TVu-T-

”j-’m ÿ˚\˚Vl TPj-ßp LÙQ-‹m.

TPm 9 .11 Cp J⁄ LÙ¨u ˙So ˙LÙh” TV-Qj-’-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊- PV RL-

Yp-Ls ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[-]. C˚Rl Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn’ Ah-P-Y˚Q

9.11 I Èojß ˘Nn-V-‹m.

TPm 9.10

A B C D E F0 5 s 10 s 15 s 20 s 25 s

0 m/s 5 m/s 10 m/s 10 m/s 6 m/s 0 m/s

TPm 9.10

˙U˙X ˘LÙ”dLl-ThP RL-Yp-L˚[ Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn’ Ah-P-Y- Q 9.9

Il Èojß ˘Nn-V-‹m.

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Gßo ÿ”d-Lm (Retardation)

$ Ah-P-Y˚Q 9.10 I Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn’ LÙo D≠⁄k’ E ˘Np-¤m ˙TÙ’ LÙü ß˚N- Y-Lm ·”-°-

\RÙ? œ˚\-°-\RÙ? Gufl Li-”-©-•d-L-‹m.

ß˚N- YL UÙt\j-ßu Æ°-Rm Gq-Y-[‹?

$ LÙo E ≠⁄k’ F ˘Np-¤m ˙TÙ’ LÙü ß˚N- Y-Lm

·”-°-\RÙ? œ˚\-°-\RÙ? Gufl Li-”-©-•d-L-‹m.

ß˚N- YL UÙt\j-ßu Æ°-Rm Gq-Y-[‹?

Ceœ LÙü ÿ”d-Lm œ˚\-Y- Rl TÙoj-æo-L[p-XYÙ?

C’ Gßo ÿ”d-Lm (Retardation). G]l-T”m. CRu AXœ

m/s2 Gufl œ±l-©-Pl-T-”-°-\-’,

∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ „r-®-˚X-L-∞p ÿ”d-Lj-ßu

Ußl◊ ˙So UßlTÙ? Gßo UßlTÙ? Gufl Li-”-©-•d-L-

‹m.

$ NU-R-[j-ßp E⁄-fim Tk’.

$ W´p ®˚X-Vj-ßp C⁄k’ ◊\l-T-”m W´p.

$ ˙Up ˙SÙd° G±-Ÿm Lp ˙Up ˙SÙd° ˘Np-¤m ˙TÙ’m, ∏r- SÙd°

Y⁄m TÙ’m.

˙YLm, ÿ”d-Lj-˚Rl Tt± ˘R¨-k’ ˘LÙi-˙PÙm Ap-XYÙ? ÿ”d-Lm

Aß-L- d-œm ˙TÙ’- Y-Lm ·”-°-\’. YÙL-]e-L-∞u A[-‹dœ Aß-L-UÙ]

˙YLm ÆTj-ßtœd LÙW-Q-UÙ-°-\-’.

NÙ˚X-L-∞p A˚Ud-Ll-ThP A±-Æl-◊L-˚[-Ÿm, Gf-N-¨d-˚L-L-˚[-Ÿm,

NÙ˚X Æß-L- [-Ÿm L˚P-©-•j-RÙp, YÙL] ÆTj’ ÍXm Ht-T-”m UW-

Qe-L- [d œ˚\d-L-XÙm, ∏˙Z LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ Æ[m-TWl TX- L˚Vl

TÙWd-L-‹m.

SÙu £\k-R-Yu

G]’ TVo £flj˚R (◊s∞ ◊≠) G]’

˙YLm ™L Aß-L-UÙ-œm, Gq-Y-[‹

Gufl ˘R -ŸUÙ? 25 m/s ÿRp 30 m/sY˚W. CWi” Æ]Ù-•- p G]’ YLm

Èw-¥-Vj-ßp C⁄k-’ 20 m/s Y˚Wd-·-P-

XÙm. G]’ ÿ”d-Lm Gl-T• C⁄d-œm.?

Speedthrills

butkills

U’ A⁄kß YÙL-

]m Kh-PÙ˙R

˘ap˘Uh

A¶k’ C⁄ Nd-LW

YÙL-]jßp TV-

Qm ˘Nn-V-‹m

Better late thannever

Kh-”-]- u LY-]d-œ- \-‹m, A[-‹dœ Aß-L-UÙ] ˙YL-ÿU RÙu YÙL]

ÆTj-ßu ÍXm Ht-T-”m UW-Q-j-ßtœd LÙW-Qm. LÙp S˚Pl-T-V-¶-L-∞u

LY-]d-œ-˚\-‹m CRtœd LÙW-Q-UÙ-œm. C˙RÙ” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV ·”-Rp

RLYp-L˚[ G›-ßf- Nod-L-‹m.


$ S˚P- U˚P YØ-VÙL Uh-”m SPdL‹m.

$ NÙ˚X- u YX’ Td-L-UÙL SPd-L-‹m.

$ l-©WÙ Xu Es[ CPe-L-∞p Uh-”˙U NÙ˚X- u œfld-

LÙLf ˘Np-X-‹m

$ UÙ˚X-´-¤m C-W-Æ-¤m C⁄iP Ut-flm L⁄˚U ®\

B˚PL˚[ A¶k’ NÙ˚X- p SPl-T˚Rj RÆod-L-‹m.

$

NÙ˚X ÆTj--’dœd LÙW-Qe-Ls G˚Y Gu\ Bn‹ A±d˚L

RVÙ-¨d-L-‹m.

˙LW-[j-ßp Es[ TX NÙ˚X-L-∞u YØVÙL YÙL-]e-Ls ˘Np-

¤-Y-Rt-œ A‡-U-ßd-Ll-ThP ˙YLj-˚Rl Th-•-V-≠-Pl-Th-”s-

[˚R LY-≤d-L-‹m.

Ah-P-Y˚Q 9.11

LpÆ ®˚X-

Ve-L-fidœ

A⁄-°p

œfldœ

NÙ˚X

SL-WÙh£/

FWÙh£/UÙS-L-

WÙh£

˙R£V

˘S”g

NÙ˚X

UÙ®X

˘S”g

NÙ˚X

YÙL-]m

˙UÙh-PÙo-Ls 30 45 50 85 80 90

˙UÙh-PÙo ˚Nd-°s 30 45 50 60 50 70

Bh- PÙ - d`Ù 30 35 30 50 50 50

˙T⁄k’ 30 40 40 65 65 70

SÙ¤-Y-Øl-

TÙ˚R

Aß-L-ThN ˙YLm km/h

YÙL-]e-L-∞u AßL ˙YLm, YÙL] Kh-”-]- u LY-]d-œ- \-‹, LÙp-S- Pl-

T-V-¶-L-∞u LY-]d-œ- \‹, ˙TÙ˚Rl ˘TÙ⁄s TVu-TÙ” B°-V-Yt-\Ùp

Ht-T-”m ÆTj-’d-L˚[l Tt-±V J⁄ L⁄j-R-We-Lj˚R ˘Tt- \Ùo˛ B£- -Vo

NeLj-ßp ˘Y∞- -P-‹m.

˙LW[UÙ®X ˙WÙ”-L-∞p YÙL]eLs ˘NpX A‡U-ßjR ˙YLm

GO (P) No.20/2014/Tran dated 28.02.2014


ÿd-°V Lt-\p NVp-TÙ-”-Ls

$ CVdL ®˚X-˚V-Ÿm, CVd-L-Ut\ ®˚X-˚V-Ÿm œ±l-TÙ-Vj-˚Rl

˘TÙflj’ ˙Yfl-T-”jß A±V ÿ•-Ÿm.

$ ÁWm, CPl-˘T-Vof£ B°-V-Yt-±u ˙YflTÙ”-L-˚[-Ÿm, AYt-±u

A[-‹-Ls NU-UÙ-œm. „Ø-®- X-L˚[d Li-P-±-k’ Æ[dL ÿ•-°-\’.

$ ß˚N ˙Noj’ œ±l-©-”m A[-‹-L˚[j ß˚N-Ÿfl A[-‹-Ls Gu-flm

Ap-XÙR A[-‹-L˚[j ß˚N´≠ A[-‹-Ls Gu-flm ·\ ÿ-•-Ÿm.

$ ˙YLm, ß˚N ˙YLj-ßu ˙Yfl-TÙh˚P Li-P-±k’ Æ[dL ÿ•-°-\’.

$ ∫WÙ] ˙YLm , ∫Wt\ ˙YLm, ∫WÙ] ß˚N ˙YLm, ∫Wt\ ß˚N- Y-Lm,

∫WÙ] ÿ”d-Lm, ∫Wt\ ÿ”d-Lm B°-V-Yt-±tœ G”j-’d-LÙh-”-Ls

·\ ÿ•-°-\-’, CYt-fl-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊- PV L¶-Rl-©-Wf-£- ]-L˚[j

æod-L-‹m ÿ•-°-\-’.

$ NÙ˚Xl-TÙ-’-LÙl◊ ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L-∞p D”-T-”-Y-Rtœ ÿ•-°-\-’.

Ußl-©-P-XÙm

1. œ›-Æp ˙NWÙ-R’ G’?

(ß˚N ˙YLm, ÿ”d-Lm, ˙YLm, CPl- T-Vof£)

2. J⁄ UÙQ-Y-≤u ·tfl RWl-Th-”s-[-’, SÙu 250 ¡h-Po J• -]u

Gu\Ù-¤m CPl- T-Vo£ Èw-¥-V-UÙ-œm, LÙW-Qm Gu]?

3. ∫WÙ] ˙YL-ÿs[ GpXÙ ˘TÙ⁄h-L-fid-œm, ∫WÙ] ß˚N ˙YL-™p˚X

ERÙ-W-Qj-’-Pu Æ[d-L-‹m.

4. A Gu\ ˙T⁄k’ 5 s ˙SWj-ßp 75 m ÁWm K•-V’. B Gu\ - T-⁄k’

13s ˙SWj-ßp 169 m ÁWm K•-V’

a. GkR ˙T⁄k’ AßL ÁWm K•-V’?

b. GkR ˙T⁄kßtœ ˙YLm Aß-Lm?

5. CVd-LUt\ ®˚X- p C⁄k’ TV-Qm ˘RÙPe-°V J⁄ LÙ¨u ß˚N-

˙Y-Lm 8 Æ]Ù-•- p 40 m/s BL UÙ±-V’ G≤p ARu ÿ”d-Lm

Gu]?

6. J⁄ LÙo ÿR-≠p 400m ÁW-j˚R 8m/s ˙YLj-ß¤m A”jR 1200mÁWj˚R 10m/s ˙YLj-ß-¤m L˚P£ 360m. ÁWj˚R 12m/s ˙YLj-ß-

¤m TV-¶d-°-\’ Gu-\Ùp LÙ¨u NWÙ-N¨ ˙YLm Li-”-©•.


7. ∏˙Z LÙ”d-Ll-ThP „r-®- X-L-∞p TÙ⁄h-L-fidœ ÿ”d-Lm EiPÙ?

LÙW-Qm ·flL?

$ J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s ˙So ˙LÙh-•p ∫WÙ] ß˚N ˙YLj-ßp CVeœ°\’.

$ J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s ˙So ˙LÙh-•p ∫Wt\ ß˚N ˙YLj-ßp CVeœ°\’.

$ Yh-Pl-TÙ- R- p J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s ∫WÙ] ß˚N ˙YLj-ßp CVeœ°\’..-

$ Yh-Pl-TÙ- R- p J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s ∫Wt\ ß˚N ˙YLj-ßp CVeœ°\’

8. 30 m/s ß˚N YLj-ßp CVe° LÙi-•-⁄d-œm J⁄ XÙ¨ 5 Æ]Ù•´p

CVd-L-Ut\ ®˚X˚V A˚P-°-\’ Gu-\Ùp ARu ÿ”d-Lm Gq-Y-[‹?

9. J⁄ LÙ¨u ß˚N ˙YLUÛ 15 m/s Gu-\Ùp 30 Æ]Ù-•- p AkRd LÙ⁄dœ

Ht-ThP CPl- T-Vof£ Gq-Y-[‹?

10. J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s A ≠⁄k’ TV-Qm ˘RÙPe° B YØ-VÙL C I A- Pk-R-

Ru TÙ˚R TPj-ßp ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s-[˚R Etfl ˙SÙd-L-‹m.

a. ˘TÙ⁄-∞u ˙YLj- Rd Li-”-©-•.

b.. ˘TÙ⁄-∞u ß˚N˙YLm Gq-Y-[‹?

c. ˘TÙ⁄s A - ≠-⁄k’ C ˚V A˚PkR˙TÙ’ Es[ ß˚N- Y-Lm, C

´p C⁄k’ Adœf ˘Nu-\- TÙ’ Es[ ß˚N- Y-Lm B°-V-Yt˚\

Jl-◊˚U ˘Nn-V-‹m?

d. ˘TÙ⁄s C - ´≠-⁄k’ ◊\l-Th” ¡i”m A - dœf ˘Nufl ˙NW 5

Æ]Ù• G”j-RÙp ß˚N- Y-Lm Gq-Y-[‹?

RÙPo - N-Vp-TÙ-”-Ls

1. ˙YLj-ßu A[-Æp UÙt-\-™p-XÙ-Up ÿ”dLm Ht-T-”m „r-®- X-L˚[l

Th-•-V-≠-P-‹m.

2. Ee-Ls Ts-∞d-·-Pj-ßu YØ-f˘Np-¤m YÙL-]e-Ls ˙YL Gp˚X˚V

LPd-°u-\-]YÙ Gu\ J⁄ ˘NVpßh-Pm YÙ -XÙL A±d- L˚Vj RVÙ-

¨j’ Y∞- -P-‹m.

70 m

60 m40 m

CA

B

6s 4 s


3. NÙ˚X Æß-L- [l-Tt± J⁄ L⁄-j-R-We-œ SPjR-‹m.

4. Sm- Uf-—t±d LÙQl-T-”m £X˘TÙ⁄hL∞u ˙YLe-Ls ˘LÙ”d-Ll-

Th-”s-[]. ©\ ˘TÙ⁄s-Ls, E - -]e-L-∞u ˙YLj˚Rd Li-”-©-

•j’ Th-•-V-≠P‹m.

