Airworthy, Clean, Secure, “Drop-in” Alternative Aviation Fuels … The Time is Now!

Presented to: Airline Pilot’s Association (ALPA) Air Safety Forum Washington, D.C.

By: Richard L. AltmanExecutive Director,Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative(CAAFI)

Date: 6 August 2009

www.caafi.org

Airworthy, “Drop-In” Alternative Fuels Now?

Why … are alternatives needed?What … are the options? How … are they proven airworthy? Sustainable?When … will they be deployed?How … is CAAFI organized to meet goals in the U.S?

Aviation Alternative Fuel Financial ImperativeMitigate Financial Disadvantages (U.S.) - Crack Spread - Fuel fraction - Price Volatility - Security of supply

Reduce Crack Spread*

*Graphics adapted from Jheimlich (ATA) presentation to ICAO 2/09

Jet Fuel

Gasoline

Heating / Diesel

70%

63%

TotalImports

U.S. Production

U.S. Consumption

2005

Milli

on b

bl p

er d

ay

1975 1985 1995 2005 2015

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Improve Aviation Fuel Fraction*Build Domestic Supply

Global Climate

Air Quality

Aviation Alternative Fuel Environmental Imperative

Data for 50 Largest U.S. Airports

020406080

100120

Ozone PM 2.5

Non-attaunmentAttainment

Reduce PM 2.5*

Limit CO2 LCA***US EPA NAAQS for PM2.5**PARTNER COE, Hileman et al.

SynFuels Consortium Tested GTL Candidate

Investigates synthetic fuel effects on:– The global environment– Local air quality– Fuel burn Graphics Adapted from Paul Bogers, Shell

Coal/Biomass Gasification

H2 + CO C1 to C40 HC LiquidFISCHER-TROPSCH

Coal tar

Naphtha

H’treat

Petrol Diesel

Creosote

H’crack

LightDistillate

Fraction-ation

Hydroge-nation

Polymer-ization

C3 & C4Olefins

Iso-ParaffinicKerosene

CBTL SyntheticJet Fuel

Blender

NaphthaCut

Hydroge-nation

Fraction-ation

HeavyNaphtha

Petrol

DistillateCut

Hydroge-nation

Fraction-ation

LightDistillate

Diesel

Coal/Bio to Liquid via Fischer Tropsch Process

Focus of U.S. Based Efforts

Biomass

Bio - Oils Syngas

Ethanol /C2+ Alcohols

2nd Gen.BiofuelsHRJ SynJetFAME HRJ SynJet Methanol FT SynJetHydrogen

Shift Reaction

Bio - Oil Extraction Hydrolysis /Fermentation Gasification

Ligno-cellulosicBio-Conversion

Pyrolysis /Liquifaction

Esterification Hydrotreatment Fischer TropschProcess

MethanolSynthesis

Compliments AirBP – 4/08 Future Fuels Conference, London, England (framework only)

What Are Aviation “Drop-in” Bio-Fuel Candidates

HRJ Hydrotreated Renewable JetFT Fischer Tropsch Process

Present “Drop-in” Options Examined by CAAFI Sponsors/Stakeholders for carbon positive Aviation Fuels

Hydrotreated Renewable Jet (HRJ) Processes

Bridging the BioJet Generations……

Inedible Oils: Camelina, JatrophaFirstGeneration

Natural oils(vegetables,

greases)

Lignocellulosic biomass,algal oils

Second Generation

Using Conventional Refining Technology

Oil Deoxygenation Selective HydroCracking/Isomerization

Synthetic paraffinic Kerosene

(SPK)

Renewable Jet A-1Aromatics

(<25%)Graphics Adapted from J. Holmgren, UOP

What’s is a “Drop in” Alternative Jet Fuel?

