Ajayank Report

8/16/2019 Ajayank Report

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APROJECT ON

“CRUMB RUBBER CONCRETE MIX DESIGN”“Submitted for partial fulfillment of t e re!uirement for t e a"ard of de#ree”

Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGYIn

Ci$il En#ineerin#

Submitted B% &'(ara) *li + an*,a%an- Sin#

*-a. Sri$a.ta$a*b i. e- /ande%

0ar. Go%alMo d1 Ga)i + an

Mo d1 2a.im *li + an

Guided b%&'Mr1 *R3IND +UM*R 40E*D O( CI3I5 DE/*RTMENT6

IN3ERTIS UNI3ERSIT78 B*REI557

SESSION& 9:;<'9:;=



CERTIFICATE

T i. i. to >ertif% t at t e pro,e>t report entitled “Crumb Rubber Concrete Mix

De i!n" .ubmitted b% (ara) *li + an4;9;:?:9:??68*,a%an-

Sin# 4;9;:?:9::@68*-a. Sri$a.ata$a4;9;:?:9::A68Mo d1 Ga)i

+ an4;9;:?:9:<<68Mo d1 2a.im *li + an4;9;:?: :9;680ar.

Go%al4;9;:?:@:: 6*b i. e- /ande%4;9;:?:9::?68 .tudent. of @ t .eme.ter B1te> 1

Ci$il En#ineerin# of In#erti $ni#er it% & B'rei((% a. been >ompleted under m%

.uper$i.ion " ile "or-in# on t e pro,e>t "a. $er% re#ular .in>ere and ent u.ia.ti>1

M )G(or% *+'rm' Mr) Ar#in, -um'r

4*..i.tant /rofe..or6 40ead of Ci$il En#ineerin# Department6

4/ro,e>t Guide6

Mr)*+'r'#'n -um'r Extern'( Ex'miner

4*..i.tant /rofe..or 6 Name&'

4/ro,e>t Co'ordinator6 Si#n&'



AC-NO.LEDGEMENT

2e "ould li-e to a>-no"led#e t o.e " o pit> ed in to pu. t i. Ma,or /ro,e>t o$er

t e fini. line1 2e are deepl% indebted to M )G(or% *+'rm'/ A i t'nt 0ro1e or&

Ci#i( En!ineerin! De0'rtment2& for i. -ind .uper$i.ion and #uidan>e1 0e a.

elped u. a lot b% #i$in# i. pre>iou. time in upbrin#in# t e Ma,or /ro,e>t Report on

“CR$MB R$BBER CONCRETE MI3 DE*IGN") 2e "ould al.o e tend our

t an-. to Dr) R)- *+u4('/De'n Ac',emic 6 for i. -ind .upport 12e al.o e tend our

#ratitude to all our >ollea#ue. and all t e /rofe..or. of Ci$il En#ineerin# Department1

2e "ould al.o li-e to e pre.. m% .in>ere t an-. to Mr) Ar#in, -um'r& /He', o1

Ci#i( En!ineerin! De0'rtment2 for ma-in# e$er% po..ible arran#ement for

>ompletin# t e Ma,or /ro,e>t1

Date &

/la>e & Bareill%

(*R* *5I +0*N4;9;:?:9:??6

*F*7*N+ SING04;9;:?:9::@6

*+*S0 SRI3*ST*3*4;9;:?:9::A6

*B0IS0E+ /*NDE74;9;:?:9::?6

0*RS0 GO7*54;9;:?:@:: 6

MO0D1 2*SIM *5I +0*N4;9;:?: :9;6

MO0D1 G* I +0*N4;9;:?:9:<<6



DECLARATION

2e ereb% de>lare t at t i. .ubmi..ion i. our o"n "or- and t at to t e be.t of our

-no"led#e and belief1 It >ontain. no material pre$iou.l% publi. ed or "ritten b%

anot er per.on nor material " i> to a .ub.tantial e tent a. been a>>epted for t e

a"ard of an% ot er de#ree or diploma of t e uni$er.it% or ot er in>lude of i# er

learnin#8 e >ept " ere due a>-no"led#ment a. been made in t e te t1

Date &

/la>e & Bareill%

(*R* *5I +0*N4;9;:?:9:??6

*F*7*N+ SING04;9;:?:9::@6

*+*S0 SRI3*ST*3*4;9;:?:9::A6

*B0IS0E+ /*NDE74;9;:?:9::?6

0*RS0 GO7*54;9;:?:@:: 6

MO0D1 2*SIM *5I +0*N4;9;:?: :9;6

MO0D1 G* I +0*N4;9;:?:9:<<6



AB*TRACT

Effi>ient "a.te mana#ement and u.in# it a. repla>ement for >on>rete >omponent. i.

%et a field not full% tapped to it. potential1 T e paper i# li# t. t e double po.iti$e. of u.in# "a.te. a. alternati$e. b% not onl% redu>in# .tre.. on en$ironment but al.o

>uttin# do"n on t e >o.t of >on>rete manufa>ture " ile pre.er$in# it. !ualit%8 leadin#

to .u.tainable e>onomi> de$elopment1 Numerou. pro,e>t. a$e been >ondu>ted on

repla>ement of a##re#ate. b% >rumb rubber. but .>ar>e data are found on

>ementation. filler addition in t e literature1 In t i. re.ear> t e performan>e of

>on>rete mi ture. in>orporatin# : 8 91< 8 < and ;: of >rumb rubber a. fine

a##re#ate of M9< mi de.i#n1 0en>e to e amine > ara>teri.ti>. of tire >rumb'

>ontainin# >on>rete8 t ree .et. of >on>rete .pe>imen. "ere made1 T e me> ani>al te.t.

in>luded >ompre..i$e .tren#t and ten.ile .tren#t 1 T e re.ult. . o"ed t at "it upto

91< repla>ement8 in ea> .et8 no ma,or > an#e. on >on>rete > ara>teri.ti>. "ould

o>>ur8 o"e$er8 "it furt er in>rea.e in repla>ement ratio. >on.iderable > an#e. "ere

ob.er$ed1



CONTENT*

PARTIC$LAR* PAGE*

CHAPTER56

;1 INTRODUCTIONHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH :;

;1 GENER*5HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH111111111111111:;':

;191 CRUMB RUBBERHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH111: ':<

;1?1 C5*SSI(IC*TION O( CRUMB RUBBERHHHHHHHHHH11HH1:=':

;1 1 M*N*GEMENT O/TION O( CRUMB RUBBERHHHHHHHHHH1111:

;1< 1 RUBBERI ED CONCRETE HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH:@

;1=1 OBFECTI3EHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH :@';:

CHAPTER5 7

91 5ITER*TURE RE3IE2HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH1111;;';?

91;1 (RES0 CONCRETE /RO/ERTIESHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH111H11;?

91;1;1 2OR+*BI5IT7HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH111;?';

9191 0*RDENED CONCRETE /RO/ERTIESHHHHHHHHHHHHHH111;

9191;1 COM/RESSSI3E STRENGT0 HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH; ';=

919191 TOUG0NESSHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH1111;=';@

9191?1 MODU5US O( E5*STICIT7HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH1111111;@

9191 1 DUR*BI5IT7HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH;A

CHAPTER5 8

?1 EX/ERIMEN T/ROGR*MHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9:?1;1 M*TERI*5 *ND TESTHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9:'9;

?191 TEST ON CEMENTHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH1199

?191;1 ST*ND*RD CONSISTENC7 *ND INITI*5 SETTING TIMEHHHHH199

?19191 S/ECI(IC GR*3IT7HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH11111111111119?

?191?1 M*TERI*5S *ND *//*R*TUS RE UIREDHHHHHHHHHHH1119

?191 1 /RE/*R*TION O( S/ECIMEN *ND COM/RESSI3E STRENG0T TEST/ROCEDUREHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH119 '9<



?191<1 TENSI5E STRENG0T O( CEMENT TEST /ROCEDUREHHHHH9<'9=

?1?1 (INE *GGREG*TESHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH1119

?1 1 TESTS ON (INE *GGREG*TEHHHHHHHHHHHHHH1111111111111111119

?1 1;1 S/ECI(IC GR*3IT7HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH111111111119 '9@

?1<1 CO*RSE *GGREG*TESHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH9@

?1=1 TESTS ON CO*RSE *GGREG*TE HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH19A

?1=1;1 S/ECI(IC GR*3IT7HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH19A

?1 1 2*TERHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH11?:

?1@1 TESTS ON (RES0 CONCRETEHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH11111111111111?:

?1@1;1 COM/*CTION (*CTOR TESTHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH1?:'?;

?1@191 S5UM/ TESTHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH1111?;'?9

?1A1 C*STING O( S/ECIMENSHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH1111 ?9

?1;:1 CURINGHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH11??

?1;;1 TESTSON 0*RDENED CONCRETEHHHHHHHHHHHHH11HH1??

?1;;1;1 CUBE COM/RESION TESTHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH1??'?

?1;;191 (5EXUR*5 TESTHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH11HHHH1?<

?1;;1?1 S/5IT TENSI5ETESTHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH?<'?=

?1;;1 1 IM/*CT TEST HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH11H11111111111111?=

?1;91 MIX DESIGN (OR M9< GR*DE CONCRETEHHHHHHHHHH?='?@

?1;?1M*TERI*5 RE UIRED (OR * B*TC0 O( M9< GR*DE CONCRETEHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH111111111111111111111111111111111111111?A

CHAPTER5 9

1 RESU5T *ND DISCUSSIONHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH1 H1H11 :

1;1 COM/RESSI3E STRENGT0 TEST HHHHHHHHHHHH1111111111111 :' ;

1 91 STRESS STR*IN HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH11HHH11111 9

1?1 DR7 S0RIN+*GEHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH1 19' ?

1 1 *IR ENTR*INEDHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH111 ?'

