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AN APPLICATION OF PLC :

OTE DETECTION OF

GAL ELECTRICITY USAGE

SUBMITTED BY: AKANKSHA SHARMA

ROLL NO: 1005220002

Submitted to the Department of ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING

In partial fulfillment of the requirements

For the degree of

Bachelor of Technology

In

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY

G.B. Technical University [2012-2013]

STUDENT NAME:SEMINAR GUIDE:

AKANKSHA SHARMA

PROF.BHARTI DWIVEDI

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CONTENTS

1 .CERTIFICATE 2

2 . ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 3

3. ABSTRACT 4

4. INTRODUCTION 5

5. POWER LINE COMMUNICATION 6

6. AMR-AN IMPORTANT APPLICATION OF POWER LINE

COMMUNICATION 7-9

7. AUTOMATIC METER READING SETUP 10

8. METHOD OF ILLEGAL ELECTRICITY USAGE 11

9. DETECTION AND CONTROL SYSTEM 12-13

10. WORKING OF THE SYSTEM 14-15

11. SYSTEM SIMULATION AND MODELLING OF THE DETECTION 16-17

SYSTEM OF ILLEGAL ELECTRICITY USAGE FOR

ELECTROMECHANICAL KILOWATTHOUR METERS

12. AN OVERVIEW OF THE DETECTOR SYSTEM 18

13 .ADVANTAGES OF AMR 19

14 .SYSTEM LIMITATIONS 20

15. CONCLUSION 21

16 .REFERENCE 22

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CERTIFICATE

This to certify that Miss AKANKSHA SHARMA prepared this B.Tech seminar report titled AN

APPLICATION OF PLC REMOTE DETECTION OF ILLEGAL USAGE OF ELECTRICITY

under the esteemed guidance of PROF.BHARI DWIVEDI.

This seminar report is submitted to the department of Electrical Engineering in partial

fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical

Engineering.

SEMINAR GUIDE NAME: HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

PROF. BHARTI DWIVEDI PROF. BHARTI DWIVEDI

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT3


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I am thankful to Prof. BHARTI DWIVEDI, Head of the Department for

providing me with the facilities for the seminar.

I would also express my sincere gratitude to Mr. BHEEMSONKARfor his guidance

and cooperation for preparing and presenting the seminar. Above all I thank all the faculties of

the EEE Department and my friends for their moral support and encouragement.

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ABSTRACT

Power Line Communication (PLC) presents an interesting and economical solution for

automatic meter reading (AMR).If an AMR system via PLC is set in a power delivery system, a

detection system for illegal electricity usage may be easily added in the existing PLC network.

In the detection system, the second digitally energy meter chip is used and the value of energy is

stored. The recorded energy is compared with the value at the main kilowatt-hour meter. In the

case of difference between two recorded energy data, in error signal is generated and transmitted

via PLC network. The detector and control system is proposed. The architecture of the system

and their critical components are given. This report describes a prototype of the detector system

for illegal electricity usage using the power lines.

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INTRODUCTION

The automatic meter reading (AMR) system has become a necessity for most suppliers as

deregulation, free customer choice and open market competition occur in the energy supply

sector. Power line communication has many new service possibilities on the data

transferring via power lines without use extra cables. AMR is a very important application in

these possibilities due to every user connected each other via modems using power lines.

AMR is a technique to facilitate remote readings energy consumption.

Improving the electrical power supply to households is a big issue. There is a increase

in distribution rate of electrical power supply, which is now around 70% to 80% to 100%.

Power companies are plagued by power theft. PLC will play an important role in placing anti-

theft power system.

Illegal electricity may be a serious problem in many countries .This problem has been

attempted to be resolved by special skills of humans, such as the police special security etc.

These method could not give optimum solution due to their impracticalities. Meter reading has

been applied by humans and some electronics solutions such as optical reading methods,

creditable utilization of electrical energy etc.

Many chips which can be used for digital energy metering and PLC modems. The

problem of illegal usage of electricity must be solved electronically, without any human control.

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POWER LINE COMMUNICATION

Power Line Communication is a mode of data transmission over the same line that

delivers electricity. This mode of communication uses power conductors transmitting ac

power across electrical distribution system.

Power Line Communication Systems operate by injecting the high frequency carrier

signal in the power line. Message signal is modulated over this high frequency carrier

signal which is then transmitted over long distances. Normally used modulation schemes

for power line communication are orthogonal frequency division

multiplexing(OFDM) ,binary phase shift keying(BSK), frequency phase shift

keying(FSK). In this system a sender modulates the data and injects it in the power

conductors and a receivers demodulates the data at receiving end.

Major advantage of power line communication is that no external network has to be

established in order to transmit signals as this technology uses electrical network .Its has

wide range of applications ranging from power system automation to internet access.

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AUTOMATIC METER READING (A.M.R)

AN IMPORTANT APPLICATION OF POWER LINE COMMUNICATION

AMR (AUTOMATIC REMOTE READING) automates the process of measurement through

digital communication techniques.

