Ajgramatika(Czuborec.cz 6b4m2)

8/4/2019 Ajgramatika(Czuborec.cz 6b4m2)

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New Cutting EdgeNew Cutting Edge

IntermediateIntermediate


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We use the Present Simple for : Repeated actions or habits :

We go to the gym twice a week.

Something we see as permanent :

Spring comes after winter.

Describing a state that does not change :

Tom hates doing housework.

Present Simple x Present Continuous


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Present Simple x PresentPresent Simple x Present

ContinuousContinuous

We use theWe use the Present ContinuousPresent Continuous for :for : things in progress now, at the moment of speaking:things in progress now, at the moment of speaking:

We are studying English.We are studying English. temporary actions or situations happening aroundtemporary actions or situations happening around

now :now :

She is staying with me. (She is staying with me. (But normally she lives with her parents.)But normally she lives with her parents.) describing a situation which is changing :describing a situation which is changing :

The earths temperature is rising.The earths temperature is rising.


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State verbsState verbs are nearly always used in a simple rather are nearly always used in a simple rather

than a continuous tensethan a continuous tense

- they describe states; they are mostly about- they describe states; they are mostly about

thoughts, feelings, belongings and the senses :thoughts, feelings, belongings and the senses :

1)1) thoughtsthoughts :: believe, know, mean, realise, recognise,believe, know, mean, realise, recognise,

remember, suppose, understand, think (= believe)remember, suppose, understand, think (= believe)

I think youre wrong.I think youre wrong.

2)2) feelings :feelings :like, love, dislike, hate, want, wish, preferlike, love, dislike, hate, want, wish, prefer

I love doing yoga.I love doing yoga.

3)3)belonging :belonging :belong (to), have / have got, own, possessbelong (to), have / have got, own, possessThis belongs to my father.This belongs to my father.

4)4)senses :senses :smell, taste, hear, seesmell, taste, hear, seeThis sauce tastes disgusting.This sauce tastes disgusting.


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Past Simple X Past ContinuousPast Simple X Past Continuous

We use the Past Simple for :We use the Past Simple for :

completed actions in the past; the actions can be short orcompleted actions in the past; the actions can be short or

long, single or repeated (we often say when the actionlong, single or repeated (we often say when the action

happened) :happened) :

I went shopping yesterday afternoon.I went shopping yesterday afternoon.

I played the piano every day.I played the piano every day.

I woke up at five, then I got dressed.I woke up at five, then I got dressed.

states in the past :states in the past :

My grandmother was always in love with her friend. But heMy grandmother was always in love with her friend. But he

didnt love her.didnt love her.


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We use the Past Continuous for :We use the Past Continuous for :

actions in progress at a certain time in the past (someone was in theactions in progress at a certain time in the past (someone was in the

middle of doing something) :middle of doing something) :

I was reading a book at 10 oclock last night.I was reading a book at 10 oclock last night.

This time last year I was living in Brazil.This time last year I was living in Brazil.

something that happened in the middle of something else :something that happened in the middle of something else :

I was walking home when I met Dave.I was walking home when I met Dave.

While I was working in the garden, I hurt my back.While I was working in the garden, I hurt my back. describing the situation or the background to a story (past simple isdescribing the situation or the background to a story (past simple is

used for the main events) :used for the main events) :

It was raining and I was driving home. Suddenly, I heard a terribleIt was raining and I was driving home. Suddenly, I heard a terrible

noisenoise


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for actions we see as incomplete :for actions we see as incomplete :

I was reading a book about Italy on the plane.

(I probably didnt read it all)

XX

I read a book about Italy.I read a book about Italy.

(I read it all)(I read it all)


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Used toUsed to

Use :Use : for habits that happened regularly in the past but nofor habits that happened regularly in the past but no

longer happen :longer happen :Tom used to smoke twenty cigarettes a day but he doesnt smoke now.

for states that were true in the past but are not true any

more :

Janet used to have very long hair when she was a child.