1<1 S/5IT TENSI5E TESTHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ' <



1=1 (5EXUR*5 STRENGT0HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH11 <' =

1 DETERMIN*TION O( UNIT 2EIG0THHHHHHHHHHH111111111111111

1@1 2OR+*BI5IT7 *S/ECTHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH11111111111111 @

CHAPTER5 :

<1;1 CONC5USIONHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH1 A'<;

CHAPTER5 ;

=1;1 RE(ERENCESHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH1<9'<



about t e propertie. and t e durabilit% of >on>rete >ontainin# t%re rubber "a.te. "ill

be re$ie"ed1 (urt ermore8 it di.>u..e. t e effe>t of "a.te treatment.8 t e .i)e of "a.te

parti>le. and t e "a.te repla>ement $olume on t e fre. and ardened propertie. of

>on>rete1 In$e.ti#ation. >arried out .o far re$eal t at t%re "a.te >on>rete i. .pe>iall%

re>ommended for >on>rete .tru>ture. lo>ated in area. of .e$ere eart !ua-e ri.- and

al.o for appli>ation. .ubmitted to .e$ere d%nami> a>tion. li-e rail"a% .leeper.1 T i.

material >an al.o be u.ed for non'load'bearin# purpo.e. .u> a. noi.e redu>tion

barrier.1T%pi>al >ompo.ition of manufa>tured tire. b% "ei# t 4Rubber Manufa>turer.

*..o>iation8 9:::6

;1 S%nt eti> rubber

91 Natural rubber

?1 Sulfur and .ulfur >ompound.

1 / enoli> re.in

<1 Oil

4i6 *romati>

4ii6 Nap t eni>

4iii6 /araffini>

=1 (abri>

4i6 /ol%e.ter

4ii6 N%lon

1 /etroleum "a e.

@1 /i#ment.

4 i6 in> o ide

4ii6 Titanium dio ide



A1 Carbon bla>-

;:1 (att% a>id.

;;1 Inert material.

;91 Steel "ire.

6)7 CR$MB R$BBER

T%re rubber a##re#ate1 *bout ?: >m lon# "a.te t%re rubber pie>e. are obtained from

lo>al mar-etK t e pie>e. "ere >leaned "it .oap "ater and rin.e "it >lean "ater1 *fter

dr%in# under .un at open pla>e8 bot fa>e. of t e t%re pie>e. "ere rubbed "it ard"ire bru. to ma-e .urfa>e. a. rou# a. >an be done b% and1 T e .our>e of t e

rubber a##re#ate i. re>%>led t%re. " i> "ere >olle>ted from t e lo>al mar-et1 (or

uniformit% of t e >on>rete produ>tion and >on$enien>e8 all t e tire. >olle>ted are from

medium tru>- tire1T e rea.on for > oo.in# medium tru>- tire. i. t at t e% >an #i$e t e

re!uired . ape and .i)e " i> i. .imilar to t e >ommon natural #ra$el1 T i. .tud% a.

>on>entrated on t e performan>e of a .in#le #radation of rubber prepared b% manual

>uttin#1 T e ma imum .i)e of t e rubber a##re#ate "a. 9: mm a. . o"n in (i#ure ;1

Spe>ifi> #ra$it% te.t "a. >ondu>ted on t e rubber a##re#ate > ip. and found to be

;1;9?1 T e rubber a##re#ate. u.ed in t e pre.ent in$e.ti#ation are made b% manuall%

>uttin# t e tire in to t e re!uired .i)e.1 It i. $er% laboriou.8 time >on.umin# and i. not

ea.% to andle at t e initial .ta#e.1 0o"e$er8 all t i. >ompli>ation. >an be ea.il% .orted

out if a lar#e .>ale produ>tion i. de$i.ed and proper >uttin# tool. and ma> inerie. are

made for t i. parti>ular u.a#e1Crumb rubber i. a term #i$en to re>%>led rubber

produ>ed from .>rap tire.1 /rodu>tion of >rumb rubber >on.i.t. of remo$in# .teel and

fluff t en u.in# a #ranulator andLor >ra>-er mill8 "it t e aid of >r%o#eni>. or

me> ani>al mean.8 to redu>e t e .i)e of t e tire parti>le.1 T e rubber parti>le. are

t en .i)ed b% pa..in# t em t rou# a .et of .ie$e.1 T e met od. for #rindin# do"n t e

tire. are eit er u.in# ambient or >r%o#eni> mean.1 T e #oal of t e.e pro>e..e. i. to

redu>e t e .i)e of t e rubber into a fine po"der of parti>le .i)e. .maller t an 91: mm



in diameter 4RM*8 9:;;61 (or pa$ement.8 t e modifi>ation of a.p alt mi ture "it

rubber i. >la..ified into t ree different met od.K dr% pro>e.. " i> u.e. >rumb rubber

a. an a##re#ate .ub.titute8 "et pro>e.. "it a#itation in " i> lar#e parti>le. 4parti>le.

not pa..in# No1 <: Sie$e6 are blended "it t e binder " ile appl%in# a#itation durin#

mi in# to -eep >rumb rubber parti>le. uniforml% di.tributed8 and "et pro>e.. "it no

a#itation in " i> .mall parti>le. 4pa..in# No1 <: Sie$e6 are blended "it a.p alt

binder "it no a#itation1

(i#';

7e.ilata8 I. -er8 and Tur#ut 47e.ilata8 et1 9::A6 in$e.ti#ated t e t ermal en an>ement

in >on>rete. b% addin# . redded "a.te pol%et %lene bottle. and automobile tire1 T e.e

material. are obtained from t e en$ironment and pro$e to be little to no >o.t1 T e

re.ult. re$ealed a .i#nifi>ant amount of redu>e eat lo..1 t ermal in.ulation $arie. "it

t e amount added material and t e #eometr% of t e . redded pie>e.1



6)8 CLA**IFICATION OF TYRE R$BBER

6)8)6 *cr'05tire

T e% >an be mana#ed a. a " ole tire8 a. .lit tire8 a. . redded or > opped tire8 a.

#round rubber or a. a >rumb rubber produ>t1 * t%pi>al automobile tire "ei# . 9: lb18

" erea. a tru>- tire "ei# . about ;:: lb1 Table ? #i$e. t e ma,or material. u.ed to

manufa>ture tire. b% per>enta#e of total "ei# t of t e fini. ed tire t at ea> material

repre.ent

6)8)7 *(it5tire

T e.e are produ>ed in tire >uttin# ma> ine.1 T e.e ma> ine. >an .lit t e tire into t"o

al$e. or >an .eparate t e .ide"all. from t e t read of t e tire.1;1?1?

S reddedL> ipped tireTire . red. or > ip. in$ol$e primar%8 .e>ondar% or bot

. reddin# operation.1 T e .i)e of t e tire . red. produ>ed in t e primar% . reddin#

pro>e.. >an $ar% from a. lar#e a. ?:: to =: mm 4;9 ;@ in16 lon# b% ;:: 9?: mm

4 A in16 "ide8 do"n to a. .mall a. ;:: ;<: mm 4 = in16 in len#t 8 dependin# on t e

manufa>turer. . redder model and t e >ondition of t e >uttin# ed#e.1 /rodu>tion of

tire > ip.8 normall% .i)ed from = 4? in16 to ;? mm 4:1< in168 re!uire. bot primar% and

.e>ondar% . reddin# to a> ie$e ade!uate $olume 4!uantit%6 redu>tion 4Read et al18

;AA;61

6)8)8 Groun, Rubber

Ground rubber for >ommer>ial appli>ation. ma% be nominall% .i)ed a. lar#e a. ;A mm

4or ?L in16 to a. .mall a. :1;< mm 4No1 ;:: .ie$e61 It depend. upon t e t%pe of .i)e

redu>tion e!uipment and intended appli>ation.1 T e pro>e..ed u.ed tire. in #round

rubber appli>ation. are t%pi>all% .ub,e>ted to t"o .ta#e. of ma#neti> .eparation and to

.>reenin#1 3ariou. .i)e fra>tion. of rubber are re>o$ered 40eit)man8 ;AA961 Some

pro>e..e.Lmar-et. term ?: me. rubber a. >rumb rubber Granular pro>e.. . ear. apart



t e rubber "it re$ol$in# .teel plate.8 produ>in# #ranulated >rumb rubber parti>le.8

ran#in# in .i)e from A1< 4?L@ in16 to :1< mm 4No1 : Sie$e6 40eit)man8 ;AA961

6)9 MANAGEMENT OPTION OF .A*TE TYRE

6)9)6 DI*PO*AL

Di.po.in# of .>rap'tire. in landfill. i. be>omin# una>>eptable be>au.e of rapid

depletion of a$ailable .ite. for "a.te di.po.al1 *ppro imatel% < of 9 : million tire.

are di.po.ed off in landfill.8 .to>-pile. or ille#al dump.1 *. of t e %ear 9:::8 @ .tate.

of t e <: United State. a$e le#i.lationLre#ulation. related to landfillin#1 T irt% t ree

.tate. ban " ole tire. from di.po.al in landfill.1 T"el$e .tate. ban all form. of .>rap'

tire. from bein# di.po.ed off in landfill.1 (i$e .tate. a$e no landfill re.tri>tion. on

di.po.al of tire.1 T irt% .tate. > ar#e for landfillin# tire.8 " erea. .e$en .tate. allo"

monofill. 4Rubber Manufa>turer. *..o>iation8 9:::61

6)9)7 RECYCLING

*>>ordin# to t e data a$ailable for t e %ear 9:::8 about ;< million of t e 9 : million.>rap'tire. #enerated %earl% are e ported8 ;: million are re>%>led into ne" produ>t.8

9: million are pro>e..ed into #round rubber8 and ;9< million are u.ed a. tired'deri$ed

fuel and ?: million in >i$il en#ineerin# appli>ation. 4Rubber Manufa>turer.