AMR system is technology that automatically collects data from remotely located metering

devices and transmits it to a base station where the received data can be analyzed. This system

can collect data such as amount of consumption and status and sent to a central base station for

billing, troubleshooting and analyzing. Data is sent to the central station via power conductors in

case of electrical metering.

MAIN COMPONENTS OF AMR SYATEM

1. Meter Interface Module

2. Communication system

3. Central Office Equipment

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1.METER INTERFACE MODULE

Meter Interface Module contains an electric meter or watt hour meter that measures the amount

of energy consumed in kilowatt hours. These can be of electrical type or electronic type. Themost common type of electric meter is essentially an electric induction motor that drives a series

of geared wheels connected to indicators on the meter's face. This type of meter is designed for

use with alternating current. It contains two electromagnets and a metal disk that is free to rotate

between them. One electromagnet is powered directly by current from the incoming power lines;

the other, by current drawn through the building's electrical circuits. The interaction of the

magnetic fields produced by the coils causes the disk to rotate. Two permanent magnets near the

disk's edge brake the disk in such a way that the speed of rotation is proportional to the amount

of current drawn. As the disk rotates, it turns the series of geared wheels connected to the

indicators on the meter's face.

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Electronic watt-hour meters use solid state circuits that produce electrical signals whose

frequency or strength is proportional to the voltage and current being used. These signals are

converted into energy measurements recorded by mechanical or electronic indicators.

An Optical sensor converts the measured data into digital form which can be provided as inputs

to modem.

2. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Communication system contains a modem at senders side to modulate the data which is then

injected in the power lines .Power Line Communication technique is used to transmit data over

long distances in AMR systems. At receivers end there is a modem that demodulates the datareceived and feed it to host computer.

3. CENTRAL OFFICE EQUIPMENT

Central Office Equipment contains Host computers and data concentrators .Host Computers

must contain operating software that must be designed for the information of every

subscriber in every sub power network (subscriber identification number, billing address

etc).

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AUTOMATIC METER READING SETUP

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METHODS OF ILLEGAL ELECTRICITY

USAGE

There are various methods in which an automatic electric meter can be tampered so that reading

taken by the meter is less than actual consumption.

In illegal usage, a subscriber illegally uses electricity in following ways:

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1. Using the mechanical objects:

A subscriber can use some mechanical objects to prevent the revolution of a meter, so that

disk speed is reduced and the recorded energy is also reduced.

2. Using a fixed magnet:

A subscriber can use a fixed magnet to change the electromagnetic field of the current

coils. As it is well known that the recorded energy proportional to electromagnetic field.

3. Using the external phase before meter terminals:

This method gives subscribers free energy without any record.

4. Switching the energy cables at the meter connector box:

In this way , the current does not pass through the current coil of the meter, so the meter

does not record the energy consumption.

Although all of the methods explained above may be valid for electromechanical meters,

only the last two methods are valid for digital meters.

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DEECTION AND CONTROL SYSTEM

The control system for detection of illegal usage of electricity is

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In this system an energy meter along with a modem is installed between distribution line and

subscriber line. In the above figure PLC 1A, PLC 2APLC NA are the power line

communication modules or modems installed in household energy meters These units provide

communication with each other and send the recorded data in kilowatt hour meters to the PLC

unit.PLC1B, PLC 2B.PLC NB are the modems installed near the connection point of

distribution line and subscriber lines. Host modem is installed near distribution transformer

which collects the data from the energy chip and electrical meter.

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WORKING OF THE SYSTEM

The recorded data in kilowatt hour meters for every subscriber are sent to host PLC modem via

PLC modems which are placed in subscribers locations. On the other hand energy meter chips

are located in connection point and read the energy in kilowatt hours and also send the data to

host PLC unit. This proposed detector system as two recorded energy data in host PLC unit, one

which comes from the AMR-PLC, and the other which comes from the PLC at the connection

points. These two recorded energy data are compared in the host PLC; if there is any difference

between two readings an error signal is generated. This means that there is an illegal electricity

usage in the network. After that, the subscriber address and error signal are combined and sent to

the central control unit. If it is, requested, a mechanism may be included to the system at

location to turn off the energy automatically, as in the case of illegal usage

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SYSTEM SIMULATION AND MODELLING OF THE DETECTION

SYSTEM OF ILLEGAL ELECTRICITY USAGE FOR

ELECTROMECHANICAL KILOWATTHOUR METERS

Fig 5(courtesy-, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery,vol.19,no.4,Oct 2004.)

A host PLC modem, an energy meter chip and its PLC modem, an electromechanical

kilowatt hour meter and its PLC modem, and an optical reflector sensor system are loaded at the

same phase of the power grid. The energy value at the electromechanical kilowatt hour meter is

converted to digital data using optical reflector sensor. Disk speed of the kilowatt hour meter is

counted and obtained data is sent to PLC modem as energy value of the kilowatt hour meter. At

the system model, an illegal load may be connected to the power line before the kilowatt hour

meter via an S switch. While only a legal load is in the system, two meters are accorded each

other to compensate for any error readings. The host PLC unit reads two recorded data coming

from metering PLC units. If the S switch is closed , illegal load is connected to the system., and

therefore two recorded energy values are different from each other. The host PLC unit generates

error signal when it receives two different records from the same subscriber. In real application,

the AMR system may be designed in all CENELAC bands. Data signaling between PLC

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modems has a protocol which includes a header, address, energy value data, error correction

bits, and other serial communication bits such as parity and stop bits. The protocol may also be

changed according to the properties of the required system and national power grid architecture.