(but nowadays, her hair is short)


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Used toUsed to

Note :Note :

We can always use Past Simple instead of USED TO :We can always use Past Simple instead of USED TO :

Tom smoked twenty cigarettes a day.Tom smoked twenty cigarettes a day.Janet had very long hair when she was a child.Janet had very long hair when she was a child.


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not any more / not any longernot any more / not any longer

stillstill

Notany more/longer

Use : to say that a situation has changed :Use : to say that a situation has changed :

We used to be good friends but we arent any more /We used to be good friends but we arent any more /

any longer.any longer.

Still

Use : to emphasize that an action or state has not changed:Use : to emphasize that an action or state has not changed:

I still remember your name.I still remember your name.

Sheila still works here but Ann doesnt work here anySheila still works here but Ann doesnt work here any

more.more.


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Comparative and Superlative formsComparative and Superlative forms

One-syllable adjectives + two-syllable adjectives ending in -y :young youngyoung youngERER- the young- the youngESTEST

cute cutEcute cutERR the cutE the cutESTST

! slim-slim! slim-slimMERMER-the slim-the slimMESTMEST

lovellovely-y-lovellovelIER-IER- the lovelthe lovelIESTIESTother two-syllable adjectives and longer adjectives :other two-syllable adjectives and longer adjectives :

tired tired MOREMORE tired thetired the MOSTMOST tiredtired

irregular forms :irregular forms :

bad worse the worstbad worse the worstgood better the bestgood better the best

far farther / further the farthest/the furthestfar farther / further the farthest/the furthest

little less the leastlittle less the least

much/many more the mostmuch/many more the most


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Large and Small DifferencesLarge and Small Differences

A large difference between two people/things :Tina isTina isMUCH/FAR/A LOTMUCH/FAR/A LOTfriendlier than her sisterfriendlier than her sister..

A small difference between two people/things :A small difference between two people/things :

Tina is SLIGHTLY/A LITTLE/A LITTLE BIT friendlier than her sister.Tina is SLIGHTLY/A LITTLE/A LITTLE BIT friendlier than her sister.


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Common phrases with superlativesCommon phrases with superlatives

BY FAR the most.../ the -est in/of:Tom is BY FAR the best student of all.Tom is BY FAR the best student of all.

ONE OF the most.... / the -est :ONE OF the most.... / the -est :

Tom is ONE of the best singers Ive ever heard.Tom is ONE of the best singers Ive ever heard.

the LEAST :the LEAST :

Thats the LEAST interesting book Ive ever read.Thats the LEAST interesting book Ive ever read.


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Other Comparative PhrasesOther Comparative Phrases

(NOT) AS..... AS :Tina is (not) AS friendly AS her sister.Tina is (not) AS friendly AS her sister.

LESS :LESS :

Tinas sister is LESS friendly than Tina.Tinas sister is LESS friendly than Tina.LESS (with uncountable nouns) :LESS (with uncountable nouns) :

Theres LESS wine in this glass than in that one.

FEWER (with countable nouns) :FEWER (with countable nouns) :There were FEWER people in the queue this afternoon than yesterday.There were FEWER people in the queue this afternoon than yesterday.

THE.....THE :THE.....THE :

The more you have, the more you want.The more you have, the more you want.


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Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Simple

Use :- when we use the PRESENT PERFECT there is always a connection with- when we use the PRESENT PERFECT there is always a connection with

NOW / the PRESENT :NOW / the PRESENT :

1) the state or action continues from the past to the present :1) the state or action continues from the past to the present :

My dad has had his watch for twenty years.My dad has had his watch for twenty years. (and he still has it)(and he still has it)

2) the results of the past action are important in the present :2) the results of the past action are important in the present :

He told me his name but Ive forgotten it.He told me his name but Ive forgotten it. (I cant remember it now)(I cant remember it now)

3) with the time periods which are not finished at the time of speaking :3) with the time periods which are not finished at the time of speaking :

today/this morning/this week/this year/this term,... :today/this morning/this week/this year/this term,... :

Ive drunk four cups of coffee today.Ive drunk four cups of coffee today.(perhaps Ill drink more before today is finished)(perhaps Ill drink more before today is finished)

4) for events which happened in the past at a time which is unknown4) for events which happened in the past at a time which is unknown

/irrelevant; when we mean in ones whole life :/irrelevant; when we mean in ones whole life :

The team has won several matches.The team has won several matches. (and may win more)(and may win more)

Hes driven his dads car many times.Hes driven his dads car many times. (in his whole life)(in his whole life)


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Present Perfect ContinuousPresent Perfect Continuous

Use :

- like the Present Perfect Simple, it is used to describe events /activities whichstarted in the past and have continued up to the present :

Tom is still watching television. Hes been watching TV all day.