©¨‹ NWÙN¨

˙YLm

Sj˚R 0.0015 m/s

£flj˚Rl ◊≠ 30 m/s

„l-To ˙NÙ≤d ÆUÙ-]m 200 m/s

L›œ 13 m/s

D

YÙŸ-Æp J≠- u ˙YLm

È™- u —Zt£


R˚X-˚U-B-£-¨-V¨u A˚\-´-‡s LPk’ ˘Np-¤m

UÙQ-Yu Li-QÙ-•d -L-R-Æp G›-Rl-Th-”s-[˚Rd

LY-≤d-°\Ùu. C˚Y G˚R- Vp-XÙm œ±l-©-”-°u-\]

Gufl SÙm LÙi˙TÙm.

RWl-ThP-”s[ TPj˚R Etfl ˙SÙd-L--‹m.

TPe-L˚[l Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-’, AYt-±p ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ ˘NVp-TÙ-

”-L-[Ù] Rs-fiRp, C›jRp Gufl Th-•-V-≠-P-‹m, ·”-RXÙ] G”j-’d-

LÙh-”-L˚[ G›-ßf ˙Nod-L-‹m.

Rs-fiRp C›j-Rp

$ LÙo Rs[l-T-”-°-\’. $

$ $

TPm10.1 (b)

Ah-P-Y˚Q 10.1

TPm 10.1 (a)

Rsfi

ASn-ÿm-\-imkv{Xw VIII 133A•l-T˚P A±-ÆVp VIII 133

Ce°-XÙk-ßu- Ópv RÙol-©p

©\k-RÙo. AY-ü -Li-”-©-•l-

◊-L-∞p ™L-‹m ÿd-°-V-UÙ-]- Y

CVdLÆß-Ls, ◊Æ-D -ol◊

ÆßLs ˙TÙu-\˚Y Bœm.

AY-⁄dœ 1705 Cp No Th-Pm

°˚PjR’. ©ü-≥l-©VÙ UÙj-

R-UÙt-±dLÙ Gu\ AY-⁄-˚PV

Ëp A±-Æ-Vp EX-°u J⁄

YØ-LÙh-•-VÙ-œm.

$ Tk’ A NYt\ ®˚X˚V

A˚P-°u-\’

$ —Y-o CVe-œ-Y-Rt-LÙ]

„r-®˚X Ht-T-”-°u-\’.

$

Ah-PY˚Q 10.2C’Y˚W SPkR LXk-’-˚W-VÙ-P-≠p C⁄k’ Æ˚N-´-˚]d-œ-±j’

øeLs ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi-P˚R A±-Æ-Vp ◊j-R-Lj-ßp G›-R-‹m.

J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄-∞u Y•-Yj-ßt˙LÙ, A[-Æt˙LÙ, T⁄-U≤t˙LÙ A˚N-

Yt-\-®- Xd- LÙ, CVd-Lj-ßt˙LÙ UÙt\m Ht-T-”j-R-Y˙RÙ Ap-X’

ARtLÙ] „r-®- X˚V Ht-T-”j-’-Y˙R - Æ˚NVÙœm.

TPm 10.2 (a)

®˚\ 0.1 kg (100 g) Es[ J⁄

˘TÙ⁄˚[ R˚W- Uh-Pj-ßtœ

C˚QVÙL ˚L´p ®˚X-®-flj-

’-Y-Rt-œl ◊Æ-Dol◊ Æ˚Ndœ

Gß-WÙL HL-˙R-Nm 1N Æ˚N

˘N¤j-R- ˙Yi-”m.

No INd-®-Îh-Pu

(1642-1727)

TPe-L˚[ Tœl-TÙn‹ ˘Nn-’, TX-ÆR ˘TÙ⁄s-L-∞p Æ˚N ˘N¤j-

Rl-T-”m ˙TÙ’ Ht-T-”m Æ˚[-‹-L˚[ -Ah-P-Y- Q- p G›-R‹m.

J⁄ TÙ⁄˚[j Rs[- YÙ, C›d-L˙YÙ Nn-Ÿm TÙ’ ARu Up

J⁄ Æ˚N ˘N¤j-Rl-T-”-°\’.

Æ˚Nú AXœ ®Îh-Pu (newton) ApXYÙ. C’ N Gu\ G›j-

RÙp œ±l-©-Pl-T-”-°-\-’.

Æ˚N Gu-T’ Rs-fi-Rp (Push) Ap-X’ C›j-Rp(Pull) Uh-”UÙ?

SÙm BWÙ-n˙YÙm.

RWl-Th-”s[ TPe-L˚[ Etfl ˙SÙd-L‹m.

TPm10.2 (b) TPm 10.2 (c)

˘NVp-TÙ” Æ˚[‹

$ E⁄i” Y⁄m Tk-ßp U’-YÙLd

LÙ˚X -T-Vu-T-”jß Gßo ß˚N-

´p Æ˚N ˘N¤j-Rl-T-”-°-\’.

$ —Y˚Wj Rsfim- TÙ’

$

TPm 10.2 (d) TPm 10.2 (e) TPm 10.2 (f)

IT @ SchoolEdubuntu Cp school resourcesEs[ ÿL-‹-˚Wl Tœ-ß˚Vl-

TÙod-L‹m

J⁄ ®Îh-Pu


˘RÙPo◊ Æ˚N-Ÿm ˘RÙPo-Tt\ Æ˚N-Ÿm

(Contact Force and Non Contact Force)

TPe-L˚[ Etfl ˙SÙd-L-‹m.

TPm 10.3 (a) TPm 10.3 (b) TPm 10.3 (c)

TPm 10.3 (d) TPm 10.3 (e)

TPm 10.3 (f)

˘RÙPo◊ YØ-VÙ-L-‹m ˘RÙPo◊ Cp-XÙ-U-¤m Æ˚N ˘N¤j-Rl-T-”m £X „r-®- X-L˚[

TÙoj-æo-L-[p-X-YÙ.?

Tp-Y˚L Æ˚N-Ls

TPm 10.3 I Tœl-TÙn‹ Nn’ RWl-Th-”s[ Ah-P-Y˚Q 10.3®Wl-T-‹m.

1. h˙WÙ∞ Rs-[l-T-”-Y’

2. ˘Ru˚] UWj-ß≠⁄k’ Re-LÙn Æ›-°u-\’

3. °Qt-±-≠-⁄k’ Ri-Ωo C˚\d-Ll-T-”-°-\’

4. NU-UÙ] R˚W- p E⁄h-•-Æ-Pl-ThP Tk’ A˚N-

Yt\ ®˚X˚V A˚P-°-\’

5. LÙk-Rm C⁄mTÙ¶˚V Dod-°u-\-’.

6. ÿ•-´p EW-£V ©[Ùv-•d A[-‹-˙LÙp

LÙ°-Rj ’i-”-L˚[ Dod-°u-\’

Ah-P-Y˚Q 10.3

�

„r-®˚X

Æ˚N

˘TÙ⁄hLsJu˚\

Jufl ˘RÙ”Y’ÍXm

Y¨˚N-

Gi˘TÙ⁄hLs Ju˚\

J u fl ˘ R Ù ” Y ’Cp˚X

U≤-R‡m ©\ E´-¨-]e-L -fim

˙Y˚X ˘NnV TVu-T-”j-’-Y’

AYo-L -∞u R˚N-T-X-UÙ -œm

(Muscular Force).LÙk-Rj-ßtœ Dol-◊˛ ÆXd-Lp Ti◊

Es-[-’. LÙk-Rm ˘N¤j-’m CkR

Æ˚Ndœ LÙkR Æ˚N ( MagneticForce) Gufl ˘TVo.

R˚X-ÿ-•-´p EW-£V ©[Ùv-•d

˙T]ÙYÙp £±V LÙ°-Rj ’i-”-L˚[

DodL CV-¤-Y’ ®˚X-™u Æ˚N-VÙ-XÙ-

œm. (Electrostatic Force)˙TWi-Pj-ßp Es[ ˘TÙ⁄h-L-fid-°-

˚P˙V Dol◊ Æ˚N Es-[-’. Cj-R-

˚LV Dol◊ Æ˚N ◊Æ-¬ol◊ Æ˚N

(gravitational Force.) Gu-\-±-Vl-T-”-

°-\-’.

CVd-Lj-’-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV Æ˚N

˘TÙ’-YÙL CVk-ßW Æ˚N (MechnicalForce)Gu-\-±-Vl-T-”-°-\-’. J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄-

∞u ¡’ ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ ˘TÙ⁄s ˘Np-¤m

˙TÙ’ ˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u CVd-Lj-ßtœj

R˚P Ht-T-”j-’m Æ˚N EWÙn‹ Æ˚N

(Frictional Force) Bœm. CYt- \j

RÆW ©\ Æ˚N-L-fim Es-[-]..


Ah-P-Y˚Q 10.4

TPm 10.5

TPm 10.4

˘RÙPo◊ Æ˚N-L-∞p EWÙn‹ Æ˚N-˙VÙ” ˘RÙPo-◊-˚PV Utfl

£X L⁄j-’-L- [-Ÿm SÙm Bn‹ ˘Nn-V-XÙm.

EWÙn‹ Æ˚N (Frictional Force)

TPj˚R LY-≤j-æo-Ls ApXYÙ?

™ß-Yi-•- u Nd-L-Wj-ßu Af-—j-Ri-•p Gi- Qn C”-Y’ GRt-

LÙL?

J⁄ E˙XÙL ˙LÙ[j-˚R-˙VÙ, Wl-To Tk-˚R˙VÙ NU-R-[-UÙ]

R˚W´p E⁄h• ÆP-‹m. ARu CVd-Lj-ßtœ Gu] ®Lr-°-\-’.?

LÙW-Qm Gu]?

Ee-L-fi- PV ÿ•-‹-L˚[d LXk-’- W-VÙ• A±-Æ--Vp ◊j-R-Lj-ßp

œ±d-L-‹m.

˙U˚N- u ¡’ ◊j-R-Lm ˚Yj-ß-⁄d-œm TPm 10.5 I LY-≤d-L-‹m.

˙U˚N˚Vf Ntfl N¨j-’l-TÙod-L-‹m. ◊j-R-Lm CVe-œ-°-\RÙ?

˙U˚N˚Vf Ntfl Aß-L-UÙLf N¨j-’l-TÙod-L-‹m Cl- TÙ˙RÙ?.

˙U˚N˚Vf Ntfl N¨j-R- TÙ’ ◊j-R-Lm CVe-LÙ-Up C⁄k-R-Rtœd

LÙW-Qm Gu]?.

˙U˚NŸm ◊j-R-L-ÿm ˘RÙPo-©p Y⁄-°u\ TWl-◊-L-∞u £\l-©-Vp-

◊-L˚[l TPj-ßp C⁄k’ Li-”-©-•j’ Ee-L-∞u ÿ•-‹-L˚[ A±-

Æ-Vp ◊j-R-Lj-ßp œ±d-L-‹m.

™L ÷i¶V HWÙ-[m ˙U”-Ts-[e-Ls CYt-±u ˙Ut-T-Wl-©p

LÙQl-T-”-°-\’ Ap-XYÙ?

Cq-Æ-Wi” TWl-◊-L-fim Ju-˙\Ù-˘PÙufl ˘RÙPo◊ ˘LÙs-fim

˙TÙ’ A˚Y Ju-fld-˘LÙufl Efl-ß-VÙ-Ll-Tt-±d ˘LÙs-°u-\-].

˘TÙ⁄s-L-∞u ˙Ut-T-Wl-©tœ C˚Q-VÙL Æ˚N- Vf ˘N¤jß

CVd-L-U-˚P-Vf ˘Nn-Y-Rt-œ ÿVt-£d-œm ˙TÙ’ A˚Rj R˚P

˘NnV J⁄ Gßo-Æ˚N A‡-T-Yl-T-P-‹m ˘Nn-°-\-’.

˘TÙ⁄s-Ls Ju-˚\ Jufl ˘RÙ”m-˙TÙ’ ˙RÙu-flm Æ˚N-˙V ˘RÙ”-

Æ˚N.

˘TÙ⁄-fi---Pu ˘RÙPo©p-XÙR ®˚X- p J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄-∞u ˙Up ˘N¤j-Rl-

T-”m Æ˚N- ˘RÙPoTt\ Æ˚N.

˘RÙPo◊ Æ˚Nd-œm RÙPo-Tt\ Æ˚Nd-œm ·”Rp G”j-’d-LÙh-”d-L˚[j

Li-”-©-•j’ Ah-P-Y- Ql-T-”j-R-‹m.

˘RÙPo◊ Æ˚N ˘RÙPoT-t\ Æ˚N

� �


CWi” UÙQ-Yo-Ls E⁄- [j R•-L˚[ CPm ˘TVW ÿVt-£d-°u\ TPe-

L˚[d LY-≤j-æo-Ls Ap-XYÙ. R˚W- u YØ-VÙL ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[ C›j’ ød-

œ-Y’ G∞RÙ? Ap-X’ E⁄h• ød-œ-Y’ G∞RÙ?

J⁄ ˘NVp-TÙh˚P ˘Nn’ TÙo-L-L-XÙm.

TPj-ßp LÙh-Pl Th-”s[˚Rl TÙufl T[-T-[l-TÙ] U˚N- u ¡’

J⁄ UWd-Lh-˚P˚V ˚Yj’ Aßp Ë≠p- Lh-•V J⁄ RWÙ-—j Rh-

˚Pj ˘RÙeL ÆP-‹m. J˙W R•-U-‡s[ C⁄m-TÙ-¶-L˚[ Jq- YÙu-

\ÙL Rh-•p CP-‹m. Gj-R˚] B¶-L˚[ Ch-P- TÙ’ UWd-Lh˚P

CVeL ˘RÙPe-°-V’ Gu-T˚R Etfl ˙SÙd-L-‹m.

˙U¤m UWd-Lh- Pd-œm- ˙UtT-Wl-©t-œm C˚P˙V CVdLjß˚Ndœf

TPm 10.6 (a) TPm 10.6 (b)

TPm 10.7

IT@ SchoolEdubuntu Æp schoolresources Æp Es[

EWÙn‹ Gq-YÙfl Ht-T-”-ß-

\’ Gu\ Tœ-ß- Vd LÙQ-

‹m.

