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Akhlesh Lakhtakia
Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics
Pennsylvania State University
April 3, 2008
Division of Business
Iowa Wesleyan College
Mt. Pleasant, IA
Nanoengineered Metamaterials
• Nanotechnology
• Metamaterials
•Sculptured Thin Films
• Nanotechnology
• Metamaterials
•Sculptured Thin Films
• Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology: The termUS Patents and Trademarks Office (2006):
“Nanotechnology is related to research and technology development at the atomic, molecular or
macromolecular levels, in the length of scale of approximately 1-100 nanometer range in at least one
dimension; that provide a fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at the nanoscale; and
to create and use structures, devices and systems that have novel properties and functions because of
their small and/or intermediate size.”
A. Lakhtakia
Nanotech Economy
Total worldwide R&D funding = $ 9.6B in 2005
Governments (2005): $4.6B
Established Corporations (2005): $4.5B
Venture Capitalists (2005): $0.5B
Source: Lux Research, The Nanotech Report, 4th Ed. (2006).
A. Lakhtakia
Nanotech Economy: Scope
Source: Meridian Institute, Nanotechnology and the Poor: Opportunities and Risk (2005)
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Nanotechnology
promises to be
• pervasive
• ubiquitous
A. Lakhtakia
Nanotechnology & Life
Source:
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A. Lakhtakia
Significant Attributes
Large surface area per unit volume
Quantum effects
A. Lakhtakia Dimensionality
1 D
Ultrathin coatings
2 D
Nanowires and nanotubes
3 D
Nanoparticles
Nanotechnology: Classification
• Incremental – nanoparticles, thin films
• Evolutionary – quantum dots, nanotubes
• Radical – molecular manufacturing
A. Lakhtakia
Nanotechnology: Classification
• Incremental – nanoparticles, thin films
• Evolutionary – quantum dots, nanotubes
• Radical – molecular manufacturing
A. Lakhtakia
Nanotechnology: Classification
• Incremental – nanoparticles, thin films
• Evolutionary – quantum dots, nanotubes
• Radical – molecular manufacturing
A. Lakhtakia
A. Lakhtakia Nanomaterials
Lots of potential applications
Unreliable production
Integrated Electronics and Optoelectronics
Many opportunities:
- memory cell ~ 90 nm (2004)
~ 22 nm (2016)
- plastic electronics
- biosensors, chemical sensors
- structural health monitoring
A. Lakhtakia
Bionanotechnology and Nanomedicine
Many opportunities:
- targeted drug delivery
- in vivo molecular imaging
- antimicrobial agents
- tissues and scaffolds
- “smart” health monitoring
A. Lakhtakia
A. Lakhtakia Metrology
Extremely important
Requires standardization
Not much research expenditure incurred so far, but increasing
Industrial Applications
• Nothing revolutionary, as of now!
• Significant challenges: from laboratory to mass manufacturing
A. Lakhtakia
Desirable Features for Industrial Application
• Cost-effectiveness
• Waste reduction
• Lifecycle (cradle-to-grave) environmental auditing
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• Metamaterials
J.B.S. Haldane
The Creator, if he exists, has ...
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… an inordinate fondness for beetles.
A. Lakhtakia
Engineers
have had an inordinate fondness
for
composite materials
all through the ages
A. Lakhtakia
Evolution of Materials Research
• Material Properties (< ca.1970)• Design for Functionality
(ca.1980)• Design for System Performance
(ca. 2000)
A. Lakhtakia
Evolution of Materials Research
• Material Properties (< ca.1970)• Design for Functionality
(ca.1980)• Design for System Performance
(ca. 2000)
A. Lakhtakia
Evolution of Materials Research
• Material Properties (< ca.1970)• Design for Functionality
(ca.1980)• Design for System Performance
(ca. 2000)
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Multifunctionality
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MultifunctionalityA. Lakhtakia
MultifunctionalityA. Lakhtakia
Performance Requirements on the Fuselage
1. Light weight (for fuel efficiency)
2. High stiffness (resistance to deformation)
3. High strength (resistance to rupture)
MultifunctionalityA. Lakhtakia
Performance Requirements on the Fuselage
1. Light weight (for fuel efficiency)
2. High stiffness (resistance to deformation)
3. High strength (resistance to rupture)
4. High acoustic damping (quieter cabin)
5. Low thermal conductivity (less condensation;
more humid cabin)
MultifunctionalityA. Lakhtakia
Performance Requirements on the Fuselage
1. Light weight (for fuel efficiency)
2. High stiffness (resistance to deformation)
3. High strength (resistance to rupture)
4. High acoustic damping (quieter cabin)
5. Low thermal conductivity (less condensation;
more humid cabin)
MultifunctionalityA. Lakhtakia Performance Requirements on the Fuselage
1. Light weight (for fuel efficiency)
2. High stiffness (resistance to deformation)
3. High strength (resistance to rupture)
4. High acoustic damping (quieter cabin)
5. Low thermal conductivity (less condensation; more humid cabin)
Future: Conducting & other fibers for
(i) reinforcement
(ii) antennas
(iii) environmental sensing
(iv) structural health monitoring
(iv) morphing
Metamaterials
Rodger Walser
SPIE Press (2003)
A. Lakhtakia
Walser’s Definition (2001/2)
• macroscopic composites having a manmade, three-dimensional, periodic cellular architecture designed to produce an optimized combination, not available in nature, of two or more responses to specific excitation
A. Lakhtakia
“Updated” Definition
composites designed to produce an optimized combination of two or
more responses to specific excitation
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Cellularity
A. Lakhtakia
Nanoengineered Metamaterials
Cellularity Multifunctionality
A. Lakhtakia
Nanoengineered Metamaterials
Cellularity Multifunctionality
Morphology Performance
Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia
Component:
Simple action
Assembly of components:
Complex action
Multi-component system = Assembly of different components
Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia
Energy storage cell
Energy distributor cell
Chemisensor cell
Force-sensor cell
RFcomm cellShape-changer cell
Energy harvesting cell
IRcomm cellLight-source cell
Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia
Supercell
Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia
Periodic Arrangement of Supercells Fractal Arrangement of Supercells
Functionally Graded Arrangement of Supercells
Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia
Biomimesis
Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia
Biomimesis
Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia
Fabrication
1. Self-assembly
2. Positional assembly
3. Lithography
4. Etching
5. Ink-jet printing
6. ….
