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Transcript of Al Kuliyyah 1
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CH 1
Introduction toAnimal Anatomy
and Physiology
Credit: Carlos J Bidot Author 2006
Revised 2010
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Gross Anatomy
Regional all structures in one part of the
body (such as the abdomen or leg)
Systemic gross anatomy of the body
studied by system
Surface study of internal structures as
they relate to the overlying skin
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Microscopic Anatomy
Cytology study of the cell
Histology study of tissues
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Developmental Anatomy
Traces structural changes throughout life
Embryology study of developmentalchanges of the body before birth
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Specialized Branches of
Anatomy
Pathological anatomy study of
structural changes caused by disease
Radiographic anatomy study of internal
structures visualized by X ray
Molecular biology study of anatomical
structures at a sub-cellular level
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Exploratory Surgery
Medical Imaging
Cytology
Gross Anatomy
Histology
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Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules
1
2
3
4
Cellular level
Cells are made up of molecules
Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of
cells
5 Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different organs
that work together closely
Organ level
Organs are made up of
different types of tissues
6 Organismal level
The human organism is
made up of many organ
systems
Atoms
Molecules
Smooth m uscle cel l
Smooth
muscle
t issue
Connectivetissue
Smoothmuscletissue
Epithelialtissue
Bloodvessel
(organ)
Heart
Blood
vessels
Cardiovascular
system
Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1
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Physiology
Considers the operation of specific
organ systems
Renal kidney function
Neurophysiology workings of the nervous
system
Cardiovascular operation of the heart and
blood vessels Focuses on the functions of the body,
often at the cellular or molecular level
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a
relatively stable internal environment in an
ever-changing outside world
The internal environment of the body is in
a dynamic state of equilibrium
Chemical, thermal, and neural factors
interact to maintain homeostasis
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Homeostatic Imbalance
Disturbance of homeostasis or the
bodys normal equilibrium
Overwhelming of negative feedback
mechanisms allowing destructive positive
feedback mechanisms to take over-
possible disease or death.
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Anatomical Position
Body erect
Feet slightly apart
Palms facing forward Thumbs point away
from body
Figure 1.7a
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Directional Termsterms used to describe positions of structures on body, relative to other structures or
locations- each directional term usually has a partner term which has an oppositemeaning
Superior and inferior toward and away
from the head, respectively
Anterior and posterior toward the front
and back of the body
Medial, lateral, and intermediate
toward the midline, away from the midline,
and between a more medial and lateral
structure
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Directional Terms Table 1.1
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- some terms differ from those used in human anatomy,due to quadruped posture of domestic animals
- relative position on trunk of animal can bedescribed by termscranial & caudal
Cranial:nearer to the head of the animalCaudal:nearer to tail
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- relative position on a limb:
- Proximal: nearer to attachment of the
appendage to the body- Distal: farther away from the attachment ofappendage to the body
- relative position of structures on the front & backsides of the limbs of an animal require two sets ofdescriptive terms
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- positions relative to the outer surface of the animal aredescribed by the terms superficial and deep
superficial:structure is near the body surface
deep:structure is farther away from surface
-positions of structures can also be described by the termsmedial and lateral
medial:structure is near the midline of the limb/trunk/head
lateral:structure is farther away from the midline of
the limb/trunk/ head
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Regional Terms: Anterior View
Axial head,
neck, and
trunk
Appendicular
appendages
or limbs
Specific
regional
terminology
Figure 1.7a
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Regional Terms: Posterior View
Figure 1.7b
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Body Planes
Sagittal divides the body into right and
left parts Midsagittal or medial sagittal plane that
lies on the midline
Frontal or coronal divides the body intoanterior and posterior parts
Transverse or horizontal (cross section)
divides the body into superior andinferior parts
Oblique section cuts made diagonally
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Body Planes Figure 1.8
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Anatomical Planes of Section Terminology
-planes of section are often used to describe surgical incisionsor other sections ("cuts") made on the whole animal, abody part, or an organ eg orientation of the sound waves inan ultrasound scan
- an animal/body part/organ is a three-dimensional object, 3
main orientations of these planes:
atransverse planeof section divides the trunk or head into a front(rostral or cranial) half and a back (caudal) half
the section is perpendicular to the long axis of the head or trunk
a transverse section can also be made of the limb: the limb isdivided into proximal & distal halves
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- adorsal/coronalsection divides the head or trunk into
upper and lower halves along the long axis
- amediansection divides the head, trunk or limb intoequal right and left halves along the long axis of the bodypart
- a sagittal section is a section parallel to the medianplane of the animal
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Anatomical Variability
