Airline Logistic Fleet and Crew Management
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Transcript of Airline Logistic Fleet and Crew Management
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Airline Logistics:
Fleet and Crew Management
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Textbook
Abdelghany & Abdelghany
Modeling applications in the airline industry
2009 2010
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Sister courses @MIT.OC
http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-75-airline-management-spring-!""6/inde#.htm
(NB: 20+ lectures just for management)
http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/ci$il-and-en$ironmental-engineering/1-!"6-airline-schedule-planning-spring-!""%/inde#.htm
(NB: 20+ lectures just for schedule planning)
http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-75j-airline-management-spring-2006/index.htmhttp://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-75j-airline-management-spring-2006/index.htmhttp://ocw.mit.edu/courses/civil-and-environmental-engineering/1-206j-airline-schedule-planning-spring-2003/index.htmhttp://ocw.mit.edu/courses/civil-and-environmental-engineering/1-206j-airline-schedule-planning-spring-2003/index.htmhttp://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-75j-airline-management-spring-2006/index.htmhttp://ocw.mit.edu/courses/civil-and-environmental-engineering/1-206j-airline-schedule-planning-spring-2003/index.htmhttp://ocw.mit.edu/courses/civil-and-environmental-engineering/1-206j-airline-schedule-planning-spring-2003/index.htmhttp://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-75j-airline-management-spring-2006/index.htm -
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O!er!iew
US
!0000 flights"da#
1$000 %&'s(1 %&''s)
20 %irports
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*urope
0000 flights"da#
20000 %&'s
(0 %&''s) 00 %irports
http:"",,,-slideshare-net"S*S%.*uropeanUnion"sesar/genpresfinal022011
http://www.slideshare.net/SESAREuropeanUnion/sesar-genpresfinal022011http://www.slideshare.net/SESAREuropeanUnion/sesar-genpresfinal022011 -
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&rac data courtes#
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Annual de"artures and #lig$t $ours%millions&
Boeing Statistical Summar# of 'ommercial et %irplane %ccidents orld,ide 3perations 19)9 / 2010 http:"",,,-4oeing-com"ne,s"techissues"pdf"statsum-pdf
http://www.boeing.com/news/techissues/pdf/statsum.pdfhttp://www.boeing.com/news/techissues/pdf/statsum.pdf -
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IF' Flig$ts ( )ear in *+'OCO,T'OLStatistical 'e#erence Area %million&
*U.3'3N&.35 200$ long/term forecasts
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http:"",,,-eurocontrol-int"statfor"galler#"content"pu4lic"forecasts"forecast6leaflet-pdf
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'a"id growt$ attributed to:
7 rising disposa4le income and 8ualit# of life
7 eregulation of aiation la,s; Bilateral and open/s# agreements 4et,een
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Airline -- a maor "la/er
777
7777
900 commercial airlines ,orld,ide>leet: 22000 aircraft1!?0 airports
>e,
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Airline business
3ne of most compleAetails later in this course and program
%irline management:0*')complicated pro4lem
$at to do1
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To"-down a""roac$
7 Split 4ig(er) pro4lemsinto
Small(er) (su4) pro4lems
7 Split decisions into phases
7 Ddentif# (independent) 4usiness processes
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La/ers or 2$ases o# decision
Strategic
Elanning
3perations
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Common too man/ ot$er settings
&his course
7 set up 4# a strategic decision7 5ectures plan is planning
7 3perations phase // each lecture
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Ot$er de#initionsare "ossible
assoud Ba=arganC %irline 3perations and Scheduling
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Fleet and Crew Management'ore of the planning phase
Strategic
Elanning
3perations
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Airline resources;management "roblems
7 %ircraft;;;;
fleet assignmentaircraft routingflight planningfuel management
>leet management
>light implementation
7 're,; cre, scheduling
7 %irport resources; gate assignment; 4aggage handling
F aircraft routing
S,eden: part of airport%irports course
G sorting facilit# management
G transfer
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%irline Schedule Elanning
Schedule esign
>leet %ssignment
%ircraft .outing
're, Scheduling
Select optimal set oflight legsDn a schedule
%ssign aircraft t#pes to flight legs
&o maAimi=e profit
.oute indiidual aircraftHonoring maintenance
restrictions
%ssign cre, (pilots and"or flight%ttendants) to flight legs
Barnhart 1.206J/16.77J/ESD.215J
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Fleet management
Dnput
7 Schedule
>or each flight:; 3C
; departure time; I of pass
7 >leet
; Num4er of different/t#pe aircraftG e-g-: 2 %10C 1 %$0C B?$?