An alternative to ASTM D1655 approved petroleum based fuel jet fuel that is completely interchangeableand compatible with that fuel. A drop-in fuel does not require adaptation of the aircraft/engine fuel system or the fuel distribution network, and can be used “as is” on currently flying turbine-powered aircraft.*

* Derived from ICAO Draft paper, 7/09

Current Commercial Fuel Specification (D1655) is for “petroleum” based fuels onlyNew (D7566) passed petroleum and lubrication committee on August 5, 2009

Blend Comp’s Criteria and Blend % Limits

Annex 3Other Adv Fuels or Processes

Annex 250% Metabolic Blends

Annex 150% Hydpross’d SPK Fuel Blends

Fuel Produced to D7566 Can Be Designated as D1655 Fuel

5.1 Materials and Manufacture

D1655

Table 1

D7566Av Turbine Fuel Containing

Syn HC’s

Table 1Blended Fuel Performance

Properties

ASTM D7566 Adds “Drop-In” Alternatives to D1655

Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosenes approved first

– 50% FT Fuel now– Hydroprocessed

Renewable Jet (HRJ) targeted next year

“Drop in” ASTM Approval – What’s Required?

• Meet D1655 Table I

• Pass All “Fit for Purpose” Protocols Documented in ASTM Report

• Address rig, engine, static, flight test needs

SPK (FT) vs JP8* Fuels Main Characteristics

Syntroleum F-T Sasol IPK JP-8 AverageJet (POSF 4820) [ref: SwRI 8531] (FY04 PQIS) JP-8 Spec

Paraffins (iso + 100 100 ~60 9 (+~20%normal), vol % cycloparaffins)

Aromatics, vol % 0 0 17.9 <25(D1319)

Specific gravity 0.756 0.760-0.775 0.803 0.775-0.84(D4052)

Flash point, C (D93) 45 42-57 49 >38

Freeze Point, C -51 <-60 -51.5 <-4.7(D5972)

Hydrogen content 15.4 15.06 13.84 >13.4(D3343), mass %

Heat of combustion, 44.1 43.2-44.0 43.25 >42.8MJ/kg (D3338)

Sulfur, wt% 0 0 0.05 <0.3

Ref: AFRL (Bill Harrison) , 8/15/06, JP8 Mil Spec 1833 is military equivalent of D1655 Jet A

SpecificationPropertiesFail

Fit ForPurpose

Properties(FFP)

Comp/RigTesting

FurtherEvaluation?

EngineTesting

Fail

Fail

Fail Pass

Pass

Pass

Pass

No

Start

Yes

Yes

No

No

Fuel Evaluation(ASTM Guidance)

FurtherEvaluation?

FurtherEvaluation?

Report

Yes

ASTM Turbine Engine Fuel Approval Process

Equipment Evaluation/Approval

FAAReview

OEMSpec/SB

Approved

OEMInternalReview

Reject

Report

Fail

Add’l DataAs Required

Pass

Fuel Specification Approval

(ASTM Process)

ASTMSpecification

Accept

ASTM

Review

& Ballot

Re-EvalAs Required

Reject

ASTM Turbine Approval Protocols

FIT-FOR-PURPOSE PROPERTIES

CHEMISTRY• Hydrocarbon chemistry (carbon

number, type, distribution)• Trace Materials/Metals

BULK PHYSICAL AND PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES

• Boiling Pt Distribution• Vapor/Liquid Ratio• Thermal Stability Breakpoint• Lubricity• Response to Lube Improver• Viscosity vs Temp• Specific Heat vs Temp• Density vs Temp• Surface Tension vs Temp• Bulk Modulus vs Temp• Thermal Conductivity vs Temp• Water Solubility vs Temp• Solubility of Air (oxygen/nitrogen)

FIT-FOR-PURPOSE PROPERTIES

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES• Dielectric Constant vs Density• Electrical Conductivity and

Response to Static Dissipator

GROUND HANDLING/SAFETY• Effect on Clay Filtration• Filtration (Coalescers & monitors)• Storage Stability

• Peroxides• Potential Gum

• Toxicity• Flammability Limits• Autoignition Temperature• Hot Surface Ignition Temp

