YEAR 1: SEMESTER 1

Version 1: July 2009

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NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN

TOURISM AND LEISURE MANAGEMENT

AIRLINE AND TRAVEL AGENCY OPERATIONS

COURSE CODE: LTM 112

TABLE OF CONTENTS

WEEK 1

1.1 WHAT IS AIRLINE?

1.2 FUNCTIONS OF AIRLINES.

1.3 TYPES OF AIRLINE.

1.4 THE CONCEPT AND MEANING OF TRAVEL AGENCY SERVICES.

1.5 FUNCTIONS OF TRAVEL AGENCY.

1.6 TYPES OF TRAVEL AGENCY.

WEEK 2

2.1 ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE OF TRAVEL AGENCY

WEEK 3

3.1 STATUTORY BODIES REGULATING AIRLINE AND TRAVEL AGENCY OPERATIONS.

WEEK 4

3.2 THE UNITED NATIONS WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION (UNWTO)

WEEK 5

4.1 BOOKS AND DOCUMENTS USED BY AIRLINES.

4.2 INFORMATION CONTAINED IN AIRLINE PASSENGER TARIFF (APT) BOOK.

WEEK 6

4.3 AIRLINE PASSENGER TICKET

WEEK 7

5.1 THE CONCEPT AND MEANING OF TOUR GUIDES.

5.2 TOUR BROCHURES.

WEEK 8

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6.1 VARIOUS TRAVEL DOCUMENTS/REQUIREMENTS.

WEEK 9

7.1 NIGERIAN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (NTDC).

WEEK 10

8.1 IATA GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS.

WEEK 11

8.2 CURRENCY CODES.

WEEK 12

9.1 THE MEANING OF TOURIST ITINERARY.

WEEK 13

9.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ITINERARY.

WEEK 14

10.1 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF NIGERIAN TRAVEL AGENTS (NANTA)

WEEK 15

11.1 AIRPORT VISIT (KANO, KADUNA, ABUJA, ETC).

WEEK 1

1.1 WHAT IS AN AIRLINE?

An airline is a mode of transport service, which operates in the air or above the earth surface. In other words, an airline can equally be described as the use of aircraft for the conveyance of goods and passengers from one point to the other or from one airport to the next airport. Airlines usually have an air route, which they regularly follow which is known as airways and a landing ground known as airport. For an airline to be operational, it has to be registered with both the Ministry of Aviation of the home country and with an international body usually the International Air Transport Association (IATA). An airline can be owned by the government of the operating country e.g. the then Nigerian Airways or by the private entrepreneur e.g. Chanchangi Airlines; or jointly owned e.g. Kenyan Airways. In Nigeria for example, the government owned Airline the then Nigeria Airways, while privately owned airlines are Kabo Airline, Chanchangi Airline, ADC Airline, Albarka Airline, Freedom Airline, Harco Airline etc; while International airlines that operate in Nigeria are KLM, (Royal Dutch Airline), Swiss Air, British Caledonia Airways, Alitalia Airways etc. Like other means of transport, the airline transports both people and goods from one place to another through the airport of origin to the airport of destination. It has to be noted however that airlines have regulations over the contract of carriage of both passengers and cargo. There are numerous Airlines that

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operate all over the globe. Some of them are IATA registered members while some of them are non-IATA registered members.

The employment of airline or the use of airline as a means of transportation is the fastest as well as the most comfortable for long distance journey e.g. Lagos (Nigeria)-Cairo (Egypt); Abuja (Nigeria)- Accra (Ghana) etc. The government of the operating airlines has right over the airlines with its laid down rules regarding transporting sector as a whole in the country, fare to be charged and routes to operate. For an airline to operate successfully there has to be bilateral agreement by countries concerned. In other words, international airline agreement has to be entered into regarding the airline transportation of nationals and foreigners to different destinations of the world via cities. An airline owned by the government, privately owned or jointly owned operates on schedule or non-schedule services. Some airlines specialize on cargo services whereas some combine both.

AIRLINE PERSONNEL

The various types of airline personnel include:

Flight crews responsible for the operation of the aircraft. Flight crew members include: 1. Pilots (Captain and first officer: some older aircraft also require a Flight Engineer/Second Officer and or Navigators.)

2. Flight Attendants (led by a purser on larger aircraft)

3. In-Flight Security Personnel on some airlines

4. Ground crews, responsible for operations at airports. Ground crew members include:-

Air frame and power plant technicians. Often the rating are termed as A and P technicians. Aionics technicians/engineers Flight Dispatchers Baggage Handlers Rompers Gate Agent Ticket Agents Passenger Service Agent (such as airline lounge employees).

5. Reservation Agents, usually (but not always) at facilities outside the airport. Most airlines follow a corporate structure where each broad area of operations (such as maintenance, flight operations and passenger service) is supervised by a vice president. Larger airlines often appoint vice presidents to oversee each of the airline’s hubs as well. Airlines also tend to employ considerable number of lawyers to deal with regulatory procedures and other administrative tasks.

1.2 FUNCTIONS OF AIRLINES Some of the functions performed by airlines include the following;

A. PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION

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One of the functions performed by airlines is the carriage of passengers from one airport of origin to airport of destination mostly on commercial basis. However, IATA international carriers may in the exercise of reasonable discretion refuse to carry (and or cancel the reserve space of and or remove at a place on route) the following categories of passengers:

a. Passengers who are not in conformity with their passport, visa, health or customs regulations of the countries of transit, destination of origin.

b. Passengers whose transportation by air presents a danger or risk to themselves and/ or their fellow travellers or to property.

c. Passengers who show visible signs of diseases and who by their nature of appearance, behaviours or kind of nursing required are likely to cause distress to other passengers.

d. Passengers requiring individual nursing or care during the flight and who are not accompanied by attendants.

e. Persons under the influence of alcohol, drug or narcotic.

From the above analysis, it can be said that any passenger who is in possession of the required travels documentation and comply with the above may be ticketed and accepted without conditions. Exceptions are subject to the condition specified below.

SICK AND INVALID PASSENGER The condition for transportation of sick and invalid passengers is subject to the rules and regulations of each IATA carrier involved. As a general rule the following details must be given to the transporting IATA carrier before such a transport can be made. Desired flight, brief description of case whether patient must travel on sitting or lying position, whether is it intended that the patient is accompanied, etc.

EXPECTANT MOTHERS Expectant mothers can normally travel by air without risk to health as long as birth is not expected for at least some weeks and on condition that there are no indications of a premature birth and that earlier pregnancy (if any) has proceeded normally.

BLIND PASSENGERS

Blind passengers may generally be accepted for travel on most IATA carriers without being accompanied and without a medical certificate provided that: - They do not require excessive special assistance (i.e. they are able to eat without assistance). - The reservation office is appropriately informed.

UNACCOMPANIED MINORS UNDER 12 YEARS

Unaccompanied minors are accepted by most IATA carriers from a certain age until 12 years of age if:

- Accompanied to the airport of departure by a parent or guardian who remain with the child until embarkation.

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- Met upon arrival a parent or guardian. At the time of reservation a special forms relieving the IATA carrier of any liability or responsibility of guardianship and giving details of escort on departure or arrival, is filled in and attached to the ticket.

Special arrangements must be made for unaccompanied minors under the above mentioned age with the IATA carrier involved as to fares or hostess accompanying the minor etc.

B. BAGGAGE TRANSPORTATION Baggage admitted for carriage as passenger’s baggage may only contain such articles, effects of other property of passengers as are necessary for wear, use, comfort or convenience, in connection with the trip. Carriers have the right (except for diplomatic bags) but not the obligation to verify, in presence of the passengers, the contents of their baggage.

SPECIAL BAGGAGE

For the carriage of dangerous, damageable or unsuitable baggage special regulations apply. This applied particularly to:

a. Live animals (pets): prior special arrangements with carrier and transportation in a container are required.

b. Transportation of live animals (domestic dogs, cats or birds) in the passenger cabin is permitted by some carriers provided the container can fit under the passenger seat and the container is not overcrowded.

c. Animals which are not accompanied by a passenger, or which are not suitable for

d. “Seeing eye” dogs accompanying passengers, and dogs trained to assist deaf passengers are carried free of charge and may be accepted transportation as cabin baggage because of their size and nature (e.g. wild animal, reptile etc) must be carried as cargo in accordance with IATA live animals regulations. in the cabin, when properly harnessed, subject to prior arrangement being made by the carrier concerned.

e. Firearms and ammunition thereto must be unloaded and packed in suitable case. They will only be carried as checked baggage in the cargo compartment.

f. Fountain pens, bottles, cigarette lighters and other containers of fluid have the tendency to leak at certain altitudes. Therefore, it is advisable that these articles be carried in the hand luggage.

g. Photoflash bulbs must be contained in the original package of the manufacturer.

h. Bicycles may be accepted as checked bicycles.

I. Electronic equipment; To avoid interference with aircraft electronic navigation and communication, the use of portable radio receiving transmitters and television receivers in possession of passengers is prohibited.

1.3 TYPES OF AIRLINES

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There are many airlines operating on domestic and international routes for both passengers and cargo services worldwide. The notable ones operating in Nigeria as well as their symbols and the countries they belong to are as follows:

SYMBOLS AIRLINE COUNTRY WT Nigeria Nigeria LH Lufthansa air Germany SR Swiss air Switzerland KLM Royal Dutch Airline Holland (Amsterdam) BA British Airways Britain AZ Alitalia Italy AF Air france France SV Saudi Air Saudi Arabia PK Parkistani Airways Pakistan SA South African Airways South Africa GA Air Gabon Gabon GH Ghana Airways Ghana MB Egypt Air Egypt

PROBLEMS OF THE AIRLINE INDUSTRIES

The following are some of the problems facing most airline industries in Nigeria. They are:

1. Management problems which has to do with the appointment of incompetent persons mostly on political reasons to run the affairs of the airline.

2. Ticket theft or missing from time to time. In other words the misuse of ticket from time to time includes pilfering of ticket.

3. Technical problems especially if the airline is not undergoing regular maintenance and check-up.

4. Financial misappropriation or mismanagement mostly by top executives of the industry.

5. Baggage or luggage mishandling or missing from officials of the airline.

6. Problems of aircraft spare parts i.e. lack of enough spare parts or maintenance and check up or repairs of worn-away parts that are needed to be repaired.

7. Flight cancellation and delay.

8. Problems of staff indiscipline mostly exhibited by officials of the company to passengers.

9. Problems of touting.

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10. Lack of good recreational facilities at the airport to entertain guests and visitors while waiting to board an aircraft.

11. Security problems at the airports.

12. Problems of local transportation to and form the airports.

1.4 THE CONCEPT AND MEANING OF TRAVEL AGENCY SERVICES

HISTORICAL ORIGIN OF TRAVEL AGENCY SERVICES

The role of private sector in the organization of tourism is very crucial. In most countries which are in any manner concerned with the tourism industry, the private sector plays a very important role. The private sectors’ role is not limited merely in selling the tourist product but often also in producing it as many individuals, companies and corporations are involved in promoting, developing and financing tourism. Travel agency is one such organization in the private sector which plays a key and crucial role in the entire process of developing and promoting tourism. It is the travel agent who packages and processes all the various attractions of the country and presents them to the tourists.

The organization and sale of travel as it is known worldwide today, really began in July, 1841. A book salesman, Baptist preacher of Derbyshire was on his way to a temperance meeting in Leicester when he was inspired with “the idea of engaging a special train to carry the friends of temperance from Leicester to Lougborough delegate meeting”. He thought that it was a sounder proposition to persuade a railway company, then in its infancy, to carry a train load of passengers at a very cheap fare then to run the train at standard fares, but possibly only a quarter full. The man was Thomas cook and his idea was put into operation with characteristic speed and efficiency. A few weeks later 570 travellers made the journey by the midland countries railway at a specially reduced fare. This venture was soon followed by excursions to various other places, and in 1843, 3000 school children were taken on a trip from Leicester to derby in England. By the mid-nine-tenth century “holidays away from home” had become customary from a larger social group than ever before. Cooks initiation and organizing genius provided the final impetus.

The scope of the function of modern travel agency has widened greatly over the years and especially after the introduction of the jet air travel. The scope of the activities of the travel agent in the context of modern tourism can be designed as to give advice to the potential tourist on the merits of alternative destination and to make necessary arrangement for a chosen holiday which may involve the booking of accommodation, transport of other relevant services.