3utput7 %ssignment of planes to flights
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Fleet assignment
Dnput
7 Schedule
>or each flight:; 3C
; departure time; I of pass
7 >leet
; Num4er of different/t#pe aircraftG e-g-: 2 %10C 1 %$0C B?$?
3utput7 %ssignment of planestypesto flights
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Aircra#t routing
Dnput
7 Schedule
>or each flight:; 3C
; eparture time; >leet t#pe
3utput7 %ssignment of concrete planes to flights
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Fleet management2roblem decom"osition
Fleet management 3Fleet assignment 4 aircra#t routing
Dnput: schedule (3CCdep timeC paA)C fleet
7 >leet assignment; output: each flight la4eled ,ith aircraft t#pe
7 %ircraft routing:; input: schedule ,ith flights la4eled 4# t#pe
G J output of fleet management; goal: partition (com4ine) lins into routes
3utput: assignment of planes to flight legs
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Fleet assignment
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Fleet assignment
Dnput
7 Schedule
>or each flight:; 3C ; eparture time; I of pass
7 >leet
; Num4er of different/t#pe aircraftG e-g-: 2 %10C 1 %$0C B?$?
3utput7 assignment of planestypesto flights
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Ero4lem efinitionlight Schedule7 *ach flight coered eAactl# once 4# one fleet
t#pe7 Num4er of %ircraft 4# *8uipment pe
7 'anKt assign more aircraft than are aaila4leCfor each t#pe7
7
7
&urn &imes 4# >leet pe at each Station3ther .estrictions: aintenanceC lightsC4# >leet pe
Barnhart 1.206J/16.77J/ESD.215J
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Ero4lem 34jectie>ind:
7
7
7
'ost minimi=ingNB: sometimes a maA pro4lem (profitmaAimi=ing)
assignment of aircraft fleets toscheduled flights such thatmaintenance re8uirements aresatisfiedC conseration of flo,
(4alance) of aircraft is achieedC andthe num4er of aircraft used does noteAceed the num4er aaila4le (in eachfleet t#pe)
Barnhart 1.206J/16.77J/ESD.215J
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Fleet %3color& assignment
Dnput
7 Schedule
>or each flight:; 3C ; departure time; I of pass
7 >leet
; num4er of different/t#pe aircraftG e-g-:5 A67897 A6896 ;
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Flygtrafik och flygtransporter
>leet %ssignment: *Aample
A
B
C
&o4ias %ndersson
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Flygtrafik och flygtransporter
>leet %ssignment: *Aample
A
B
C
&o4ias %ndersson
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Sim"le case:Airline wit$ Single Fleet T/"e
%3single color&
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Su"er sim"le case:Airline wit$ a single aircra#t
Fleet %3color& assignment Ero4lem oidL
Dnput
7 Schedule
>or each flight:; 3C
; departure time
S All #lig$ts ser!ed b/ t$e
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Solutio
n:
All #lig$ts ser!ed b/ t$esame %one and onl/&
aircra#t %t/"e&
; I of pass
7 >leet; num4er of different/t#pe aircraft
G e-g-:5 A67897 A6897 ;
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Still man/ interesting =uestions>
>easi4ilit#7 Ds the gien schedule reali=a4leL
J light
num4er
eparture
time
%rrial
time
eparture
airport
%rrial
airport
1 00 0?0 B '
2 090 112 ' %
1$00 1!00 % B
$ 1?00 191 B %
2100 200 % B
&urn/around time J 0min
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&urn/around time J 0min
Time-ex"anded network&ime/staged net,orC time/line net,or
%rc per flight
>light
num4er
eparture
time
%rrial
time
eparture
airport
%rrial
airport
1 00 0?0 B '
2 090 112 ' %
1$00 1!00 % B
$ 1?00 191 B %
2100 200 % B
Flygtrafik och flygtransporter
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Flygtrafik och flygtransporter
>leet %ssignment: *Aample
A
B
C
&o4ias %ndersson
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&ime/5ine Net,or
7
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x/t
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Line "er air"ort
&ime line
7 time/line net,or
&his course:
7 Mertical line7 &ime goes do,n
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?irected arc %arrow& "er #lig$t
3&ail (start):; departure node
; origin airport; time J departure
Head (end):7 arrial node
7 destination airport7 time J read# time J
%rrial
&urn
.ead#
arrial time +turn around7 read# node
.ead#/time
net,or
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'O, arcs round arcs
Not in this course
(inimal non/triial model)
an# eAtrasDnterconnection nodes
*tc-
No
-offligh
t
s
+a
m
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&ime/5ine Net,or
7Oail#P pro4lem
7 rap/around (or oernight) arcs'ime
(ashington) *.+.