˘Ne-œj-RÙL CWi” E⁄i-˚P-VÙ] ˘Tu-£p-Ls ˚Yj’ ˘NVp-

TÙh˚P ¡i-”m ˘Nn-V-‹m.

$ Rh-•p Gj-R˚] B¶-Ls YjR - TÙ’ UWd-Lh˚P CVe-Lj - RÙPe-

°-V’?

$ øe-Ls ˘NnR ˘NVp-TÙh-•p UWd-Lh- P˚V CVe-Lf- NnV œ˚\kR

Æ˚N TVu-T-”j-Rl-Th-P’ Gl- TÙ’?

$ UWd-Lh- P˚V C›j’ ød-°V ˙TÙ˙RÙ Ap-X’ ˘Tu-£p-Ls TVu-T-

”jß E⁄h• ød-°V ˙TÙRÙ AßL Æ˚N TVu-T--”j-Rl-Th-P’?

$ Al-T-•-VÙ-]Ùp Gk-Rf „r-®- X- p œ˚\kR Gßo Æ˚N A‡-T-Yl-

ThP’?

J⁄ Ut-T-Wl◊ Y˘\Ù⁄ Ut-T-Wl-©u YØ-VÙL CVe-œm TÙ˙RÙ

CVeL ÿVt£d-œm ˙TÙ˙RÙ AYt-±u NÙo◊ CVd-Lj˚R Gßod-

°u\ ÿ˚\- p AYt-±tœ C˚P˙V ˙Ut-T-Wl-©p C˚Q-VÙ]

J⁄ Æ˚N A‡-T-Yl-T-”-°-\-’, C’˙Y EWÙn‹ Æ˚N.

˘TÙ⁄h-L-fidœ C˚P- V-VÙ] A˚]j’ ˘RÙPo◊ CVd-Le-L-∞-¤m AYt-

±tœ C˚P- V-VÙ] Gßo-Æ˚N Jufl ˙TÙp A-‡-T-Yl-T-”-°-\RÙ?

SÙm TÙod-L-XÙm.

Tp- Y-fl -Y- L-VÙ] EWÙn‹Ls (Different Types of Friction)


EWÙn‹ EWÙn‹

TVuT”m „r-®- X-Ls TV-≤p-XÙR „r-®- X-Ls

Ah-P-Y˚Q10.5 AßL G”j-’d-LÙh-”-L- [d Li-”-©-•j’ Ah-P-Y˚Q 10.5 I Æ -YÙd-

L‹m. EWÙn-Æ-]Ùp Su- U-L-fim æ˚UL-fim Es-[] Gufl ◊¨k-R’

ApXYÙ. E-WÙn˚Yd œ˚\l-T-Rt-LÙ] YØ-ÿ- \-Ls G˚Y? BWÙn- YÙm.

RWl-Th-”s[ TPe-L˚[d LY-≤d-L-‹m.

TPm10.8 (a) TPm 10.8 (b) TPm10.8 (c)

IT@School Edubuntu Cp schoolresources Cp EWÙn‹ TVu-T-”j-Rl-

T-”-°-\’ Gu\ Tœ-ß˚Vd LÙQ-‹m.

J⁄ ˘TÙ⁄˚[ ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ ˘TÙ⁄-∞u ¡’- ˚Yj’ E⁄h• ød-œm ˙TÙ’

EQ-Wl-T-”-°u\ EWÙn‹ E⁄sEWÙn‹ (Rolling Friction). J⁄ TÙ⁄˚[

˙Y˘\Ù⁄ ˘TÙ⁄-∞u ¡’-- ˚Yj’ C›j’ ødœm ˙TÙ’ EQ-Wl-T-”-

°u\ EWÙn‹ NfldœEWÙn‹ (Sliding Friction).

E⁄s EWÙn‹ Nfldœ EWÙn˚Y ÆP œ˚\-YÙ-œm.

YÙL-]e-L-fidœf Nd-L-Wm TVu-T-”j-’-Y’ EWÙn˚Y œ˚\l-T-Rt-LÙ-œm.

E⁄˚[ YØ-VÙL EWÙn- Yd œ˚\l-T-Rt-LÙ] „r-®- X-L- [d Li-P-±k’

A±-Æ-Vp œ±l- Th-•p G›-R-‹m.

Au-\ÙP YÙrd- L- p EWÙn- Yl TVu-T-”j-’-°u\ HWÙ-[m „r-®- X-Ls

Es-[-], B]Ùp EWÙn-Æ-]Ùp £X æ˚U-L-fim Es-[-]. -E-WÙn‹ Su˚U

R⁄Y-’m, RWÙ-R-’-UÙ] £X „r-®- X-Ls ∏˙Z RWl-Th-”s-[]. AYt˚\ Ah-

P-Y- Ql-T-”j-R-‹-m

$ æd-œf£ æl- Th-•- p EW-Nl-T-”-°-\’.

$ CVk-ß-We-L-∞u ˙Rn-UÙ-]m.

$ ˘TÙ⁄s-L˚[l ©•dL CVp-°-\’.

$ SPlT’.

$ YÙL-]e-L-∞u PVo-L-∞p ˘Yh-”-Ls C”-Y’.

$ PVo ˙Rn-°-\’.

$ G - TÙ-⁄s CZl◊.

- EWÙn-Æu æ˚U-LsEWÙn-Æu Su- U-Ls EWÙn-Æu æ- U-Ls


F£-Ls TÙ⁄j-Rl-ThP °i-Qm

TPm 10.9 (a)

Am˙U.....

Tk-’-Ls ˘TÙ⁄k-ßV °iQm

TPm 10.9 (b)

IT@ SchoolEdubuntu Cp school

resources Cp EWÙn- Yd-

œ-˚\l-T-Rt-LÙ] ÿ˚\-Ls

Gu\ Tœ-ß- Vd LÙQ-‹m

E˚W-VÙ-P-˚Xd LY-≤j-æo-Ls Ap-X-YÙ. CRu

˘TÙ⁄s Gu] Gu-T- Rl TÙod-L-XÙm.

J⁄ B¶- u ¡’SPk’ ˘Nu-\-RtLÙ Cq-YÙfl Y⁄k-’-°-\Ùn, SÙuB¶l-T-”d- L- p T”l-

˙Tu Ap-XYÙ

GRt-LÙL C˚Y A˚]j-’m R≤l-ThP Y•Y A˚Ul-©p E⁄-YÙd-Ll-Th-

”s-[-]? LXk-’- W-VÙ-P-‹m..

AYt-±u ÿu- ]Ùdœ CVd-Lj-ßtœ LÙt˙\Ù, Ri-Ω˙WÙ A˚Y CWi-

”˙UÙ E⁄-YÙd-œ-Y-Rt-œ-°u\ EWÙn- Yd œ˚\l-T-Rtœ Ap-XYÙ?

Cq-YÙfl EWÙn- Yd œ˚\d-œm ÿ˚\- p ˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[ Y•-Y- Ul-T’

Y -Y-•-Ym (Stream lining) Gufl A˚Zd-Ll-T-”-°-\-’.

°]t-±p C⁄k’ Ri-Ωo C˚\l-T-Rt-œl TVu-T-”j-’-°u\ Ll-©- p Gi-

˘Qn C”-Y-’m YÙL-]e-L-∞p CVe-œ-°u\ Tœ-ß-L∞p Gi- Qn Ap-

X’ °¨v C”-Y˚R øe-Ls LY-≤j’ C⁄l-¿o-Ls Ap-XYÙ Cq-YÙfl

˘Nn-Vl-T-”-Y-Ru TV- ]d ·\-XÙUÙ?

EWÙn- Yd œ˚\l-T-Rt-LÙ-Ll TVu-T-”j-’-°u\ Cq-YÙ-\Ù] ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls

EV-‹-Ls (Lubricants) Gufl A˚Zd-Ll-T-”-°u-\-], ßP ®˚X- -¤-s[ J⁄

EV‹ °WÙ- Th Ás Bœm.

EV-‹-L-[Ù-Ll TVu-T-”j-’-°u\ ©\ ˘TÙ⁄h-L- [l Th-•-V-≠-P-‹m.

$ ˙Re-LÙn Gi- Qn

$

CVe-œm CVk-ß-Wl-T-œ-ß-L-∞p ˘RÙPo-©p Y⁄-°u\ ˙Ut-T-Wl-◊-L-fidœ

C˚P- p EWÙn- Yd œ˚\l-T-Rtœ °i-Qe-Ls TVu-T-”j-Rl-T-Ph-”s-

[˚R øe-L˚[ LY-≤j’ C⁄d-°u-»o-L[Ù? Nfldœ EWÙn- Yd -LÙh-•-¤m

œ˚\‹ E⁄s EWÙn‹ Gu\ Rj-’-Ym Ceœ TVu-T-”j-RlTh-”s-[-’. EWÙn-

˚Yd-œ- \l-T-Rtœ ˙Yfl H˙R-‡m YØ-ÿ- \-Ls Es-[-]-YÙ? ˙Ut-T-Wl-◊-

L˚[ T[-T-[l-TÙd-°-Ÿm EWÙn- Yd œ- \d-L-XÙm.

C’-Y˚W øe-Ls ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi-P-ßp C⁄k’ EWÙn- Yd œ˚\l-T-Rt-LÙL

Ht-fld- LÙiP YØ-ÿ- \-Ls G˚Y?

$ EV-‹l ˘TÙ⁄s -T-Vu-T-”j-Rp.

$

Au-\ÙP YÙrd- L- p EQ-Wl-T-”-°u\ ˙Yfl H˙R-‡m Æ˚N-L˚[ øe-

Ls A±k-’s-«o-L[Ù?

Ek-’-Æ- N-Ÿm A›j-R-ÿm (Thrust and Pressure)

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TPm 10.11

TPm10.12

TPm 10.13

C

B

A

øeLs ˘NnR ˙NÙR-˚]-´p A˚]j’ „r-®-˚X-L-∞-¤m ˘Ne-Lp

˘N¤j-ßV ˘UÙjR Æ˚N- p ˙Yfl-TÙ” Es-[RÙ?

˘Ne-L-p≠u TWl-T-[‹ ™d-œ- \kR ˘RÙPo-◊l TWl◊ G’?

˘Ne-Lp˚X Gm-ÿ- \- p ˚Yj-R- TÙ’ —i-QÙm◊ Á∞p ·”-Rp

BZj-ßp œØ ˙RÙu-±-V’?

TWl-T-[‹ ™Ld -·-”-R-XÙ] ˘RÙPo-◊l-T-Wl˚Tf —i-QÙm-◊-Á-∞p

˚YjR- TÙ’ RÙu-±V œØ- u BZm ©\ TWl-◊-L˚[ Yj-R- TÙ’

˙RÙu-±V BZj˚RÆPd œ˚\YÙ Ap-X’ ·”RXÙ?

Ee-L-[’ Li-”-©-•l-◊-L˚[ Si-To-L-fi-Pu LXk-’- W-VÙ• TWl-T-[‹,

A›j-Rm TÙu-\-Yt-±tœ C˚P˙V Es[ RÙPo- Td Li-”-©-•j’

A±-Æ-Vp œ±l- Th-•p G›-R-‹m.

Ah-P-Y˚Q 10.6 Cp C⁄k’ ˘RÙPo-©p Y⁄-°u\ TWl-©u TWl-T-

[- Yl TÙflj’ A›j-Rj-ßp Ht-\j RÙr-‹-Ls E⁄-YÙ°u-\] Gufl

◊¨k-R-Rp-XYÙ?

J⁄ œ±-l©hP Æ˚N ˘N¤j-’m˙TÙ’m ˘RÙPo-©p Y⁄-°u\

TWl-©u TWl-T-[-‹ ·”m˙TÙ’m A›j-Rm œ˚\-°-\-’. TWl--

T[‹ œ˚\-Ÿm˙TÙ’ A›j-Rm ·”-°-\’.

B¶l-T-”d- L- p T”d-L-XÙm Gufl ·±-V-ßu ˘TÙ⁄s Cl- TÙ’

◊¨k-R’ Ap-XYÙ.

˙Ut-T-Wl-©u TWl-T-[-˚Yd Aß-Ll-T-”j-ß-Ÿm œ˚\j-’m A›jR

˙Yfl-TÙh˚P Ht-T-”j-’-°u\ £X „r-®-˚X-Ls RWl-Th-”s-[].

CYt˚\ Gq-YÙfl TVu-T-”j-R-XÙm Gufl Æ[d-L-‹m.

$ Lj-ß- u YÙn-lT-œß R•-Uu œ˚\j’ RVÙ- d-Ll-T-”-°-\’.

$ Lh-•-Pe-L-∞u Av-ß-TÙ-Wm AL-X-UÙL E⁄-YÙd-Ll-T-”-°-\’.

$ ˙TÙo PÙe-°-Ls, A˚Rl- TÙu\ ©\ YÙL-]e-Ls B°-V-Yt-±u

Nd-L-We-Ls AL-Xm ·”-R-XÙ] Ne-°-≠-L-[Ùp C˚Qd-Ll-Th-”s-

[-].

$ ˚RVp F£- -u ÿ˚] ·o- U-VÙL A˚UdÛ-Ll-T-”-°-\’.

ßPl- TÙ-⁄hLs Uh-”UÙ A›j-Rm ˘N¤j-’-°-\’? SÙm Bn‹ ˘Nn-

V-XÙm.

ßWY A›j-Rm (Liquid Pressure)

TPm 10.13 Cp LÙi-T’ ˙TÙufl J˙W A[-Æ-¤s[ A, B, C B°V

TÌu-L˚[ J⁄ ©. Æ. £ œZÙ- p TÙ⁄j-R-‹m, œZÙ- p Ri-¶˚W

®Wl© TÌu-L-∞u Æ -Y- P-R˚X Et-fl- SÙd-L-‹m.

$ ·”-XÙL Æ -Y- PkR TÌu G’?

$ CRt-œd LÙW-Qm Gu]?

$ œZÙ-´-¤s[ ßW-Y-Uh-Pj-ßu BZj˚R TÌ-≤u Æ¨-Y-˚P-

R¤Pu ˘RÙPo◊ T”j-’-Y’ Gq-YÙfl?