As the travel agent accumulated knowledge, expertise and contacts with providers of services, is useful and sometimes invaluable intermediary. The retail travel agent provides a direct link between the consumer (traveller) and the suppliers of tourist services; i.e. airlines transport companies, hotel, auto rental companies etc. The retail travel agent is one who acts on behalf of a principal, i.e. the original provider of Tourist services such as a hotel company, an airline, a shipping company, railways or a tour operator. The retail travel agent sells the principal’s services and in rewarded by a commission. A travel agent, therefore, is a professional or retailer who sells his principal’s goods/services. He is, therefore a co-coordinator between the manufacturer and travelling public. Most travel principals sell their products to customers through the media of travel agents. Such agents, as earlier mentioned, have been in existence for over one hundred years, selling merely shipping and rail service before the World War II. But their major growth has coincided with the growth in Air travel and package tours. With the development of Air

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transport, the Airlines found that some of the airport are far from market centers and there was already established a satisfactory network of travel agent to handle sells, the additional cost of setting up a chain of direct sales offices were not justified. In turns, agent expanded in number to meet demand and for Airlines. Travel agency plays a vital role in the tourism industry. They provide a direct link between customers (travellers/passengers) and the airlines, and also provide the Tourism facilities e.g. hotels, transport etc. There are about 20,000 travel agencies approved by IATA in the world and in the United States of America, there are about 10,000 IATA approved travel agency whose estimated volume of business was weighed over $26 billion in 1974.

Like any profession, travel agency has a code or ethic. Usually, he belongs to one or more travel association and is bond to protect the traveller. Most of the travel agencies in United States of America are members of the American society of transport. This enforces its ethics on its members and provides some kind of satisfaction to their clients. Likewise most of the travel agencies in Nigeria are members of National Association of Nigeria Travel Agency (NANTA). On the other hand, Travel agents in the United Kingdom has the Association of British Travel Agent (ABTA) which was founded in 1950 in response to a need for travel agents in the UK to support each other in a new and growing industry.

1.5 FUNCTION OF TRAVEL AGENCIES

To deal with the subject of travel agency, the best method of approach is, perhaps, to consider the function of a travel agency. The function of the travel agency, will again depend upon the scope of activities it is involved in and also the size and the location. It is, no doubt, true that if the organization is large, the range of activities will be wider, in this case the agency will have specialized departments each having to perform different functions. Some of the functions of a travel agency may be classified as follows;

a. provision of travel information. b. preparation of Itineraries. c. liaison with providers of services. d. planning and costing of tours. e. ticketing. f. provision of foreign currencies. g. insurance.

a. PROVISION OF TRAVEL IN FORMATION

One of the primary functions of a retail travel agent from the point of view of the tourist, the general public is to provide necessary information about travel. This information is provided at convenient location where the intending tourist may ask certain questions and seek clarification about his proposed travel. This is a very specialized job and the person behind the counter should be a specialist having excellent knowledge of various travel alternative plans. He should be in a position to give up-to-date and accurate information regarding various services and general information about travel etc. The person behind the travel counter should be able to communicate with the customer in his language. The knowledge of foreign language therefore, is an essential prerequisite for personnel working in a travel agency.

b. PREPARATION OF ITINERARIES

A tourism itinerary is a series of operation that are a result of the study of the market. A tourist journey is characterized by an itinerary using various means of transportation to link one locality with another.

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Preparation of different types of itineraries is another important function of a travel agency. A travel agent gives advice to intending traveller on the types of programme which they may choose for their holiday or business travel. The study and the realization of the itineraries calls for public for a holiday and the prosperity to receive tourist by the receiving localities.

c. LIAISON WITH PROVIDERS OF SERVICES

Before any form of travel can be sold over the counter to a customer, contracts have to be entered into with the providers of various services. These include transportation companies, hotel proprietors, the providers of surface transport like motor cars or watchers for transporters to and from hotels and for sightseeing etc. and also for general servicing requirement. The work carried out under these headings is usually that of the owners or senior employees or agencies concerned. In the case of a large agency with worldwide ramifications, the liaison work involves a great deal of coordination with the principals.

d. PLANNING AND COSTING TOURS

The contract and arrangement having been entered into, there comes the task of planning and costing tours, both for inclusive programme and to meet individual requirements. This job is intensely interesting and at the same time challenging. This job calls for a great initiative and drive. The job calls for travel to those places which are to be inclusive in the itineraries. Many agencies with the cooperation of airline and other transportation companies take the opportunity of arranging educational tours for such staff to countries with which they deal with.

e. TICKETING Selling tickets to clients using different modes of transport like air, rail and sea is yet another important function of a travel agency. This calls for a thorough training. Air carriers of various modes of steamships companies have hundreds of schedules and the man behind the counter is however not an easy job as the range and diversity of international air-fares is very complex and varies. Changes in international as well as local air schedules and additions of new flights from time to time makes the job of the travel agent one of constant challenge. An up- to- date knowledge about various schedules of air companies, steamship companies and railways is very essential.

f. PROVISION OF FOREIGN CURRENCIES

Provision of foreign currencies to intending traveller is another specialized activity of a travel agent. Some of the larger travel agencies deal exclusively with the provision of foreign currencies, travellers cheque etc. This is an important facility to intending travellers as it serves them a lot of time and energy in avoiding visiting regular banking channels.

g. INSURANCE Insurance, both for personal accident, risks and of baggage is yet another important activity of travel agency. Some of the larger travel agents maintain sizeable shipping and forwarding departments, aimed at assisting the traveller to transport personal effects and baggage to any part of the world with a minimum of inconveniences.

1.6 VARIOUS TYPES OF TRAVEL AGENCIES

In a survey undertaken in1966, the Economist Intelligence Unit (London) identified four (4) types of retail agency; which are broadly still valid.

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a. Business house agencies. b. City center agents. c. Country town agent. d. Suburban agencies.

a. BUSINESS HOUSE AGENCIES The business house agencies caters principally for the travel needs of commercial and industrial firms as clients. Such agencies will probably incur high staff and office costs since they will be located near their clients in city centers. They will illogically, extend credit to their clients and their profit will accordingly be under some pressure.

b. CITY CENTER AGENCIES The city center agencies are located in or very close to main shopping centers, they will need a high turnover to justify city center costs. Branches of the Big multiple agencies are typical of this type.

c. COUNTRY TOWN AGENCIES The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) found this type the most profitable with a mixture of business and holiday traffic and comparatively low costs.

d. SUBURBAN AGENCIES Suburban agencies selling principally tours with a markedly seasonal pattern of Business is a typical characteristic of this type of agency.

WEEK 1PRACTICAL/EXERCISE

Visitation to an Airport shows and explains to students different sections and personnel working in the airport.

WEEK 2

2.0 OWNERSHIP, ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES OF AIRLINES AND TRAVEL AGENCY

2.1 ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT STRUCTURES OF TRAVEL AGENCY

A travel agency may be large or smaller in size. A large agency calls for more hands and professionals for its management, while smaller travel agencies will need few experts/professionals to manage its affairs. In larger travel agencies/organizations, complex services are offered i.e. airline ticketing, tour packaging, cargo shipping and rail booking. While in a small organized travel agency, services offered are confirmed to only specific areas. Normally, a large and medium travel agency has headquarters and branch offices.

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A. MANAGING DIRECTOR: This is the overall head of the agency. He could either be a private owner of the agency or being employed by the principal (airline). It is in his hands that the authority of the company is vested. His functions are similar to that of chief executive of airline organization. Some of his functions are: 1. He represents his principal. 2. He ensures that legal requirements are made and to see that the company is in compliance with IATA guidelines. 3. He lays down strategies, plans, general policies and sectional policies for the operation of the agency. 4. He serves as the spoken organ of the agencies on public statement relating to the organization etc.

B. OPERATIONS MANAGER:

Immediately after the managing director is the operations manager. He is responsible for the provision of tickets from the principal to the customer. He is to effect and design the objectives of the organization by putting to work all elements involved. He a times formulates policies and allocates all staff work.

C. THE AGENCY MANAGER:

The agency manger is the next in rank to the operations manager. He is responsible for the provision of tickets from the principal to the customer. He is in charge of the distribution channel of the agency’s main office and supervises all workers under him. He represents the principal of an airline to sell his product to the intending travellers. He also provides travellers with information regarding destinations and renders them the choice of destination.

D. TICKETING STAFF:

The ticketing staff is under the agency manager. He is the salesman who is responsible for the selling of the principal’s product directly to the travellers with regards to the quote-price. He operates on directives from his boss and ensures that tickets are always available in order to keep travel standard.

E. ACCOUNTANT: He keeps all financial account of the agency especially on the sales of tickets. He is responsible for staff payment by preparing their salary voucher. He relates with the bank by opening an account for the agency. This is imperative because a times the agent may need fund, he can therefore, approach the bank for borrowing or to withdraw. Besides, he directs all financial spending. The accountant has under him the accountant clerk who acts as an assistant to the accountant by helping him keep financial records and also effect some payments by preparing vouchers.

F. SUPERVISOR:

He supervises all affairs of the agency by overseeing and monitoring the activities of staff under him. This ensures that staff carry out their function diligently. Under the supervisor, there are cleaners who carry the day- to- day cleaning operation in the agency. There is also the messenger, who is always placed on errand and serve as a servant to the management. The company guard keeps the organization in constant surveillance.

G. SECRETARY:

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The secretary serves as assistant to the managing Director. He/she keeps records of all activities of the agency. He receives and keeps all mails and provides correspondence where the need arises.

H. TYPIST:

The typist assists in typing all the agency official documents both outgoing and incoming mails.

2.2 PROBLEMS OF TRAVEL AGENCY BUSINESS

1. Lack of professionalism. 2. Lack of fund to operate travel agency business. 3. Hardship in registration of members of travel agency with IATA. 4. Most sell their agency tickets rather than embarking on other activities.

5. Bad locations and facilities affect the smooth operation of the agency. 6. Lack of tourism consciousness.

7. Lack of marketing and promotion of Nigerian services/products. 8. Some principals or airlines have now started selling tickets and services directly to the public which is a sign of dissatisfaction of services of the travel agency.

WEEK 2

PRACTICE/EXCERCISETeacher to guide students in knowing the organizational chart of an Airline/Travel Agency.Guidelines: This exercise will be based on:a) Current existing travel agency sin the locality.b) the international Airline company (i.e. British Airways / Virgin Airline).VISITVisitation to a Travel Agency office. Show students the various documents used by travel Agents.

WEEK 3

3.0 STATUTORY BODIES INVOLVED IN AIRLINE AND TRAVEL AGENCIES.

3.1 STATUTORY BODIES REGULATING AIRLINE AND TRAVEL AGENCY OPERATIONS.

Some of the statutory bodies which regulate airline and travel agency operations are:

A. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

B. Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA)

C. International Air Transport Association (IATA)

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A. INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION (ICAO)

The convention providing for the establishment of the international Civil Aviation Organization was drawn up by the International Civil Aviation Conference held in Chicago from November 1 to December 7, 1944. A Professional International Civil Aviation Organization (PICAO) function from 6 June, 1945 until the formal establishment of International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) was formally established on April 4, 1947 as a specialized agency of the United Nations. ICAO has a membership of over 130 governments joined for the common purpose of promoting Civil Aviation on a global scale. The headquarters of the organization are located at Montreal, Canada. The organization has its regional offices in Mexico City, Lima, Paris, Dakar, Cairo and Bangkok. The International Civil Aviation Organization representing over 130 governments of the various countries throughout the world providing the machinery for the cooperation in the matter of civil aviation. Over the years the organization has achieved great success in various matters of civil aviation.

AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The main aim and objectives of the organization are to develop the principles and techniques of international air navigation and to foster the planning and development of international air transport with a view:

I. To ensure the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation throughout the world.

ii. To encourage the art of aircraft design and operation for peaceful purpose. iii. To encourage the development of the air ways, airport and navigation facilities for international civil aviation.

iv. To meet the needs of the people of the world for safe, regular, efficient and economic air transport.

v. Prevent economical waste caused by unreasonable competition.

vi. To ensure that the rights of contracting countries are fully respected and that every contracting country has a full opportunity to operate international airlines.

vii. To avoid discrimination between contracting countries.

viii. To promote safety of flight in international air navigation.

ix. Promote generally the development of all aspects of international civil aeronautics (engineering).

In addition to the above, the International Civil Aviation Organization through its various proposals tries for the reduction of customs, immigration, public health and other formalities in order to facilitate air transportation. As part of the United Nations Development Programme, the organization provides technical assistance to states in development of regional plans for ground facilities and services needed for International flying, as another important function of the organization. The organization disseminates air transport statistics and prepares studies on aviation economics. It also fosters the development of air law conventions.

ORGANIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION ORGANIZATION

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The principal organ of ICAO is an “Assembly”. The assembly consists all the members of the organization and is the sovereign body of ICAO. It meets every three years and reviews in detail the work of the organization. It sets the policy for the next three years. The organization has a “Council” which comprises 30 states and is elected by the assembly for a period of three years. While electing the states, the assembly gives adequate representation to:

I. Member states of major importance to air transport. ii. Those member states not otherwise included which make the largest contribution to the provision of facilities for the international civil air navigation; and,

iii. Those member states not otherwise included and whose election will ensure that all major geographical areas of the world are represented.

As a governing body, the council gives continuous direction to the work of the organization. The main subsidiary bodies are:

- The air navigation commission composed of 12 members elected by the council.

- Air transport committee, open to council members;

- And the legal committee, on which all members of ICAO may be present.