,altimore
ew or
,oston
Barnhart 1.206J/16.77J/ESD.215J
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&ime/5ine Net,or
7
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Interconnectionnodes #orconser!ation
Ti d d % li t d& t k
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Time-ex"anded %-line9 -staged& network'ead/-time network
%ssumption: 3ne operation per time
Df read# J departureC read# is earlier&o implementC slightl# shorten turn time
0min /Q 29min 9sec
Sc$edule
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Sc$eduleturn/around time J 0min
*arliest departure>irst
% B '
>light
num4er
eparture
time
%rrial
time
eparture
airport
%rrial
airport
1 00 0?0 B '
2 090 112 ' %
1$00 1!00 % B
$ 1?00 191 B %
2100 200 % B
*nough to#sR
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*nough to#sRMat$ematical "rogram
Not needed forsingle aircraft (current topic)
7can sole from schedule7can sole ,ith net,or
Not needed formultiple aircraft of single t#pe
7can sole ,ith net,or (neAt topic)
Necessar# for multiple t#pes (our ultimate interest)
7 the onl# ,a# to attac the pro4lem
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2rogramming #ramework
Erogram:
7 Maria4les7 'onstraints7 34jectie
>unction(ost often)
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oal 7 %alwa/s&
Sola4le instance Erogram is feasi4le*Aists at least 1 solution
ars can 4e assigned alues
&hat satisfies all constraints
77
Maria4les'onstraints
Erogram is infeasi4leNo solution %n# alues assigned to ars
Miolate at least 1 constraint
% # &
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oal 5 %most o#ten&
Solution cost 34jectie functionMalue J cost
777
aria4lesconstraintso4jectiefunction
3ptimal solution3ptimal solution
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0ariable "er arc %link&
3 &ail (start):; eparture nodeC d; 3rigin airport
l J 3dr
l J 3(l) (l) d(l) r(l)
AlJ 1C if l is flo,n
AlJ 0C other,ise
d ; &ime J departure
l
Head (end):7 .ead# nodeC r
7 estination airport7 &ime J read# time
r
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0ariable "er 'O, arc
s
AsJ num4er of aircraftoernight atairport (station) s
As0
As
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Constraint "er air"ort
(l)Js s
1
l J 3drl J 3(l) (l) d(l) r(l)
departed + .3N
J
.3N + arried
l:3(l)JsAl
1
1
1
1
3
d
AlJ 1C if l is flo,n
AlJ 0C other,ise
l
J
l:(l)JsAl1
3(l)Js
r
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At what times t
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At what times t
More constraints
1
%t an# time t:
s
1
*o these changes0
7 departed 4# t7 read# 4# t
eparted 4# t
%t most
.ead# 4# t
1
1
1
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Constraint "er de"arture node
%t an# departure&ime d:
s l J 3drl J 3(l) (l) d(l) r(l)
eparted 4# d
%t most d 3
AlJ 1C if l is flo,n
AlJ 0C other,ise
.ead# 4# dd
l:3(l)JsCd(l)TdAl
T
l:(l)JsCr(l)TdAl+As
l
r
Siing %counting& constraints:
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Siing %counting& constraints:'O, arcs
&otal num4er3f planesDs at most 1
AsT 11
1
1
1
1 1
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Fleet Assignment: All Constraints
Eer airport s (flo, conseration)
l:3(l)JsAl J l:(l)JsAl
Eer departure node d (non/negatiit#)
l:3(l)JsCd(l)TdAl T l:(l)JsCr(l)TdAl+As
Si=ing (sum oer .3N arcs)
AsT 1
As0 C
Al=0 or 1
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'ould use
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'ould use
,aming con!entionsa
(3r an# other s#m4ol)
5in
%rc
l J 3drl J 3(l) (l) d(l) r(l)
Dn place of
s
s
Not edge
>light 3
AlJ 1C if l is flo,n
AlJ 0C other,ise As
d
l
r
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Still man/ interesting =uestions>