COMPATIBILITY• Other Additives/Fuels• Engine/Airframe Seals, Coatings,

Metallics

“Fit For Purpose” Requirements Verify Fuel Function

• Successful ANZ Flight Demo Date: December 30 2008

Feedstock: Jatropha oil

Three Successful HRJ Biojet Flight Programs* * Visuals Complement J. Holmgren, UOP

Feedstock: Jatropha and algal oil

• Successful CO Flight Demo Date: Jan. 7 2009

Feedstock: Camelina, Jatropha and algal oil

• Successful JAL Flight Demo Date: Jan. 30 2009

Challenge: Reducing Aviation’s Carbon FootprintSustainability Challenge: Reduce Carbon Footprint

(Relative CO2 increase)

2008 2015 2025

1.00

growth (no improvement)

carbon neutral growth

w/ aircraft technology

w/ operational improvements

1.50

w/ alternate fuels?

Aviation “Ground to Tank” CO2 Life Cycle AnalysisFAA/ICAO regulatory framework charts route to global market

Inter-Agency Working Group on Greenhouse Gas LCA*

FAA / ICAO Global Tool Suite

Aviation CO2 “Ground To Wake” with Land Use Uncertainties

Three pathways meriting additional analysis:

1) Coal-Biomass to F-T Fuel2) Algae to Biojet (HRJ)3) Jatropha to Biojet – added feedstocks (e.g. Camelina) (HRJ)Additional pathways being considered (e.g. halophytes to HRJ)

Source: GIACC/4, subject to change 04/09.

For additional information, contact:Jim Hileman, hileman@mit.edu

Deployment: New Technology’s “Valley of Death”

Ref: Presentation AFRL (W. Harrison), 8/15/06

Deployment – How Many (#) not how much (%) ?

Airline (Consortium) - via ATA

Near Airport Biofuel plant - via IEA

Feedstock – via stakeholders

Process approval – via cert. team

Energy OEMs (40+ stakeholders)Fixed Base Operator (via NATA)Universities (via COE’s)

Airport / Finance Consultants

Local Environmental Drivers (FAA)Funding sources (gov’t /private)

ArizonaColoradoFloridaHawaiiIllinoisKansas

MichiganMississippi

OhioOklahoma

TexasWashington

West VirginiaWisconsin

*10 Projects by 2013 in Place?

*Draft Proposal to CAAFI Steering Group 4/09

CAAFI’s Sponsors / StakeholdersStakeholders

Sponsors

FAA

ATA

AIA ACI

AerospaceIndustriesAssociation

Aircraft Engine OEMs

Aircraft OEMs

Aircraft Equip Cos

DOCDOEUSDA

USAF

USNDARPA

US Army

DESC

NISTNASA Oil

Companies

Energy Companies

ASTMCRC

Bio-Fuels Companies

Airports Council International

Federal Aviation Administration

Air Transport Association

UK MoD

Bauhaus

NRC Canada

ANP Brazil

UniversitiesThink Tanks

Consultants

Airlines

ALPA

Air Cargo

Airport Operators

NetJets

IATA

….Over 300 Sponsors/ Stakeholders from All Continents

CAAFI Teams Leverage Sponsor Strengths

Assess Impact

FAA

ATA

AIA ACI

R&D Panel

Environmental Panel Certification-Qualification Panel

Generate Ideas/Solutions

Enable Supply

Business & Economics Panel

Generate Demand &

Target Funding

… Process Owners Lead Teams Drive Outcomes

Airworthy, Clean, Secure, “Drop-In” Fuel Time is Now

“(The) U.S. aviation industry is eager for an entirely new fuel dynamic and will be an enthusiastic purchaser of environmentally friendly alternative fuels.”

… Letter dated 1/16/09 to President Elect Obama from aviation fuel users / suppliers*

*Full letter text available at CAAFI website cosigned by:

- Air Transport Association (major North Amer. Airlines_

- Regional Airline Association

- Cargo Airline Association

- Aerospace Industries Association (manufacturers)

- National Algae Association

- Advanced Biofuels Association