*..o>iation8 9:::61 Ground rubber i. u.ed in ma-in# rubber produ>t. .u> a. floor

mat.8 >arpet paddin#8 $e i>le. mud#uard.8 and pla.ti> produ>t. and a. a fine a##re#ate

addition 4dr% pro>e..6 in a.p alt >our.e.1 Crumb rubber i. al.o u.ed a. an a.p alt binder modifier 4"et pro>e..6 in ot mi a.p alt pa$ement. 4Nai- et al18 ;AA<K Nai-

and Sin# 8 ;AA<61 O$er ?: million tire. #o to t e retreader.8 " o retread about one'

t ird of t e tire. re>ei$ed 4S>rap Tire Mana#ement Coun>il8 ;AA@61



6): R$BBERI<ED CONCRETE

T e >on>rete mi ed "it "a.te rubber added in different $olume proportion. i. >alled

rubberi)ed >on>rete and i. an infant te> nolo#%1 /artiall% repla>in# t e fine a##re#ate

of >on>rete "it .ome !uantit% of .mall "a.te tire >ube. >an impro$e !ualitie. .u> a.

lo" unit "ei# t8 i# re.i.tan>e to abra.ion8 ab.orbin# t e . o>-. and $ibration.8 i#

du>tilit% and brittlene.. and .o on to t e >on>rete1Rubberi)ed >on>rete >an

.u>>e..full% be u.ed in .e>ondar% .tru>tural >omponent. .u> a. >ul$ert.8 >ra.

barrier.8 .ide"al-.8 runnin# tra>-.8 .ound ab.orber.8 et>1

6); OBJECTI=E

2it t e in>rea.e in urbani)ation of >ountrie. li-e INDI* P ET0IO/I*8 t e number

of $e i>le. and >on.e!uentl% t e amount of u.ed tire i. #oin# to in>rea.e .i#nifi>antl%

in t e near future1 0en>e8 t e no en$ironmental nature of t e.e "a.te. i. #oin# to be a

potential t reat1

T i. .tud% >an . o" an alternati$e "a% of re>%>lin# tire. b% in>orporatin# t em into

>on>rete >on.tru>tion of fine8 t e >on>ept t at t e problem emer#e. from urbani)ation

and t e .olution #oe. alon# "it it >an al.o be appre>iated1

T erefore8 it i. t e aim of t i. .tud% to introdu>e an en$ironmental friendl%

te> nolo#%8 " i> >an benefit t e .o>iet% and t e nation1

*ppli>ation of u.ed tire. in >on>rete >on.tru>tion i. a ne" te> nolo#%1

T rou# t i. .tud%8 it i. intended to arri$e at a .uitable mi proportion and per>ent

repla>ement u.in# lo>all% a$ailable material. b% partial repla>ement of t e natural fine

a##re#ate. "it re>%>led fine rubber a##re#ate.1

0en>e t e po..ibilit% of u.in# "a.te tire. a. an alternati$e >on.tru>tion material "ill

be in$e.ti#ated1 B% >ondu>tin# different laborator% te.t. on prepared .pe>imen.8 i

CHAPTER/72



7) LITERAT$RE RE=IE.

+i .an# .on et al Q; in$e.ti#ate t e reinfor>ed >on>rete >olumn "it "a.te t%re rubber

parti>le. of different .i)e. and per>enta#e. b% >on.iderin# t e >on>rete >ompre..i$e

.tren#t 9 mpa and 9@mpa to e amine t e >on>rete propertie.1 In t i. .tud% =:: to ;

mm .i)e of rubber parti>le "a. u.ed1 9 >ontrol .pe>imen. "ere prepared8 t e re.ult

indi>ated t at t e rubber filled RC >olumn #i$e. .li# tl% lo"er >ompre..i$e .tren#t

and modulu. of ela.ti>it%1 But ener#% ab.orption >apa>it% and du>tilit% in>rea.e.1

T erefore t i. t%pe of >on>rete i. .uitable for .ei.mi> appli>ation1 E. maiel#an,ian et

al Q9 in$e.ti#ated t e >on>rete mi ture b% u.in# t%re > ipped repla>ed to fine

a##re#ate. and "a.te t%re >rumb po"der repla>ed to >ement at < 8 1< and ;: to

e amine t e >on>rete propertie.1 T e re.ult . o"ed t at "it in>rea.e in per>enta#e.

of rubber >ompre..i$e .tren#t redu>tion "a. le.. t an < and "it 1< and ;:

repla>ement i# er redu>tion o>>ur modulu. of ela.ti>it% redu>e. up to ; '9@ for <

to ;: repla>ement of > ipped rubber to a##re#ate in >on>rete8 ten.ile .tren#t and

fle ural .tren#t redu>ed "it in>rea.ed per>enta#e. of rubber in >on>rete1 Cammille

* I..a8 et al Q? a$e been u.ed re>%>led >rumb rubber a. a .ub.titute for fine

a##re#ate in >on>rete at : to ;:: repla>ement to >ru. ed .and in >on>rete mi 1

T e re.ult . o"ed t at 9< Repla>ement of >ru. ed .and #i$e. #ood >ompre..i$e

.tren#t and b% u.in# >rumb rubber up to 9< re.ult. in @ de>rea.e in den.it% of

>on>rete and du>tilit% of >on>rete in>rea.e. t erefore it i. u.eful in . o>- re.i.tin#

element 8 i# "a% barrier et>1 *nd al.o dampin# propertie. impro$e.1 /a> e >o'

Tor#al et al Q a$e been .tudied t e effe>t on fre. and ardened >on>rete propertie.

b% u.in# pol%meri> "a.te li-e t%re rubber and /ET bottle. in >on>rete mi 1 T e re.ult.

of man% re.ear> er. . o"ed t at "it in>rea.e in rubber >ontent "or-abilit% 4.lump6

in>rea.e.8 and t e propertie. li-e >ompre..i$e .tren#t 8 .plit ten.ile .tren#t 8 fle ural

.tren#t and modulu. of ela.ti>it% de>rea.e.1 But for i# er >ontent of t%re rubber in

>on>rete mi in>rea.e. t e tou# ne.. of >on>rete1N1F1 *)mi8 B1S1 Mo ammed et al Q<

a$e been in$e.ti#ated t e effe>t of re>%>led t%re rubber partiall% repla>ed to fine



a##re#ate in >on>rete to e amine t e propertie. of >on>rete li-e >ompre..i$e .tren#t

.plittin# ten.ile .tren#t and fle ural .tren#t 8 t e% a$e .ele>ted >on>rete mi "it

"ater >ement ratio. :1 ;8 :1< 8 and :1=@1 Total ;< different >on>rete mi e. "ere >a.t1

T e re.ult. . o"ed t at8 t ere "a. de>rea.e in .tren#t of t%re rubber >on>rete

mi ture8 but "it in>rea.e in rubber >ontent from o to ?: .lump $alue. in>rea.e.1 It

mean. t at t i. t%pe of >on>rete i. more "or-able t an normal >on>rete1

/itiSu-onta.u--ul Q= in i. .tud% in$e.ti#ated t e t ermal and .ound propertie. of

>rumb rubber >on>rete t e "a.te >rumb rubber >on>rete panel.8 t e "a.te >rumb

rubber produ>ed in a lo>al re>%>lin# plant "a. u.ed to repla>e fine a##re#ate at

per>enta#e. ;: 8 9: and ?: to e amine t e propertie. .u> a. t ermal re.i.tan>e8t ermal >ondu>ti$it%8 eat tran.fer8 .ound ab.orption and noi.e redu>tion1 T e re.ult.

. o"ed t at t e >rumb rubber >on>rete panel "a. i# er .ound ab.orption8 li# t in

"ei# t and lo"er eat tran.fer propertie. t an normal >on>rete panel1 (rom t e

in$e.ti#ation e >on>luded t at t e >on>rete "it >rumb rubber repla>ed to fine

a##re#ate #i$e. #ood t ermal and .ound propertie. and t e unit "ei# t of >on>rete

al.o redu>ed t an normal >on>rete1T e .lump $alue. "ere re>orded for different 2LCratio. at different rubber >ontent repla>ed to fine a##re#ate in >on>rete mi are a.

follo".8

;6 "L> ratio :1 ; .lump 4mm6

: repla>ement <;: repla>ement @

;< repla>ement @<

9: repla>ement A:

?: repla>ement A

96 "L> ratio :1< .lump 4mm6



: repla>ement @<

;: repla>ement ;;:

;< repla>ement ;9<

9: repla>ement ;?<

?: repla>ement ; =

?6 "L> ratio :1=@ .lump 4mm6

: repla>ement ;::

;: repla>ement ;9<

;< repla>ement ;?=

9: repla>ement ;

?: repla>ement ;<@

7)6 FRE*H CONCRETE PROPERTIE*

7)6)6 .or4'bi(it%

*lbano et al1 QA repla>e fine a##re#ate. b% < and ;: of .>rap rubber "a.te

4parti>le .i)e. of :19Amm and :1<Amm6 reportin# a de>rea.ed of @@ in >on>rete

.lump1 Bi#no))iPSandrolini Q;: u.ed .>rap't%re 4:1< to 9mm6 and >rumb't%re

4:1:<mm to :1 mm6 to repla>e 9919 and ??1? of fine a##re#ate. in .elf'>ompa>tin#

>on>rete. referrin# t at t e introdu>tion of t e rubber parti>le. doe. not influen>e t e

"or-abilit% in a .i#nifi>ant "a% if t e .uper pla.ti>i)er al.o in>rea.e.1 S-rip-iuna. et

al1 Q;; u.ed >rumbed rubber to repla>e 9? -# of fine a##re#ate. in >on>rete. "it

:1= of a poli>arbo ile .uper pla.ti>i)er b% >ement ma.. obtainin# t e .ame

"or-abilit% of t e referen>e >on>rete1 Ot er aut or. Q;9 u.ed >rumb rubber t%re.

4:1: < to 1 <mm6 in t e >on>rete to repla>e .and in $ariou. per>enta#e. 49: 8 : 8

=: and ;:: 61 T e.e aut or. .tated t at in>rea.in# rubber "a.te >ontent de>rea.e.



t e >on>rete .lump1(reita. et al1 Q;? u.ed .>rap't%re 4:1;< to 1@mm6 in t e

repla>ement of .and reportin# a .lump de>rea.e alon# "it t e in>rea.e of .>rap't%re

>ontent1 0o"e$er8 t e.e aut or. u.ed ; b% >ement ma.. of an un-no"n pla.ti>i)er in

t e mi ture. "it tire "a.te.8 .o t e "or-abilit% redu>tion i. probabl% related to t e

lo" performan>e of t e pla.ti>i)er1 Top uPBilir Q; .tudied t e influen>e of rubber

"a.te "it a ma imum dimen.ion of mm in .elf'>ompa>tin# >on>rete. noti>in# t at

rubber repla>in# .and in>rea.e >on>rete "or-abilit% " i> i. due to t e pre.en>e of

$i.>o.it% a#ent. e$en to a $olume of ;@:-#Lm?1 *iello P5eu))i Q;< u.ed t%re . red.