However, we should use the PPC in the following situations :

1) we wish to emphasize that the action is long or repeated :

Weve been worrying about her all week.

2) we wish to focus on the activity or event itself- it can still be in

progress or not complete :

Ive been mending the car. (Thats why Im dirty)

3) when we talk about activities which have recently stopped or3) when we talk about activities which have recently stopped or

just stopped :just stopped :

Your hands are dirty. What have you been doing ? Ive beenYour hands are dirty. What have you been doing ? Ive been

digging in the garden.digging in the garden.


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PPS X PPCPPS X PPC

Mary is still writing letters. Shes been writing letters all day.Mary is still writing letters. Shes been writing letters all day.

Mary has written ten letters today.Mary has written ten letters today.

PPCPPC focuses on the activity which is still happenning focuses on the activity which is still happenning

PPSPPS focuses on the results of an activity or event which is complete focuses on the results of an activity or event which is complete

******************

!!!! Ive been knowing Sally all my life.!!!! Ive been knowing Sally all my life.

Ive known Sally all my life.Ive known Sally all my life.

State verbs are not normally used in continuous tenses.State verbs are not normally used in continuous tenses.


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Present Perfect x Past SimplePresent Perfect x Past Simple

Past Simple :Past Simple :

- used for complete actions in the past :- used for complete actions in the past :

I drank two bottles of Bordeaux last night.;I drank two bottles of Bordeaux last night.;

- used for events that happened at a particular time in the past :- used for events that happened at a particular time in the past :

Flight 206 landed at one oclock.Flight 206 landed at one oclock.

Present Perfect :Present Perfect :

- used when we talk about a period of time up to the present :- used when we talk about a period of time up to the present :

Ive been to Los Angeles but not to New York.Ive been to Los Angeles but not to New York.(in my life so far but I may(in my life so far but I maygo to New York in the future)go to New York in the future)


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Time Words with Present PerfectTime Words with Present Perfect

FOR and SINCE :

- to say HOW LONG something has been happening

How long have they known each other ?How long have they known each other ?

Theyve known each other for a long time / since they were at school.Theyve known each other for a long time / since they were at school.

FOR- used when we mention a period of time :

Ive been waiting for two hours.Ive been waiting for two hours.

They havent had holidays for ten years.They havent had holidays for ten years.

SINCESINCE- used with points in time or when we mention the start of something :- used with points in time or when we mention the start of something :

Ive been waiting since 8 oclock.Ive been waiting since 8 oclock.

Its been two years since I last saw you.Its been two years since I last saw you.

How long has it been since Mrs Hill died ?How long has it been since Mrs Hill died ?


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Time Words with Present PerfectTime Words with Present Perfect

JUST, ALREADY, YETJUST, ALREADY, YET

JUSTJUST

= a short time ago= a short time ago

Would you like something to eat ? No, thanks. Ive just had lunch.Would you like something to eat ? No, thanks. Ive just had lunch.

ALREADYALREADY- used to say that something happened sooner than expected :- used to say that something happened sooner than expected :

Dont forget to post the letter. Ive already posted it.Dont forget to post the letter. Ive already posted it.

YETYET

= until now; it shows that the speaker is expecting something to= until now; it shows that the speaker is expecting something tohappenhappen

- used in questions and negative sentences- used in questions and negative sentences

Has it stopped raining yet ?Has it stopped raining yet ?

Ive written the letter but I havent posted it yet.Ive written the letter but I havent posted it yet.