A close look at the range of activities and objectivities of both International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Air Transport Authority indicate that they play a key role in the growth and development of International air transport. Although not directly concerned with Tourism, they have however, played an important role in its growth over the years by way of encouraging air transport.

B. ASSOCIATION OF BRITISH TRAVEL AGENTS (ABTA) The association of British travel Agents (ABTA) was founded in 1950 in response to a need for travel agents in the United Kingdom to support each other in a new and growing industry. Since that time there has been a great improvement in living standards and to those who want to take foreign holidays. Added to this, the extra capacity available since the introduction of wide bodied-jet, it is understandable that travel agents and tour operators have flourished in the second half of the twentieth century. Association of British Travel Agents is a self-regulatory, independent association drawing its members from both travel agents and tour operators over the years. ABTA has developed a dual role with responsibilities to the public, as well as its members. All ABTA members pay a bond which is similar to an insurance policy. The amount of the bond depends on the turnover of the company. The more holidays sold, the greater the bond. If a tour operator as travel agent ceases trading, the bond is used to reimburse clients and to bring home those who are abroad.

ABTA’s responsibility to the public have often caused it problem because, by the very nature of the tourist trade, the customer pays in advance for what amount to a dream and sometimes the reality, if not actually a nightmare, does not match acceptable for the costumer as well as damage to the reputation of the travel agent or tour operator. The costumer may be effected financially or emotionally by having to endure an excessive flight delay or dirty, unpleasant hotel accommodation. In order to protect both the public and its member, ABTA has devised;

a. Travel agent code of practice.

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b. Tour operators’ code of practice.

c. ABTA conciliation scheme.

d. ABTA Arbitration scheme.

Members of ABTA have to abide by the rules of the association or face fines or even expulsion.

To assist with training, ABTA has set up the Travel Training Company as a wholly owned, which is responsible for the ABTA Travel Certificate (ABTAC) and also works with city and guilds as the joint lead body for the travel service National Vocational Qualification (NVQS).

C. INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION (IATA) As a result of the rapid expansion in the network of international airlines in the years following the Second World War, a need for worldwide regulation of air traffic and craft equipment was felt by many countries. Consequently an international convention was called by President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United States of America at Chicago from November 1 to December 7, 1944. The convention constituted two permanent bodies namely; the international Air Transport Authority (IATA) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Both these organizations are the leading international agencies looking after various aspects of world aviation industry including various problems and their solution in the civil air transport.

But before reaching the position that it now occupies in the field of aviation, IATA passed through several stages in parallel with the spectacular development of commercial aviation. Its modest beginnings date back to 1919. Its predecessor, the International Air Traffic Association was founded in that year in the Hague (Netherlands) by half a dozen European airlines that had just been created. Right from the beginning they recognized the need to co-operate in setting up a network where everything needed to be rationalized. The activity of the first, pre-war version of IATA expanded steadily with the development of air serves in the world.

Among other things, it drew up the general formula for tickets and transport documents adopted in 1927. The innovations and improvements introduced by the Association progressively placed unique tools at the disposal of the industry.

In November 1944, as World War II hostilities were taking a find turn, 54 states met in Chicago to lay the first foundations of the new system that would soon be greatly needed by civil aviation. This conference led to the creation of the international Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the international body set up by governments to establish universal norms for the technical regulation of civil aviation. Indirectly, this conference was also responsible for the foundation of the international Air Transport Association a non-governmental body officially set up in Havana in April 1945, which in practice carried on the task assumed by the former IATA. Both through its organization and its activity, IATA found itself closely linked to ICAO.

International Air Transport Association’s work became increasingly diversified, specialized and extensive with the development of aeronautical technology and the expansion of the airline network. With the arrival of jets towards the end of the fifties, a whole series of new measures concerning technical matters, fares, procedures and organization was needed to replace regulations that no longer corresponded to the new conditions in the industry or to the growing potential of its markets.

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The International Air Transport (IATA) is the global organization for virtually all the international carriers. The principal function of IATA is to simplify and speed the movement of persons and goods from any point on the world air network to any other by a combination of routes. This is accomplished by a single ticket bought at a single price in one currency. The ticket is valid everywhere, for the same principles apply to the movement of flight and mail.

Under the provision of its constitutions, IATA must carry out a three-fold task: I. Encourage the development of reliable regular and economical air transport for the benefit of the peoples of the world, foster air commerce and study the problems involved.

ii. Provide the means for collaboration among the air transport enterprises involved directly or indirectly in international air transport services.

iii. Cooperate with the International Civil Aviation Organization and other Internal Organization.

SERVICES PROVIDED

The IATA provides a wide range of services. The list of service provided is quite impressive and includes the following:

a. The global planning of International time table.

b. The standardization of the inter-company communications and reservation systems.

c. The international coordination of telecommunications networks and computer systems.

d. The single formula for tickets and air-way bills.

e. The training of travel and flight agents.

f. To regulate legal questions of general concern and to also develop security measures.

g. To examine and solve the problems raise by tourism and the flow of passengers and goods in the airports and to also establish procedures and technical norms.

ORGANIZATION

IATA is a non-governmental organization.

There are three IATA traffic conference areas. They are;

1. Western Hemisphere

2. Europe, African and the Middle East

3. Asia and Australia

The conference areas are numbered in numeric order. Each traffic conference area covers a number of areas. The IATA traffic conference areas are in effect an important adjunct to government. Also, the rules

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which JATA formulate concerning these traffic conference areas must be approved by the government concerned. IATA traffic conference came in after each government decides individually what air carries are going to serve their areas.

In order to be eligible for the membership of IATA and the conference, an airline must hold a certificate for scheduled air carriage from a government eligible for membership of the International civil aviation organization. Airlines engaged directly in International operations are “active members” while on the other hand airline engage in domestic operations are “associate members”.

Resolutions of the traffic conferences of International Air Transport Association standardize not only tickets but waybills, baggage checks and other similar documents. These resolutions also coordinate and unify handling and accounting procedures to permit rapid inter-line booking and connection. The resolution also maintain a stable pattern of International fares and rates of over 100 member airlines all over the world. The standardization of airfares is the most significant part of IATA’S work. In effect this has resulted in permitting the linking of the routes of many individual International airlines into a single public service system for all nations of the world. In order to carry out so many functions IATA has a staff of over 450 people throughout the world and operates with funds provided in the form of annual dues paid by members.

Proudly speaking, IATA is the world association of schedule airlines within which they coordinates their efforts to serve their passengers, share their experience and analyze their problems. Representing over 100 companies from 80 odd countries, together provided the bulk of world schedule air services. IATA plays a role in these respects, on the basis of the aims defined in its charter.

The association provided machinery for the airlines for finding joint solutions to problems often beyond the reach of any company. Through the association, airlines have succeeded in standardizing their operating methods and with their complementary routes, they have created a worldwide public service network, despite the many differences in language, currency, legislation is able to act as an intermediary between government and its users. It is the world parliament of airline companies and their spokesman vise-a-vise other international bodies. For government, it serves as a forum where proposals for international rates (exchange) and fares are formulated in a neutral context for study and approval. For the general public, it symbolizes, because it monitors and encourages them, the uniform quality of services, the use of rational commercial methods by airlines and agents, the simplification of formalities and the lowest possible fares and rates consistent with sound economy.

Week 3

PRACTICAL/EXCERCISE

a. teacher to show students documents used by:

- ICAO

- ABTA

- IATA

b.teacher to guide student on an internet based search of regulations by ICAO, ABTA, and IATA.

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VISITStudents to draw map of the world. The lecturer to assist students to locate IATA member countries of the world.

WEEK 4

3.2 THE UNITED NATIONS WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION (UNWTO)The United Nations World Tourism Organization ( UNWTO), an inter-governmental technical body dealing with all aspects of tourism, began its legal existence on January 2, 1975. It was born of the International Union of Official Travel Organization (IUOTO). The swift expansion of travel had created the need for a world body able to deal with tourism problems at the government level, and this led to the transformation of IUOTO into UNWTO.Like its predecessor (IUOTO), the UNWTO has a very emphatic technical character, essentially creative and dynamic, performing a well defined service for its member states. The aims of the organization, its raison of d’etre, are defined with clarity in article 3 of the statue which is divided into three sections:I. The fundamental aim of the organization shall be the promotion and development tourism with a view contributing to economic development, international understanding, peace, prosperity, and universal respect for , and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction to either race, sex, language or religion. The organization shall take all appropriate action to attain this objective.ii. In pursuing this aim, the organization shall pay particular attention to the interests of the developing countries in the field of tourism.iii. In order to establish its central role in the field of tourism, the organization shall establish and maintain effective collaboration with the appropriate organs of the United Nations and its specialized agencies in this connection the organization shall seek a cooperative relationship with and participation in the activities of the United Nations Development Programme, as a participating and executing agency.The UNWTO was originally conceived as an inter-governmental organization in a UN General Assembly resolution – Number 2529 – on December 5, 1969. This resolution called for establishment of UNWTO to play a “central and decisive role” in the field of tourism and to maintain effective collaboration with the appropriate organs of the United Nations and its specialized agencies.At Torremolinos, in June 1977, the second General Assembly of UNWTO approved an agreement with the United Nations for cooperation and relationships. On December 20, 1977 the 32nd General Assembly of the UN approved this agreement which is now in force. In immediate implementation of this agreement, the UN General Assembly in December 1977 also approved a resolution sponsored by the Philippines with 24 co-sponsors, including India, requesting the UNWTO “to intensity its efforts to promote tourism, particularly in developing countries, through international cooperation and to report to the general assembly at its 33rd session on action taken”. The UNWTO became an executing agency of the UNDP in May 1976. a few months later, UNDP resident representatives throughout the world became UNWTO representatives for all matters concerning technical cooperation in the field of tourism. The UNWTO has already completed its first project in Jordan and is now processing many more requests from members states, including Asian members, for both national and regional assistance programmes and projects.

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There are three categories of members: full members, associate members, affiliate members. Full members are the sovereign states. Associate members are the territories or groups of territories not responsible for their external relations but whose membership is approved by the state assuming responsibility for their external relations. Affiliate members are international bodies, both inter-governmental and non-governmental concerned with specialized interests in tourism, as well as commercial and non-commercial bodies and associations whose activities are related to the aims of UNWTO.The activities of the organization include: (I) Clearing house for all available information on international and domestic tourism including statistical data, legislation and regulation and special events and its systematic collection, analysis and dissemination; (ii) Making travel easier by reducing and simplifying frontier formalities and removing barriers to the free movement of the tourists; (iii) organizing and convening international conferences, seminars, round tables and technical meetings on all aspects of tourism; (iv) preparation of draft international agreements on tourism, and; (v) examining vocational training problems with a view to contributing to the establishment of suitable teaching programmes tailored to specific needs, especially in the developing countries.The permanent activities of UNWTO include the collection and updating of available information on training needs. Special activities include participation in technical cooperation projects for vocational training.There are three organs through which UNWTO functions:I. General Assembly: This is the supreme organ and sovereign body of UNWTO composed of delegates representing full members, associate members and representatives of affiliate members. It meets every two years and may consider any question and make recommendations on any matter within the competence of UNWTO. The General Assembly has created six Regional Commissions. The regions covered are, Africa, the Americans, Europe, Middle-East, the pacific and East Asia, and South Asia. The regional commission ensure the implementation, within their respective regions, of the decisions and recommendations of the general assembly and the executive council. They function and operate within the framework of the organization. There are the regional secretariat and help the regional commissions in organizing and covering their conferences and meetings.ii. Executive Council: It consists of full members elected by the assembly at the ration of one member for every five full members of UNWTO organization with a view to achieving fair and equitable geographical distribution. The Executive Council, among other matters, takes all necessary measures in consultation with the secretary general, for the implementation of the decisions and recommendations of the implementation of the decisions and recommendations of the assembly, and reports thereon to the assembly. The council meets at least twice a year,iii. The Secretariat: The secretariat consists of the secretary general and such staff as the organization may require. The secretary general is responsible for carrying out the general policy and work programme of the organization in accordance with the directions of the general assembly and executive council. The secretary general ensures the legal representation of the organization.By the decision of the first general assembly of UNWTO in May 1975 the headquarters were set up in Madrid (Spain) in January 1976. The activities of the organization cover all sectors of tourism on a worldwide basis. UNWTO works in cooperation with all international organizations, the United Nations in particular, as well as with commercial and non-commercial bodies involved in tourism.