TPm 10.14

TPm 10.15

ßW-Ye-L-∞p EQ-Wl-T-”-°u\ A›j-Rm ARu ˙U¤s[ ßW-Y vRm-Tj-

ßu EV-Wj˚R NÙok-ß-⁄d-œm Gufl ◊¨kRRp-XYÙ? œZÙ- u Es˙[ ·”-

Rp Ri-Ωo ®Wl© øo Uh-Pj˚R EVoj-R-‹m. TÌu-L-s ·”-Rp Æ -Y-

˚P-Rp Ht-T-”-Y-Rt-LÙ] LÙW-Qm Gu-]- Yufl ˘R∞YÙ-]-Rp-XYÙ?

ßWY vRm-Tj-ßu EV-Wm ·”-Y- Rl ˘TÙflj’ A’ ˘N¤j-’m

A›j-R-ÿm ·”-°-\-’

J⁄ AXœ TWl-©p ßW-Ym ˘N¤j-’°u\ Ek’ Æ˚N ßWY

A›j-Rm Gufl ·\l-T-”-°-\’.

ßW-Ye-Ls A˚Y ®˚X- LÙs-°u\ TÙj-ß-We-L-∞u A˚]j-’l

Td-Le-L-∞-¤m Æ˚N ˘N¤j’°\’

ßWY vRm-Tj-ßu EV-Wm A’ ˘N¤j-’-°u\ A›j-Rj˚Rf NÙok’ C⁄d-

°-\’ Gufl Li-ºo-Ls Ap-XYÙ. ˙U¤m J⁄ ˙NÙR- ]˚Vf ˘Nn-’-TÙod-

L-XÙm.

CWi” ©,-Æ.£ œZÙ˚V G”j’ A•l-Td-Lj-ßp J˙W A[-‹s[ TÌu-

L˚[l TPm 10.14 Cp LÙi-T’ ˙TÙufl Su\ÙLl ˘TÙ⁄j-R-‹m.

©,-Æ.£ Ju-±p Ui- Qi˘Qn-Ÿm Ut- \Ùu-±p ø˚W-Ÿm NU A[-Æp

®Wl-T-‹m.

$ øe-Ls Etfll -TÙol-T’ Gu]?

$ TÌ-≤u Æ -Y- P-Rp Yfl-Th-•-⁄l-T-Rt-LÙ] LÙW-Qm Gu]? LXk’-

˚W-VÙ-P-XÙm.

C’Y˚W NnR NÙR- ]-L-∞p C⁄k’ ßWY A›jRj-ßp RÙd-Lm N¤j-

’m LÙW-¶-Ls G˚Y- V] SÙm Th-•-V-≠-P-XÙm.

$ ßWY vRm-Tj-ßu EV-Wm (h)

$ ßWY vRm-Tj-ßu APojß (d)

˙Y˘\Ù⁄ ÿ˚\- p ·±-]Ùp AXœ TWl-T-[-Æ-¤s[ ßWY vRm-Tj-ßu

G˚P- u ˙So Æ°-R-UÙ-œm ßWY A›j-Rm.

ßW-Y v-Rm-Tj-ßu EV-Wm(h) ßW-Y v-Rm-Tj-ßu APojß (d) ◊Æ-

Dol◊ Æ˚N YØ-VÙL ˙RÙu-flm ÿ”d-Lm (g) Gu-\Ùp ßWY A›j-

Rm p= h d g Bœm

ßW-Ye-L-˚[l ˙TÙufl YÙŸd-L-fid-œm A›j-Rm ˘N¤jR CV-¤UÙ?

Bn‹ ˘Nn-V-XÙm.

Y∞-Ui-PX A›j-Rm (Atmospheric Pressure)

EV-W-ÿs[ J⁄ TÙh-•-≠p J⁄ LÙ°-Rj˚R G¨j’ CP-‹m, A’ G¨k’

æ⁄m R⁄Qj-ßp Su-\ÙL T›jR J⁄ TZj˚R- £±-RÙL ˙RÙ˚X ALt±

TÙh-•-≠-u YÙn-Y-Ø-VÙL CP-‹m, Gu] ˙So-°-\’ Gufl Etfl ˙SÙd-L-‹m,

LÙW-Qm Gu]?


TÙ˙WÙ-¡h-Po

TPm10.17

TPm 10.16

J⁄ LVfl C›j-R-≠u L˚R$ LÙ°-Rm G -Ÿm- TÙ’ Es˙[ C⁄d-œm YÙŸ-Æu A›j-Rj-ßtœ

Gu] ˙Sok-R’?

$ TÙh-•-≠-‡s Es[ LÙt-±tœ A›j-Rm ·”m ˙TÙ’m Æ -Y- P-

Ÿm ˙TÙ’m LÙtfl ˘Y∞- Vt-\l-T-”UÙ?

$ TÙh-•-≠u YÙnl Tœ-ß˚Vl TZm ˘LÙi” A˚Pj-R-©-\œ TÙh-

•-≠-‡s C⁄d-œm LÙt-\-›j-Rm Gq-YÙfl A˚U-Ÿm? . Y∞-Ui-

PX A›j-Rj-’-Pu Jl-◊- Ul-T-”jß Æ˚P G›-R-‹m.

$ TÙh-•p œ∞of-£-V- P-Ÿm ˙TÙ’?

TÙh-•-≠-‡s C⁄d-œm YÙŸ-Æu-A-›j-Rj- R -ÆP ˘Y∞˙V C⁄d-œm

Y∞-Ui-P-X -YÙ-Ÿ-Æu A›j-Rm ·”Rp Gu-T-RÙp TZm TÙh-•-≠u

Es˙[ ˘Np-¤-°u-\-’. Ck-Rf ˙NÙR˚] -Í-Xm Y∞-UiPX YÙŸ-Ætœ

A›j-Rm ˘N¤jR ÿ•-Ÿm Gufl ◊¨k-R-Rp-XYÙ?

È™dœf —t-flm YÙŸÆu J⁄ LY-Nm Ei-”. C’- Y È™- u

Y∞-Ui-P-Xm. Y∞-Ui-PX YÙŸ-Æu APojß È™- u ˙Ut-T-Wl-

©tœ A⁄-°p ·”-R-¤m, ˙Up- SÙd° ˘Np-¤m ˙RÙflm œ˚\V-

‹m ˘Nn-°\’, G]˙Y ˙Up ˙SÙd-°f ˘Np-¤m ˙RÙflm Y∞-Ui-

PX A›j-Rm œ˚\-°u-\’

È™- u Ut-T-Wl-©p J⁄ AXœ TWl-T-[-Æp A‡-T-Yl-T-”m YÙŸ-

vRm-Tj-ßu G˚P˙V Y∞-Ui-PX A›j-Rm.

Au-\ÙP YÙrd- L- p Y∞-Ui-PX A›j-Rm T-Vu-T-”j’m „r-®- X-

L˚[l Th-•-V≠P‹m

$ vhWÙ TVu-T-”jß œ∞o TÙ]m œ•l-T’.

$

Y∞-Ui-PX A›jRj-’-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊- PV £X œ±l-◊-Ls ˘LÙ”d-Ll-

Th-”s-[-’, LXk-’- W-VÙ• LÙW-Qe-L˚[ A±-Æ-Vp ◊j-R-Lj-ßp G›-R-

‹m.

$ Æi- Y-∞l TV-¶-Ls R≤l-ThP B˚P A¶-°u-\-]o.

$ U˚X -HflT-Yo-Ls EV˙W ˘Np-¤m ˙RÙflm Íd-°u YØ-VÙL CWj-

Rm Y⁄-Y-Rt-LÙ] YÙnl-◊-Ls Ei”.

$ Wl-To Jh-•-Ls ( Rubber suckers) T[T-[l-TÙ] TWl-©p Jh-•-

˚YdL ÿ•-°u-\’.

Y∞-Ui-PX A›j-Rj˚R A[d-L-XÙm

È™- u ˙Ut-T-Wl-©p LPp-Uh-Pj-ßp AXœ TWl-T[-Æp Es[ YÙŸ-

Ui-P-Xj-ßu G˚P. J⁄ Y∞-Ui-PX A›j-R-UÙLd LQd-°-Pl-T-”-°u-

\’. C’ 0.76 m EV-W-ÿm AXœ TWl-T-[‹m Es[ (1m2) TÙR-WN vRm-

Tj-ßu G-˚Pdœ NU-UÙ-œm. C’˙Y ßhP Y-∞-Ui-PX A›j-R-m.

(Standard Atmospheric Pressure).Y∞-Ui-PX A›j-Rj-ßu AXœ TÙo (bar) Bœm.

Y∞-Ui-PX A›j-Rj˚R A[d-Ll-T-Vu-T-”m L⁄-Æ˙V TÙ˙WÙ-¡h-Po.

Y∞-Ui-PX A›j-Rj-ßu Æk-

˚R˚Vj ˘R∞-‹-T-”j-ß-V-Yo Ud-ß

- Tod-°p Kh- PÙ-YÙu ˘a¨d-

Bœm. ˘Nm-TÙp B] CWi”

A˚Wd LÙ[e-L˚[ AYo J⁄

Y˚[-Vj˚Rl TVu- T-”j-ßd

Lh-•-]Ùo. ˘RÙPok’ AR-‡s

C⁄d-œm YÙŸ˚Y ød-Lm ˘Nn-

RÙo. ˙LÙ[e-L∞u C⁄ ◊\ÿm

Gh” œß-˚W-L-s ≈Rm Lh-•-

C›j-R -˙TÙ’ ˙LÙ[e-L˚[

˙Yfl-T -”j-’-Y-Rtœ ÿ•-V-

Æp˚X. A˚Wd-˙LÙ-[e-L-∞u

Es-TÙ-Lm ˘Yt-±-P-UÙ-]-RÙp,

Es˙[ Es[ A›j-Rm œ˚\-

‹m ˘Y∞˙V Es[ A›j-Rm

·”-R-¤-UÙ-œm CRt-œd-LÙ-W-Qm.


ÿd-°V Lt-\p A˚P-‹-L∞p EhT-”-T˚Y

$ Æ˚N Gu-\Ùp Gu] Gu-flm Æ˚N ˘N¤j-’-Y-RÙ-p Ht-T-”m Æ˚[‹-

Ls VÙ˚Y Gu-flm Æ[d-œ-Y-Rtœ ÿ•°\’.

$ TX-R-Wl-ThP Æ˚N-Ls G˚Y- Vp-XÙm Gufl ©¨j-R -V-‹m, AYt˚\

˘RÙPo◊-Æ˚N Gu-flm RÙPo-Tt\ Æ˚N Gu-flm ©¨l-T-Rtœ ÿ•°\’.

$ EWÙn˚Y Æ[dœYRt-œm, EWÙn-Æ-]Ùp Ht-T-”m Su- U-L˚[l ©¨j-

R±V-‹m, Au\ÙP YÙrd- L- p TVu-T-”j-R-‹m ÿ•°\’.

$ .Ek’Æ˚N A›j-Rm Gu-T-Yt˚\ Æ[d-œ-Y-Rtœ ÿ•°\’.

$ TWl-T-[-Æt-œm, A›j-Rj-ßt-œm C˚P- V-Ÿs[ ˘RÙPo˚Tj ˙R˚Y-

VÙ] ˙SWe-L-∞p TVu-T-”j-’-Y-Rtœ ÿ•°\’.

$ ßWY A›j-Rj˚R Æ[d-œ-Y-Rt-œm, ßW-Y -A-›j-R-jßtœm EV-W-jßt-

œm C˚P-˙V-Ÿs[ ˘RÙPo˚T Æ[d-œm ˙NÙR-˚]-´p HtT-P-‹m

ÿ•°\’.

$ Y∞Ui-PX A›j-Rm Gu-\Ùp Gu] Gu-T˚R Æ[d-œ-Y-Rt-œm A˚R

Au-\ÙP YÙr-Æp TVu-T-”j-R-‹m ÿ•-°-\-’.

Ußl-©P-XÙm

1. ∏˙Z ˘LÙ”d-Ll-Th-”s[ „r-®-˚X-L˚[j ˘RÙPo◊-Æ˚N Gu-flm,

˘RÙPo-Tt\ Æ˚N Gu-flm Y˚Ll-T-”j-R-‹m.

a. ˚Nd-°s ©˙Wd ˙TÙ”-Y’.

b. UÙU-Wj-ßp C⁄k’ LÙm-◊ ÿ-±kR UÙe-LÙn ∏˙Z Æ›-°u-\’.

c. È™ „ -V˚]f —t-±-Y-⁄-°u-\’.

d. R˚W- p E⁄i” Y⁄m Tk-ßu ˙YLm œ˚\-°u-\’.

2. LÙW-Qm ·\‹m.

a. SUdœj R˚W YØ-VÙLf Nfld° ÆZÙ-Up SPl-T-Rtœ ÿ•°u\’.

b. ·o- U-VÙ] Lj-ß- Vl TVu-T-”jß G∞-RÙLd LÙn-L-±-L˚[ ˘Yh-P-

ÿ•°\’.

c. NWdœ- XÙ -L-fidœ PVo-L-∞u Gi-¶d˚L Aß-L-UÙ-œm.

d. CVe-œm CVk-ß-Wl TÙLe-L-fidœj ˙Rn-UÙ-]m Ht-T-”-°-\’.

3. ˘TÙ⁄j-’L.

A B C

Y∞-Ui-PX A›j-Rm TÙv-Lp ˙Re-LÙn Gi- Qn

EV-‹-Ls Dol◊ TÙWÙ¡h-Po

˙Re-LÙn ∏˙Z Æ›-°u\’ TÙo ˘Ro- UÙ-¡h-Po

˘RÙPo-Tt\ ®˚X

LÙk-Rm EWÙn‹ ÆX-Lp


(A) (B)

4. J⁄ TÙh-•-≠p ®Wl-Th-”s[ Ri-Ω- u A•- p C⁄k’ œ™r-Ls

˙Up- SÙd° Y⁄-Y- Rl TPj-ßp LÙh-Pl-Th-”s-[-’, N -VÙ] TPm

G’? LÙW-Qm ·\-‹m.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

6. T[-T-[l-TÙ] U˚N- u ¡’ RÙWÙ-V-UÙL 50g Uh-”-ÿs[ J⁄ Æ˚[-

VÙh-”d-LÙ˚W ˚Yj’ Aßp C⁄k’ Ëp- TVu-T-”jß Ll© YØ

CWi” Rh-”-Ls LÙh-Pl-Th-”s-[˚U TPj-ßp LÙh-Pl-Th-”s-[’.