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Expressing Future in EnglishExpressing Future in English

1)1) GOING TOGOING TO

- is used to talk about present intentions about the future; this can- is used to talk about present intentions about the future; this can

be the near future or the distant futurebe the near future or the distant future

A :A : Theres a film on TV tonight. Are you going to watch it ?Theres a film on TV tonight. Are you going to watch it ?

B:B:No, Im tired. Im going to have an early night.No, Im tired. Im going to have an early night. (the near f.)(the near f.)

My son is going to be a surgeon one day.My son is going to be a surgeon one day. (the distant future)(the distant future)

- is used to predict something, when we already see evidence for- is used to predict something, when we already see evidence for

our predictions :our predictions :

Its going to rain soon.Its going to rain soon. (= the speaker knows its going to rain(= the speaker knows its going to rain

because he/she can see the clouds)because he/she can see the clouds)


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2)2) Present ContinuousPresent Continuous

- is used to talk about things that we have already arranged for the- is used to talk about things that we have already arranged for the

future :future :

This is Toms diary for next week :This is Toms diary for next week :

Hes playing tennis on Monday afternoon.Hes playing tennis on Monday afternoon.

Hes having dinner with Ann on Friday.Hes having dinner with Ann on Friday.

- in some cases, we can use either the Present Continuous or- in some cases, we can use either the Present Continuous or

Going to :Going to :

Im playing football tonight. or Im going to play football tonight.Im playing football tonight. or Im going to play football tonight.

- in other cases, theres a clear difference in meaning :- in other cases, theres a clear difference in meaning :

Were going to get married one day.Were going to get married one day. (= in intention)(= in intention)

Were getting married soon.Were getting married soon. (= the wedding is arranged)(= the wedding is arranged)


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3)3) WILLWILL

- is used to talk about things that we think will happen without any- is used to talk about things that we think will happen without any

special plan or arrangement :special plan or arrangement :

Therell be a full moon tomorrow.Therell be a full moon tomorrow.

My daughter will be 10 next Wednesday.My daughter will be 10 next Wednesday.

- is used for decisions made at the moment of speaking :- is used for decisions made at the moment of speaking :

A : Did you phone Sue ? B: Oh no, I forgot. Ill phone her now.A : Did you phone Sue ? B: Oh no, I forgot. Ill phone her now.

- is used for things which are uncertain, especially with- is used for things which are uncertain, especially withprobably,probably,

maybe, I think, I expect and I hopemaybe, I think, I expect and I hope (future predictions) :(future predictions) :

I dont think Ill go out tonight. I m too tired.I dont think Ill go out tonight. I m too tired.

SHALLSHALL

- is used for- is used forI / weI / we, usually in questions to make offers and, usually in questions to make offers and

suggestions :suggestions :Shall I open the window ?Shall I open the window ?


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4)4) Other ways of expressing future :Other ways of expressing future :

hope :hope : Theyre hoping to buy a new car next month.Theyre hoping to buy a new car next month.

plan :plan : Shes planning to take a year off.Shes planning to take a year off.

think :think :Im thinking of moving to a larger flat.Im thinking of moving to a larger flat.

want :want : We want to sell our house by the end of this month.We want to sell our house by the end of this month.

due to :due to : The concert is due to start at eight p.m.The concert is due to start at eight p.m.

- is used for formal arrangements, timetables and- is used for formal arrangements, timetables and

itinerariesitineraries(be) about to :(be) about to :Im about to leave.Im about to leave.

- is used for things that will happen immediately or- is used for things that will happen immediately or

very soonvery soon


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Conditional /Future Clauses : IF, WHEN,Conditional /Future Clauses : IF, WHEN,

IFIF

UNLESSUNLESS

WHENWHEN

AS SOON ASAS SOON AS

BEFOREBEFORE even if we talk about the future, we useeven if we talk about the future, we use

AFTERAFTER a present verb after these conjunctionsa present verb after these conjunctions

UNTILUNTIL

TILLTILL

WHILEWHILE

Ill phone you when I get home from work.Ill phone you when I get home from work. (tomorrow)(tomorrow)

Ajgramatika(Czuborec.cz 6b4m2)

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