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The organization is performing extremely useful service of concrete and creative character by facilitating the exchange of technical information, the making of specialized studies, the holding of special seminars adapted to world regional requirements and advanced vocational training courses. The essentially practical nature of its work programme, tailored as it is to regional requirements, takes full cognizance of the problems peculiar to countries and regions in all stages of development, such as investments, financial questions, physical planning and area development, economic analysis, marketing and market surveys-all this not only with a secretariat approach but with a comprehensive concern from the point of view of the stateThe creation of UNWTO coincided with the universal recognition of tourism as an important instrument of economic and social development and its consequent ascendancy to full government responsibility. An inter-governmental body of tourism officials-such as the UNWTO is empowered to act in the name of their governments and speak in terms of the impact of tourism on the balance of payments. The creation of UNWTO thus is not only a proof that the states are fully conscious of their own responsibilities in the fields of tourism, but also the establishment of tourism to its rightful ranking at international level.Like its processor, the IUOTO, the UNWTO’s activities cover all sectors of tourism on a worldwide basis. It provides an international forum where tourism officials whether governmental or non-governmental, can discuss problems and exchange ideas. Representatives of the private sector also have access to its membership. UNWTO works in close cooperation with almost all international organizations, the United Nations’ organizations in particular, as well as with commercial and non-commercial bodies involved in tourism.Member states of the UNWTO (Dec.2008)1. Afghanistan 21. Democratic Kampuchea2. Algeria 22. Democratic Yemen 3. Argentina 23. Dominican Republic4. Australia 24. Ecuador5. Austria 25. Egypt6. Bahrain 26. Ethiopia7. Bangladesh 27. France8. Belgium 28. Gabon9. Benin 29. Gambian10. Bolivia 30. German Democratic Republic11. Brazil 31. Germany, Federal Republic12. Bulgaria 32. Ghana13. Burundi 33. Greece 14. Chile 34. Grenada15. Colombia 35. Haiti16. Congo 36. Honduras17. Costa Rica 37. Hungary18. Cuba 38. India19. Cyprus 39. Indonesia20. Czechoslovakia 40. Iran

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41. Iraq 59. Mauritius42. Israel 60. Mexico43. Italy 61. Morocco44. Ivory coast 62. Nepal45. Jamaica 63. Netherlands46. Japan 64. Niger47. Jordan 65. Nigeria48. Kenya 66. Pakistan49. Kuwait 67. Panama50. Laos People’s Democratic Republic 68. Peru51. Lebanon 69. Philippines 52. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 70. Poland53. Madagascar 71. Portugal54. Malawi 72. Qatar55. Malaysia 73. Republic of Korea56. Mali 74. Romania57. Malta 75. Rwanda58. Mauritania 76. San Marino77. Senegal 90. United Arab Emirate78. Sierra Leone 91. United Republic of Cameroon79. Spain 92. United Republic of Tanzania80. Sri Lanka 93. United States of America 81. Sudan 94. Upper Volta82. Switzerland 95. Uruguay83. Syrian Arab Republic 96. Venezuela84. Thailand 97. Viet Nam85. Togo 98. Yemen Arab Republic86. Tunisia 99. Yugoslavia87. Turkey 100. Zaire88. Uganda 101. Zambia89. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Week 4ACTIVITY

Student to use a political map of the world. The teacher will assist the student to locate all member countries that belongs to United Nations Tourism Organization.VISITStudents to draw map of the world. The lecturer should assist the students to locate all member countries that belong to World Tourism Organization.

WEEK 5

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4.0 UNDERSTAND THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF STATUTORY BODIES INVOLVED IN AIRLINE AND TRAVEL AGENCY.

4.1 BOOKS AND DOCUMENTS USED BY AIRLINES.Books used by airlines and travel agencies are:A. Airlines passenger tariff (APT) rulesB. ABC of AirlinesC. Passenger manifestD. After sales documentE. Sales recorded cardF. Reservation formG. Cargo sales document4.2 AIRLINES PASSENGER TARIFF (APT) RULESThe airlines passenger tariff (APT) rules is one of the books mostly used by airlines, and travel agencies. It is published by the international air transport association (IATA).The book is divided into different sections it sections 1- 25.Some of the information contained in section 1, for example are Abbreviation a. Fare typeb. Months and daysc. Two letters direction codesd. Geographical codese. Miscellaneous abbreviationf. Signsg. Symbolsh. TimeI. Definitionsj. Termsk. AreasMONTHS Jan JanuaryFeb February Mar MarchApr AprilMay MayJun JuneJul JulyAug AugustSep SeptemberOct OctoberNov NovemberDec December

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DAYSMon MondayTue TuesdayWed WednesdayThu ThursdayFri FridaySat SaturdaySun SundayGlobal Indicators(As used routing column on the yellow fare pages on the TPM pages and in the MPM Manual)AT Via the AtlanticAP Via Atlantic and pacific (via Area 1)EH Via routings entirely with the eastern Hemisphere (within Areas 2 and 3)FE Between Russia, Ukraine and area 3 (direct) PA Via PacificPN Via Pacific and North AmericaSA Between Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay and South East Asia via AtlanticSP Via South Polar RouteTS -MPMs via Siberia (over Moscow):a) Between Europe and Area 3 (excluding the South Asian subcontinent)b) Between the Middle East, Africa and Japan, Korea-TPMs (Siberia) over Moscow) and non-stop routings Europe-Japan, Korea, TaiwanWH within the (Western Hemisphere) with Area1Geographical codes(as used in the rules and notes parts)EB eastboundNB northboundSB southboundWB westboundMiscellaneous abbreviations ADC Additional collectionADT AdultATA Air transport association of America ATB Automated ticket and boarding passATC Air travel cardAWB Air waybillBBR Bankers’ buying rateBHC Backhaul checkBSP Billing and settlement planBSR Bankers’ selling rateCCP Currency of country of payment CF Constructed fare

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COC Country of commencement of international travelCOM Country of origin minimumCOP Country of paymentCPM Common point minimumCT Circle trip CTM Circle trip minimumDFUC Direct fare undercut check (precedence of the published thoroughfare)DMC Direct minimum checkEFP Equivalent fare paidEMA Extra mileage allowanceEMS Excess mileage surchargeFBP Fare break pointFYROM Former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia GIT Group IT fare HI High NUC in backhaul checkHIP Higher intermediate pointIIT Individual IT fareISI International sale indicatorISO International standard organizationIT inclusive tourLCF Local currency fareLO Low NUC in backhaul checkLSF Local selling fareMCO Miscellaneous charges orderMPD Multiple purpose documentMPM Maximum permitted mileage MTP Minimum tour priceNOJ Normal fare open jawNUC Neutral units of constructionOJ open jawOOJ Origin open jawOPTAT Off premise transitional automated ticketOSC One way sub journey checkOW One WayPFC Passenger facility chargePTA Prepaid ticket advicePU Pricing UnitPUC Pricing unit conceptRBD Reservations/booking designatorROE NUC-conversion rateRSC Return sub journey checkRT Round trip

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RTW Round-the-worldRWM Round the world minimumSAR Special administrative region of chinaSOJ Single open jawSITI The sale and ticket issuance are both in the country of commencement of transportation. SITI will also apply to tickets:Sold and issued in Scandinavia for travel originating in ScandinaviaSold and issued in the area comprised of Canada and USA for travel originating in Canada or USA.SOTI The sale is made outside the country of commencement of transportation and the ticket issuance in the country of commencement of transportation. SOTI will also apply to ticket: Sold outside Scandinavia but issued in Scandinavia for travel originating in Scandinavia Sold outside Canada or USA but issued in Canada or USA for travel origination in Canada or USA.SOTO The sale and ticket issuance are both outside the country of commencement of transportation.SITO The sale is made in the country of commencement of transportation and the ticket issuance is outside the country of commencement of transportation, SITO will also apply to tickets:Sold in Scandinavia but issued outside Scandinavia for travel originating in ScandinaviaSold in Canada or USA but issued outside Canada or USA for travel originating in Canada or USASUMO Return travel restriction used in connection with certain special fares wholly with Europe.TAT Transitional automated ticketTFC (s) Taxes, fees and chargesTOJ Turnaround open jawTPM Ticket point mileageUATP Universal air travel planSignsIf used between cities/area: an oblique (/) means ‘or’; a dash (-) means from …to…’or’ between…and…Symbols cl class (asY-cl, F-cl, but only in tables)kg kilogram (in priority to ib / pound)cm centimeter (in priority to inches)ft feet or bootib pounds (s)% percentTimeh definition for local hour time e.g.07.20h=0720hours local timehours definition for duration of time, e.g. 24hoours

WEEK 5PRACTICAL/EXERCISE

Teacher to divide class into groups of maximum four students and let them work on the following sections of the book:

A. Geographical Codes B. Miscellaneous Abbreviation

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Students to learn as many as possible.VISITVisitation to Travel Agency shop and show student the various types of books and documents used by travel Agents and Airlines.

WEEK 6

4.3 AIRLINE PASSENGER TICKET

An Airline Passenger Ticket is a printed piece of paper which shows that one has paid to travel on

particular aero plane. (See Appendix I & II).

An Airline Passenger Ticket, therefore is a document which forms the contract of carriage between

passenger and carrier(s). Most airline use the standard ticket format although different formats are in

circulation. In addition, the size and set-up of the individual boxes of the ticket may differ from airline to

airline but the issue and honouring rules are virtually the same and may therefore be applied to any ticket.

The document number consists of:

- Airline code e.g. 085

- Source (type of issue) e.g. 4= Airline ticket, 9-Airline agency ticket

- Form code e.g. 2=two coupon ticket, 3=three coupon ticket

- Serial number on a sequential basis according to carriers own policy.

- Check digit (optional).

TRANSITIONAL AUTOMATED TICKET (TAT)

This ticket is a multi-copy carbonized ticket designed for use in various printing designed for which data

may be computer generated.

AUTOMATED TICKET AND BOARDING PASS (ATB)

The automated ticket and boarding pass (ATB) is a coupon issued ticket, designed for use En various

automated devices, for which data is computer generated. This data is printed on the front of the ATB

coupons and may be encoded on the magnetic stripe on the reverse side.

INFORMATION CONTAINED IN AN AIRLINE PASSENGER TICKET

1. “NAME OF PASSENGER” BOX (1)

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Enter the passengers surname (family name) followed by one oblique, then the given (first) name .If the

given first name is not available or if there is insufficient space on the ticket the given (first) name may be

replaced by the initials.

When the passenger is holding a reservation at the time of ticketing, the name entered on the ticket shall

be identical to that appearing in the reserve record.

1 “FARE” Box- (2)

This box must always be completed either by insertion of the “Total Air Fare”, paid for the complete

routing, excluding tax (es) or by insertion of particular code symbols by which such air fare may be

identified by accounting and traffic handling offices. The applicable currency code is to be entered with

fare box immediately preceding the amount of the total fare. Such amount must be in the currency of the

country of commencement of international transportation, unless otherwise provided by local currency

regulations.

The following fares usually will not be shown on the flight or passenger coupons of the ticket.

IT - Inclusive Tour Fares.

BT - Bulk inclusive Tours

BT - Tour Operator Package (TOP) fares within Europe. In case of charter flights enter “NO FARE”

3.”EQUIVALENT FARE PAID” BOX-3

Enter the amount of fare, proceeded by the currency code in which it is collected when payment is in a

currency other than that shown in the ‘fare’ box or other than that of the country of sell. Example 1 Ticket

sold in Nigeria and paid for in the currency of the country of sale. Travel originating in Nigeria.

Manual ticket:

Fare Equiv Fare paid

USD 550.0 NGN 72600

NOTE:

Country of sales means the country where payment is made by the purchaser to the carrier whose

accountable document is issued, or to the agent of such carrier. Whenever payment is made by cheque,

other banking instrument or credit cards, it shall be designed to have been made at the place where such

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instrument is accepted by the carrier or its agent.

Currency of country of sale means the currency in which international fares from that country are

published.

4. “TAX” BOX-(4)

Enter amount of taxes, fees and other charges, if any, collected from the purchaser at time of ticket

issuance. The taxes shall be entered in the same currency as shown in the fare box. However, if there is an

entry in the “Equivalent fare paid” box then the taxes will be reflected in this currency. In the absence

of an equivalent fair paid entry, the tax shall be entered in the same currency shown in the fair box. The

indication of the three-letter currency is optional.

5. “TOTAL” BOX- (5)

Enter the applicable currency code and sum of amount shown in “fare” and “Tax” boxes. When there is

an entry in the equivalent fare paid” box, the total must be the sum of the equivalent fare paid plus tax(es)

if any.

6. “FORM OF PAYMENT” BOX-(6)

This box must be filled with one of the following entries.

a. Payment in cash or by means of travellers cheque. (Enter the word Cash).

b. Payment by credit cards-Enter the complete number (account number) as shown on the first line of the

card or imprint the card on the document. It has to be noted that such entries must be carried forward on

any re-issuance of the ticket. When payment is made by more than one form, show the code for each

form, optionally followed by the appropriate amount for each.

c. Payment other than cash, travellers cheque or credit card.

d. Combination of forms of payment-when payment is made by more than one form, show the code for

each form, followed optionally by the corresponding amount.

Example

FORM OF PAYMENT

CASH USD 550 CHEQUE USD 550

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e. No fare collected: When no fare has been collected an authorization number or other pertinent data may

be entered e.g. “NONE”

7. “ORIGIN DESTINATION” BOX-(7)

It is mandatory that the “origin/destination” box be completed with origination/destination information

when the air transportation necessitates the issuance of 2 or more tickets in conjunction with one another

or when a ticket is reissued. Three-letter city codes of originating point of departure and final point of

destination, must be shown on each ticket.