(a) CWi” Rh-”-L-∞-¤m 100 g ≈Rm G˚P ˚Yj-RÙp Gu] ®L-›m?

(b) Rh” A Cp 100 g G˚PŸm Rh” B Cp 200 g G˚P-Ÿm ˚Yj-RÙp

Gu] ®L-›m ?

(c) Ee-Ls Æ˚P˚V ®VÙVl-T-”j-’L.

˘RÙPo N-Vp-TÙ-”-Ls

1. TWl-T[‹ ·”m ˙TÙ’ A›j-Rm œ˚\-Ÿm Gu\ Rj-’-Ym TVu-T-

”j-Rl-T-”m „r-®- X-L˚[d Li-”-©-•d-L-‹m.

2. Au-\ÙP YÙrd- L- p EWÙn-Æu ÍXm Ht-T-”m æ˚U-L˚[d Li-

”-©-•j’ AYt- \f N - Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] YØ-ÿ- \-L- [d ·\-‹m.

3. TX-R-Wl-ThP TWl-◊-Ls Ht-T-”j-’m EWÙn-‹- Æ˚N-Ls Yq- Y-\Ù-œm

Gu-T- R ®Ï©d-œm J⁄ ˙NÙR- ]˚Vj RVÙo- Nn’ SPjß ÿ•-‹-

L˚[ E⁄-YÙd-L-‹m.


""CkRj ˘RÙPo-Yi-•- p Nd-L-We-Ls Cp˚X. C’ Gq-YÙfl J”-°-\’?

At-◊-Rm Ap-XYÙ? ˘RÙ˚Xd-LÙh-£-´p UÙd-˙Xp ˘RÙPo Yi• ∫±l-

TÙn-°u\ LÙh-£- Vd Li” Re˚L ˙Lh-PÙs.

CkR ˘RÙPo-Yi• Gq-YÙfl K”-°-\’ Ee-L-fid-œj ˘R -ŸUÙ?

LÙk-Re-Ls TVu-T-”jßl TX ˘NVp-TÙ-”-L˚[ øe-Ls ˘Nn-ß-⁄l-¿o-Ls,

AYt-±p £X-Yt˚\ G›-ßl-TÙod-L-‹m.

$ UQ-≠p C⁄k’ C⁄m◊j Á˚[l ©¨j- R-”j-Rp.

$

LÙk-Re-Ls TVu-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s[ Æ˚[-VÙh-”l - TÙ-⁄h-L˚[ øe-Ls Li-

”s-«o-Ls Ap-XYÙ? Cq-YÙfl LÙk-Re-Ls TVu-T-”j-’m „r-®- X-L˚[

Ah-P-Y- Ql-T-”j-R-‹m.

$ ˘TÙm- Ud-LÙo

$

CVt- L- p LÙk-RlTi-◊-Ls Es[ ˘TÙ⁄h-Ls °˚Pd-œUÙ?


Ah-P-Y˚Q 11.1

CVt˚Ld LÙk-Re-L-fim ˘N-Vt˚L LÙk-R-e-L-fim

(Natural Magnets and Artificial Magnets)

CVt- L- p C⁄k’ ˙SW-•-VÙL °˚Pd-œm LÙk-Re-Ls CVt˚L

LÙk-Re-Ls.

Cl˙TÙ’ NÙRÙ-W-Q-UÙLf ˘NVt- Ld LÙk-Re-Ls TVu-T-”j-Rl-T-”-

°u-\-]. Ap-®d˙LÙ ˙TÙu\ E˙XÙL LX˚Y-Ls TVu-T-”jß

C˚Y-Ls RVÙ- d-LlT-”-°u-\] Gu-T˚R øe-Ls ◊¨k-’s-«o-Ls

Ap-XYÙ, Y•Y A•l-T- P- p A±-Vl-T-”-°u\ £X LÙk-Re-Ls

TP-Æ-[d-L-UÙL RWl-Th-”s-[]. (Ah-P-Y˚Q 11.1)

Ah-P-Y- Q- p RWl-Th-”s[ ˘NVt˚L LÙk-Re-Ls G˚Y G]

G-›-ßl-TÙod-L-‹m.

LÙk-Rj-ßu Y•-Ym LÙkRj-ßu ˘TVo

LÙkR F£

TPm 11.1

ß˚NLÙh-”m Lp

˘TÙ⁄h-L-∞u LÙk-Rl-Ti-◊-L -s

TZe-LÙ -Xm ˘RÙh˙P A-±-Vl-

Th•⁄kR]. 800 B.C Cp Ud-L-…

Gu\ CPj-ßp Li-”-©-•jR J⁄

RÙ’-Ætœ At-◊-R-UÙ] Ti◊ Es[-

RÙL ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi-P-]o. C⁄m◊

˘TÙ⁄h-L˚[ Do-lT-Rt-LÙ] ß\u

AYt-±tœ C⁄k-R-’. Cl-Ti-©u

A•l-T-˚P-´X Cj-RÙ-’-Ætœ UÙd-

]-˚Ph Gu\ ˘TVo-˘LÙ-”j-R-]o,

CYt±u ’i-”-L˚[f —Rk-ß-W-UÙL

˘RÙeL Æh-PÙp A˚Y J⁄ œ±l-

©hP ß˚N˚V œ±l-©-”m Gu-flm

◊¨k’ ˘LÙi-P-]o, Cl-Ti-◊-

L˚[d LÙh-”-Y-RÙp A˚Y ß˚N

LÙh”m Lt-Ls (Lode ston)Gufl

A˚Zd-Ll-Th-P-P-], Cq-YÙ-\Ù]

CVt-˚L-´p Es[ LÙk-Re-L˙[

CVt˚Ld LÙk-Re-L-s.

LÙk-Re-L-∞u ˘TÙ’-YÙ] £\l-©-Vp-◊-Ls G˚Y- V-]l TÙod-L-XÙm.

TPm 11.1 Cp LÙh-Pl-Th-”s-[- Rl TÙufl Th- Pd LÙk-Rj˚Rf —Rk-

ß-W-UÙL CVe-œm ÿ˚\- p Ë≠p ˘RÙe-L-Æ-P-‹m.

LÙk-Rm ®˚X-VÙL ®t-œm TÙ’ Aßp N Gufl G›-Rl-Th-”s[ ÿ˚]

È™- u GkR ß˚Ndœ ˙SWÙL ®t-°-\’?

LÙk-Rj-ßu S Gufl œ±d-Ll-ThP ÿ˚]˙VÙ?

—Rk-ß-W-UÙL CVe-œm ÿ˚\- p J⁄ LÙkRj˚R ˘RÙe-L-Æh-PÙp A’

Gl- TÙ-’m È™- u ˘Ru- -YP ß˚N- p ®t-°-\’. LÙk-Rm ß˚N LÙh-

”m Ti˚Td- LÙh-”-Y-RÙp —Rk-ß-W-UÙL RÙe-L-Æ-Pl-ThP Th˚P LÙk-

Rm Gl- TÙ-’m ˘Ru˛YP ß˚N- p ®t-œm. È™- u YP ß˚N˚V

˙SÙd° ®t-°u\ ÿ˚] LÙk-Rj-ßu YP-’-⁄-Y-ÿm (N), CWi-PÙ-Y’

ÿ˚] ˘Ru-’-⁄-Y-ÿm (S) Bœm.


TPm 11.2

˘RÙPoYi-•-´u A•l-Td-Lj-ß-¤s[ ™u

LÙk-Re-L-∞u LÙkR Ti◊ Ri-P-YÙ-[e-L-∞u

J›e-L- Ul◊ YØ-VÙL ˙RÙu-fl-°u\ LÙk-Rl

Ti◊ B°-V-Yt±tœ C˚P-˙V-Ÿs[ Gßo

®˚X-´u LÙW-Q-UÙL CW-´pRi-P-YÙ-[e-L-

∞p ˘RÙPÙ-Up AYt-±-≠-⁄k’ Ntfl EVok’

®t-L-‹m LÙkR Bt-\-XÙp Aß ˙YLj-ßp

ÿu-˙]Ùd° œßj’l TÙV-‹m ˘Nn-°u\

A˚Ul◊ Cßp Es-[’.

Ri-P-YÙ-[e-L-fim CW- ¤m Ju-fld˘LÙufl

˘RÙPÙ-Up CVd-L-m S-˚P-˘T-fl-Y-RÙp EWÙn-

Æu YØ-VÙL Es[ Bt-\p CZl-˚T-Ÿm

J≠ UÙN- P-R- X-Ÿm ˘T⁄-U-[Æp œ˚\dL

Cq A˚Ul-©tœ CVp-°-\-’. C˚Y ˙Rn-UÙ-

]™u-±-Ÿm £W-Um Cu±Ÿm A˚U-ß-VÙ-L-

‹m ˙YLj-ßp TV-¶d-°u\].

LÙk-Re-Ls

LÙk-Re-Ls

™u-LÙk-Rm™u Bt-\p E˚\-Æ-Pm

UÙd˙Xq RÙPoYi•Ls

CW-´p- Ri-P-YÙ-[e-Ls YØ-VÙL Aß ˙YL-

UÙ-Lf ˘Np-°u\ ˘RÙPo Yi-•-L˚[d LÙi-T-

Rtœ SUdœ Æk-˚R-VÙL C⁄d-œm. Ri-P-YÙ-

[e-Ls YØ-VÙL Aß- ˙Y-L-UÙL E⁄i” ˘Np-

°u\ E˙XÙL Nd-L-We-Ls G›l-◊-°u\ J≠ £X

˙Y˚[- p A⁄-Y-⁄--l-TÙ-Lj- RÙu-flm. Nd-L-We-

Ls Cp-XÙUp Ri-P-YÙ-[e-L-∞u ˙U˙X

TÙnk’ ˘Np-°u\ ˘RÙPo-Yi-•-L-˙[ UÙd-

˙Xq ˘RÙPoYi-•-Ls ARÙ-Y’ LÙkRBt-\p

˘RÙPo-Yi-•-Ls (Magnetic Levitation Trains).

TPm 11.3

ÿu-]o ˘NnR ˙NÙR- ]- p LÙk-Rj-ßu YP ’⁄-Yj-

ßu A⁄-°p ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ LÙk-Rj-ßu YP ’⁄-Yj˚Rd

˘LÙi” YW-‹m. Etfl SÙd-œ-Y’ Gu]? U¤m A˙R

ÿ˚]-´p ˘Ru-’-⁄-Yj˚Rd ˘LÙi” YW-‹m? Etfl

˙SÙd-L-≠u TXu-L˚[ A±-Æ-Vp œ±l- Th-•p G›-R-

‹m.

LÙkRj˚Rl ˘TÙflj-R-Y-˚W-´p JjR ’⁄-Ye-Ls ÆX-

Lp A˚P-Ÿm. Gßo ’⁄-Ye-Ls Dod-L-‹m ˘Nn-°u-\-].

TPm 11.2 Cp LÙh-Pl-Th-P- Rl ˙TÙufl Bt-\p ™dL

CWi” Th˚P LÙk-Re-L˚[ ˘Ro- UÙd- LÙp ’i-•p

˘TÙ⁄jß √©p-Xo-L-fidœ C˚P- p ˚Yd-L-‹m.

CWi-PÙ-Y’ Th- Pd LÙk-Rm LÙt-±p EVok’ ®t-T’

GR-]Ùp?

LÙt-±p EVok’ ®t-°u\ Th-˚Pd LÙk-Rj-ßu C, DB°V ÿ˚]-Ls Gk-R- RkR ’⁄-Ye-L-[ÙL A˚U-Ÿm?

œ±d-L-‹m. CYt-±p ˙U¤s[ LÙk-Rj˚R ∏›s[ LÙk-

Rj-’-Pu EW-NÙ-Up ÿu-Td-L-UÙL CVe-Lf ˘Nn-V-XÙm

Ap-XYÙ

˙U¤s[ Th- Pd LÙkRj-ßu YP-’-⁄-Yj-ßtœ A⁄-°p

˙Y˘\Ù⁄ LÙk-Rj-ßu ˘Ru ’⁄-Yj- Rd ˘LÙi” YW-

‹m, Etfl ˙SÙd-L CVp-Y’ Gu]? YP ’⁄-Yj˚Rd

˘LÙi” Yk-RÙ˙XÙ? Æ˚[‹ Gu]? Cq-Æ-Wi” „r-

®- X-L-∞-¤m ˙U¤s[ LÙk-Rm CVe-œm- TÙ’ EWÙn‹

Æ˚N EQ-Wl-T-”-°-\RÙ?

NdL-We-Ls Cp-XÙUp, EWÙn‹ Cp-XÙ-Up UÙd-˙XÙq

˘RÙPo-Yi•Ls Gq-YÙfl CVe-œ-°u\] Gu-T˚R

Æ[d-L-XÙm Ap-XYÙ.

LÙkRj ß˚N LÙh• (Magnetic Compass)LÙk-Rj-ßu ß˚N LÙh-”m Ti◊ TVu-T-”j-Rl-Th-”s[

H˙R-‡m L⁄-Æ-Ls Ee-L-fidœj ˘R¨ŸUÙ?

TPm 11.3 Cp LÙi-°u\ L⁄Æ GRt-LÙLl TVu-T-”j-

Rl-T-”-°-\’?


TPm 11.4

◊Æ-A-±-Æ-Vp-NÙo˘Rtœ

◊Æ-LÙk-Rj-ßu˘Rtœ

◊Æ A±-Æ-Vp NÙoYPdœ

◊Æ-LÙk-Rj-ßuYPdœ

A¤™≤-Vm Ap-X’ ©[Ùv-•d-LÙp B] ˘Th-•dœs-∞p —Rk-

ß-W-UÙL A˚N-Ÿm ÿ˚\- p A˚UdLl-ThP LÙkR F£- V LÙkRj

ß˚N LÙh-•. NU-R-[-UÙ] ˙Ut-T-Wl-©p ˚Yj-RÙp LÙkR F£ ˙YL-

UÙL ®˚Xj-Ru-˚U˚V A˚Pk’ ˘Ru-˛-YP ß˚N-´p ®˚X

˘LÙs-[-‹m Nn-°-\-’. Cq-YÙfl ß˚N-L˚[ A±k’ LÙs-Y-Rtœ

Cd-L-⁄Æ TVu-T-”-°-\’.