4(i#1 ;6 to repla>e fine and >oar.e a##re#ate. 4;:mm to 9<mm6 "it ; b% >ement

ma.. of a pla.ti>i)er ob.er$in# in>rea.e "or-abilit% "it tire . red. >ontent1

7)7 HARDENED CONCRETE PROPERTIE*

7)7)6 COMPRE**I=E *TRENGTH

mentioned t at t e .tren#t of >on>rete. >ontainin# .ili>a fume8 >rumb rubber and t%re

> ip. de>rea.e. "it rubber >ontent1 T e.e aut or. .u##e.t t at it i. po..ible to

produ>e a :M/a >on>rete repla>in# a $olume of ;< of a##re#ate. b% rubber "a.te1

.tudied t e u.e of different per>enta#e of rubber in >on>rete 4< 8 ;: 8 and ;< 6 b%

$olume al.o noti>in# t at a. rubber >ontent in>rea.e lead. to a redu>tion of

>ompre..i$e .tren#t 1 It .tudied t e performan>e of >on>rete. "it t e .ame $olume

repla>ement of rubber "a.te. >onfirmin# t e de>rea.e of >ompre..i$e .tren#t 1 al.o

>onfirmed t e de>rea.e in >ompre..i$e .tren#t for in>rea.e rubber >ontent1 0o"e$er8

t e.e aut or. obtained a .li# t in>rea.e in >ompre..i$e .tren#t " en < of > ippedrubber repla>ed t e fine a##re#ate. probabl% due to a better #radin# of t e mi ture1

T i. findin# ad alread% >au# t u.ed >on>rete. "it . redded t%re > ip. 4;< to 9:mm6

for a##re#ate repla>ement in .e$eral per>enta#e. 491< 8 < and ;: 6 reportin# a lo..

in >ompre..i$e .tren#t 1 T e re.ult. . o" t at t e rubber mi ture. al.o >ontainin#

pul$eri.ed fuel a. a. partial >ement repla>ement pre.ented ma,or >ompre..i$e

.tren#t lo..1 T i. mean. t at t e lo" ad e.ion bet"een t e >ement pa.te and t e



rubber "a.te be>ome. e$en lo"er if admi ture. "it lo" po))olani> a>ti$it% are u.ed1

t%re . red. to repla>e fine and >oar.e a##re#ate. >on>ludin# t at t e .i)e of t e rubber

parti>le. a$e a ma,or influen>e on t e >ompre..i$e .tren#t 1 2 en >oar.e a##re#ate.

are repla>ed b% t e t%re parti>le. t e >ompre..i$e .tren#t lo.. i. mu> more profound

" en >ompared to t e >ompre..i$e .tren#t lo.. of >on>rete. in " i> fine a##re#ate.

"ere repla>ed b% rubber parti>le.

Table';

Compre..i$e .tren#t of >on>rete "it a##re#ate. repla>ed b% rubber parti>le. Q;<

T e.e re.ult. >ontradi>t t e one. pre.ented b% 3aladare. Q;A and t at ma% be related

to t e ori#in of t e "a.te. u.ed in ea> >a.e 4>ar8 tru>- or motor>%>le6 bein# t at

different ori#in ma% po..e.. different > emi>al >ompo.ition. leadin# to different

ad e.ion bet"een t e >ement pa.te and t e rubber "a.te1 3ieira et al1 Q@ .tudied t ree

t%pe. of rubber "a.te and t ree $olume per>enta#e. 491< K < and 1< 6 reportin#

t at t e be.t me> ani>al performan>e "a. obtained u.in# ,u.t 91< of t e tire rubber

"it 91 mm1 Se$eral aut or. mentioned t e u.e of pretreatment. of rubber "a.te to

in>rea.e t e ad e.ion bet"een t e >ement pa.te. .u> a. t e u.e of a ;: NaO0

Mi ture

Compre..i$e

.tren#t 4M /a6

Compre..i$e

.tren#tde>rea.e 4 6

Referen>e >on>rete "it rubber

"a.te repla>in# fine a##re#ate.

42LB :1=:69< ::

91< rubber $olume 9 1: ;;1=

< rubber $olume 9:1 9 1 1< rubber $olume ;A1< 9@1?



.aturated .olution to "a. t e rubber .urfa>e durin# 9: minute. Q9 8 9< 1 Ra# a$an et

al1 Q9= >onfirm. t at t e immer.ion of rubber in NaO0 a!ueou. .olution >ould

impro$e t e ad e.ion leadin# to a i# .tren#t performan>e of >on>rete rubber

>ompo.ite.1 T e NaO0 remo$e. )in> .tearate from t e rubber .urfa>e8 an additi$e

re.pon.ible for t e poor ad e.ion > ara>teri.ti>.8 en an>in# t e .urfa>e omo#eneit%

Q9 1Se#re et al1 Q9@ mention .e$eral pretreatment. to impro$e t at t e ad e.ion of

rubber parti>le. li-e a>id et> in#8 pla.ma and t e u.e of >ouplin# a#ent.1 Cairn. et al1

Q< u.ed rubber a##re#ate. >oated "it a t in la%er of >ement pa.te 4(i#1961

Oi-onomou et al1 Q9A mentioned t at t e u.e of SBR late en an>e. t e ad eren>e

bet"een t e rubber "a.te and t e >ement pa.te1 C ou et al1 Q?: .u##e.t t e pretreatment of >rumb rubber "it or#ani> .ulfur .tatin# it >an modif% t e rubber

.urfa>e propertie. in>rea.in# t e ad e.ion bet"een t e "a.te and t e >ement pa.te1

In$e.ti#ation. about rubber "a.te >on>rete . o" a >ompre..i$e .tren#t lo.. "it

"a.te >ontent in>rea.e1 (urt er in$e.ti#ation. are needed on t i. .ub,e>t8 e.pe>iall% to

>ompre end if different -ind. of rubber be a$e in a .imilar manner to t e .ame

treatment1

7)7)7 TO$GHNE**

Tantala et al1 4;AA=6 in$e.ti#ated t e tou# ne.. 4tou# ne.. i. al.o -no"n a. ener#%

ab.orption >apa>it% and i. #enerall% defined a. t e area under load defle>tion >ur$e of

a fle ural .pe>imen6 of a >ontrol >on>rete mi ture and rub>rete mi ture. "it 91<

and 1< buff rubber b% $olume of fine a##re#ate1 T e% reported t at tou# ne.. of

bot rub Crete mi ture. "a. i# er t an t e >ontrol >on>rete mi ture1 0o"e$er8 t e

tou# ne.. of rub>rete mi ture "it 1< buff rubber 49 = mm6 "a. lo"er t an t at of

rub>rete "it 91< buff rubber be>au.e of t e de>rea.e in >ompre..i$e .tren#t 1Ba.ed

on t eir in$e.ti#ation. on u.e of rubber . red. 4 a$in# t"o .i)e. " i> "ere8

nominall%8 <1< mm;19 mm and ;:1@ mm;1@ mm6 and #ranular 4about 9 mm in

diameter6 rubber in mortar8 Ra# $an et al1 4;AA@6 reported t at mortar .pe>imen. "it

rubber . red. "ere able to "it .tand additional load after pea- load1 T e .pe>imen.



"ere not .eparated into t"o pie>e. under t e failure fle ural load be>au.e of brid#in#

of >ra>-. b% rubber . red.8 but .pe>imen. made "it #ranular rubber parti>le. bro-e

into t"o pie>e. at t e failure load1 T i. indi>ate. t at po.t'>ra>- .tren#t .eemed to be

en an>ed " en rubber . red. are u.ed in.tead of #ranular rubber 1+ atib and Ba%om%

4;AAA6 reported t at a. t e rubber >ontent i. in>rea.ed8 rub>rete .pe>imen. tend to fail

#raduall% and failure mode . ape of t e te.t .pe>imen i. eit er a >oni>al or >olumnar

4>oni>al failure i. #radual8 " erea. >olumnar i. more of . red. a$in# t"o .i)e. " i>

"ere8 nominall%8 <1< mm;19 mm and ;:1@ mm;1@ mm 4len#t diameter6 .udden

failure61 *t a rubber >ontent of =: 8 b% total a##re#ate $olume8 t e .pe>imen.

e ibited ela.ti> deformation.8 " i> t e .pe>imen. retained after unloadin# 1Eldinand Senou>i 4;AA?6 demon.trated t at t e failure mode of .pe>imen. >ontainin#

rubber parti>le. "a. #radual a. oppo.ed to brittle1 Biel and 5ee 4;AA=6 reported t at

failure of >on>rete .pe>imen. "it ?: 8 < and =: repla>ement of fine a##re#ate

"it rubber parti>le. o>>urred a. a #radual . ear t at re.ulted in a dia#onal failure8

" erea. failure of plain 4>ontrol6 >on>rete .pe>imen. "a. e plo.i$e8 lea$in#

.pe>imen. in .e$eral pie>e.1Goulia. and *li 4;AA 6 found t at t e d%nami> modulu. of ela.ti>it% and ri#idit% de>rea.ed "it an in>rea.e in t e rubber >ontent8 indi>atin# a

le.. .tiff and le.. brittle material1 T e% furt er reported t at dampenin# >apa>it% of

>on>rete 4a mea.ure of t e abilit% of t e material to de>rea.e t e amplitude of free