8. “CONJUNCTION TICKET” BOX-B

It is mandatory that these boxes be completed when more than one ticket issued to cover a passenger

itinerary. Conjunction tickets must have the same form and be issued initially in numeric sequence. Enter

in the “conjunction ticket” box of each ticket the document number of the first ticket followed by the

last 2 digits of all ticket issued to provide flight coupons covering passenger’s itinerary.

Example

Conjunction ticket(s) serials

Form 117 4420 785/97/98

Issued in exchange for carrier

9. “ISSUED IN EXCHANGE FOR” BOX-(9)

Insert the document number(s) of any ticket excluding check (digit), or MCO (Miscellaneous Charges

Order) against which the new ticket is being issued. In case of a PTA (Prepared Ticket Advice), insert the

document number of the accountable form against that which ticket is being issued.

9 “ORIGINAL ISSUE” BOX-(1O)

When a ticket is issued against another ticket or accountable document, the following entries shall be

made:

- When there is no entry in the ‘original issue’ box of the document being accepted, insert the document

number, the date and place of issue and agent’s, numeric code of the original document against which the

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new document is being issued. When there is an entry already shown in the Original issue” box on the

document being accepted, carry forward this information on the new ticket or document

11 “ENDORSEMENT/RESTRICTIONS” (CARBON) BOX-(11)

This box is used to enter special information relating to the use of the particular ticket or any coupon

thereof, such as:

- Endorsement of carriage rights by one carrier to another

- Endorsement of restrictions e.g. NON-REFUNDABLE, NON-ENDORSEMENT”

REFUNDABLE IN---ONLY etc.

- Fare subject to government approval etc.

12 “DATE AND PLACE OF ISSUE” BOX-(12)

The “date and place of issue” box must be completed either by ticket imprinter or a validator using

either a metal or plastic die with carrier’s/agents name, agents numeric code and date and place of issue.

Handwritten validation is not permitted. The validation must be within the frame of this box and all

details validation must be clear and legible on all coupons. Most airlines require the validation to be

initiated or signed by the person issuing the ticket. A ticket is not valid unless properly validated.

13. “ALLOWANCE” BOX (BAGGAGE)-(13)

The free baggage allowance is applicable to each segment of the journey. Enter applicable free baggage

allowance in Kilograms “Kg’ or “K “when the free

allowance is based on pieces, enter only ‘pc’ or leave blank.

When the fare used does not permit any free baggage allowance, e.g. infants tickets, invalidate the

“Allow” box by entering ‘No’, “NIL” or “XX”.

14 “NOT VALID BEFORE” AND “NOT VALID AFTER” BOXES-(14)

a. “NOT VALID BEFORE” BOXES: if the fare does not permit travel to be commenced or complete

before a certain date enter the applicable date(s) e.g. 13 Nov., in the not valid before box(es) of the

appropriate flight coupon(s).

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b. NOT VALID AFTER BOXES: Enter the expiring date eg 07 JAN., according to the fare charge in the

Not Valid After Box(es) of each coupon to which applies.

In case of conjunction tickets the expiry date must be entered on all tickets.

When a ticket has normal one year validity and is not issued in conjunction with or in exchange for

another ticket, no entry need be made.

15. “FROM “ AND “TO” BOXES UNDER “GOOD FOR PASSENGE” SECTION-(15)

Enter passenger’s itinerary by spelling out city names (do not use code),

- with origin city in the ‘from’ box

- With each succeeding stopover, connection or destination city in the ‘To’ box.

16 “FARE BASIS” BOX(ES)-(16)

The codes to be entered, give information regarding type of fare and category of passenger, class

entitlement, minimum and maximum validity, reservations entitlement, seasonality and days of travel.

The ‘fare basis’ code elements shall be combined in the same descending order as listed below:

- Prime code-e.g. first class, business class, economy class category

- Seasonal code-e.g. H-Height level of a fare having more than one seasoned level.

- Part of week code —W- weekend,; x-weekday.

- Part of day code e.g. N=night

Fare and passenger type code-eg AD-Agent; Ch child, EE-Excursion Fare level identified-e.g. 1-Highest

fare level; 2-second high’s are level; 3 third heights fare level etc.

17 “TOUR CODE” BOX (CONDITIONAL)-(17)

Enter tour code as follows in the Tour code box

-1 and -2 —BT or IT whichever is applicable

-3 last digit of year of approval of tour

-4 and 5 two character code of sponsoring airline which has approved the tour

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-6 digit 1,2 or 3 to indicate the conference area in which the tour approval has been given

-7 to 14-identify the specific tour.

18. RESERVATION DATE BOXES (CARRIER, FLIGHT/CLASS, DATE, TIME, STATUS,-(18)

Carrier box- the carrier on which space has been requested or the carrier selected by the passenger or

Purchaser.

Flight/class box- show flight number followed by applicable Reservation Booking Designator as follows;

R supersonic; f-first class; j-Business class; Y-economy class etc.

Date box- Enter two digit scheduled boarding date followed by a three-letter abbreviation for month e.g.

MAR.

Time box- indicate local flight departure time as published in carrier current schedules based on the 24

hours clock, or expressed as A/P/N/M for AM/PM/NOON/MIDNIGHT e.g. 0715 or 715 A; 1200 or 12N;

2400 or 12M.

Status box- show passenger’s reservation status at the time of ticket issuance as follows: OK-space

confirmed etc.

19 “PASSENGER TICKET AND BAGGAGE CHECK”- ISSUED BY BSP TICKET ONLY-(19)

Agent shall enter with plate carriers name and airlines three digit code.

20 “FROM/TO”, “CARRIER”, FARE CALCULATION BOX-(20)

All fare amounts shall be in NUC’s or in the same currency as that of the country of

commencement of international transportation.

21 AIRLINE DATA BOX-(21)

This box may also be entitled “Booking Reference”. Different carriers have their various instructions

with regard to airline Data. This varies from airline to airline.

22. BOOKING REFERENCE BOX (22)

For entries to be made in this box follow carrier’s instructions.

GUIDELINES ON HOW TO WRITE A TICKET

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1. WRITING: When completing a ticket, use a ticket imprinter, a write distinctly with a ballpoint pen,

pressing firmly. All entries must be in “BLOCK LETTERS”. Check all coupons for legibility and bear

in mind that a clean, clear and legible ticket (Legible down to passenger coupon) is not only your business

card but is a must for proper processing of the ticket including

2. Subsequent exchange. Every ticket is a security document and shall be issued and treated as such.

Erasures and write over are not allowed and render a ticket invalid.

3. DATES: Dates shall be composed of 2 numerics for days followed by the first 3 letters for months and

(unless otherwise specified) 2 numbers for years e.g. 05 JAN., 08.

4. CURRENCY CODES: Currency codes entered on tickets, where necessary, shall be those published

under IATA Currency Codes Rules.

5. INSERTION OF CHECK-IN TIMES: Whenever a ticket provide space for the insertion of check-in-

times, insert the following appropriately for all portions for which booking have been made or applied

for:

- Address in town of departure of airport bus service

- Airport check-in-time according to timetables of carriers involved. If a city served by more than one

airport enter the name of the airport of departure in connection with the airport check-in-time.

6. VALIDATION OF TICKETS: A ticket is not valid for transportation unless been properly validated.

7. FARE: The fare paid shall only be applicable when international travel actually commence in the

country of the point of origin shown on the ticket. If international travel actually commence in a different

country, the fare must be reassessed from such country.

8. TICKET DELIVERY: The issuing office will deliver the ticket to the passenger or the passenger’s

representative with all the flight coupons intact. Failure to comply with this will result in the issuing

office being responsible for any fare difference from the actual origin of travel.

The left hand side of the Automated Ticket and Boarding pass (ATB) is the flight coupon, the right hand

side is the boarding pass. The boarding pass is to be kept until the end of the entire journey.

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SITI= This is a situation where a ticket is sold inside and ticket issued inside the country of

commencement of international transport e.g. ticket sold in Nigeria for a trip to Dubai.

SITO This is a situation where a ticket is sold inside and ticket issued outside and ticketed outside the

country of commencement of international transportation eg ticket sold in Germany and issued in

new York for a journey from Chicago to Nigeria.

SOTI= This is a situation where a ticket is sold outside and ticket issued inside the country of

commencement of international transportation eg ticket sold in Abidjan and issued in Ghana for a journey

from Ghana to Nigeria

SOTO= This is a situation where a ticket is sold outside and ticketed outside the country of

commencement of international transportation e.g. ticket sold in Germany and issued in New York for a

journey from Chicago to Nigeria.

WEEK 6

PRACTICAL/EXERCISE

Teacher to guide students in the drawing of a specimen of an international ticket Including all the twenty

two boxes as explained in the lecture.

WEEK 7

5.0 UNDERSTAND THE IMPORTANCE AND USE OF TOUR GUIDE AND BROCHURES.

5.1 THE CONCEPT AND MEANING OF TOUR GUIDES.

A tour guide is a professional in the travel or tourism business who takes tourist out on tour to various places of interest and attraction. He knows where to go, how and by what means to go there. What is perhaps important is that the tour has to be well organised by the tour operation. It is, therefore, a total failure if there is breakdown on transport or anything that would temper with the tour.

Tour guides are, therefore, concerned with organizing travellers on tour. They are retained by tour operators for their expertise in general or specialist on either culture tourism, or physical attractions or on game reserves etc.

The supply of tour guides particularly, in developing countries, however, overstrips demand in developed countries. Many undertake guiding as a part-time occupations and some supplement their general guiding work as driver guide conducting individual tourist on excursion using their own private cars. What constitute a tour guide is carefully defined by Civil Aeronautics Board of the United state of

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America as who may sell it, who may buy it, the number of days it may last and the minimum grand package’. This simply means that before embarking on a tour operating firm, one should consider who is to sale the element of tour, who is to buy such element, what is the length of tour and how is the tour being organised. In Britain, for example, a family of one or two may go for a tour under the company of one or two guides who knows the route and facilities. Every movement is therefore explained by the tour guide most especially things that are strange to them e.g. physical attraction of mountains, hills and lakes as well as the history behind such attraction.

QUALITIES OF A TOUR GUIDE

Tour guide must be, administratively, capable to conduct the tourist round the destination area. An outgoing, warm personality with a clear voice, plenty of self confidence and ability to make the tour lively are essential qualities of the tour guide.

A tour guide need to be quick-thinking, imaginative and a self starter. This is very important aspect of a tour guide. For example a fully qualified tourist board registered guide is examined in walking tours, site guiding and coach/car guiding. Foreign languages are major assets, with a growing emphasis on English and French. These must be fluent, enabling the tour guide to talk with ease to his client. This is true because registered guides are individually tested by the tourist board.

A tourist board, therefore, has a guide training leading to registration. In Nigeria, for example, there is the Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation,(NTDC). This body is responsible for tour guide being tested with regards to current affairs and general background of cultural assets as well as the institutional and man-made assets of the country before being registered. The general concept behind this training is indepth local knowledge against the general background knowledge of the country with practical guiding skills on foot, site and coach/car.

Some tour guides work on coaches, some meet the flight at the airports and escort the groups to their local hotels in resorts; other accompany passengers from their places of origin to their destination areas.

Tour guides also direct their clients to their coaches, having ensured that their luggage is stored methodologically, between the airport and the resort. They render basic information about hotels and places to visit. At the hotel, they introduce their clients to the receptionist. Tour guides have great duties at the start of a trip. This includes sorting out minor problems with regards to ticket and luggage handing. On the first evening, the tour guide generally organised a welcome party so that his group world get to know him and everyone mixes with one another. He then uses that time to outline to them the itinerary for the rest of the holiday and different places to visit, particularly when his group is staying for more than one night in an area. Most of the tourists expect their guides to organize at least one unscheduled social activity. It is then up to the tour guide to decide on where to take the group for a fun evening. It often depends on the average age of the tourists.

Good tour guides never forget how important an unusual holiday is to their clients. They must be sympathetic and patient when dealing with complaints about food or hotel rooms.

A tour guide hardly stops giving advice on shopping, good night clubs or bars. This is an important aspect for effectively performance of his service to his clients. Although a tour guide is surrounded with people, he is working alone and so it is very important to be self-reliant. Apart from moving with tourists, tour guides must build up good relationship with hotel and restaurant staff and managers of tourist attractions.

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CATEGORIES OF TOUR GUIDES

There are different categories of tour guides. Some employed by the tour operators, others employed by a carrier and others with a game reserve and many others with either their state tourism board or the Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation (NTDC). The following categories can be identified.