>easi4ilit# SoledR7 Ds the gien schedule reali=a4leL
J easi4ilit#
3ptimi=ation7 aAimi=e the num4er of flights flo,n
; %ssuming not all flights must 4e flo,n
%dd o4jectie function:
maA Al
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Sim"le case:
Airline wit$ Single Fleet T/"e%3single color&
;ut se!eral "lanes
Fleet %3color& assignment Ero4lem oid
Dnput
7 Schedule> h fli ht
Solution:
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>or each flight:; 3C ; departure time
All #lig$ts ser!ed b/ t$eSame %one and onl/&
Aircra#t t/"e; I of pass
7 >leet; Num4er of different/t#pe aircraft
G e-g-:5 A67897 A6896 ;
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Still man/ interesting =uestions>
>easi4ilit#7
7
7
7
Ds the gien schedule reali=a4leC
,ith the gien num4er of aircraftLJ
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Fleet Assignment: Constraints
Eer airport s (flo, conseration)
l:3(l)JsAlJ l:(l)JsAl
Eer departure node d (non/negatiit#)
l:3(l)JsCd(l)TdAlT l:(l)JsCr(l)TdAl+As
Si=ing (sum oer .3N arcs)
AsT 1N
As
V 0
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Still man/ interesting =uestions>
>easi4ilit# SoledR7
7
Ds the gien schedule reali=a4leLith the gien num4er of aircraftLJ
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O"timiation "roblems
inimi=e the num4er of planes used; assuming all flights must 4e flo,n
aAimi=e the num4er of flights flo,n; assuming not all flights must 4e flo,n
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Minimie t$e number o# "lanes used
%pproach 1: search for min N until feasi4le
7 Dncremental7 Binar#
l:3(l)JsAlJ l:(l)JsAl
l:3(l)JsCd(l)TdAlT l:(l)JsCr(l)TdAl+As
AsT NAs0
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Minimie t$e number o# "lanes used
%pproach 2: constraint /Q o4jectie function
minimi=e As
l:3(l)JsAlJ l:(l)JsAl
l:3(l)JsCd(l)TdAlT l:(l)JsCr(l)TdAl+As
AsT N CAs0
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Maximie t$e number o# #lig$ts #lown
maAimi=e Al
l:3(l)JsAlJ l:(l)JsAl
l:3(l)JsCd(l)TdAlT l:(l)JsCr(l)TdAl+As
AsT N CAs0
Sim"le case:
-
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Airline wit$ Single Fleet T/"e%3single color&
>easi4ilit#7Ds the gien schedule reali=a4leC
,ith the gien num4er of aircraftL
9one R
7
7
7
J
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Multi"le Aircra#t T/"es
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Fleet %3color& assignment
Dnput
7 Schedule
>or each flight:
; 3C ; departure time; I of pass
7 >leet
; num4er of different/t#pe aircraftG e-g-:5 A67897 A6896 ;
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,etwork "er color
Schedule
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,etworks are not t$e same
1 schedule entr#
ifferent read#
times
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,etworks are not t$e same
3perational considerations:(non) eAistence of arcs(of certain color)
7 seat capacit#eApected paA7 W3W T flight range7 3C operationall# feasi4le
;;;;
;
run,a# lengthsgatesnoisecurfe,s
maintenance facilitiesC cre, 4ases
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0ariable "er #lig$t and t/"e %color&
onochromatic:
AlJ 1C if l is flo,n
AlJ 0C other,ise
l
AlaJ 1C if l isflo,n 4#a
AlaJ 0C o-,-
la
Al4J 1C if l isflo,n 4#4
Al4J 0C o-,-
l4
AlcJ 1C if l isflo,n 4#c
AlcJ 0C o-,-
lc
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0ariable "er 'O, arc "er color
AsJ .3Nat s
As
0
s
AsaJ .3Nat s of t#pea
Asa0
sa
As4J .3Nat s of t#pe4
As40
s4
AscJ .3Nat s of t#pec
Asc0
sc
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Constraints
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Flow constraints "er color
l:3(l)JsAlJ l:(l)JsAl
l:3(l)JsCd(l)TdAlT l:(l)JsCr(l)TdAl+ As