7. ….
8. Hybrid techniques
Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia
Fabrication
1. Self-assembly
2. Positional assembly
3. Lithography
4. Etching
5. Ink-jet printing
6. ….
7. ….
8. Hybrid techniques
•Sculptured Thin Films
Sculptured Thin Films
Assemblies of Parallel Curved Nanowires/Submicronwires
Controllable Nanowire Shape
A. Lakhtakia
Morphological
Change
Sculptured Thin FilmsA. Lakhtakia
Sculptured Thin Films
Morphology
changes
in 3-5 nm
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Sculptured Thin Films
Assemblies of Parallel Curved Nanowires/Submicronwires
Controllable Nanowire Shape
2-D morphologies
3-D morphologies
vertical sectioning
Nanoengineered Materials (1-3 nm clusters)
Controllable Porosity (10-90 %)
A. Lakhtakia
Sculptured Thin Films
Antecedents:
(i) Young and Kowal - 1959
(ii) Niuewenhuizen & Haanstra - 1966
(iii) Motohiro & Taga - 1989
Conceptualized by Lakhtakia & Messier (1992-1995)
Optical applications (1992-1995)
Biological applications (2003-)
A. Lakhtakia
Sculptured Thin Films
(i) Penn State
(ii) Edinboro University of Pennsylvania
(iii) Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania
(iv) Millersville University
(v) Rensselaer Polytechnic University
(vi) University of Toledo
(vii) University of Georgia
(viii) University of South Carolina
(ix) University of Nebraska at Lincoln
(x) Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
(xi) University of Alberta
(xii) Queen’s University
(xiii) University of Moncton
(xiv) National Autonomous University of Mexico
(xv) Imperial College, London
(xvi) University of Glasgow
(xvii) University of Edinburgh
(xviii) University of Leipzig
(xix) Toyota R&D Labs
(xx) Kyoto University
(xxi) National Taipei University of Technology
(xxii) Hanyang University
(xxiii) University of Otago
(xxiv) University of Canterbury
(xxv) Ben Gurion University of the Negev
Research Groups
A. Lakhtakia
Physical Vapor Deposition
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Sculptured Thin FilmsOptical Devices: Polarization Filters
Bragg Filters
Ultranarrowband Filters
Fluid Concentration Sensors
Bacterial Sensors
Biomedical Applications: Tissue Scaffolds
Surgical Cover Sheets
Other Applications: Photocatalysis (Toyota)
Thermal Barriers (Alberta)
Energy Harvesting (Penn State,
Toledo)
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Optics of Chiral STFs
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Chiral STFs: Circular Bragg Phenomenon
Chiral STF as CP FilterA. Lakhtakia
Spectral Hole FilterA. Lakhtakia
Fluid Concentration Sensor
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LIGHT EMITTERS
• Luminophores inserted in a chiral STF
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LIGHT EMITTERS
• Quantum dots inserted in a cavity between two
left-handed chiral STFs
Zhang et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 (2007) 023102.
A. Lakhtakia
Polymeric STFs
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PARYLENE-C STFs: COMBINED CVD+PVD TECHNIQUE
Pursel et al., Polymer 46 (2005) 9544.
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PARYLENE-C STFs: COMBINED CVD+PVD TECHNIQUE
Nanoscale
Morphology
Ciliary Structure
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BIOSCAFFOLDSA. Lakhtakia
BIOSCAFFOLDS
Lakhtakia et al., Adv. Solid State Phys. 46 (2008) 295.
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BIOSCAFFOLDS
Demirel et al., J. Biomed. Mater. Res, B 81 (2007) 219.
Fibroblast Cells: Red stain
72 hours after seeding
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Applications of Parylene STFs
• Cell-culture substrates• Coatings for prostheses (e.g. stents)• Coatings for surgical equipment (e.g., catheters)• Biosensors• Tissue engineering for controlled drug release
Volumetric functionalization
Optical monitoring
A. Lakhtakia
STFs WITH TRANSVERSEARCHITECTURE
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STFs WITH TRANSVERSE ARCHITECTURE
Chromium
Molybdenum
Aluminum
Metal STFs on
Topographic
Substrates
Horn et al., Nanotechnology 15 (2004) 303.
A. Lakhtakia
STFs WITH TRANSVERSE ARCHITECTURE
HCP array of SiOx nanocolumns BCC array of SiOx nanocolumns
1um x 1um mesh of SiOx nanolines
Dielectric STFs on
Topographic
Substrates
A. Lakhtakia
• Nanotechnology
• Metamaterials
•Sculptured Thin Films
A. Lakhtakia