1. Tour guide with the resort areas.

2. Tour guide with wildlife game reserve.

3. Tour with the state tourism organization.

1. TOUR GUIDE WITHIN THE RESORT AREAS

Resort guides are responsible for looking after holiday makers from the time they arrive, at the airport or hotel until the time they leave. When group arrived at their destination in the early hours of the morning, the guides may be as tired and weary. As they are, because they worked far most of the day as well. But they must shepherd their client safely and quickly to their accommodation. Depending on their arrival. Resort guide welcome their clients at small parties to make sure they understand how the resort is run, where to change travellers cheque and local customs in bars and restaurant. Job satisfaction comes from making client’s holiday run smoothly. The guide aims is to avoid problems, but most weeks at least one client will get into difficulties and need special help. A times holiday makers may have their money stolen or lose their passports. This means developing good relationships with the Nigerian communities and with the Nigeria consulate or its representative. Most of these resort guides have to be courteous and helpful even with the awkward client when planes are delayed through strikes, harmattan or engineering problems. Guides will have his client upset because they cannot keep important business engagement.

Therefore a resort guide may have to return them to their hotels or organize free meal for them.

These types of guides work with the tourist resort while others live in flats and generally are expected to wear uniform

2. TOUR GUIDE WITHIN WILDLIFE GAME RESERVE

This type of tour guide is known as game guide. Working in a game reserve as a game guide means battling the need of the arrival against visitor’s value for money. Game reserve staff are very aware that they are competing for visitors with other attractions which keeps collections of bird and animals. To improve their profitability and increase in conservation, some reserve use funds from the sales of souvenirs as their breeding and conservation programmes.

Games guides, therefore, need to know the routes available within the reserve, as well as the peak period necessary for game viewing. Guides need to know a good deal about the care and viewing of animals. Guides need to know a good deal about the care and habits of animals present within the reserve For example, guides need to know the habit of pregnant animals e.g. Lioness.

This, therefore, involves making sure that the tourists are properly taken round the reserve so as to prevent them from being attacked by these animals present within the reserve. This clearly indicates that a game guide is trained to handle excursion in a game reserve. He is therefore a specialist in the types of animals within the reserve he is working.

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He knows not only the types of animals available, but also where and when they can be located in the reserve. This include their reaction towards people and what precaution to take when such occurs. He knows the entire track available in the reserve and the numbers that are identified along each track.

The game guide with the wildlife has been trained to take tourist on wildlife safaris and therefore, he must be able to communicate with different types of tourist.

3. TOUR GUIDE WITHIN STATE TOURISM ORGANISATION

The tourist guide working with a state tourism organization such as state tourism board is to be trained or knowledgeable about all tourist destinations and attractions within his state or place of work.

He knows where such attractions are available from natural to man-made (Historical and cultural). He also knows some good information about them which he tells the tourists as he leads them on excursion to such places.

He is aware of the route and convenient modes of transportation used. He knows when tourist activities in the state area holds in terms of times and seasons. He can, therefore, be seen as having a general education or knowledge on his environment

5.2 TOUR BROCHURE

When an information necessary for a smooth journey or visit is compiled and sketched out in a such way that it can help to give detailed itinerary point of interest to the tourists or a guest, such a book or pamphlet is referred to as a

The tour brochure constitutes one of the most important marketing tools of a Tour operator. It has to be noted that the Tourist product is an intangible product which the potential tourist purchase without inspection and often in the basis of inadequate knowledge of the destination. Therefore, the Tour brochure becomes the pamphlet which serves as a means of informing the potential tourist about the product and persuading him to purchase it.

In Nigeria, for example, one of the contributions of the Nigeria Tourism development corporation to tourism development and promotion is the production of promotional Brochure which it sells to the potential tourist. This brochure is titled summer holidays in Nigeria. As the name implies the brochure is concerned with attracting thousands of foreign tourist to Nigeria every summer from all countries of the world. The brochure, therefore, is an important information booklet.

The tour brochure must, therefore, give tourist fantasies about the tour or holiday. The brochure most not however, be misleading either by exaggeration or mis-information about some aspects of the holiday. Typical brochure should contain the following detailed information.

1. The name of the firm/organization.

2. The means of transport used including the use of air carrier, the name of the carrier, types of classes, whether scheduled or charter aircraft.

3. Full details of each destination’s itinerary, type of travel etc.

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4. The duration of each tour (number of days).

5. Full description of the location and types of accommodation provided.

6. A clear indication of the price of each tour with any extra charges clearly shown.

7. Details of any optional or compulsory insurance coverage.

8. Details of documents required for travel to the destination e.g. passport, visa, yellow card, currency exchange etc.

WEEK 7

PRACTICAL/EXERCISETeacher should guide students in the identification of what is needed in the design of a tour brochure for the locality where the college is located.Guidelines

a. Divide student in group of maximum four. b. Guide students group in the identification of key components of a tour brochure. c. Student to identify key locality characteristics which should be included in the tour brochure of

the locality where the college Is located. VISITOrganize a visit to the hotel industry and show students different types of hotel accommodation.

WEEK 8

6.0 UNDERSTAND THE USE OF INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL DOCUMENTS

6.1 VARIOUS TRAVEL DOCUMENTS/REQUIREMENTS.International travel documents or requirements are those materials or things expected to be in the possession of an intending traveler outside his own normal country of residence.These document and materials are so needed due to the following reasons.i. Variation in climatic conditions.ii. Political reason.iii. Setting up of standards of tourist traveling on an international trip by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO).6.1 Document required by an intending traveling or tourist leaving his country to another include the following:i. Passport.ii. Visa.iii. Health certificate (yellow card).iv. Basic Travel Allowance (BTA).A. PASSPORT

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A passport is an official document issued by a competent public authority to nationals or to aliens (i.e. foreigners) of the issuing country. A valid passport is recognized worldwide as the most suitable national document in possession of citizens of such countries of issuance. Passengers must hold a passport valid for all countries to or via such when they travel, unless they pass through a country without leaving the airport. Some counties do not allow this in which case it is to be stated inside the passport with regards to the country that is concerned.There are different categories of passports.i. Normal passport.ii. Alien passports.iii. Children’s passport.iv. Diplomatic passport/Government officials.v. International Red Cross passport.vi. Joint or family passport.vii. Economic Community of West Africa State (ECOWAS).A passport is very important before one travel out due to the number of things demanded. These are:I. passport photograph(s) of intending traveller or Tourist. ii. Some amount of money (official fees) to be dully paid in cash or through bank draft. A letter from the organization where the intending traveler or tourist works or from parents or guardians, this is to introduce and recommend the traveller or Tourist based on requirements stated on the form and letter format. The availability of these will ease the issuance of passports to intending traveler/Tourist to a particular country.Passports are issued by designated officials of the Ministry of internal Affairs, Immigration Department. This is where forms are first purchased from the passport office. The form is then filled and accompanied with a handwritten application. A passport includes vital information such as:I. Nameii. Sexiii. Colour of eyes.iv. Marital status. v. Weight vi. Occupation. vii. Nationality viii. Height ix. Complexionx. Citizenship certificate, birth certificate or age declaration.xi. Signatory of the recipient place of work All these information are subject to some scrutinizing to ascertain the genuineness and correctness of information give. This is very important particularly to avoid the issuance of passport to wanted persons. Validity of passport is said to be the period under which a given passport may be valid i.e. it’s been used, useful or authentic within a given period of time by the person in possession of it. This ranges from 5

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years to 10 years period depending on the country concerned. During this period, the passport is valid for an unlimited number of journeys for all countries of the owner’s choice. Passports, therefore, are important because of the following reasons.i. They serve as security documents given by the government of a particular country on the person concerned. ii. It eases identification of such a traveller where ever he/ she is on the earth surface. iii. It aids the granting of security/protection of his/her countries embassy abroad.B. VISA This is an entry in a passport, stamped and signed by officials of a country’s government indicating that the bearer has been granted permission / authority to enter or re-enter the country concerned. A transit visa or a visa or exemption for a country does not guarantee admission to that country, the final decision on such rests solely with the authorities concerned at point of entry to the country concerned where thorough and careful checking is made. Some of the things to be checked include:1. The country of destination 2. The country of departure (retuning to this country).Passengers traveling in transit through a country must be able to prove that they will continue their journey within the specified time or period stated. Tourist Visa is issued to an intending traveller who has confirmation of reservation, ticket bought for the journey (including return). This also include amount of money the tourist has by asking him/her sources of income, tax clearance, documentary evidence of financial status, a security or any other guarantee of repatriation of the person concerned except where justified for specific reasons. In addition, a co-odination of good conduct as well as guarantee of coming back are important materials. All these are certified, the official stamp of that country to be visited will be appended on the passport to show that such a person has been granted permission to visit the country. Certain amount of money is paid as fees for this documentation.Types of visa include the following i. Transit Visa ii. Single journey Visa iii. Multiple journey Visa.iv. Diplomatic Visa v. Gratis courtesy visa (e.g. courtesy visit).Visa is obtained through application and competition of form. Fulfilling Some pre-condition that include; i. Application forms.ii. One passport size photograph iii. Return ticketiv. Current passport valid for at least six months. v. Supporting letter from applicant’s firm/ guidance vi. Letter of application. vii. Letter of invitation from the country off a tourist/intending traveler’s state or country or origin.viii. Evidence of money to maintain oneself.These documents are scrutinized and sent abroad to destination for approval if necessary.

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Normally this takes times before such clearance are given out. If the destination country grants such request, then the official stamp of such country will be appended on the passport on the passport of the tourist/intending traveler.C. YELLOW CARD/HEALTH CERTIFICATEThis is a card consisting of entries of vaccination done by the tourist to ascertain his/her health condition on some deadly diseases such as yellow fever, small pox, cholera, celebro spinal meningitis (CSM), tetanus etc. for anyone entering or leaving a country. The card consists of columns for each of the disease listed above. After which a certificate of vaccination is issued.D. BASIC TRAVELING ALLOWANCE (BTA)Basic traveling allowance is the money allowed by law to be carried abroad by a tourist/person traveling abroad. The amount is subject to change and there exist variation from one country to another. It is used by the government to discourage traveling abroad. Basic traveling allowance is usually issued by Banks within the given county under the directives of Central Bank of Nigeria (in the case of Nigeria). The traveler’s Cheque is normally issued by a financial institution to the traveler in place of case which may constitute a security risk on him.All these documents are important to the traveler and country or counties of destination and departure in the following ways.i. Provide handy security information of individuals.ii. Provide or make the availability of safety protection to be guaranteed to the individual and countries of destination from an unwanted elements etc.iii. For the tourist easy identification no matter where he/she must have traveled to from the point of departure.iv. It makes for orderliness of particular international travel and allowances for reasonable control measure on either points of departure and destination.v. It allows reasonable degree of adjustment to the travel of his new place physically, socially and otherwise.6.2 CUSTOM REGULATION Custom regulations include information on prohibited article or items which are usually spelt out under the advice of international passengers on limitation of liabilities, limited of a restricted part of the ticket. But if it is commercially inclined, it is subject to necessary tariff.Some of these articles will be carried free.i. A lady’s handbag or pocket book or purseii. An overcoat, wrap or blanket.iii. Small camera and/or a pair of binoculars.iv. A reasonable amount of reading material for the fight.v. Infant food for consumption in the fight and infants carrying basket.vi. An umbrella or walking stick.vii. A fully collapsible invalids wheel chair and/or pair of crutches provided that the passenger is dependent upon them.Some of the items that are allowed free import by the custom authority in Nigeria by passengers of eighteen years and above include the following.

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I. 200 grams of Tobacco or 50 medium-size cigarette of foreign manufacture and if more is imported, duties are imposed.ii. One litre of spirit.iii. One litre of wine.iv. Perfume and perfume spirit.v. Gift items valued up to 500 Nigeria currency including jewelry, electronic and luxury goods etc.vi. Some reasonable amount of currencyPresently in Nigeria under the democratic era, one can import into the country up to 2 million Nigerian Naira. But anything in excess of that, the Central Bank of Nigeria shas to be directly involved for control and security purpose.

WEEK 8PRACTICAL/VISIT

VISITOrganize a visit to Nigerian Immigration Service (Passport office) and show students the various types of passports.

WEEK 9

7.0 KNOW THE STATUTORY BODIES REGULATING AIRLINE AND TRAVEL AGENCIES IN NIGERIA.

7.1 NIGERIAN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (NTDC).There are three levels of official bodies responsible for tourism matter in the country. There is a reflection of the 3 tiers of government in the country, where we have the Federal, State and Local governments, we therefore have the Nigeria Tourism Development Corporation (N.T.D.C), the State Tourism Boards (STBs) and local government tourism committee (LGTCs) at Federal, State and Local Government levels respectively.STATUTORY RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE 3 BODIESNIGERIA TOURISM DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION: This is an aggressive and commercially oriented national tourism corporation with responsibility to promote market throughout the publication of handbooks, general guidelines for the operation of the industry and is to collaborate with the private sector as well as other tiers of Government in implementing policy directives and tourism projects.The responsibilities include the following:-i. To make inventory of the country’s tourism resources.ii. To focus the development and promotion of the industry.iii. To lies with the state on matters affecting tourism and give necessary advice.iv. To work hand in hand with other Federal Government bodies and parastatals related to tourism such as immigration, custom, police, etc so as to provide the necessary security and conductive atmosphere for tourist coming into the country from aboard.v. To advice the Federal Government about the development of the resources identified.vi. To provide the country’s tourism industry abroad.vii. To enhance and develop the necessary facilities and amenities that will enable tourists visiting the country.