$ibration. in it. bod%6 .eemed to de>rea.e "it an in>rea.e in rubber >ontent1

0o"e$er8 Top>u and *$>ular 4;AA a8 b6 a$e re>ommended t e u.e of rubberi)ed

>on>rete in >ir>um.tan>e. " ere $ibration dampin# i. re!uired1 Similar ob.er$ation."ere al.o made b% (attu i and Clar- 4;AA=61Top>u and *$>ular 4;AA a8 b6 reported

t at t e impa>t re.i.tan>e of >on>rete in>rea.ed " en rubber a##re#ate. "ere

in>orporated into t e >on>rete mi ture.1 T e in>rea.e in re.i.tan>e "a. deri$ed from

t e en an>ed abilit% of t e material to ab.orb ener#%1 Eldin and Senou>i 4;AA?6 and

Top>u 4;AA<6 al.o reported .imilar re.ult.10ernande)'Oli$are. et al1 49::96 a$e

reported t at addition of >rumb tire rubber $olume fra>tion. up to < in a >ement



matri doe. not %ield a .i#nifi>ant $ariation of t e >on>rete me> ani>al feature.8 eit er

ma imum .tre.. or ela.ti> modulu.1

7)7)8 MOD$L$* OF ELA*TICITY

Sin>e t e >on>rete "it rubber "a.te a. lo" >ompre..i$e .tren#t and a >orrelation

e i.t. bet"een >ompre..i$e .tren#t and t e modulu. of ela.ti>it% it i. e pe>ted t e%

al.o po..e.. lo"er modulu. of ela.ti>it%1 0o"e$er8 S-rip-iuna. et al1 Q9; >ompared

>on>rete. "it .imilar >ompre..i$e .tren#t 4a referen>e one and anot er "it ?1? of

>rumb rubber6 obtainin# different .tati> modulu. of ela.ti>it%8 9A1= G/* $er.u.

??19G/a for t e referen>e >on>rete ,u.t ;; i# er1 T e e planation for t i. be a$ior i. related to t e lo" modulu. of ela.ti>it% of rubber "a.te Q? 1 Ot er aut or. Q?@

report a de>rea.e in t e modulu. of ela.ti>it% of : " en t e .ame per>enta#e

redu>tion ta-e. pla>e for >ompre..i$e .tren#t 1 + aloo et al1 Q?A >onfirmed t at t e

in>lu.ion of t%re rubber parti>le. lead. to a i# du>tilit% >on>rete1 en# et al1 Q? 8

?< mentioned t at t e >rumb rubber 4@: V 98=9mm6 a. a lo"er influen>e in t e

modulu. of ela.ti>it% t an t e >ru. ed rubber 4;<' :mm61 Ot er aut or. Q : .tudied

t e modulu. of ela.ti>it% of >on>rete >olumn. "it t"o different .i)e. of >rumb rubber

4:1= and ;mm6 reportin# an in>rea.e in t e du>tilit% performan>e up to A: 1 T o.e

aut or. mentioned t at >rumb rubber >on>rete >olumn. >an under#o t"i>e t e lateral

deformation before failure >ompared to t e referen>e >on>rete >olumn.1 Mo ammed

Q ; >onfirmed t at >on>rete .lab. >ontainin# >rumb rubber "it a fine..e. modulu. of

91?= . o". a i# er du>tilit% be a$ior " i> fulfill t e du>tilit% re!uirement. of Euro

>ode Q 9 1



7)7)9 D$RABILITY

Sin>e rubber "a.te >on>rete a. lo"er >ompre..i$e .tren#t t an referen>e >on>rete it

i. e pe>ted t at i. be a$ior under fa.t me> ani>al de#radation a>tion. >ould al.o be

lo"er1 Top uPDemir Q ? mentioned t at a i# $olume repla>ement of .and b%

rubber "a.te 4;' mm6 a. lo"er durabilit% performan>e a..e..ed b% free)e't a"

e po.ure8 .ea"ater immer.ion and i# temperature >%>le.1 *>>ordin# to t em t e u.e

of a ;: repla>ement i. fea.ible for re#ion. "it out ar. en$ironmental >ondition.1

Gan,ian et al1 Q9: .tudied t e durabilit% of >on>rete >ontainin# .>rap't%re "a.te.

a..e..ed b% "ater ab.orption and "ater permeabilit% re$ealin# t at a per>enta#e

repla>ement of ,u.t < i. a..o>iated "it a more permeable >on>rete 4?= in>rea.e6

but not a more porou. one1 In>rea.in# t e rubber per>enta#e repla>ement to ;:

double. t e >on>rete "ater permeabilit% " i> mean. t i. -ind of >on>rete >annot be

u.ed for appli>ation. " ere "ater pre..ure i. pre.ent li-e under"ater >olumn.1 T e

durabilit% of rubber "a.te >on>rete i. a .ub,e>t t at need. furt er in$e.ti#ation.1 0o"

different "a.te. influen>e durabilit% parameter. and mo.t importantl% o" "a.te

treatment >an en an>e t e >on>rete durabilit% are !ue.tion. t at mu.t be addre..ed

t at re.i.tin# a#ent in >on>rete



CHAPTER /82

8 E3PERIMENT PROGRAME

In order to .tud% t e intera>tion of >rumb rubber "it >on>rete under >ompre..ion8

fle ure8 .plit ten.ion and impa>t8 @ >ube.8 @ beam. and ;= >%linder. "ere >a.ted

re.pe>ti$el%1 T e e perimental pro#ram "a. di$ided into four #roup.1 Ea> #roup

>on.i.t. of 9 >ube.8 >%linder. and 9 beam.8 of ;< ;< ;<>m8 ;<4diameter6 ?:>m

and ;< ;< :>m re.pe>ti$el%1

T e fir.t #roup i. t e >ontrol >on>rete "it : >rumb rubber to ma-e

Con$entional >on>rete1

T e .e>ond #roup >on.i.ted of 91< of >rumb rubber in >on>rete mi 1

T e t ird #roup >on.i.ted of < of >rumb rubber in >on>rete mi 1

T e fourt #roup >on.i.ted of ;: of >rumb rubber in mi

8)6 MATERIAL* AND TE*T*>

8)6)6 CEMENT >

Cement a>t. a. a bindin# a#ent for material.1 Cement a. applied in Ci$il En#ineerin#

Indu.tr% i. produ>ed b% >al>inin# at i# temperature1 It i. a mi ture of >al>areou.8

.ili>eou.8 aluminou. .ub.tan>e. and >ru. in# t e >lin-er. to a fine po"der1 Cement i.t e mo.t e pen.i$e material. in >on>rete and it i. a$ailable in different form.1 2 en

>ement i. mi ed "it "ater8 a > emi>al rea>tion ta-e. pla>e a. a re.ult of " i> t e

>ement pa.te .et. and arden. to a .tone ma..1 Dependin# upon t e > emi>al

>ompo.ition.8 .ettin# and ardenin# propertie.8 >ement >an be broadl% di$ided into

follo"in# >ate#orie.1

/ortland Cement



Spe>ial Cement

T e >ement u.ed in t i. e perimental in$e.ti#ation i. ordinar% /ortland >ement <?

#rade1 Stora#e of >ement re!uire. e tra .pe>ial >are to pre.er$e it. !ualit% and fitne..

for u.e1 To pre$ent it. deterioration it i. ne>e..ar% to prote>t it from rain8 "ind. and

moi.ture1

C+emic'( com0o ition o1 O)P)C

O ide >ontent

CaO =:'=

SiO 9 ; '9<

*l 9O? ?'@

(e 9O9 :1<'=1:

M#O :1;':1

*l-alie. :1;';1?

SO ? ;1:'?1:

Table'9

8)7 TE*T* ON CEMENT



?)7)6) *TANDARD CON*I*TENCY AND INITIAL *ETTING TIME

Standard >on.i.ten>% of >ement i. defined a. t at "ater >ontent at " i> t e needle of

t e apparatu. fail. to penetrate t e .pe>imen b% <mm from bottom of t e mould1

Table'?

Standard Con.i.ten>% of t e >ement pa.te ?: 1

Initial Settin# Time of Cement <min1

2ei# t of >ement ta-en in t e mould ?:: #m

S1NO

1

DET*I5S TRI*5

;

TRI*5

9;1 2ei# t of Empt% Sp1 Gr1 Bottle8

2 ;

9: 9:

91 2ei# t of Sp1 Gr1 Bottle "itappro imatel% one t ird >ement

2 9

9 9=1@

?1 "ei# t of Sp1 Gr1 Bottle "itCement and -ero.ene

2 ?

: ;1?

1 2ei# t of Sp1 Gr1 Bottle "it full-ero.ene

2

=<1 =<1

<1 2ei# t of Sp1 Gr1 Bottle "it full"ater8 2 <

; ;



bet"een .teel platten. of t e te.tin# ma> ine and >ube. .urfa>e 15oad . all be .teadil%

and uniforml% applied8 .tartin# from )ero at a rate of ?< NLmm9Lmin1 till failure of

.ample1

1Cal>ulate >ompre..i$e .tren#t of .pe>imen b% u.in# follo"in# formula

>ompre..i$e .tren#t / L *

" ere

/ Ma imum load applied

* >ro..'.e>tional area of te.t .pe>imen

Compre..i$e .tren#t . all be >al>ulated a. a$era#e $alue of t ree .ample.1 If $alue

of indi$idual .ample i. differin# more t an ;: of a$era#e $alue8 t en t at $alue

. all not be >on.idered1 In t at >a.e a$era#e of ot er t"o .ample. . all be >on.idered

for >ompre..i$e .tren#t >al>ulation1

8)7): Ten i(e *tren!t+ o1 Cement Te t Proce,ure>

4i6 T e mortar of >ement and .and i. prepared1 T e proportion i. ;&? " i> mean. t at

4 6 #m of >ement i. mi ed "it ?4 6 #m of .and1

4ii6 T e "ater i. added to t e mortar1 T e !uantit% of "ater i. < per >ent b% "ei# t of

>ement and .and1

4iii6 T e mortar i. pla>ed in bri!uette mould.1 * t%pi>al bri!uette i. . o"n in belo"

fi#ure1 T e mould i. filled "it mortar and t en a .mall eap of mortar i. formed at it.