ÿt-LÙ-Xe-L-∞p Ll-Tp TV-¶-L-fim TÙ˚X-Y-]l TV-Qd œ›-Æ-]-⁄m

N -VÙ] CXd˚L A˚P-Y-Rtœ Ht-fld ˘LÙi-•-⁄kR YØ-ÿ˚\ G’

Gu-T˚R TÙPl-T-œ-ß˚V A•l-T- P-VÙ-Ld ˘LÙi” G›-R-‹m.

Ë≠p Lh-•j- RÙeL ÆPl-ThP Th- Pd LÙk-Rm ˘Ru- -YP ß˚N- p

®t-œm Gu-T˚R Li-P-±k-æo-Ls Ap-X-YÙ, CRu ÿ˚]-Ls ©\ ß˚N-

L-fidœ ˙SWÙL YWÙ-Up C⁄l-T-Ru LÙW-Qm Gu]?

È™ J⁄ LÙk-Rm (Earth as a Magnet)

LÙk-R-UÙd-Lp Gq-YÙfl

A B Gu\ Bd-NÙ-©- [-”-L˚[ ˙U˚N- u ¡’ ˚Yd-L-‹m. N S Gu\ Th- Pd

LÙk-Rj˚R G”j’ ARu N ’-⁄-Ym ©˙[-•u Q ÿ˚]- p C⁄k’ TPm 11.5

Cp LÙh-Pl-Th-”s[ ß˚N- p EW-N-‹m ÿ˚]-Ls UÙ\Ù-Up TX-ÿ˚\ ¡i-”m

˘Nn-V‹m. TPj-ßp Es-[’ ˙TÙp EW-£-]Ùp A Gu\ ÿ˚] YP-’-⁄-Y-ÿm

BGu\ ÿ˚] ˘Ru ’⁄-Y-ÿm Es[ J⁄ LÙk-R-UÙL BdNÙ ©˙[” UÙfl-°-\’.

È™ J⁄ ˘T¨V LÙk-Rj- Rl ˙TÙufl ˘NVp-T-”-°-\-’. CR˚]

ÿR-≠p ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi-P-Yo Æp-≠-Vm °p-Toh Gu\ A±-Æ-

Vp A±-Oo BYÙo, È™dœ ◊Æ-´-Vp ÿ˚\-´-XÙ] ˘Rt-

œm YPd-œm Es-[- Rl ˙TÙufl È™˚V J⁄ LÙk-R-UÙL L⁄-

’m ˙TÙ’ ARt-œm ˘Rt-œm YPd-œm ’⁄-Ye-Ls Es-[]

Gufl AYo Li-”-©-•j-RÙo.

$ Ë≠p Lh-•j ˘RÙeL ÆPl-ThP Th- Pd LÙk-Rj-ßu YP-

’-⁄-Ym ◊Æd-LÙk-Rj-ßu GkR ’⁄-Yj˚Rd LÙh-”-°-\’?

$ Th- Pd LÙk-Rj-ßu ˘Ru-’-⁄-Y˙UÙ?

◊Æd-LÙk-Rj-ßu ˘Ru-’-⁄-Ym ◊Æ- -Vp ÿ˚\- -XÙ] YP-’-

⁄-Yj-ßu A⁄-°-¤m (Geographical North) ◊Æd-LÙk-Rj-ßu YP-

’-⁄-Ym ◊Æ- -Vp ÿ˚\- -XÙ] Ru-’-⁄-Yj-ßu -(GeographicalSouth) A⁄-°-¤m B-œm (TPm 11.4).

øe-Ls ◊¨k’ ˘LÙiP L⁄j-’L∞≠-⁄k’ Ë≠p Lh• ˘RÙe-L-Æ-Pl-

ThP Th- Pd LÙk-Rm ˘Ru- -YP ß˚N- p ®t-T’ GR-]Ùp Gu-T˚R

A±-Æ-Vp ◊j-R-Lj-ßp G›-R-‹m, C’ LÙk-Rj-ßu J⁄ £\l-©-Vp◊

ApXYÙ? LÙk-Rj-ßu ©\ £\l-©Vp-◊-Ls G˚Y- V-]l TÙod-L-XÙm.

SÙm J⁄ Bd-NÙ-©- [˚P LÙk-R-UÙdÛ-L-XÙm.

IT@ SchoolEdubuntu Æp PhET

Magnet and CompassGu\ Tœß˚Vd LÙiL.


Nn{Xw 11.7

TPm 11.5A B

TPm 11.6

LÙk-Rj-Ru˚U A˚PkR BdNÙ ©˙[-•u A Gu\ ÿ˚]( YP ’⁄-Ym)

J⁄ LÙkR F£- u YP ’⁄-Yj-ßu A⁄-°p ˘LÙi” YW-‹m. øe-Ls

Etfl ˙SÙdÛ-œ-Y’ Gu]? CkR Bd-NÙ-©- [-•u YP-’-⁄-Yj-ßu A⁄-°p

C⁄k’ £fl Tœ-ß˚Vd LY-]-UÙL J•j’ UÙt\-‹m ¡ß Y⁄m Tœ-ß- p

YP-’-⁄-Ym E⁄-YÙ-œUÙ? J⁄ Bn- Yl- T-Vu-T-”jß Bn‹ ˘Nn-V-‹m.

Ee-L∞u Li-P-±-Rp-L˚[ A±-Æ-Vp ◊j-R-Lj-ßp œ±d-L-‹m

©˙[-•u ÿ˚]˚V ¡i-”m ¡i-”m LY-]-UÙL J•j’ UÙt± AR˚]

˘Ru-’-⁄-Ym Uh-”-ÿs-[-RÙL UÙt\ CV-¤UÙ Gufl ÿVt£ ˘Nn-V-‹m

Ee-L-[’ ÿ•-‹- Gu]?

ÿ±j’ UÙt-±V Jq- YÙ⁄ Tœ-ß- -‡- P-V- C⁄ ÿ˚]-L- [-Ÿm LÙkR

F£dœ A⁄-°p ˘LÙi” Yk’ T - NÙ-ßd-L-‹m Ee-L-[’ ÿ•-‹-L˚[

A±-Æ-Vp ◊j-R-Lj-ßp G›-R-‹m?

GkR J⁄ LÙk-Rj-ßt-œm A’ Gq-Y-[‹ £±-V-RÙL C⁄k-RÙ-¤m CWi”

’⁄-Ye-Ls C⁄d-œm. J⁄ ’⁄-Ym Uh-”-ÿs[ LÙkRj˚R E⁄-YÙdL

C’ Y˚W -¤m CV-X-Æp˚X.

LÙk-R-j-ßtœ A⁄-°p J⁄ LÙkRl ˘TÙ⁄˚[d ˘LÙi” ˘Np-¤m

˙TÙ’ LÙk-Rm AR˚] Dod-°u-\-’.

LÙk-Rj˚Rf —t± ARu RÙd-L-ÿs[ Tœ-ß˚V GqYÙfl

Li”©•dLXÙm?

LÙkR Ui-P-Xm (Magnetic Field)

—UÙo 30 cm ≈Rm ø[-ÿm AL-X-ÿm Es[ J⁄ Y˚W-RÙ˚[ J⁄ -T-Wl-

©u ¡’ TÙ⁄j-R-‹m. -RÙ-∞u S”l-T-œ-ß- p J⁄ LÙkR F£˚V Yd-

L-‹m. LÙkR F£- u YP-’-⁄-Yj- R-Ÿm ˘Ru-’-⁄-Yj- R-Ÿm A˚P-

VÙ-[l-T-”j-R-‹-m. A˚P-VÙ-[l-T-”j-ßV ◊s-∞-Ls YØ-VÙL ˘Ru- -YP


ß˚N- p J⁄ ˙So- LÙ” Y˚WV-‹m. Cd- LÙh˚Pj ˘Rtœ YPd-LÙL ®˚X

®flj-ßd- LÙi” ARu S”l-T-œ-ß- p Th- Pd -LÙk-Rjßu YP-’-⁄Ym YP-

T-œ-ß- p Y⁄-UÙfl ˚Yd-L-‹m LÙk-Rj-ßu Æ∞m-◊-L˚[d LÙ°-Rj-ßp A˚P-

VÙ-[l-T-”j-R-‹m (TPU 11.7) J⁄ LÙkR ß˚NLÙh-•˚V CRu YP-’-⁄-Yj-ßu

A⁄-°p ˘LÙi-”-Y-W-‹m

-LÙkRj-ßu YP-’-⁄-Ym LÙkR F£- u Gm-ÿ- ]- V Dod-œm? G›-R-‹m.

ß˚N-LÙh-• F£- u —Rk-ß-W-UÙL ®t°u\ YP-’-⁄-Yj-ßu A⁄-°p LÙ°-Rj-

ßp A˚P-VÙ[l-T-”j-R-‹m. ˙U¤m ß˚N LÙh-•- u S”l-T-œß Cq A˚P-

VÙ-[j-ßu ˙U˙X Y⁄m ÿ˚\- p UÙt± ˚Yd-L-‹m, F£- u YP-’-⁄-Yj-

ßu A⁄-°p A˚P-VÙ-[l-T-”jß Cf- NÙ-R- ]˚V ¡i-”m ˘Nn-V-‹m. LÙ°-

Rj-ßp HWÙ-[-UÙ] A˚P-VÙ-[e-Ls °˚PjR] Ap-X-YÙ. CYt-˚\

C˚Qj’ ˙LÙ”-Ls Y˚W-V-‹m. C˚Y LÙkR Æ˚N- u RÙd-L-ÿm ß˚N-

˚V-Ÿm LÙh-”m Lt-T- ]d LÙ”-L-[Ù-œm. Cj-R- LV J⁄ LÙh˚Pd LÙkR

Æ˚Nd- LÙ” (Magnetic flux line) Gufl A˚Zd-Ll-T-”-°-\’

LÙk-Rj-ßu YP-’-⁄-Yj-ßu A⁄-°p Tp- Yfl CPe-L-∞p ß˚N LÙh-”m L⁄-

Æ˚V ˚Yj’ ˙NÙR- ]˚Vl TX-ÿ˚\ ¡i-”m ¡i-”m ˘Nn’ ˘Ru-’-

⁄-Ym Y˚W øs-°u\ ·”-R-XÙ] LÙk-Rl TÙVd-˙LÙ-”-Ls Y˚W-V-‹m,

A˚]j’ LÙkR Æ˚N ˙LÙ”-L-fim ˘Ru-’-⁄-Yj˚R A˚P-°u-\-]YÙ?

LÙkRj-ßu ˘Y∞˙V LÙkR Æ˚Nd- LÙ-”-Ls YP-’-⁄-Y-jß≠-⁄k’ ˘Ru-’-⁄-

Yj-ßtœ Gu-T- Rd Li-ºo-Ls Ap-XYÙ? LÙk-Rj-ßu Es˙[ ˘Ru-’-⁄-Yj-

ß-≠-⁄k’ YP-’-⁄-Yj-ßt-LÙ-œm Cl-TÙ˚R Gufl L⁄-RlT-”-°-\-’.

LÙkR Æ˚Nd-˙LÙ-”-L-∞u APojß GpXÙ CPe-L∞¤m Jufl ˙TÙp

Es[RÙ?

øe-Ls Y˚WkR TPj-ßp LÙk-R-Æ˚N ˙LÙ”-Ls C˚P-Æh” Ge- Lp-XÙm

LÙQl-Th-P]. G›-R-‹m

LÙkRl TÙV APojß (Magnetic Flux Density)

J⁄ LÙk-Rj-ßu A˚]j-’l Tœ-ß-L-∞-¤m LÙkR Æ˚Nd˙LÙ”Ls Es[

Ui-P-Xm Es-[RÙ?. J⁄ ˙NÙR˚] ˘Nn-’- TÙod-L-‹m

J⁄ Th- Pd-LÙk-Rj˚R TPm 11.8 Cp LÙh”Y’ TÙp Ë≠p Lh•j RÙeL

ÆP-‹m, U¤m CRu YP-’-⁄-Yj-ßt-œm Ru-’-⁄-Yj-ßt-œm —t-±-¤m Yfl-

ThP CPe-L-∞p ß˚N-LÙh• F£- Vd ˘LÙi” YW-‹m, Ee-L-∞u Etfl

˙SÙd-Lp Gu]?

A˚]j-’ „r-®- X-L-∞-¤m LÙk-Rj-ßu Ti◊ EQ-Wl-T-”-°-\-Rp-X-YÙ. LÙkR

Æ˚Nd- LÙ-”-L-∞u ÿu-≤˚X˚V Ap-XYÙ Cß-≠-⁄k’ SÙm ◊¨k’ ˘LÙs-

°˙\Ùm? Cß-≠-⁄k’ SÙm æo-UÙ-≤l-T’ Gu]? G›-R-‹m.

J⁄ LÙk-Rj- Rf —t-±-¤m A˚]j-’l Tœ-ß-L-∞-¤m

LÙkRl Ti◊ EQ-Wl-T-”-°-\’.

TPm 11.8

N

S


(b)TPm 11.9

(a)

TPm 11.10(a) (b)

LÙkRj- Rf —t±-¤m J⁄ ·” ˙TÙufl LÙk-R-Æ- Nd- LÙ-”-Ls ˙RÙu-

fl-Y-RÙ-Ld L⁄-R-XÙm Ap-X-YÙ, LÙk-R-Æ- Nd ˙LÙ”-L-fidœf ˘Ne-œj-

RÙL J⁄ AXœ TWl-©u YØ-VÙL ˘Np-°u\ LÙkR Æ˚N ˙LÙ”-L-

∞u Gi-≤d˚L Al-T-œ-ß- -¤s[ LÙk-R-lTÙV APoj-ß-VÙ-œm.

LÙk-Rl-TÙV APojß ™Ld-·-”-Rp LÙQlT”Y’ LÙkR ’⁄-Ye-L-∞-

XÙ-œm. LÙkR Æ˚NLd˙LÙ”-L-∞u £\-l©-Vp-◊-Ls G˚Y?