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viii. To undertake research in the field of tourism.ix. To provide advisory and information services about tourism in the country.x. To register, classify and grade all hospitality and tourism enterprise, traveling agencies and tour operators. xi. Assist in the development of museums and historic sites, parks game reserves, beaches natural beauty spots, holiday resorts and souvenir industries. FUNCTIONS:-i. To encourage people living in Nigeria to take their holidays and those from abroad to visit Nigeria. ii. To encourage the provision and improvement of tourism amenities and facilities as and facilities in Nigeria including the development of hotels and ancillary facilities.ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTUREThe NTDC is a parastatal under the federal ministry of commerce and tourism. It has a 13 member governing beard comprising representatives from relevant public and private agencies with an executive Director as the chief executive.It has 5 operational department namely personnel management, finance and supplies, planning research and statistics. Hospitality and travel trade and lastly marketing and promotions. Each department is headed by a director. There are internal protocol and secretariat/legal units under the offices of the executive director. To facilitate the growth of grass – root tourism, the corporation adopted a decentralized system of administration through the creation of zonal offices at Bauchi, Calabar, Kane and Lagos, each headed by a zonal coordinatorSTATE TOURIST BOARDS: The state tourism board came into existence when the Nigerian Tourist Board was established under decree No. 54 of 1976. At that time they were known as tourism committee which later gave birth to different names depending on the states. Some sadled and still do refer to theirs as tourism board, corporations or tourism and hotel management boards, while still call theirs committees. Whatever the name, their functions remain the same. By the provision of the national tourism development policy launched in June, 1990 all of these state organizations are to be transformed into state tourist boards. They are to identify, preserve, protect and develop tourism assists and resources within the states. They are also to co ordinate the activities of tourism agencies in the states.FUNCTIONS:-i. To assist the NTDC in total implementation of decrees No 81 of 1992.l.ii. To revetment to the NTDC measures as may be necessary in the opinion of the board to enable full implementation of the provisions of the decree.iii. In consultation with the NTDC to advice and carry out schemes aimed at encouraging Nigerians to visit the state and to identify, preserve, protect and develop tourism assets and resources. iv. To co-ordinate the activities of tourism agencies and to perform such other functions may be assigned to by the NTDC. RESPONSIBILITIES:-i. Identification, location of all tourist resources or attractions in the state. ii. Carry out research on identified attractions and liase with the NTDC.iii. Implement all decision taken by the NTDC at the state levels and advice NTDC accordingly.

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iv. Develop attractions identified within the state with assistance from the NTDC. v. Advice their state governments on tourism issues concerning the state.vi. Create awareness through publication, post cards, posters, artworks etc.vii. collaboration with the NTDC, register, grade and classify hotels, motels, inns etc in their state.LOCAL GOVERNMENT TOURISM COMMITTERS:-Established to locate and identify potential tourist attractions in the areas. They are also to serve as information centers and provide tourist guides. They are also to preserve and maintain monuments and museums in their areas of jurisdiction.FUNCTIONS:-i. To assist and advice the NTDC on the implementation of decree 81 of 1992ii. To recommend of the committals to enable full effect to be given to the provision of the decree.iii. In consultation with NTDC device and carry out schemes aimed at encouraging Nigerians to visit the local government areas.iv. In consultation with NTDC carry on any under tasting necessary for the promotion and development of a tourist industry in the local government. v. To perform such function as may be assigned by the NTDC. vi. Promoting and sustain communal interest in tourism. vii. Preserving and maintaining monuments and unsure in the areas of jurisdiction.ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF THE NIGERIAN TOURISM DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

KEYM&P: Marketing and promotion dept. PR&S: Planning, research and statistics dept H&TT: Hospitality and travel trade dept.

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NIHOTOURS: National institute for hotels and tourism studies WEEK 9

PRACTICAL/EXERCISETeacher to organize a visit by a representative of the National/State/Local Tourism Board and shows students the different sections.

WEEK 10

8.0 KNOW HOW TO LOCATE CITIES IN THE WORLD AND THE VARIOUS CURRENCIES

8.1 IATA GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS.There are three (3) IATA traffic geographical areas. They are:1. Western Hemisphere2. Europe, Africa and the Middle East3. Asia and AustraliaThere geographical areas are numbered in numeric order. Each traffic geographical area covers a number of areas. The IATA traffic geographical areas are in affect an important adjunct to government. Also, the rules which IATA formulate concerning these traffic geographical areas must be approved by the government concerned. IATA traffic geographical areas came in after each government decides individually what air carriers are going to serve their areas.IATA traffic geographical areas are further divided into smaller sub areas or regions depending on the fare or rules used. For instance the following main sub areas may be found.TC 1- North Atlantic area -- Mid Atlantic area -- South Atlantic areaTC 2- Africa- Europe- Middle EastTC 3- Asia- AustraliaIn the IATA context, those terms have a meaning that differs slightly from traditional, geographical definitions. Thus, the IATA sub area known as Europe not only comprises geographical Europe, but also include the following countries and Island- Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Azores, Madera and canary island- the ancient part of Turkey.

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Similarly, Cyprus, Egypt and Sudan are included in the IATA sub area known as the Middle East. IATA traffic geographical area 1 is sometimes referred to as the Western Hemisphere; whereas areas 2 and 3 together constitute the eastern Hemisphere. IATA has found it convenient to divide the world into 3 traffic geographical areas. It takes account of different economy, social and business conditions and practices in the various parts of the world. These areas are known as TC 1, TC 2, and TC 3, comprises the following territories.TRAFFIC GEOGRAPHICAL AREA 1-TC 1This comprises all the North and South American continent and the adjacent Islands.- Central America- Greenland- Bermuda- The West Indies and the Island- The Hawaii Island (including midway and Painyra).TRAFFIC GEOGRAPHICAL AREA 2 – TC 2This comprises the whole of Europe including that part of the U.S.S.R in Europe and the adjacent Islands.- Iceland- Anzores- All of Africa and adjacent Island- That part of Asia Lying West and including Iran.TRAFFIC GEOGRAPHICAL AREA 3 – TC 3Comprises of Asia, East of Iran and the adjacent Islands (except that portion not included in area 2).- East Indies- Austria and New Zealand- Island of the Pacific Ocean not included in Tc 1THE THREE (3) IATA LETTER CITY CODETC1 CITY CODE

NEW YOR NYCMONTREAL YULSANFRANCSCO SFOWASHINGTON DC WASCHICAGO CHILOS-ANGELES LASOLAHOMA OKLRIO-DE JENIRO RIOLIMA LIMMIAMI MIABOSTON BOSPHILADELPHIA PHLHOUSTON HOUDETROIT DETHONOLULU HLL

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LAS VEGAS LAX

TC 2 CITY CODEABUJA ABVNAIROBI ABOALGIERS ALGMADRID MADAMMAN AMMBRUSSEL BRVCAIRO CAIOSLO OSLPARIS PARAMSTERDAM AMSRIYYADH RUHTEL-AVIV TLVZURICH ZRHJEDDA JEDLONDON LON

TC 3 CITY CODEBANGKOK BKKBOMBAY BOMPERKINS PEKSEOUN SELTURKEY TKYDELHI DELSYDNEY SYECALCULTA CCUMOSCOW MOWHOND KONG HKG

WEEK 10PRACTICAL/EXERCISE

With the aid of a world map, identify the three IATA geographical areas.

WEEK 11

8.0 CURRENCY CODES.Currency is the money in use in a particular area, being widely used or known.The following table includes the most up to date set of currencies existing in the world.COUNTRY CURRENCY CODEAfghanistan AFA

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Albani AllAlgeria DZDAmerican Samoa USDAndori EURAngola AOAAnguilla XCDAntigua and Barbuda XCDArgentina ARSArmenia AMDAruba AWGAustralia AUDAustria EURAzerbaijan AZMBahrain BHDBangladesh BDTBarbados BBDBelarus BYB/BYRBelgium EURBelize BZDBenin XOFBermuda BMDBhutan BTN; INRBolivia BOBBosnia and Herzegovina BAMBotswana BWPBrazil BRLBritish Virgin Island USDBrunei BNDBulgaria BNGBurkina Faso XOFBurma MMKBurundi BIFCambodia KHRCameroon XAFCanada CADCape Verde CVECayman Islands KYDCentral African Repuplic XAFChad XAF

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Chile CLPChina CNYCocos (Keeling Island AUDColombia COPComoros, KMFCongo, Democratic Republic of the CDFCongo, Republic of the XAFCook Islands NZDCosta Rica CRCCote d’Ivoire XOFCroatia HRKCuba CUPCyprus CYP; TRLCzech Republic CZKDenmark DKKDjibouti DJFDominica XCDDominican Republic DOPEast Timor IDREcuador USDEgypt EGPEl Salvador USDEquatorial Guinea XAFEritrea ERNEstonia EEKEthiopia ETBFalklands Islands (Islas Malvinas) FKPFaroe Island DKKFinland EURFrance EURFrench Guiana EUR; FRFFrench Polynesia XPFGabon XAFGambia, The GMDGaza Strip ILSGeorgia GELGermany EURGhana GHCGibraltar GIP

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Greece EURGreenland DKKGrenada XCDGuadeloupe EUR; FRFGuam USDGuatemala GTQ; USDGuernsey GBPGuinea GNFGuinea-Bissau XOF; GWPGuyana GYDHaiti HTGHoly See (Vatican City) EURHonduras HNLHong Kong HKDHungary HUFIceland ISKIndia INRIndonesia IDRIran IRRIraq IQDIreland EURIsrael ILSItaly EURJamaica JMDJapan JPYJersey GBPJordan JODKazakhstan KZTKenya KESKiribati AUDKorea, North KPWKorea, South KRWKuwait KWDKyrgyzstan KGSLaos LAKLatvia LVLLebanon LBPLesotho LSL; ZARLiberia LRD

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Libya LYDLiechtenstein CHFLithuania LTLLuxembourg EURMacau MOPMacedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of MKDMadagascar MGFMalawi MWKMalaysia MYRMaldives MVRMali XOFMalta MTLMan, Isle of GBPMarshall Islands USDMartinique EURMauritania MROMauritius MURMayetta EURMexico MXNMicronesia, Federated States of USDMoldova MDLMonaco EURMongolia MNTMontserrat XCDMorocco MADMozambique MZNNamibia NAD; ZARNauru AUDNepal NPRNetherlands Antilles ANGNew Caledonia XPFNew Zealand NZDNicaragua NIONiger XOFNigeria NGNNiue NZDNorfolk Island AUDNorthern Mariana USDNorway NOK

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Oman OMRPakistan PKRPalau USDPanama PAB; USDPapua New Guinea PGKParaguay PYGPeru PENPhilippines PHPPitcairn Islands NZDPoland PLNPortugal EURPuerto Rico USDQatar QARReunion EURRomania ROLRussia RURRwanda RWFSaint Halena SHPSaint Kitts and Nevis XCDSaint Pierre and Miquelon EURSaint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa WSTSan Marino EURSao Tome and Principe STDSaudi Arabia SARSenegal XOFSerbia and Montenegro YUMSeychelles SCRSierra Leone SLLSingapore SGDSlovakia SKKSlovenia SITSolomon Islands SBDSomalia SOSSouth Africa ZARSpain EURSri Lanka LKRSudan SDDSuriname SRGSvalbard NOK

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Swaziland SZLSweden SEKSwitzerland CHFSyria SYPTaiwan TWDTajikistan TJSTanzania TZSThailand THBTogo XOFTokelau NZDTonga TOPTrinidad and Tobago TTDTunisia TNDTurkey TRLTurkmenistan TMMTurks and Caicos Islands USDTuvalu AUDUganda UGXUkraine UAHUnited Arab Emirates AEDUnited Kingdom GBPUnited States USDUruguay UYUUzbekistan UZSVanuatu VUVVenezuela VEBVietnam VNDVirgin Islands USDWallis and Futuna XPFWest Bank ILS; JODWestern Sahara MADYemen YERZambia ZMKZimbabwe ZWDCURRENCIES EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND NIGERIA NB: 1 USD = NGN N

132 (this is variable)UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (USD) NIGERIA (NGN)1 1322 264

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3 3964 5285 6606 7927 9248 10569 118810 132011 145212 158413 171614 184815 198016 211217 224418 237619 250820 264021 277222 290423 303624 316825 330026 343227 356428 369629 382830 396031 409232 422433 435634 448835 462035 475236 475237 488438 501639 514840 5280

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41 541242 554443 567644 580845 594046 607247 620448 633649 646850 660051 673252 686453 699654 712855 726056 739257 752458 765659 778860 792061 805262 818463 831664 844865 858066 871267 884468 897669 910870 924071 937272 940473 963674 976875 990076 1003277 1016478 1029679 10428

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80 1056081 1069282 1082483 1095684 1108885 1122086 1135287 1148488 1161689 1174890 1188091 1201292 1214493 1227694 1240895 1254096 1267297 1280498 1293699 13068100 13200

WEEK 11PRACTICAL/EXERCISE

Organize a trip to the Bank and show students some currency denominations, e.g. Naira, Dollars, Pounds, and Yen etc.Teacher to guide students in calculating the exchange rate of ten of the listed currency into Naira.

