AKS 39: European Exploration Chapters 19.1, 19.2, 20 Pages 529-541, 553-575.

AKS 39:European Exploration

Chapters 19.1, 19.2, 20

Pages 529-541, 553-575

Reasons for the Age of Exploration

Gold– The desire for wealth was the main reason for

European exploration• Wars fought were very expensive, so they needed to

find lots of gold, silver, and jewels to pay for them. They thought Asia would have lots of it, so they wanted to find it and bring it back


God– Desire to spread Christianity

– Believed duty was to continue to fight Muslims (bitterness left over from the Crusades) and seek to convert non-Christians

• “To serve God and His Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do.” - Bartolomeu Dias


Glory– Wanted to bring fame to themselves and their

country– Expand Knowledge

• They did not know much; most had never been outside Europe. They thought there was only one ocean. Many thought the world was flat; the educated knew the world was round, but they did not know how big it was.


Find a Sea Route to Asia– Merchants & traders hoped to

profit from the trade of spices & other luxury goods from Asia

• Silk road trade routes were dangerous

• Sea was dangerous due to storms and pirates, so spices were very expensive

– Became more expensive due to Turkish Empire cutting off trade routes. Could not defeat Turks in battle, so needed to find a way around the Turkish Empire

• This meant finding a direct sea route to Asia

39c – explain the role of the improved technology in European exploration including the astrolabe

WARM-UP:

Advances in Technology

Cartographers– Map-makers– Began to create maps that were more accurate

Advances in TechnologyAstrolabe– Device used to measure star position

• Different types were made, but a mariner’s astrolabe was used to determine the latitude of a ship at sea by measuring the noon altitude of the Sun or the meridian altitude of a star of known declination

• To find the latitude of the ship at sea, the noon altitude of the Sun was measured during the day or the altitude of a star of known declination was measured when it was on the meridian (due north or south) at night. The Sun's or star's declination for the date was looked up in an almanac.


Improved magnetic compass


Improved ships– Caravel

• Ships with three masts, more sails, more cargo

39a – explain the roles of explorers and conquistadors, including Zheng He, Vasco de Gama, Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, James Cook, and Samuel de Champlain

WARM-UP:

1405:Zheng He launches the first of seven voyages of exploration.

Zheng He– Chinese Muslim admiral of the fleets– Most known for their remarkable size

• Distances traveled, fleet size, and ship measurements– 40-300 ships sailed in each expedition, with crews

numbering over 27,000 on some voyages• Included sailors, soldiers, carpenters, interpreters, accountants,

doctors, & religious leaders– Purpose: Distributed gifts of silver & silk to show

Chinese superiority• 16 countries sent tribute to Ming Court• Chinese scholar-officials argued that the voyages wasted

valuable resources that could be used to fight barbarian attacks from the north

– As such, after the last voyage in 1433, China withdrew into isolation

Zheng HeZheng He’s Treasure Ships

(as compared to a European flagship)

1419:Prince Henry starts a navigation school.

Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)– His school of navigation

• Mapmakers, instrument makers, shipbuilders, scientists, & sea captains perfected their trade here

– Portuguese led the way• Ships sailed down western coast of

Africa• Established trading ports along the

“Gold Coast”– Also traded for ivory

• Eventually traded for African captives to be used as slaves

1488:Bartolomeu Dias rounds the southern tip of Africa.

Explored SE coast of Africa

Considered sailing to India, but an exhausted crew and low food supplies forced him to return home

1492:Christopher Columbus reaches the Caribbean.

Goal of Expedition– Find a shorter route to Asia

First European since the Vikings to “discover” the new world– Although, he originally thought he

had reached Asia, which is why he called the natives “Indians,” because he thought he was in the Indies – the name stuck

Immediate Outcomes– Increased tensions between Spain &

Portugal

Long-Term Outcomes– Opened up the Americas to European

exploration

1494:Spain & Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas.

As tension increased between Spain & Portugal over lands, Pope Alexander VI stepped in to keep the peace– Drew the Line of Demarcation

• Imaginary dividing line drawn north to south through the Atlantic Ocean

• All lands west belonged to Spain• All lands east belonged to Portugal

– The Treaty was signed agreeing to the terms• Resulted in the countries opening up an era of exploration and

colonization in earnest. Map showing lines on next

slide

1498:Vasco de Gama reaches the port of Calicut on the Indian Ocean.

Explored East Africa on his way to IndiaExplorations led to the discovery that there was a direct sea route to Asia– Now, keep in mind, it was a

long and treacherous journey, but it avoided territory controlled by the Ottoman Turks

1521:Ferdinand Magellan leads a Spanish expedition to the Philippines.