TPj-ßp LÙh-Pl-Th-”s-[’ TÙufl (TPm 11.9a) LÙk-Re-L˚[ A˚Uj’

AYt-±tœ C˚P- p E⁄-YÙ-°u\ LÙkR Æ˚Nd- LÙ-”-L˚[d LÙkR

F£- Vl TVu-T-”j-ß-Ÿs[ ˙NÙR- ]- u YØ-VÙL Y˚W-V-‹m

˙U¤m J⁄ LÙk-Rj-ßu YP-’-⁄-Yj-ßu A-⁄°p ˙Y˘\Ù⁄ LÙkRj-

ßu ˘Ru-’-⁄-Yj˚R ˚Yj-R-©u-]o TPm11.9 AYt-±tœ C˚P- V-

Ÿs[ LÙkR Æ˚Nd- LÙ-”-L˚[ Y˚Wk’ TÙod-L-‹m.

Ee-L-fi- PV ˙NÙR- ]- p C⁄k’ LÙkR Æ˚Nd- LÙ-”-L-∞u £\l-

©-Vp-◊-Ls G˚Y- V] A±-Æ-Vp ◊j-R-Lj-ßp G›-R-‹m.

$ LÙkR Æ˚Nd- LÙ-”-Ls Ju-fld ˘LÙufl ˘Yh-”-Y-ßp˚X.

$ LÙkReL-∞u JjR ’⁄-Ye-Ls A⁄-°-p Y⁄m- TÙ’ LÙk-R-Æ- Nd

˙LÙ”-L-s Td-Le-L-fidœ Y˚[k’ ˘Np-°u-\].

$ LÙk-R-e-L-∞u Gßo ’⁄-Ye-Ls A⁄-°p Y⁄m- TÙ’ LÙk-R-Æ- Nd-

˙LÙ-”-L-∞u TÙ˚R Ju-±u YP-’-⁄-Yj-ß-≠-⁄k’ Ut- \Ùu-±u

˘Ru-’-⁄-Yj-ßt-LÙ-œm.

J⁄ LÙk-Rj˚R —t-±-¤m A˚]j-’l-T-œ-ß- -¤m ARu LÙkR Ti◊

EQ-Wl-T-”-°-\-’. LÙk-Rl-Ti◊ EQ-Wl-T-”m Cm-Ui-P-Xm LÙkR

Ui-P-Xm (Magnetic Field) G]l-T-”m.

LÙk-Rm LÙk-Rl-˘TÙ-⁄h-L˚[ Dol-T-RÙL øe-Ls ◊¨k-’s-«o-Ls

ApXYÙ.

CqYÙfl LÙk-Rj-RÙp Dod-Ll-T-”m TÙ⁄h-L˚[ Ah-P-Y- Ql-

T-”j-R-‹m.

$ ˙LÙTÙph

$ ®d-Lp

$

DodLl-ThP LÙkRl TÙ⁄-∞p LÙkR Bt-\p °˚P-d°u-\RÙ?

LÙk-RjÁi-Pp (Magnetic Induction)

Th-˚Pd-LÙk-R-jßp J⁄ ’⁄-Yj- -ßp ˘RÙ”m ÿ˚\-´p

TPm11.10 œi-Â-£-L˚[d ˘LÙi” YW-‹m A’ Dod-Ll-T-”-

°\RpXYÙ? Cq F£-´u —Rk-ßW ÿ˚]-´p -˙Y-˘\Ù⁄

F£˚Vd ˘LÙi” Yk-RÙ˙XÙ?


(a) (b) (c)

S

N

S

N

S

N

(b)TPm 11.11

N

(a)

TPm 11.12

CWi-PÙ-Y’ œi-Â-£˚V ÿR-XÙ-Y’ œi-Â£ Dol-T-Ru A•l-T˚P Gu]?

LÙk-Rj-ßu LY-⁄-Rp˛ ÆX-œ-Rp Æß- u A•l-T- P´p G›-R-‹m, Cq-

YÙfl Gj-R- ] œi-Â-£-L˚[j RÙe-L-ÆP Ee-L-[Ùp ÿ•-Ÿm? ÿV-X‹m?

·”-Rp œi-Â-£-L˚[ Cq-YÙfl ˘RÙe-L-ÆP CVp-Y’ GR-]Ùp? Ee-L-

∞u ÿ•-‹-L˚[ A±-Æ-Vp ◊j-R-Lj-ßp G›-R-‹m.

Jq-˘YÙ⁄ œi-”-£d-œm °˚Pd-°u\ LÙk-Rj-’-⁄-Yj-R-u˚U Gq-YÙfl

A˚U-Ÿm Gufl TPm 11.11 (a) I Tœl-TÙn‹ Nn’ Li-”-©-•j’ G›-R‹m

˘RÙPok’ ™L-‹m ˙U¤s[ œi-Â-£- Vl ©Pj-’d- LÙi” LÙk-Rj˚R

œiÂ-£- p C⁄k’ U’-YÙL ALt\-‹m. Ee-Ls Etfl SÙd-Lp Gu]?

£X œi-Â-£-Ls ∏˙Z Æ›-Y’ GR-]Ùp? LXk-’- W-VÙ-P-‹m

TPm11.11(b) Cp LÙh-Pl-Th-”s-[’ ˙TÙufl LÙk-Rj˚R ˘RÙPÙ-Up ARu

A⁄-°p œi-Â-£- Vl-©-•j’ Aßp Gj-R˚] œi-Â-£-L˚[ Ju- \Ù”

˙Noj’ Ut- \Ùu-\ÙL Doj’ ®fljR CV-¤m Gu-T˚R T - NÙ-ßd-L-‹m,

œi-Â-£-Ls Cq-YÙfl Doj’ ®tLd LÙW-Qm Gu]?

LÙk-Rj˚R UÙt-±-]Ùp œi-Â-£-L-∞u J›e-L- Ul-©p Ht-T-”m UÙt\m

Gu]? œi-Â-£-Ls ∏˙Z Æ›-Y-Ru LÙW-Qm Gu]? G›-R-‹m.

LÙk-Rj-ßu ÿu-≤-˚X-´p J⁄ LÙk-Rl-˘TÙ-⁄fidœ LÙkR Bt-\p

°˚Pd-œm ®Lr-YÙ-œm LÙk-Rj-Ái-Pp (Magnetic Induction). LÙk-

Rl-˘TÙ-⁄-∞p °˚Pd-°u\ LÙkR Bt-\˚X Ái-Pl-ThP LÙkR

Bt\p (Induced Magnetism) Gufl ·fl-Yo.

LÙk-Rj Ái-Pp YØ-VÙL LÙk-Rl- TÙ-⁄∞p ˙RÙufl°u\ LÙk-Rj-’-⁄-Ye-

Ls GqYÙfl C⁄d-œm Gufl TÙod-L-XÙm


TPm 11.13

LÙk-Rj-ßu ’⁄-Yj-ßp Jh-•l-©-•d-œm œi-Â-£-Ls LÙk-R-UÙL UÙflm Gu-

T’ ◊¨k-R-Rp-XYÙ LÙk-Rj-ßu YP-’-⁄-Yj-ßp Jh• C⁄d-œm œi-Â-£- u

A”j-’s[ ÿ˚] GkRj ’⁄-Y-UÙL C⁄d-œm? J⁄ LÙkR F£˚V œi”

F£- u —R-k-ßW ÿ˚]dœ A⁄-°p ˘LÙi” Yk’ ˙NÙR˚] ˘Nn’

TÙod-L-‹m (TPm 11.12 (a)). GkRj ’⁄-Ym LÙQl-T-”-°-\’ Gu-T˚Rd Li-

”-©-•j’ œ±j-’d-˘LÙs-[-‹m. LÙk-Rj-ßu YP ’⁄-Yj-ßtœl Td-L-UÙL

CWi” œi-Â-£-L˚[f Noj-’- Yd-L-‹m. AYt-±u —Rk-ßW ÿ˚]-L∞p

GkR ’⁄-Ym Ái-Pl-T-”-°-\’ Gufl A˚P-VÙ-[l-T-”j-R-‹m 11.12 (b).

˘RÙPok’ TPm 11.12 (c) Cp Es[’ ˙TÙp LÙk-Rj-ßu J⁄ ’⁄-Yj-

ßtœl Td-L-UÙL œi-Â£˚Vd ˘LÙi” YW-‹m. œi-Â£ LÙk-R-UÙL UÙflm

Gufl SÙm ◊¨k’ ˘LÙi- PÙm Ap-X-YÙ. LÙk-Rj-ßu ˘RÙ˚X-Æp Es[

÷≤´p GkR ’⁄-Ye-Ls ˙RÙufl°\’ Gu-T˚Rd LÙkR F£ TVu-T-

”jß ˙NÙR˚] ˘Nn-V-‹m. ˘RÙPo◊ YØ-VÙL F£- p ˙RÙu-±V A˙R

’⁄-YmRÙ]Ù Ce-œm ˙RÙu-±-V-’. ˙NÙR- ]- p C⁄k’ ˘Nu-\- P-Ÿm

L⁄j’ Gu]? A±-Æ-Vp œ±l- Th-•p G›-R-‹m.

˘RÙPo◊ ÍX-UÙ-]Ù-¤m ˘RÙPo-Tt\ ÿ˚\- -XÙ-]Ù-¤m Ái-Pp ÍXm

˙RÙu-flm LÙk-Rj-ßu ’⁄-Yj Ru˚U ˘RÙ˚X-Æp Es[ ÿ˚]- p

A˙R ’⁄-Yÿm A”j-’s[ ÿ˚]- p Gßo ’⁄-Y-ÿm Bœm.

LÙkR Ái-Pp˛ ˙R≤-⁄m©¤m G@d°-¤m

(Magnetic Induction in Soft Iron and Steel)

J⁄ -Th- Pd LÙk-Rjßu H˙R-‡m J⁄ ’⁄-Yj-ßp J⁄ R≤-

⁄m◊j ’i˚P ˚Yd-L-‹U (TPm11.13) œÆÛ-V-XÙL ˚Yd-Ll-

Th-”s[ œi-Â-£-L-∞p R≤-⁄m-©u —Rk-ßW ÿ˚]˚V Ír-

Lf- Nn’ ˘Y∞˙V G”d-L-‹m. Dod-Ll-Th-•-⁄d-œm œi-Â-£-

L-∞u Gi-¶d˚L Gj-R˚]? R≤-⁄m˚T Aq-YÙ˙\ ©•j-

’d- LÙi” LÙk-Rj˚R ALt-\-‹m. Gu] LÙi-°-»o-Ls? œi-

Â-£-Ls A˚]j-’m ≈rk’ ˙TÙLd LÙW-Qm Gu]?

˙R≤-⁄m-◊d-œl Tß-XÙL A˙R A[‹˚PV G@œ ’i”

TVu-T-”jß ˙NÙR- ]˚V ß⁄-m-Tf - Nn-V-‹m. G@-°p Jh•

C⁄dÛ-œm œi-Â-£-L-∞u Gi-¶d˚L Gj-R˚]? œ±j’d-

˘LÙsL.

Th-˚Pd LÙk-Rj˚R ALt-flm ˙TÙ’ Gu] LÙi-°-»o-Ls?

œi-Â-£-Ls A˚]j-’m Æ›-°u-\-]YÙ? LÙW-Qm Gu]?

Ceœj R≤-⁄m◊m G@-œm LÙkR UiP-Xj-ßp Yj-R- TÙ’

A˚Y LÙk-R-UÙ-L UÙ±].


Nn{Xw 11.14

Ah-P-Y˚Q 11.2

$ ˘Tt-fld ˘LÙiP LÙk-Rj-Ru- U˚V ®˚X-®-

fljR Es[ ß\˚U ™Ld-œ- \‹ (Retentivity)$ ................................................................................

$ .....................................................................................

$ LÙkRj Ái-P-¤dœ G∞-ßp CQeœYßp- X.

ARÙ-Y’ LÙkR Ht-◊j ß\u ™Ld œ˚\‹

(Susceptibility) .

˙R≤-⁄m◊ G@œ

.

LÙkR Eh-◊-œ ß\u (Permeability)

TPm11.14 Cp LÙh-Pl-Th-P’ ˙TÙp CWi” LÙk-R ’⁄e-L-fidœ C˚P- p

J⁄ C⁄m◊ Y˚[-Vm ( J⁄ ˘T¨V C⁄m-◊j ß⁄œ (nut) BL C⁄k-RÙ-¤m

˙TÙ’m) ˚Yd-L-‹m. CRtœ ˙Up J⁄ R•-Uu œ˚\kR Li-QÙ-•j-RL”

˚Yj’ ARu ¡’ C⁄m◊ ˘TÙ• ÁY-‹m. Li-QÙ-•j-R-Lh•p ˘U’-YÙ-Lj-

Rh-P-‹-m. Gu] LÙi-°-»o-Ls. Y˚[-Vj-ßu LÙ≠-VÙ] Tœ-ß Y⁄m CPj-

ßp C⁄m-◊l-˘TÙ• Jh-•l-©-•d-°-\-RÙ? °˚PjR A˚Ul˚T TPj-ßp

LÙhPlTh-P- A˚Ul-◊-Pu Jl-©h-”l-TÙod-L-‹m. Gu] L⁄j-ßp øe-Ls Nu-

\-˚Pk-æo-Ls?

˙R≤-⁄-m◊dœd LÙt˚\ ÆP LÙkRl TÙVj˚R LPk’ ˘Np-X A‡-U-ßd-œm

ß\u Aß-L-UÙ-œm. ARÙ-Y’ LÙk-R-TÙ-Vm LÙtfl YØ-VÙLd LPk’ ˘Np-Y˚R

ÆP ˙R≤-⁄m-©p G∞RÙL TW-‹-°-\’.

.

$ CYt-±p LÙkR Ht◊j-ß-\u Aß-L-UÙ-]’ G’?

(˙R≤-⁄m◊ / G@œ)

$ ®˚X ®flj-’m ß\u Aß-L-UÙ-]’ G’?

(˙R≤-⁄m◊ / G@œ)

øe-Ls Li-P-±kR R≤j-Ru- U-L-∞u A•l-T- P- p Bt-\p

™dL Rt-LÙ-≠L LÙk-Re-Ls A˚Ul-T-Rtœ ˙R≤-⁄m◊ Ap-X’

G@œ CYt-fls G’ £\k-R-’? ®˚Xd-LÙkReLs RVÙ- l-T-Rtœ

G@-°u Gj-Ru˚U TVu-T-”j-Rl-T-”-°-\’ Gu-T- Rd œ±dL‹m.