In the digital energy meter system, the recorded energy may be received in the digital form

directly using the port of the meter. Therefore, there is no need for an optical reflector system in

digital meters.

1. ADVANTAGES OF THIS SYSTEM :

1) It is the most economically viable technology for transferring Meter data to DCU.

2) Uses the technique of communicating the data over existing Electrical Lines which carry

LT power to the site.

3) Since the connection point is usually in the air or at underground, it is not suitable for anyone

to access, such that its control is easy.

4) It is very economical and is reliable solution when it is compared with the economical loss

caused by illegal usage.

2. CONDITIONS FOR THIS DETECTION AND CONTROL:

1) PLC signaling must be in CENELAC standards. CENELAC has formed the standard in

which the frequency bands, signaling levels, and procedure are specified.

2) 3-9 KHz are restricted for use by electricity suppliers, and 95-148.5KHz are restricted to

consumer use. The signal level for the band 95-148.5 KHz is limited as follows. For general

usage ,the signaling level is limited to 116dbV.

AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROPOSED DETECTOR SYSTEM

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This detector system is the equipment and procedure for controlling more remote stations

from a master control station. This systems along with some other techniques is used in AMI

(Advance Metering Systems) to detect power theft by tampering of electric meters. This system

includes PLC modems, energy meters, control logics, and the system software.

1. PLC MODEMS:

These used for two way communication to and from the host station and the remotely controlled

targets.

2. ENERGY METER AND CONTROL LOGIC:

Energy meter includes metering chip, and some circuit element. control and logic units compare

and generate the error signal in the illegal usage.

3. SYTEM SOFTWARE:

Assembler program for the microcontroller and the operating software for the management of

the overall system. Operator software may be downloaded from a PC and should be placed in

the main center of the system.

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AN AMR SYSTEM FOR AN ILLEGAL DETECTOR PERFORMS THE

FOLLOWING FUNCTONS:

1) Every user has two PLC modems; one is for AMR and the other is used to send the data

from second energy meter chip to host PLC modem.

2) An energy meter must be connected in the connection box between a home line and main

power lines.

3) The host PLC unit must be placed in the distribution transformer and the configuration of

the addressing format of PLC signaling must be designed carefully.

4) The host PLC modem and its controller must include two addresses per every user: one

is the AMR and the other for the energy meter. These two addresses must be selected

sequentially.

5) Operating software must designed for the information of every subscriber in every sub

power network: subscriber identification number, billing address etc.

6) The system has two values of energy consumption for every user, so if there is a

difference between them an error signal is generated for the illegal user.

7) This equipment is the only one distributed in the power network. So this system should

be repeated for all distribution power networks. All host units in each distribution

transformer maybe connected only one main center station via phone lines, fibre optic

cable or RF links.

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ADVANTAGES OF AMR

1. Smart automated process instead of manual work.

2. Accurate information from the network load to optimise maintenance and investments

3. Customized rates and billing dates.

4. Streamlined high bill investigations.

5. Detection of tampering of Meters.

6. Accurate measurement of transmission losses.

7. Better network performance and cost efficiency.

8. Demand and distribution management.

9. More intelligence to business planning

10. Better company credibility.

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SYSTEM LIMITATIONS

1. This system cannot be used on high voltage lines.

2. This system cannot detect power theft by hacking of software used in electric

meters which is used in modern AMI (Advanced metering Infrastructures) systems.

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CONCLUSION

This system can be effectively used to improve traditional AMR systems so as to detect power

theft without the use of man power. The system functions with real-time monitoring users and

burden forecast, which uses MV&LV PLC as its transmission media. The system is integrated

with power management and burden control.Under power theft, the relay is switched offisolating the area of power theft from the EB side .LCD display also indicates power theft.

Energy regulation does not represent an obstacle, since PLC service does not affect the power

supply and maintains separate accounts from the core utility business.This system forms thepart of AMI (advanced metering infrastructure) to detect power theft by tampering of electric

meters.AMI systems which includes this system is being deployed in many countries namely

Australia, U.S.A.

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REFERENCE

[1] Hakki Cavdar, A solution to remote detection of illegal electricity usage via power line

communication, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery,vol.19,no.4,Oct 2004.

[2] T.Y.Lim and T.W.Chan, Experimenting remote kilowatt hour meter through low voltage

power lines at dense housing areas, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol.17, pp708-711,july

2002.

[3] J.Newbury and W.Miller, Multiprotocol routing for automatic remote using power line

carrier systems, IEEE Trans. Power delivery,vol.16 pp 1-5,Jan 2001.

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