Humans vary slightly in both external
and internal anatomy
Over 90% of all anatomical structures
match textbook descriptions, but:
Nerves or blood vessels may be
somewhat out of place
Small muscles may be missing Extreme anatomical variations are
seldom seen
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Anatomical Variation
Abdominal Aorta and Common Iliac Arteries
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Body Cavities
Figure 1.9a
Body Cavities
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Body Cavities
Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system,
and is divided into two subdivisions Cranial cavity is within the skull and
encases the brain
Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebralcolumn and encases the spinal cord
Ventral cavity houses the internal organs
(viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions:- Thoracic andAbdominopelvic cavities
Body Cavities
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Body CavitiesFigure 1.9b
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Body Cavities Thoracic cavity is subdivided
into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and thepericardial cavity
Pleural cavities eachhouses a lung
Mediastinum contains thepericardial cavity, and surrounds the
remaining thoracic organs
Pericardial cavity
encloses the heart
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Body Cavities
The abdominopelvic cavity is separatedfrom the superior thoracic cavity by the
dome-shaped diaphragm
It is composed of two subdivisions Abdominal cavity contains the
stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and
other organs Pelvic cavity lies within the pelvis and
contains the bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum
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Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Parietal serosa lines internal body walls
Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
Serous fluid separates the serosae (A serous
membrane, especially one that lines the
pericardial, pleural, and peritoneal cavities,enclosing their contents)
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Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Figure 1.10a
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Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Figure 1.10b
If a bullet were to penetrate a lung, which
three anterior thoracic body cavities would
it enter, and which layer of the serous
membrane would it encounter first?
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Other Body Cavities
Oral and digestive mouth and cavities
of the digestive organs
Nasallocated within and posterior to the
nose
Orbital house the eyes
Middle ear contain bones (ossicles) that
transmit sound vibrations
Synovialjoint cavities
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Abdominopelvic Regions
Umbilical
Epigastric
Hypogastric
Right and left iliac
or inguinal
Right and leftlumbar
Right and left
hypochondriac Figure 1.11a
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Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.11b
Abd i l i Q d t
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right upper (RUQ)
Left upper (LUQ)
Right lower (RLQ)
Left lower (LLQ)
Figure 1.12
Cell ph siolog
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The term cell physiologyoften specifically
applies to the physiologyofmembrane transport, neuron transmissi
on, and (less
frequently) muscle contraction. These cover the digestion of food,
circulation of blood, and contraction of
muscles and, therefore, are important
aspects of human physiology
Quiz 1:
Cell components
Name and describe, the main
structures of animal cell
Cell physiology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane -
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Medical Imaging
Radiography (X-rays) William Roentgens
discovery in 1885
Penetrate tissues todarken photographic film
beneath the body Dense tissue appears
white
Over half of all medicalimaging
Until 1960s, it was theonly method widelyavailable
1-50
U.H.B. Trust/Tony Stone Images/Getty Imagese
(a) X-ray (radiograph)
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Medical Imaging
Radiopaque substances
Injected or swallowed
Fills hollow structures
Blood vessels
Intestinal tract
(b Cerebral angiogram
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Custom Medical Stock Photos, Inc.
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Medical Imaging
Computedtomography (CT scan)
Formerly called a CAT
scan
Low-intensity X-rays andcomputer analysis
Slice-type image
Increased sharpness of
image
(c) Computed tomographic (CT) scan
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
CNR/Phototake
M di l I i N l M di i
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Medical ImagingNuclear Medicine
Positron emission tomography
(PET) scan Assesses metabolic state of tissue
Distinguished tissues most active
at a given moment
Mechanicsinject radioactivelylabeled glucose
Positrons and electrons collide
Gamma rays given off
Detected by sensor
Analyzed by computer
Image color shows tissues using
the most glucose at that moment
Damaged tissues appear dark1-53
(d) Positron emission tomographic
(PET) scan
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Tony Stone Images/Getty Images
Medical Imaging
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Medical Imaging Magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI)
Slice-type image Superior quality to CT scan
Best for soft tissue
Mechanics
Alignment and realignmentof hydrogen atoms with
magnetic field and radio
waves
Varying levels of energy
given off used by computerto produce an image
(e) Magnetic resonance image (MRI)
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Monte S. Buchsbaum, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY
In which direction would an MRI scanner move
to produce sequential images of the body in the
frontal plane, and in which direction would an
MRI scanner move to produce sequential
images of the body in the sagittal plane?
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Medical Imaging
Sonography Second oldest and
second most widely
used
Mechanics High-frequency sound
waves echo back
from internal organs
Avoids harmful X-rays
Obstetrics
Image not very sharp