AsT N
la:3(la)JsAlaJ la:(la)JsAla
la:3(la)JsCd(la)TdAlaT l:(la)JsCr(la)TdAla+ Asa
AsaT Na
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Flow constraints "er color
l:3(l)JsAlJ l:(l)JsAl
l:3(l)JsCd(l)TdAlT l:(l)JsCr(l)TdAl+ As
AsT N
l4:3(l4)JsAl4J l4:(l4)JsAl4
l4:3(l4)JsCd(l4)TdAl4T l:(l4)JsCr(l4)TdAl4+ As4
As4T N4
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Flow constraints "er color
l:3(l)JsAlJ l:(l)JsAl
l:3(l)JsCd(l)TdAlT l:(l)JsCr(l)TdAl+ As
AsT N
lc:3(lc)JsAlcJ lc:(lc)JsAlc
lc:3(lc)JsCd(lc)TdAlcT l:(lc)JsCr(lc)TdAlc+ Asc
AscT Nc
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T$e gluing constraint
Ala+ Al4+ AlcJ 1
AlaJ 1C if l isflo,n 4#a
AlaJ 0C o-,-
la
Al4J 1C if l isflo,n 4#4
Al4J 0C o-,-
l4
AlcJ 1C if l isflo,n 4#c
AlcJ 0C o-,-
lc
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Fleet Assignment: Obecti!e #unction
7 // 'ost; fuel; landing fee; aircraft depreciation
7 + .eenue
clf: Eer leg 4asisC for each fleet t#pe f
min cost: minimi=e clfAlfor maAimi=e profit
O!erall "rogram
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O!erall "rogram
minimi=e clfAlfsu4ject to:
lf:3(lf)JsAlfJ lf:(lf)JsAlffor each airport s and fleet t#pe f
lf:3(lf)JsCd(lf)TdAlfT lf:(lf)JsCr(lf)TdAlf+ Asffor eachdeparture time d and fleet t#pe f
sAsfT Nf
fAlfJ 1AlfJ 0 or 1
AsfV 0
for each fleet t#pe f
for each lin l
>: fleet t#pes S: airportslf: lin l in the net,or for t#pe f from >
sf: .3N arc for airport s from S in the net,or for f
Constraints >: set of fleet t#peslf: flights in the net,or for fsf: .3Ns in the net,or for f
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sf: .3Ns in the net,or for f
3perational: (non) eAistence of arcs (of certaint#pe)
lf:3(lf)JsAlfJ lf:(lf)JsAlf
lf:3(lf)JsCd(lf)TdAlfT lf:(lf)JsCr(lf)TdAlf+ Asf
>lo,:
for f in >C
sAsfT Nf Asf 0 AlfJ 0 or 1 per t#pe
f in >AlfJ 1inter/t#peC gluing
H2Ero4lem
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Model s$ortcomings
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Obecti!e #unction additi!it/
Not taen into account:
'ustomer
7 Spill (and recapture)
7 .eenue per itinerar#C not per leg7 &hrough flight re8uirements7 etc-
3perational
7 %irport fuel management7 &hrough flight re8uirements7 etc-
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Constraints: ,ot taken into account
777
77
aA I of aircraft that can sta# oernight&hrough flight re8uirements%ircraft routing (separate pro4lemR)'re, schedule (separate pro4lemR)etc-
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Model !ariations
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,etwork
777
77
&ime/staged net,or&ime/eApanded net,or&ime/line net,or%rrial/time net,or s-.ead#/time net,or
; our approachC more accurate
7 &ime: hori=ontal or ertical
7 &eAt4oo: interconnection nodesC etc-
T$is course9 im"ortant di##erence 7>
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arc(#lig$t network is ,OT in"ut to
#leet assignment7#lig$t9 turn times de"end on t/"e>
1 schedule entr#
%s man# arcs as
there are t#pes
read# time J
arrial time +turn time
%l,a#s implicit
*Aplicit in this course
T$is course9 im"ortant di##erence 5>
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,o ground arcs
7conser!ation !ia arri!al - de"arture count
7did $a!e 'O, arcs;one "er t/"e
%l,a#s eAplicit
&eAt4oo: Dnterconnection nodes
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Interconnection
nodes #orconser!ation
&ime/5ine Net,or
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7
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Net,or .epresentation
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Net,or .epresentation
7&opologicall# sorted time/line net,or7 Nodes:
7 >light arrials" departures (time andspace)