top1 It i. beaten do"n b% a .tandard .patula till "ater appear. on t e .urfa>e1 Same pro>edure i. repeated for t e ot er fa>e of bri!uette1 Su> t"el$e .tandard bri!uette.

are prepared1 T e !uantit% of >ement ma% be =:: ml for ;9 bri!uette.1

4i$6 T e bri!uette. are -ept in a damp >abin for 9 our.1

4$6 T e bri!uette. are >arefull% remo$ed from t e mould. and t e% are .ubmer#ed in

>lean "ater for >urin#1



4$i6 T e bri!uette. are te.ted in te.tin# ma> ine at t e end of ? da%. and da%.1 Si

bri!uette. are te.ted in ea> te.t and a$era#e i. found out1 Durin# t e te.t8 t e load i.

to be applied uniforml% at t e rate of ?< -#L>m9 or ?1<: NLmm91

(i#19

4$ii6 It ma% be noted t at >ro..'.e>tional area of bri!uette at it. lea.t .e>tion i. =1 <

>m91 0en>e t e ultimate ten.ile .tre.. of >ement pa.te i. obtained from t e follo"in#

relation&

Ultimate ten.ile .tre.. failin# load L =1 <

$iii6 T e ten.ile .tre.. at t e end of ? da%. . ould not be le.. t an 9: -#L>m9 or 9

NLmm9 and t at at t e end of da%. . ould not be le.. t an 9< -#L>m9 or 91<: NLmm91

http://www.theconstructioncivil.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/124.jpg



8)8 FINE AGGREGATE* &

T e material "e a$e u.ed a. fine a##re#ate in t i. pro,e>t i. ROBO S*ND1 Robo

.and i. an ideal .ub.titute to ri$er .and1 It i. manufa>tured ,u.t t e "a% nature a.done for million. of %ear.1 Robo .and i. >reated b% a ro>-' it ro>- >ru. in#

te> ni!ue u.in# .tate of t e art plant and ma> iner% "it "orld >la.. te> nolo#%1

Created from .pe>ifi> natural ro>-8 it i. >ru. ed b% a t ree .ta#e >onfi#uration

>on.i.tin# of a Fa" >ru. er follo"ed b% a Cone >ru. er and finall% a 3erti>al S aft

Impa>tor 43SI6 to obtain .and t at i. >on.i.tent in it. >ubi>al parti>le . ape. and

#radation1 Robo .and i. t e en$ironmental friendl% .olution t at .er$e. a. a perfe>t.ub.titute for t e fa.t depletin# and e >e..i$el% mined ri$er .and1 Robo .and : 1 <

mm i. .uitable for all >on>rete preparation. and i. u.ed a>ro.. all .e#ment. .u> a.

independent ou.e.8 builder. RMC /lant.8 Con>rete Bat> in# /lant. and Infra.tru>ture

Con>rete "or-.1

8)9 TE*T* ON FINE AGGREGATE

8)9)6 *PECIFIC GRA=ITY>

Table'<

S1NO1 DET*I5S 2EIG0TS 4in #m6

;1 2ei# t of dr% .ample 2 ; A 1<

91 2ei# t of p%>nometer W partl% filled.and W re.t filled "it "ater 2 9

;<==1<

?1 2ei# t of .aturated .urfa>e dr% .and.ample 2?

A@

1 2ei# t of p%>nometer full "it "ater 2 ;<:=



Spe>ifi> Gra$it% of t e fine a##re#ate .ample 91=<

Pro0ertie >

S1No /ropert% Te.t re.ult

; Spe>ifi> Gra$it% 91=<

9 Si)e 1 <mm

Table'=

8): COAR*E AGGREGATE* >

T e material " o.e parti>le. are of .i)e a. are retained on I1S Sie$e No1 @: 4 1 <mm6

i. termed a. >oar.e a##re#ate1 T e .i)e of >oar.e a##re#ate depend. upon t e nature of

"or-1 T e >oar.e a##re#ate u.ed in t i. e perimental in$e.ti#ation are of 9:mm8

;:mm and =mm .i)e.8 >ru. ed an#ular in . ape1T e a##re#ate. are free from du.t

before u.ed in t e >on>rete1

8); TE*T* ON COAR*E AGGREGATE



8);)6 *PECIFIC GRA=ITY>

Table'

Spe>ifi> Gra$it% of t e fine a##re#ate .ample 91=<

S1NO1 DET*I5S 2EIG0TS 4in #m6;1 2ei# t of dr% .ample

2 ;

A 1<

91 2ei# t of p%>nometer W partl% filled .andWre.t filled "it "ater

2 9

;<==1<

?1 2ei# t of .aturated .urfa>e dr% .and.ample

2?

A@

1 2ei# t of p%>nometer full "it "ater 2

;<:=



ratio of den.it% of a>tuall% a> ie$ed in t e te.t to t e den.it% of t e .ame >on>rete full%

>ompa>ted1 T e .ample of >on>rete to be te.ted i. pla>ed in t e upper opper up to t e

brim1 T e trap door of t e lo"er opper i. opened .o t at t e >on>rete fall. into t e

lo"er opper1 T e trap door of t e lo"er opper i. opened .o t at t e >on>rete fall.

into t e >%linder1 In >a.e of dr% mi it i. li-el% t at t e >on>rete ma% not fall in

openin# t e trap door1 In .u> >a.e a .li# t po-in# b% a rod ma% be re!uired to .ee t e

>on>rete in motion1 T e e >e.. >on>rete remainin# abo$e t e top le$el of t e >%linder

i. t en >ut'off "it elp of plain blade.1 T e out.ide of >%linder i. "iped >lean1 T e

1

1 0eap t e >on>rete on top of t e mould8 and rod t e top la%er "it 9< .tro-e.

penetratin# t e top of t e .e>ond la%er1

<1 Stri-e off t e top .urfa>e of t e >on>rete e$en to t e top of t e mould1

=1 Remo$e t e mould >arefull% in t e $erti>al dire>tion 4ta-e about fi$e .e>ond.61

1 Immediatel% in$ert and pla>e t e mould be.ide t e .lumped >on>rete and pla>e

t e rod ori)ontall% a>ro.. t e mould8 and mea.ure t e .lump8 in >m1

(i#'?



8) CA*TING OF *PECIMEN* &

(or >a.tin# t e >ube.8 beam .pe>imen.8 .tandard >a.t iron metal mould. of .i)e

;<: ;<: >ube.8 ;<: ;<: :mm beam mould. are u.ed1 T e mould. a$e been

>leaned of du.t parti>le. and applied "it mineral oil on all .ide.8 before t e >on>rete

i. poured into t e mould.1 T orou# l% mi ed >on>rete i. filled into t e mould in t ree

la%er. of e!ual ei# t. follo"ed b% tampin#1 T en t e mould i. pla>ed on t e table

$ibrator for a .mall period1 E >e.. >on>rete i. remo$ed "it tro"el and top .urfa>e i.

fini. ed to .moot le$el1

8)6 C$RING>

Curin# i. t e pro>e.. of pre$entin# t e lo.. of moi.ture from >on>rete " ile

maintainin# a .ati.fa>tor% temperature1 More elaboratel% >urin# i. defined a. pro>e..

of maintainin# .ati.fa>tor% moi.ture >ontent and fa$orable temperature in >on>rete

durin# t e period immediatel% follo"in# pla>ement8 .o t at %dration of >ement ma%

>ontinue until t e de.ired propertie. are de$eloped to a .uffi>ient de#ree to meet t e

re!uirement at .er$i>e1 *fter >a.tin# t e moulded .pe>imen. are .tored in t e

laborator% and at a room temperature for 9 our. from t e time at addition of "ater to

dr% in#redient.1 *fter t i. period t e .pe>imen. are remo$ed from t e mould.

immediatel% .ubmer#ed in >lean and fre. "ater1 T e .pe>imen. are >ured for 9@da%.

in t e pre.ent "or-1

8)66 TE*T* ON HARDENED CONCRETE>

8)66)6 C$BE COMPRE*ION TE*T

T i. te.t "a. >ondu>ted a. per IS <;=';A<A1 T e >ube. of .tandard .i)e

;<: ;<: ;<:mm "ere u.ed to find t e >ompre..i$e .tren#t of >on>rete1 Spe>imen.

"ere pla>ed on t e bearin# .urfa>e of UTM8 of >apa>it% ;::tone. "it out e>>entri>it%

and a uniform rate of loadin# of <<: +#L>m9 per minute "a. applied till t e failure of



t e >ube1 T e ma imum load "a. noted and t e >ompre..i$e .tren#t "a. >al>ulated1

T e re.ult. are tabulated in Table <1;

Cube >ompre..i$e .tren#t 4f>-6 in M/a /L*

2 ere8 / >ube >ompre..ion load

* area of t e >ube on " i> load i. applied 4 ;<: ;<: 99<:: mm96

Fi!59



Fi!5:

8)66)7FLE3$RAL TE*T

S(RC beam. of .i)e ;<: ;<: ::mm are te.ted u.in# a fle ure te.tin# ma> ine1 T e

.pe>imen i. .impl% .upported on t e t"o roller. of t e ma> ine " i> are =::mm

apart8 "it a bearin# of <:mm from ea> .upport1 T e load . all be applied on t e

beam from t"o roller. " i> are pla>ed abo$e t e beam "it a .pa>in# of 9::mm1

T e load i. applied at a uniform rate .u> t at t e e treme fibre. .tre.. in>rea.e. at

:1 NLmm9Lmin i1e18 t e rate of loadin# . all be +NLmin1 T e load i. in>rea.ed till

t e .pe>imen fail.1 T e ma imum $alue of t e load applied i. noted do"n1 T e

appearan>e of t e fra>ture fa>e. of >on>rete and an% uni!ue feature. are noted1

T e modulu. of rupture i. >al>ulated u.in# t e formulaJ. /lLbd 8 " ere8

/ load in N applied to t e .pe>imen

l len#t in mm of t e .pan on " i> t e .pe>imen i. .upported 4=::6



b mea.ured "idt in mm of t e .pe>imen

d mea.ured dept in mm of t e .pe>imen at point of failure1

8)66)8*PLIT TEN*ILE TE*T

S(RC >%linder. of .i)e ;<>m 4dia6 ?:>m 4 ei# t6 are >a.ted1 T e te.t i. >arried out

b% pla>in# a >%lindri>al .pe>imen ori)ontall% bet"een t e loadin# .urfa>e of a

>ompre..ion te.tin# ma> ine and t e load i. applied until t e failure of t e >%linder8

alon# t e $erti>al diameter1 2 en t e load i. applied alon# t e #eneratri 8 an element

on t e $erti>al diameter of t e >%linder i. .ub,e>ted 0ori)ontal .tre.. of 9/LYld1

2 ere8 / i. t e >ompre..i$e load on t e >%linder l i. t e len#t of t e >%linder d i.

diameter of t e >%linder1 T e main ad$anta#e of t i. met od i. t at t e .ame t%pe of

.pe>imen and t e .ame te.tin# ma> ine a. u.ed for t e >ompre..ion te.t >an be

emplo%ed for t i. te.t1 T i. i. " % t i. te.t i. #ainin# popularit%1 T e .plittin# te.t i.