LÙkR Ht-◊Rj ß\-‡m®˚X ®flj-’m ß\‡m

(Susceptibility andRetentivity)

J⁄ LÙkRUiPXj-ßu Bßd-Lj-

RÙp LÙkRUÙY-Rtœd LÙkR

˘TÙ⁄s-L-fidœ LÙQl-T-”m ß\u

LÙkR Ht-◊j -ß-\u G]l-T-”-°-\-’.

Cq-YÙfl °˚PjR ß\˚]j RdL-

˚Yl-T-Rtœ Es[ ß\˚] ®˚X

®flj--’m- ß-\u Gu-°- \Ùm.


TPm 11.15Lm-©f-—t-fl-L-∞u Gi-¶d- L˚V Aß-L- j-’m, ™u-L-Xe-L-∞u Gi-¶d-

˚L˚V Aß-L- j-’m Ju-±tœ Ut-ThP B¶-L˚[ Jufl Noj’ TVu-

T-”j-ß-Ÿm ˙NÙR- ]˚Vj ß⁄m-Tf - Nn-V-‹m. Ee-Ls Li”©•l-◊-L˚[

A±-Æ-Vp œ±l- Th-•p G›R-‹m.

˙R≤-⁄m-©p —t-\l-ThP LÙl-©-Pl-ThP Lm-©f-—-⁄-s YØ-VÙL ™u-

˙]Ùh-Pj˚R ˘N¤jß ™u-LÙk-Rm E⁄YÙd-L-XÙm.

CqYÙfl E⁄-YÙd-œm ™u-LÙk-ReL-∞u ß\u

$ Lm-©f-—-⁄-sL-∞u Gi-¶d- L

$ ™u- ]Ùh-Pj-ßu A[‹

$ ˙R-≤-⁄m◊ Es-[-Lj-ßu œfldœ ˘Yh-”l-T-Wl◊ ˙TÙu-\-Yt˚\

NÙok-’s-[-’.

™u-LÙk-Re-Ls Rt-LÙ-≠L LÙk-Re-L-[Ù-œm. ™u-˙]Ùh-Pm R˚P-Th-PÙp

˙R≤-⁄m◊ Es[Lm(Core) ÿt-±-¤m LÙkR Ru- U˚V CZd-œm.

LÙk-Rl TÙVj˚R Es˙[ LPk’ ˘NpX A‡-U-ßd-œm ˘TÙ⁄h-L-

∞u ß\˚]d LÙkR Eh-◊œ ß\u Gu-°- \Ùm.

Ee-L-fi- PV Li-P-±-R-≠p C⁄k’ LÙkR Ui-P-Xj-ßu HRÙ-Y’ J⁄ Tœ-

ß-´p TÙV-A-Pojß Aß-L-¨dLf ˘Nn-Y-Rt-LÙ] J⁄ ÿ˚\-˚Vd

œ±l©”L?

LÙkR F£˚Vj ˙R≤-⁄m◊l ˘Th-•- p ˚Yj’ LÙkR ß˚N LÙh•Ls

RVÙ- l-T-ßp˚X Hu? LÙkR F£-Ls NÙRÙ-WQ-UÙL ˘NVt˚L LÙk-Re-L-[Ù-

œm. ˘NVt˚L LÙk-Re-Ls A˚Ul-T-Rtœ E˙XÙ-Ld LX- Y-Ls TVu-T-”j-

Rl-T-”Y’i-”. E˙XÙ-Ld-L-X- Y-Ls TVu-T-”jß Y¤-YÙ] LÙk-Re-Ls RVÙ-

¨l-T’ Gq-YÙfl?

™u-LÙk-Rm (Electro Magnet)

J⁄ C⁄m-TÙ¶ ¡’ LÙl-©-Pl-ThP ˘Nm◊d Lm-©u £X —t-fl-Ls —t-\‹m.

˘Nm-◊d -Lm-©-´u C⁄ ÿ˚]-L-˚[-Ÿm ™u-L-Xj-’-Pu C˚Qd-L-‹m,

B¶d-œ A⁄˙L £X œi-Â-£-L˚[d ˘LÙi-”-Y-W-‹m. Gu] LÙi-°-

»oLs ? Ceœ œi-Â-£-L˚[ C⁄m-TÙ¶ Dol-T’ GR-]Ùp?


˙R≤-⁄m◊ B¶d-œl Tß-XÙL G@œ B¶- Vl-T-Vu-T-”j-ß ˙NÙR˚]

˘Nn-RÙp ™u- ]Ùh-Pm R˚P-T-”m ˙TÙ’ G@œ LÙk-Rj-Ru- U˚V CZd-

°-\-RÙ? BWÙ-V-‹m. Ee-Ls Li-P-±-RpL˚[ A±-Æ-Vp œ±l-˙Th-•p

G›R‹m.

-øe-Ls ˘NnR ˙NÙR- ]-L∞u A•l-T- P- p TX Y•-Æ-¤m, Y≠- U- -

¤m LÙk-Re-Ls E⁄-YÙdL CV-¤m Gufl A±k-æo-Ls ApXYÙ.

ÿd-°V Lt\p A˚P-‹-L-∞p Eh-T-”-T˚Y

$ TX Y•-Ye-L-∞p LÙk-Re-Ls ˘NVt- L-VÙLj RVÙ- dL CV-¤m Gufl

Æ[dL ÿ•-°-\’.

$ JjR ’⁄-Ye-Ls Ju˚\ Jufl ÆXd-œm Gu-flm, Gßo ’⁄-Ye-Ls

Ju˚\ Jufl Dod-œm Gu-flm Æ[dL ÿ•-°-\’.

$ LÙkR F£- u ß˚N LÙh-”m Ti˚T Æ[dL CVp-°-\’. ˙U¤m

˙R˚Y-VÙ] „r-®- X-L-∞p TVu-T-”j-R-‹m CVp-°-\’.

$ È™ J⁄ Th- Pd LÙk-Rm ˙TÙp ˘NVp-T”°\’ Gu-T˚Rl ◊¨k’

È™´u LÙkRl Ti˚T Æ[dL ÿ•-°-\’.

$ LÙkR Ui-P-Xm, LÙkRlTÙVm, LÙkRlTÙV -A-Poj-ß,- LÙkRj Ái-Pp

B°-V˚Y Gu] Gufl Æ[dL CVp-°-\-’.

$ LÙk-Rj-’-Pu ˘RÙPo-◊- PV Tp- Yfl ˙NÙR- ]- p D”-TP ÿ•-°-\’.

$ ˙R≤-⁄m◊, G@-œ B°VYt±tœ C˚P˙V Es[ LÙkR Ti◊-L-∞u

˙Yt-fl- U-L˚[d LiP-±k’ Æ[dL ÿ•-°-\’

$ ™u-LÙk-Rj-ßu ß\˚] Aß-L- d-œm ÿ˚\-Ls Tt± Æ[dL ÿ•°\’.

Ußl-©-PXÙm

1. TPj-ßp AB Gu-T’ J⁄ Th- Pd-LÙk-R-UÙ-œm. ARu B Gu\ Tœßdœ-

A⁄-°p ˚Yd-Ll-Th-”s[ J⁄ ˙R≤-⁄m◊ Ri” CD Bœm. C, DB°-V-Yt-±p E⁄-YÙ-œm LÙkR ’⁄-Ye-Ls G˚Y

2 J⁄ Th-˚Pd LÙk-Rm U LÙk-Rm B°-V-Yt-±p


A

B

CWi” C⁄m-TÙ-¶-Ls ≈Rm RÙeL ÆPl-T-h-”-s-[’ TPj-ßp LÙh-Pl-

Th-”s-[’ (A, B).

a. C˚Y Jq˘YÙu-±-¤m N -VÙ] TPm G’ ?

b. Æ˚PLfidœd LÙW-Qm ·fl.

3. ˙R≤-⁄m◊, ’i” A˙R A[-‹s-[, -G@œj’i” LÙl-©-Pl-ThP

˘Nm◊Lm-©, ™u-L-X-A-”dœ B°-V˚Y ET- VÙ-°j’.

a. Ndß YÙnkR ®˚X-LÙk-Rm E⁄-YÙdœY’ Gq-YÙfl G] Æ[d-œL.

b. Rt-LÙ-≠L LÙk-Rm E⁄-YÙdœY’ Gq-YÙfl G] Æ[d-œL.

4. C⁄m◊ ˘Th-•- ‡s —Rk-ß-W-UÙL CVe-œm ÆRm LÙkR F£ ˚Yj’

LÙkR ß˚N LÙh-• A˚Uj’ ˘NVp-TP ˚YdL CV-¤UÙ? LÙW-Qm

·flL?

5. J⁄ LiLÙh-£-´p UWj-RÙp ˘NnR ˙U˚Ndœ A•-´p J⁄ Nd-ß-

YÙnkR LÙk-Rj-˚R CVd° ˘LÙi” ˙U˚Ndœ ˙Up J⁄ C⁄m◊

’i” Eh-◊-\m ˘TÙ⁄j-Rl-ThP ©[Ùv-•d LÙo KhP ÿ•k-R-’.

B]Ùp G-@œ ˙U˚N TVu-T-”j-ßV ˙TÙ’ ˘NVp-TÙ” ˙RÙpÆ

A˚Pk-R’. LÙW-Qj˚R Æ[d-L-‹m.



1. Bfl T˚Wh Y˚[V LÙk-Re-Ls G”d-L-‹m-. AYt-±-p CWi˚P TPjßp

LÙh-Pl Th-”s-[’ ˙TÙp J⁄ ˘Tu-£≠p ˘TÙ⁄j-R-‹m. J⁄ R•-U-]Ù]

˘Ro- UÙ- LÙp Ah˚P G”j’ Aßp C-Wi” ≈Rm Y˚[V LÙk-Re-L˚[l

˘Tu-£-≠u Es-[-Yt-±u A˙R AL-Xj-ßp œØ- p RÙrjß ˚Yd-L-‹m.

˘Tu-£p ÿ˚] ˘Ro- UÙ- LÙp Ah- P- p ˘Ne-œj-RÙLl ˘TÙ⁄j-Rl-ThP

©[Ùv-•d Ap-X’ ˚aXm RLh-•p ˘RÙh” ®t-œm ÆRm J›e-œ-T-”j-R-

‹m. ˘Tu-£-≠u Ufl-ÿ- ]˚V ˘U’-YÙ-Lf —Zt± ˘NVp-T-”j-R-‹m. Etfl

˙SÙdLp œ±l◊ RVÙ¨l¿oL[pXYÙ?

2J˙W UÙß¨VÙ] Ik’ £±V YhP Y•Y -LÙk-Re-L˚[ G”d-

L-‹m. Ri-Ωo œl-©- u A˚Pl-◊-Ls G”j’ Jq- YÙu-±-

¤m J⁄ LÙk-Rj-ßu YP ’⁄-Ym ∏r Td-Lj-ßp Y⁄-UÙfl Yd-

L -‹m. J⁄ ©[Ùv-•d ˙T£-≤p øo ®Wl© Aßp

A˚Pl◊L˚[ Jq- YÙu-\ÙL Yd-L-‹m. øe-Ls Gu] LÙi-

°-»o-Ls? CRtœd LÙW-Qm Gu]?

3. J⁄ LÙk-Rj-ßu YP ’⁄-Yj˚Rj ˘Rtœ YPdœ ß˚N- p

˚Yj’ ˙NÙR˚] SPj-ß-Vp-XYÙ SÙm LÙkR Æ˚N ˙LÙ”-L-

∞u Y˚W-T-Pm RVÙ- j- RÙm. Th˚Pd LÙk-Rj-ßu YP-’-⁄-

Yj˚Rj ˘Ru-ß- N- p ˚Yj’d LÙkR Æ˚Nd ˙LÙ”-L˚[

A˚P-VÙ-[l-T-”j-R-‹m. Y˚W-T-Pe-L-fidœ C˚P-˙V-Ÿs[

˙Yfl-TÙh˚P Et-fl- SÙd-L-‹m.


11 Na

˙NÙ•

Vm

Sodiu

m (Na

trium)

4 Be

˘T¨≠

Vm

Beryl

lium

12 Mg

Ud…

£V

m

Magn

esium

20 Ca

LÙp

£V

m

Calci

um 38 Srv

•WÙ

u£Vm

Stron

tium

56 Ba

˙T¨Vm

Bariu

m

88 Ra

˙W•Vm

Radiu

m

57 LaX

ÙkR]

m

Lanth

anum

89 Ac

Bd•≤

Vm

Actin

ium

21 Sc

vLÙu

•Vm

Scan

dium

39 Y´

h¨V

m

Yttriu

m

59 Pr©W£

˙VÙ•

™Vm

Pras

eody

-

60 Nd

®˙VÙ•

™Vm

Neod

ymium

61 Pm◊˘WÙ

™jß

Vm

Prom

ethium

62 Sm N˙U¨Vm

Sama

rium

63 Eu

Î˙WÙl©

Vm

Europ

ium

64 Gd

L˙PÙ≠

≤Vm

Gado

linium

65 Tb˘P

o©

Vm

Terbi

um

66 Dy

•v

◊˙WÙ£

Vm

Dysp

rosiu

m

67 Ho

˙a

Ùp™

Vm

Holm

ium

68 ErG

o©

Vm

Erbiu

m

69 Tm Á∞

Vm

Thuli

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71 Yb´

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94 Pu

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95 AmA

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96 Cm

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97 Bk

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98 Cf

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99 Es

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100

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101

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102

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103 Lr

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104 Rf

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107

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108

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110

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105

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82 Pb

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Iron (

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79 Au

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86 Rn

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54 Xe

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2 He

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31 Ga

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55 Cs

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Brom

ine

A•l-T˚P A±-Æ-Vp - Kerala · Academic Co-ordinater Dr.Ancy Varghese, Research Officer, SCERT...

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Transcript of A•l-T˚P A±-Æ-Vp - Kerala · Academic Co-ordinater Dr.Ancy Varghese, Research Officer, SCERT...