1st person to lead an expedition around the world– Although, Magellan never actually

made it – he died in a war in the Philippines

– Out of 250 crew and 5 ships that set out on the journey, only 18 men and 1 ship made it back to Spain

– Magellan is given credit for naming the Pacific Ocean (because of its calm waters) and discovered the Strait of Magellan on the southern tip of South America

Notable Spanish Explorers

Amerigo Vespucci – He was the first

European to recognize that the new continents discovered by Columbus were not part of Asia (1502)

• As a result, North and South America were named for him


Juan Ponce de Leon – He was the first

European to explore Florida, searching for the Fountain of Youth (1513)


Vasco Núñez de Balboa– He was the first

European to see the Pacific Ocean from its eastern shore (1513)


Hernando Cortez – He was a Spanish Conquistador

who defeated and conquered the Aztec Empire (1521)

• Spanish were able to defeat them because:

– Superior weaponry

– Aid from some other groups of natives

– European diseases killed many Native Americans who had no immunity to the diseases


Francisco Pizarro – He conquered the Inca

Empire (1533)• Created a large mestizo

population

• Imposed Spanish culture

• Exploited Native Americans as laborers


Francisco Vasquez de Coronado– Discovered SW part of the

United States, including the Grand Canyon (1540)

• Unique because mainly priests explored and colonized much of the region


Hernando De Soto– He led the first

expedition across the southeastern United States (1539-1542)

Notable English Explorers

Sir Francis Drake – He helped defeat the

Spanish Armada, and he was the first Englishman to sail around the world


John Cabot – He was the first

European since the Vikings to explore the mainland of North America and the first to search for the Northwest Passage


James Cook – Circumnavigated the globe

twice– First British ship

commander to circumnavigate the globe in a lone ship

– First known European to reach the Hawaiian Islands

– Explored area around Australia and ventured south toward Antarctica

Notable French Explorers

Rene-Robert de La Salle – He was the first

European to sail down the Mississippi River from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico


Jacques Cartier – He discovered the

St. Lawrence River


Father Jacques Marquette – He was on the

expedition that led to the discovery of the Mississippi River


Louis Jolliet – He was the first

European to travel down the Mississippi River from the Great Lakes


Samuel de Champlain – Established New

France in Quebec

European Settlements in North America

New France– Reasons for

exploration:• Find a sea route

to Asia

• Establish the fur trade


Jamestown– Significance:

• England’s first permanent North American colony


Plymouth & Massachusetts Bay colonies– Reasons for

colonization:• Pilgrims &

Puritans were searching for religious freedom


New Netherland– Reasons for colonization:

• Expanded fur trade

• Set up permanent colonies

The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500-1600)Contributing Factors:

European colonization of the Americas– At first, colonists forced Native

Americans to work their profitable mines & plantations

– As Native Americans began dying by the millions, the colonists bought Africans to replace Native American workers

• Experienced in farming• Not familiar with the New World, so

they could not escape• Skin color made it easier to catch

them if they did escape


Portuguese settlement of Brazil– Demand for slaves grew massively as Brazil’s

sugar industry expanded


African rulers– Some African rulers helped deliver slaves to

Europeans in exchange for goods


African merchants– They bought and sold slaves– When some African rulers opposed the slave

trade, merchants developed new trade routes

The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500-1600)Consequences:

African societies– Population drain– Introduction of guns that helped spread war and

devastation


Enslaved Africans– Separation from

families– Harsh lives– Eventual

development of rich cultural heritage

I was soon put down under the decks, and there I received such a salutation [greeting] in my nostrils as I never experienced in my life; so that, with the loathsomeness of the stench, and crying together, I became so sick and low that I was not able to eat . . . but soon, to my grief, two of the white men offered me eatables; and on my refusing to eat, one of them held me fast by the hands, and laid me across . . . the windlass, while the other flogged me severely.- Olaudah Equiano


American colonies– Economic and cultural development– Back-breaking labor and farming expertise

that helped many colonies survive


Present-day American cultures– Addition of Africans to population group– Mixed-race populations– Cultural additions– Cultural blending

39b – define the Columbian Exchange and its global economic and cultural impact

WARM-UP:

The Columbian Exchange & Global Trade

Columbian Exchange - Definition:– Global transfer of foods, plants, and animals

from Europe to the Americas• Pigs, horses, sheep, and cows brought from Europe

to Americas• Diseases were also brought, killing millions of

natives• Led to changes in diets

– Corn and potatoes were taken from Americas to Europe


Global Trade– Causes:

• Establishment of colonial empires• Expansion of overseas trade• Increased wealth for many individuals and countries

– Effects:• Rise of capitalism

– Economic system based on private ownership

• Rise of merchant class• Growth of towns


Inflation– Causes:

• Increased money supply

• Increased demand for goods

– Effects:• Scarcity of goods

• Rising prices


Formation of Joint-Stock Companies– Definition:

• Investors buy stock into a company and share the profits or losses

– Causes:• High cost of colonization• Need to reduce potential losses

– Effects:• Establishment of Jamestown and other colonies in

North America


Growth of Mercantilism– Definition:

• Country’s power depends on its wealth• Sell more than you buy (favorable balance of trade)

– Colonies helped countries achieve a favorable balance of trade by providing raw materials; the mother country would manufacture it into a product and sell for a profit

– Causes:• Desire for power, wealth, and self-sufficiency

– Effects:• Creation of colonial empires

Map on next slide

AKS 39: European Exploration Chapters 19.1, 19.2, 20 Pages 529-541, 553-575.

Documents

Transcript of AKS 39: European Exploration Chapters 19.1, 19.2, 20 Pages 529-541, 553-575.