.imple to perform and #i$e. more uniform re.ult. t an t e ot er ten.ion te.t.1 Stren#t

determined in t e .plittin# te.t i. belie$ed to be >lo.er to t e true ten.ile .tren#t of

>on>rete t an t e modulu. of rupture1 Splittin# .tren#t #i$e. about < to ;: i# er

$alue t an t e dire>t ten.ile .tren#t 1

8)66)9 IMPACT TE*T

S(RC >%linder. of .i)e ;<>m 4dia6 ?:>m 4 ei# t6 are >a.ted1 T e te.t .pe>imen i.

pla>ed on t e ba.e plate1 It i. free to mo$e ori)ontall% off >enter b% about <mm

bet"een t e four po.itionin# lu#.1 * bra>-et i. pla>ed o$er t e te.t .pe>imen8 " i>>ontain. a >%lindri>al .lee$e t at po.ition. a ardened .teel ball on top of t e te.t

.pe>imen1 T e ball i. free to mo$e $erti>all% "it in t e .lee$e1 * drop ammer u.ed

for >ompa>tion. of a.p alt and .oil .ample. i. t en pla>ed on top of t e ball1 T e

number of blo". from t i. .tandard 1<-# ma.. droppin# from t e e.tabli. ed =:mm

ei# t re!uired to >au.e t e fir.t $i.ible >ra>- and to >au.e ultimate failure i. re>orded1



B% definition ultimate failure o>>ur. " en .uffi>ient impa>t ener#% a. been .upplied

to .pread t e >ra>-. enou# .o t at ea> of t e four lu#. i. tou> ed b% t e .pe>imen

8)67 MI3 DE*IGN FOR M7: GRADE CONCRETE>

Mi de.i#n i. t e pro>e.. of .ele>tion of .uitable in#redient. of >on>rete and to

determine t eir propertie. "it ob,e>t of produ>in# >on>rete of >ertain ma imum

.tren#t and durabilit%8 a. e>onomi>al a. po..ible1 T e purpo.e of de.i#nin# i. to

a> ie$e t e .tipulated minimum .tren#t 8 durabilit% and to ma-e t e >on>rete in t e

mo.t e>onomi>al manner1

De.i#n&

;1 Cal>ulation of tar#et mean .tren#t &

Tar#et mean .tren#t Z f>- W +S ??1 NLmm9 f>- 9< NLmm9

S .tandard de$iation <1?

+ probabilit% fa>tor ;1=<

2aterL>ement ratio :1 4for Z ??1 NLmm96

91 Cal>ulation of (ine a##re#ateL Total a##re#ate&

Ma imum Si)e of >oar.e a##re#ate 9:mm

2aterL>ement :1

2ater >ontent for ;m? of >on>rete ;@= +#Lm?

2or-abilit% :1@

(1*L T1* ?<?1Corre>tion.&

*d,u.tment. of $alue. in "ater >ontent and (*LT*

De#ree of "or-abilit% C1( :1@



Coar.e a##re#ate 3 Q2 W CLS> W ;L/[ C1*LS C1* [;L;:::

;;A?1=: +# Lm?

Material. Re!uired (or M9< Grade of Con>rete

Cement 9@1:; +# Lm?

(1* <;=1?: +# Lm?

C1* ;;A?1=: +# Lm?

2ater ;@@1?9 +# Lm

(inal Mi /roportion&

Table';:

8)68 MATERIAL* RE $IRED FOR A BATCH OF M7: GRADECONCRETE>

3olume Cal>ulation.&

3olume of ; >ube ?1? < ;:'? m?

3olume of ; >%linder <1?: ;:'? m?

3olume of ; beam ;<1 < ;:'? m?

Total $olume to be filled "it >on>rete 9? 1@ ;:'? m?

uantit% Cal>ulation.&

Cement re!uired 9? 1@ ;:'? 9@1:;

;:;1 @ -#

(ine *##re#ate 9? 1@ ;:'? <;=1?:

;991 -#

Cement (1* C1* 2LC

; ;19:= 91 @@ :1



Coar.e *##re#ate 9? 1@ ;:'? ;;A?1=:

9@?1@? -#

2ater re!uired :1 >ement >ontent :1 @ ;:;1 @

1 @ litre.1

Crumb rubber u'ntit% C'(cu('tion >

Table';;

CHAPTER /92

9 RE*$LT AND DI*C$**ION>

S1No1 of >rumb

rubber 2ei# t of >rumb 4-#6

; 91< ;1?@

9 < 91 =

? ;: 1;

9: <1;

Compre..i$e Stren#t Of Rubberi)ed Con>rete 4 M9<6

T%pe of Mi 4"L> :1<:6

Compre..i$e Stren#t4M/a6

da%. 9@da%. Normal Con>rete ;=19< 9< Rubberi)ed >on>rete491< repla>ement6

;= 9<

Rubberi)ed >on>rete4< repla>ement6

; 99

Rubberi)ed >on>rete4 1< repla>ement6

;9 ;@

Rubberi)ed >on>rete4;: repla>ement6

@ ;9



9)7 *TRE** *TRAIN

Be a$ior t e .tre.. .train be a$ior. of t e .pe>imen. >ontainin# rubber of up to ;:

be a$e in a .imilar trend to t e >ontrol .pe>imen8 but a$in# a .maller pea-1 (rom t e

fi#ure8 it >an be ob.er$ed t at t ere i. linear in>rea.e of .tre..e. until it rea> e. it.

pea- before ener#% i. relea.ed b% .pe>imenJ. fra>ture1 (or t i. >a.e8 t e .pe>imen.

be a$ed li-e a brittle material of " i> t e total ener#% #enerated upon fra>ture i.

ela.ti> ener#%1 0o"e$er8 nonlinear be a$ior i. .een for t e ot er t"o .pe>imen.

>ontainin# ;< and 9: rubber1 0ere8 on>e t e pea- .tre.. i. rea> ed8 t e .pe>imen

>ontinue. to %ield8 a. repre.ented b% t e bran> 'line1

9)8 DRY *HRIN-AGE

2e a$e ta-en t e mea.urement. a>>ordin# to t e time of len#t $ariation of beam

.pe>imen. of >on>rete pre.er$ed in an un>ontrolled atmo.p eri> en$ironment

4moi.ture and ambient temperature of t e laborator%61 T e .pe>imen. "ere pro$ided

"it 9: >m di.tant .tud.8 and t e mea.urement. "ere >arried out b% a retra>t meter1

T e >ur$e. of (i#ure ;9 repre.ent t e redu>tion. in t e dimen.ional $ariation. of

>on>rete dr%in# . rin-a#e in relation to t e time and rate of .ub.titution in rubber

a##re#ate.1 2e noti>e t at t e dr%in# . rin-a#e of t e >on>rete. de>rea.e. "it t e



in>rea.e in t e per>enta#e of rubber a##re#ate. in t e >on>rete1 T i. attenuation of t e

. rin-a#e t u. of t e >ra>-in# >an impro$e t e durabilit% of t e.e >ementin#

>ompo.ite.1 It >an be e plained b% t e fa>t t at t e.e >ompo.ite. "it rubber

a##re#ate. ab.orb le.. "ater and -eep for a lon#er time t e eat relea.ed durin# t e

%dration of >ement1 0en>e8 t e treatment of >on>rete t rou# in>ludin# rubber "ould

be impro$ed1 It .eem. al.o t at t e.e a##re#ate. ob.tru>t t e propa#ation of t e

mi>ro.>opi> >ra>-.1 It i. "ort mentionin# t at t e numerou. t e% are in t e mi ture.K

t e more t e effe>t of t e.e rubber a##re#ate. i. felt1 *l.o8 t e -ineti>. of t e

. rin-a#e i. influen>ed b% t e pre.en>e of t e rubber a##re#ate.1 In effe>t8 t e

. rin-a#e. mea.ured in >on>rete .pe>imen. "it in>lu.ion. at an earl% a#e 4? da%.6 are$er% "ea- >ompared to t e . rin-a#e. mea.ured in t e >ontrol >on>rete1 2it time8

t e relati$e redu>tion in t e . rin-a#e. de>rea.e. a little1 T u.8 t e time and t e rate of

.ub.titution1

9)9 AIR ENTRAINED

T e in>orporation of t e rubber a##re#ate. i. "it out effe>t on t e per>enta#e of

entrained air 4(i#ure 961 T e !uantitie. of entrained air for t e te.ted mi ture. remain

>omparable "it t e $alue. of t e >urrent >on>rete. " i> $ar% bet"een ; and 91<



Q;< 1 On t e ot er and8 mo.t aut or. reported t at " en t e rubber a##re#ate "a.

added to t e >on>rete8 t e >ontent of air in' >rea.ed >on.iderabl%1 T e% al.o ob.er$ed

t at t e >ontent of air in>rea.ed in >on>rete mi ture. "it in>rea.in# amount. of

rubber a##re#ate. Q;;8 ;=8 and ; 1 T e in>rea.e in 2LC ratio in>rea.e. t e .lump of

t e mi ture. re#ardle.. of t e rubber a##re#ate.J rate in t e mi ture.1 On t e ot er

and8 t e "or-abilit% of t e mi ture. -no". a .li# t impro$ement "it t e pre.en>e of

t e rubber a##re#ate. 4(i#ure6

4Fi!