7 %rcs:7>light arcs: one arc for each scheduled
flight7
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'onstraints
7'oer 'onstraints7 *ach flight must 4e assigned to eAactl# one
fleet7Balance 'onstraints
7 Num4er of aircraft of a fleet t#pe arriing at astation must e8ual the num4er of aircraft of thatfleet t#pe departing
7%ircraft 'ount 'onstraints7 Num4er of aircraft of a fleet t#pe used cannot
eAceed the num4er aaila4le
Barnhart 1.206J/16.77J/ESD.215J
34jectie >unction
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>or each fleet / flight com4ination: 'ost X3perating cost73perating cost associated ,ith assigning afleet t#peto a flight legis relatiel#straightfor,ard to compute
7 'an capture range restrictionsC noise restrictionsC,ater restrictionsC etc- 4# assigning OinfiniteP costs
Barnhart 1.206J/16.77J/ESD.215J
>% Notations i i M i 4l
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7ecision Maria4les7
7
)ie8uals 1 if fleet t#peis assigned to flight legiC and 0
other,isey)o)tis the num4er of aircraft of fleet t#peC on theground at stationoC and timet
7Earameters7
7
7
+)iis the cost of assigning fleet to flight legi
is the num4er of aaila4le aircraft of fleet t#pe
tnis the Ocount timeP
7Sets7
7
7
7
is the set of all flight legsi
2is the set of all fleet t#pes3is the set of all stationso+4is the set of all flight arcs for fleet t#pecrossingthe count time
Barnhart 1.206J/16.77J/ESD.215J
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Fleet management
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"roblem decom"osition
Fleet management 3#leet assignment 4 aircra#t routing
Dnput: schedule (3CCdep timeC paA)C fleet
7 >leet assignment; output: each flight la4eled ,ith aircraft t#pe
7%ircraft routing:; input: schedule ,ith flights la4eled 4# t#pe
G J output of fleet management; goal: partition (com4ine) lins into routes
3utput: assignment of planes to flight legs
Ai li
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Airline resources
7 %ircraft;;;
;
fleet assignmentaircraft routingflight planning
fuel management
one
5arge topic
7 're,;cre, scheduling
7 %irport resources; gate assignment; 4aggage handling
F aircraft routing
S,eden: part of airport
%irports course
Gsorting facilit# managementG transfer
All
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1WQ5utFwFiTCA6k_1v62nwcfM3knxd2P0I8VBYn6TU3U/present#slide=id.gfe845fd_2_0https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1UsaBtWZaWmZt0X2AQqf63liVDu_CeECoja3XbXKfcis/present#slide=id.gfef8eb3_2_0https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1WQ5utFwFiTCA6k_1v62nwcfM3knxd2P0I8VBYn6TU3U/present#slide=id.gfe845fd_2_0https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1UsaBtWZaWmZt0X2AQqf63liVDu_CeECoja3XbXKfcis/present#slide=id.gfef8eb3_2_0 -
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All "rocesses
%lso in planning andoperations phase
inside .
>ig- 1-$ from teAt
All
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All "rocesses
7
7
Dncludes somedemand forecasting
(part of strategic phase)%ppears also inoperations phase
>ig- 1-$ from teAt
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'e!enue management
?emand modeling
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1bEWKsl2h6oi54SbW4gEo26BEn3Zan1WGrOMvyO2VAfI/present#slide=id.gf89a999_3_96https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1bEWKsl2h6oi54SbW4gEo26BEn3Zan1WGrOMvyO2VAfI/present#slide=id.gf89a999_3_96https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1bEWKsl2h6oi54SbW4gEo26BEn3Zan1WGrOMvyO2VAfI/present#slide=id.gf89a999_3_96https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1bEWKsl2h6oi54SbW4gEo26BEn3Zan1WGrOMvyO2VAfI/present#slide=id.gf89a999_3_96