Airport Air Quality: Health Effects Michael T. Kleinman University of California, Irvine.
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Transcript of Airport Air Quality: Health Effects Michael T. Kleinman University of California, Irvine.
Airport Air Quality:Health Effects
Michael T. Kleinman
University of California, Irvine
BackgroundAirport pollution sources consist of aircraft
and on-ground off-road airport equipment.Airports rank among the top 10 industrial air
pollution sources in their cities.Emissions from airports include fine particles,
hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide.
On-road vehicle traffic (automobiles and trucks) also contribute to community exposures.
BackgroundOne 747 arriving and departing from an
airport emits about the same amount of particles as a car driven over 5,600 miles.
It emits about the amount of nitrogen oxides as a car driven nearly 26,500 miles.
Aircraft pollution accounts for about 1.4% of all air pollution from mobile sources (EPA).
Aircraft account for up to 4% of global warming gases (carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide).
Pollutant Health Issues: Hydrocarbons
Toxic air contaminants Benzene Solvents Aldehydes 1,3 butadiene
Contribution to formation of Ozone
Health and Welfare Effects of Toxic Air Pollutants
Effect Quantified Unquantified Other
Human Health Cancer Mortality Non-cancer Effects Neurological Respiratory Reproductive Immunological Reproductive and
developmentalHuman Welfare Decreased income
because of decreasedphysical performance
Decreased recreationopportunities
Ecological Effects on wildlife Effects on plants Loss of biodiversity
GlobalClimate
Other Welfare Visibility Materials Damage
Pollutant Health Issues: Nitrogen Oxides
Emitted by all combustion sources.Human Health Effects
Respiratory Illness and Increased Susceptibility to infections.
Increased airway responsiveness. Decreased pulmonary function. Immunological changes.
Pollutant Health Issues: Carbon Monoxide
Product of incomplete combustion.Human Health Effects
Hospital Admissions (Congestive heart failure) Decreased time to onset of angina. Increased susceptibility to abnormal heartbeats. Possible developmental effects.
Pollutant Health Issues: Particulate Matter
Airport-related particles contain toxic constituents and are of a size that can readily penetrate to the deep lung.
Airport-related particles can remain airborne for long periods of time and therefore can exert effects over large geographical distances.
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Low Levels of Particles AlterVisibility
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Particles Vary in Size and Shape
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Acute and Chronic Effects of PM
• Mortality
• Bronchitis
• Hospital admissions - Chronic respiratorydiseases
• Respiratory other than chronic bronchitis
• Cardiovascular Effects
• Emergency room visits for asthma
• Altered host defense mechanisms
• Lower respiratory illness
• Cancer
• Upper respiratory illness
• Shortness of breath
• Respiratory symptoms
Understanding Particle-InducedHealth Effects Begins With
Understanding the Lung• The human lung is a
complex, branchingstructure.
• The structure is alsocomplex at the cellularlevel .
• This complexityresults in differentialsensitivity to particles.
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Particle Size Influences Deposition
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Airways are Complex Structures
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Soluble Particles Clear Quickly ButInsoluble Particles Are Retained For
Long Periods
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Sensitive Human Populations
• Asthma
• COPD
• Cardiac Patients
• Elderly
Exposure Can Lead to Effects
• Particles can bedelivery vehicles fortoxic compounds.– Constituent
– Adsorbed
• Compounds can haveeffects in lungs, butcan also actsystemically.
Role of TNF in Particle-Induced Responses
Evidence of Oxidative Stressin Lungs of Rats
A B•Terminal bronchiolesstained fornitrotyrosine
•Note intensestaining associatedwith inflammatorycells in Panel B.
•Note unstainedalveolar epithelium incontrol (Panel A).
Particles Don’t Just Affect the Lung
Conducting airways and gas exchange region of thelung can be injured by inhaled particles.
Inhaled particles can also cause allergies
Particle dose is increased by exercise.
100% of circulating blood passes through the lung.
Thus, toxic components delivered by inhaled particles canhave effects on other organs.
Hemodynamic Changes After ParticleExposures
Control < 0.2 0.7 1.8-15
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Particle Size DeterminesDeposition Fractions and Sites
• Thoracic depositioncan be estimated usingappropriate modelsafter correcting fornasal deposition.
• Of the aerosol thatpenetrates through theURT, most deposit inthe gas exchangeregion.
0.1 1 10
Par ticle Size (æm)
0.00
0.06
0.12
0.18
0.24
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% D
epos
ited
Figure 2. Estimated Regional Particle Deposition in the Rat
Total
Bronchial
Pulmonary
Particle Mass and Actual DoseMay be Important
• We can estimatedeposition fractionsusing models.
• We can estimateventilation fromobservations or scalingmodels.
• We can calculate adeposited dose.
0 5 10 15 20 25
Particle Mass (µg Deposited in Rat Pulmonary Region)
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Syst
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Pres
sure
(% C
hang
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om C
ontro
l)
Figure 3. Change in Blood Pressureas a Function of Deposited Particle Mass
Conclusions• “The dose makes the poison” - Paracelsus• Particle size is an important parameter for
understanding health effects.
• Particle size clearly influences dose.
• Particles of the size that are emitted by airport-relatedsources are those that most likely associated withprovoking health effects in humans.