ure) T+e e11ect o1 t+e ub titution r'te on t+e 0ercent o1 entr'ine, 'ir o1 t+econcrete2

9): *PLIT TEN*ILE TE*T>

T e re.ult. of ten.ile .tren#t te.t are #i$en in (i# 1 Ten.ile .tren#t of >on>rete "a.

redu>ed "it repla>ement of rubber in bot mi ture.1 T e per>ent redu>tion of ten.ile



.tren#t in t e fir.t mi ture "a. about t"i>e t at of t e .e>ond mi ture for lo"er

per>enta#e of repla>ement.1 T e >ompre..i$e .tren#t of >on>rete "it repla>ement of

>ement8 .and and >oar.e a##re#ate. "it 91< of #round rubber8 >rumb rubber and

> ipped rubber re.pe>ti$el% #i$e. better re.ult t an >on$entional and ot er per>enta#e

of repla>ement.1 If "e in>rea.e t e per>enta#e of repla>ement. in >on>rete "it rubber

"a.te .tren#t "ill de>rea.e1 T e .plit ten.ile .tren#t of >on>rete al.o #i$e. t e better

re.ult. "it repla>ement of 91< of rubber "a.te 1

Ta bl e';

9); FLE3$RAL *TRENGTH>

* primar% >on>ern in de.i#nin# >on>rete for u.e in i# "a% appli>ation. i. t e

fle ural .tren#t of >on>rete1 It. -no"led#e i. u.eful in t e de.i#n of pa$ement .lab.

and airfield run"a% a. fle ural ten.ion i. >riti>al in t e.e >a.e.1 T e fle ural .tren#t

or t e modulu. of rupture of >on>rete i. an indire>t mea.ure of t e ten.ile .tren#t 1

T e $alue of modulu. of rupture depend. upon t e dimen.ion. of t e beam and abo$e

all on t e arran#ement of t e loadin#1 It i. ob.er$ed t at "it t e in>rea.e in t e >rumb

rubber8 t e fle ural .tren#t de>rea.e.1 0o"e$er8 it i. noti>ed t at at t e later a#e rate

S1 No1

/er>enta#e of Repla>ement.

Compre..i$e5oad4+N6

Split Ten.ileStren#t in

9@ da%.4NLmm96

;

91< @< 91 ;

< <; ;1=9

;: @ ;1<?

9

91< @ 91=@

< @9 91=;

;: : 919?

?

91< @: 91<<

< ? 91?9

;: <@ ;1@



of .tren#t redu>tion8 due to in>rea.e in per>enta#e of >rumb rubber "a. .teeper t an

t at of t e >ompre..i$e .tren#t 1 (rom fi#ure A it >an be >on>luded t at8 "it t e lar#e

Table';<

9)? DETERMINATION OF $NIT .EIGHT

(5EXUR*5 STRENGT0 O( RUBBERISED CONCRETE

T%pe of Mi 4"L> :1<:6

(le ural Stren#t 4M/a6

9@da%.

Normal Con>rete 1;Rubberi)ed >on>rete4;: repla>ement6 1:

Rubberi)ed >on>rete49: repla>ement6 ?1

Rubberi)ed >on>rete4?: repla>ement6 ?1?



T e unit "ei# t $alue. u.ed for t e anal%.i. of t i. .e>tion are mea.ured from t e

>on>rete >ube .ample. after 9@ da%. of .tandard >urin#1 (rom t e re.ult.8 it "a. found

out t at a redu>tion of unit "ei# t up to 9 "a. ob.er$ed " en <: b% $olume of

t e >oar.e a##re#ate "a. repla>ed b% rubber a##re#ate in .ample1 2 erea. ?1?A and

A1 @ redu>tion. "ere ob.er$ed for ;: and 9< rubber a##re#ate repla>ement in

.ample.1

Table';=

UNIT 2EIG0T O( RUBBERISED CONCRETE

T%pe of Con>rete Unit 2ei# t 4+#6 redu>tion

Normal @19:: :

Rubberi)ed4< repla>ement6

1=9: :1A

Rubberi)ed4;: repla>ement6

1? : ;1;

Rubberi)ed4;< repla>ement6

19:: ;1?



9)@ .OR-ABILITY A*PECT

T e repla>ement of >oar.e a##re#ate b% .>rap t%re rubber effe>t. on t e

"or-abilit% of t e >on>rete1 T e "or-abilit% of rubberi)ed >on>rete . o". an

in>rea.e in .lump "it in>rea.e of "a.te t%re rubber >ontent of total a##re#ate

$olume1 T e re.ult of t e normal >on>rete mi . o"ed an in>rea.e in "or-abilit%8

but it >an be .ummari)ed t at t e "or-abilit% i. ad$er.el% affe>ted b% t e

in>orporation of > ipped t%re rubber1 T e re.ult. of t e .lump te.t are a. . o"n

Table';

CHAPTER /:2

50

2or-abilit% of t e Con>rete in term. of Slump 3alue

S1No Te.t Serie. 2or-abilit% 4Slump6

; Normal Con>rete @< mm

9Rubberi)ed >on>rete 4;: 6

;:: mm

? Rubberi)ed >on>rete 49: 6 ;9< mm

Rubberi)ed >on>rete 4?: 6;<: mm



:)6 CONCL$*ION*>

T e follo"in# #eneral findin#. are ba.ed on t e laborator% .tud% reported in t i.

report1 T e .pe>ifi> >on>lu.ion. t at >an be dra"n from t i. .tud% are a. follo".&

;1 Compre..i$e .tren#t of >on>rete depended on t"o fa>tor.& #rain .i)e of t e

repla>in# rubber and per>enta#e added1 In #eneral8 >ompre..i$e .tren#t "a.

redu>ed "it in>rea.ed per>enta#e of rubber repla>ement in >on>rete8 t ou# "it

91< repla>ement of fine a##re#ate8 .and or >ement b% rubber8 de>rea.e in

>ompre..i$e .tren#t "a. lo" 4le.. t an 91< 6 "it out noti>eable > an#e. in

ot er >on>rete propertie.1

91 Ten.ile .tren#t of >on>rete "a. redu>ed "it in>rea.ed per>enta#e of rubber

repla>ement in >on>rete1 T e mo.t important rea.on bein# la>- of proper bondin#

bet"een rubber and t e pa.te matri 8 a. bondin# pla%. t e -e% role in redu>in#

ten.ile .tren#t 1 Ten.ile .tren#t of >on>rete >ontainin# > ipped rubber

4repla>ement for a##re#ate.6 i. lo"er t an t at of >on>rete >ontainin# po"dered

rubber 4for >ement repla>ement61

?1 (rom t i. e perimental in$e.ti#ation "e found t at >ompre..i$e .tren#t and

ten.ile .tren#t #i$e. better re.ult b% repla>ement of >ement8 .and8 a##re#ate "it

91< of rubber1

1 (rom t e pre.ent e perimental .tud%8 "e >on>lude t at de.pite t e redu>ed

>ompre..i$e .tren#t of rubberi)ed >on>rete in >ompari.on to >on$entional

>on>rete8 t ere i. a potential lar#e mar-et for >on>rete produ>t. in " i>

in>lu.ionof rubber a##re#ate. "ould be fea.ible " i> "ill utili)e t e di.>arded

rubber tire. t e di.po.al of " i> 8 i. a bi# problem for en$ironment pollution1

<1 Rubberi)ed >on>rete .tren#t ma% be impro$ed b% impro$in# t e bond

propertie. of rubber a##re#ate.1 In India8 out of ?= tire manufa>turer. t e tire

51



re>%>ler. are around 9:8 t e ma,or >ontribution i. onl% b% four or fi$e1 *mon#

t e.e8 MLS Gu,arat Re>laim a. an annual turno$er of o$er R.1;< Core from it.

0arid"ar 4Uttara- and8 India6 tire re>%>lin# plant.8 "it a produ>tion of 9: ton. of

re>laim rubber per da%1 T e tire re>%>lin# fa>torie. . ould .uppl% !ualit% rubber a##re#ate. in 9:';:mm8 ;:' 1 <mm and 1 <mm do"n .i)e. to be u.ed a. >ement

>on>rete a##re#ate1

=1 T e li# t unit "ei# t !ualitie. of rubberi)ed >on>rete ma% be .uitable for

ar> ite>tural appli>ation8 fal.e fa>e.8 .tone ba-in#8 interior >on.tru>tion8 in

buildin# a. an eart !ua-e . o>- "a$e ab.orber8 " ere $ibration dampin# i.

re!uired .u> a. in foundation pad. for ma> iner% rail"a% .tation8 " ere re.i.tan>eto impa>t or e plo.ion i. re!uired8 .u> a. in ,er.e% barrier8 rail"a% buffer.8

bun-er. and for tren> fillin#1

1 One of t e po..ible appli>ation. of rub>rete ma% be it. appli>ation in renderin#

of roof top .urfa>e. for in.ulation and "aterproofin#1 2it proper Mi ed De.i#n a

9: mm t i>- renderin# on roof top .urfa>e. ma% be done "it 1 < mm do"n

rubber a##re#ate

@1 Tire rubber "a.te. repre.ent a .eriou. en$ironmental i..ue t at need. to be

addre..ed "it ur#en>% b% t e .>ientifi> >ommunit%1 In$e.ti#ation. >arried out .o

far re$eal t at t%re "a.te >on>rete i. .pe>iall% re>ommended for >on>rete .tru>ture.

lo>ated in area. of .e$ere eart !ua-e ri.- and al.o for appli>ation. .ubmitted to

.e$ere d%nami> a>tion. li-e rail"a% .leeper.1

A1 T i. material >an al.o be u.ed for non'load'bearin# purpo.e. .u> a. noi.e

redu>tion barrier.1 In$e.ti#ation. about rubber "a.te >on>rete . o" t at >on>rete1

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