WEEK 12

9.0 UNDERSTAND THE PRINCIPLES OF ITINERARY PLANNING

9.1 THE MEANING OF TOURIST ITINERARY.

A Tourist itinerary is a composition of a series of operations that are a result of the study of the market.

This simply means that an itinerary is a plan or list of the places that a tourist will be visiting while on a

journey.

Itinerary planning, therefore, is the overall arrangement of the entire elements associated with the

tourist travel. This is normally done by the Travel Agent.

GUIDELINES IN ITINERARY PLANNING

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In order to produce itineraries the travel agent needs to know:

The time and place of departure

The distance to be travelled

The speed at which the journey will take place or the scheduled time of the chosen transport.

Places to be visited

Overnight stops where appropriate

The desired time and place of destination.

Travel destinations

Aberdeen Aberdeen

Birmingham 420 Birmingham

Cambridge 471 100 Cambridge

Dover 588 182 125 Dover

Exeter 569 162 249 242 Exeter

Glasgow 142 287 350 480 245 Glasgow

Hull 364 124 123 256 309 245 Hull

Leicester 412 39 68 169 191 299 102 Leicester

Manchester 329 79 154 276 235 211 93 87 Manchester

Oxford 483 64 80 141 156 350 192 69 142 Oxford

Perth 81 329 371 484 44 61 265 322 254 390 Perth

York 319 127 151 282 289 207 3 103 64 172 York

London 517 110 54 72 181 392 184 98 184 57 417 207

Distance

Maps and charts are used to find out the distances between places. The time taken to cover the distance

will then depend on the speed at which the person is travelling. When calculating the times involved for

a journey the travel agent should estimate the distance, estimate the average speed, divide the distance

by the average speed, remembering that if using a calculators, and numbers after the point should be

multiplied by 6 to convert them to minutes suggest a break in the journey every two hours or every 100

miles, whichever is more convenient. To find the appropriate distance, Find the place the client is

leaving down the left hand side. Find the destination on the slope, Use a ruler to travel across the line

from left hand name to directly under the destination name. The number reached is the distance

between the two places. For example, to find the distance from Manchester to Hull Locate Manchester

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down the left hand side Move across reading the number 329,79,154,276,235,211 Stop under Hull,

where the distance reads 93.

Some charts give the distances in kilometers and some give both kilometers and miles. It is useful to

remember that eight kilometers are equal to five miles. If a client has four kilometers to be changed to

miles, this can be done by multiplying by 5/8.

Setting out an itinerary

In setting out an itinerary the guidelines shown on the next page should be followed. Similar guidelines

should be followed for itineraries abroad although care should be taken with local times hence different

times zones are crossed, as described below.

Timetables and the 24-hour clock

Most timetables use the 24-hours clock, but many clients use the 12-hours clock in everyday use so the

travel agent should be prepared if requested to convert times for a week.

Itineraries always show LOCAL TIMES

Day 1

Time depart from AAA

Time coffee stop at BBB for 15 minutes

Tel visits will be arranged to

* ddd castle

* the new shopping centre

Day 2

Time depart from CCC

Time coffee stop at DDD

Time arrive at EEE

Etc.

Client, For example the travel agent may be asked to plan an itinerary for a senior citizen who is

traveling to London to meet her son for a holiday abroad together. However, she has difficulty in

understanding the British Rail timetable which says.

Birmingham New Streets d.22:15 London Euston a.00.18

The travel agent should explain that the train will leave Birmingham New Street station at a quarter past

ten at night and will arrive in London just before twenty minutes past midnight, the journey taking about

two hours.

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It should be noted that midnight or 00.00 never appears on timetables. This is because it is not precise

enough since there could be confusion as to which day is being used when the time is given in isolation

from the rest of the timetable. If it is necessary to show midnight, it will be shown as 23.59 or 00.01.

On international air routes, taking into account time zones, it is possible to arrive the previous calendar

day or up to three days later than the date of departure. The internationally recognized symbols for

these time differences area

for arrival on the previous day

for arrival the following day

for arrival on the third day

for arrival on the fourth day.

International timetables use numbers for the days of the week so that

1 = Monday, 2 = Tuesday, etc

and so,

1.3.6 Indicates a service on Mondays, Wednesday, and Saturdays

The number of stops during an international flight is indicated by numbers which appear in the

right hand column of timetables.

0 means a non-stop flight

1 means one stop, 2 means two stops., etc

M indicates more than eight stops.

Each major city and airport around the world has a three letter code which identifies it uniquely for air

at travel. Some codes are easily recognizable such as LPL for Liverpool or travel destinations.

AMS for Amsterdam but others seem to bear no relation to the actual name. Examples of these are the

Canadian cities of Vancouver and Montreal which are YVR and YUL and O” Hare airport in Chicago., USA

which is ORD. A list of all city and airport codes can be found in the ABC World Airways Guides.

Time differences

Greenwich Mean Time

To measure the passage of time people used to use sundials which marked the time according to the

position of the sun in the sky. This measurement is a continually changing scale according to where you

are in earth. For instance, the sundial time in London is about ten minutes ahead of the time in Bristol

and five minutes behind the time in Norwich. Nowadays were quire times to be standardized over a

particular area. Various types of clocks are used to measure time and these use the average of the

sundial days throughout the year. The time used by clocks is called mean time.

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In 1884 an international agreement was reached to use Greenwich in London as at base time for all

times around the world. From the on, each area of the world took a time which was so many hours

behind or ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). For example, Chicago time is six hours behind

Greenwich Mean Time and we refer to the rime in Chicago as GMT-6. Hong Kong is an GMT + because it

is eight hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time.

The term GMT was replaced in 1979 by Universal Time Co-ordinate (UTC) although the times are the

same and it is still known as GMT in the UK and USA. UTC is used throughout the world for marine and

airline navigation.

Time Zones

Time zones, which indicate the number of hours behind or ahead of GMT, are worked out according to

the distance from London. The lines of longitude of the world join at the north and south poles, forming

360o around the point of the pole. The earth travels around the sun at the rate of one turn in every 24

hours. If we divide 360 by 24 we get 15. Therefore, every 15o longitude is used as a basis for time zones

indicating hourly time changes throughout a 24 hour period around the world.

Some lines have been changed to accommodate the countries over which they pass. The Republic of

Ireland, for example, should strictly speaking have two time zones but it is easier for the country to

adopt only one time zone. Some countries such as the USA and Australia are so large that they need

more than one time zone. Figure 5.9 shows the tem zones as agreed around the world.

Greenwich Mean Time is on the 0o line of longitude; on the other side of the world there is the half-way

point or the 180o line of longitude. This line bends and twists so that it does not pass over any country,

because on the 180o line the date changes and it is known as the International Date Line. For example,

the Fiji Islands (GMT + 12) are west of the International Date Line but the Samoan Islands (GMT11) are

to the east. When it is 3 pm on Tuesday in the Fiji Islands it is still 4 pm on Monday in the Samoan

islands, even though the distance between the groups of islands is no more than 800 miles.

International time calculators such as that published in the ABC World Airways Guide make the

calculation of time changes a little easier. For example, for the above time changes for Fiji and Samoan.

International Journey Times

When calculating journey times across the world, time zone changes must be taken into account

because timetables are always given in local time. For example if a ferry leaves England during August at

11/30 and arrives in France at17.35 the following calculation needs to be done to calculate the journey

time. Assume that England is GMT +1 and France is MGT +2.

Ferry arrives at 17.35 in France (GMT+2)

6115.35

GMT is (17.35 minus 2 hours)

Ferry departed at 11.30 from England (GMT+1)

GMT is (11.30 minus 1 hour)

The journey time is 15.35

Minus 10.30

5 hours and 5 minutes

In doing such calculations always work with both times in GMT.

WEEK 12

PRACTICAL/EXERCISE

Teacher to guide students in the identification of time zones.

Guidelines

Teacher to provide student with a map of the world including the different time zone and guide them in

the calculation of the difference between time in different continent and countries ( i.e. Asia vs. Africa ).

WEEK 13

9.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ITINERARY.Some of the basic principles of itinerary planning are to identify key characteristics of the client who will give guidelines to the travel operators what his/her are. The client would have to specify whether he/she is traveling for leisure or business, the level of service he/she will require, the number of people which are traveling etc. 1. Visit the Places that are of Interest to the customer: be interested in where you’re going and visit a city because they want to, not because you should Backpacking isn’t bunch of photo ops, but rather an enjoyable and enriching experience.2. Identify an adequate route: If you are flying in and out of the same city, create an itinerary in a circular pattern so you don’t waste time Travel fatigue can set in quickly, especially if you have to backtrack.3. Develop your itinerary in group of 3 days; this will enable you to build a longer itinerary based on the modules of 3 days identifiers. It’s almost a guarantee that your fist itinerary will include too many places in too little time. You will not be able to see all of Europe in two months, and if you try, you won’t enjoy yourself. Make sure spend at least three or four days in major cities and tae into account the time you arrive and the time you leave. If you don’t you will be exhausted and unsatisfied.4. Flying is not always the best solution to transportation: Flying from city isn’t as quick as you may think. Most budget airlines fly to and from airports that are a long distance from the city center-a few

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10.30

hours in some cases. On top of that, there are the liens at security, luggage, and the possibility of delays. Take all of this into account.5. Be prepared for change: It’s inevitable, so don’t feel guilty if you veer off course. Leave room in you itinerary for the unexpected, especially if you’re traveling solo. You may fall in love with a city and want stay there for just a few more days, or hate it and want to leave after two, be prepared by giving yourself flexibility, time, and breathing room.6. Small Cities = Big Culture: Research the villages and towns that so often fall under the radar. These places are treasures that will give you a chance to meet the local, experience the culture, and make a break from the exhausting hustle and bustles of the cities.

WEEK 13PRACTICAL/EXERCISE

Teacher to guide students in the identification of villages around the locality of the college. Teacher to provide a map information about local culture. Students to discuss which should be included in an itinerary.

WEEK 14

10.0 KNOW THE VARIOUS BODIES INVOLVED IN AIRLINE AND TRAVEL AGENCIES OPERATOR IN NIGERIA.

10.1 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF NIGERIAN TRAVEL AGENTS (NANTA)

A – NANTA: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF NANTA

The NANTA is a non-government, democratic organization formed on June 16 th 1984 at the

Tafawa Balewa Square Lagos by individual travel agencies in Nigeria to protect the interest of

their professional. The association which was formerly called the national association of travel

agency (NATA) is a legal entity, legally registered under the land perpetual succession (October,

1984). Formerly NATA was founded in 1973 and officially inaugurated in September 1975 by the

then Commissioner of Transport and Civil Aviation at the Nigerian Institute to International

Affairs (NITA) Lagos.

NANTA which legally came to being on 16th 1984 at a conference organized by then Deputy

Director General of the Nigeria Tourist Board (NTB) is person of Dr. Franklin Adejuwon, is

managed since then by some personalities who could be described as THE DOYENS of the travel

industry in the country. Though a non-governmental body, it receives government backing and

blessing trough the National Tourism Development Cooperation (NTDC) which is a Federal

Government organ.

Before its inception, travel agencies and other related bodies fought alone

For their rights, but with little result or responses from whom then were seeing it. However,

with the establishment of NANTA, travel agencies can air their demand of rights, not only within

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the country but also towards other international bodies lie International Travel Association

(I.A.T.A) World Tourism Organization (W.T.O) and many tourism related bodies.

NANTA has certain obligations towards maintaining and development of travel agencies. All

registered travel agencies in Nigeria are legal members of NANTA.

The organization derives its funds from member travel agencies through the payment of annual

registration fees, new membership registration fee and other donations for the betterment of

the organization.

THE AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF NANTA

1. To promote the interest of its members

2. To abide by such decisions that may be arrived at by members of the association among

themselves and with the local representatives of boards of airlines and other official

bodies in writing.

3. To promote good relationship both socially and economically among members

B. NAVAL AIR TRAINING AND OPERATING PROCEDURES STANDARDIZATION (NATOPS)

The Naval Air Training and Operating procedures Standardization (NATOPS) programme

prescribe general flight and operating instructions and procedures applicable to the operation of

all US naval aircraft and related activities. The programme issues policy and procedural guidance

of the Chief of Naval Operation (CNO) that is applicable to all Navy and Marine Corps aviation

personnel.

Each NATOPS manual has the following statement:

“NATOPS is a positive approach toward improving combat readiness and achieving a substantial

reduction in the aircraft accident rate. Standardization, based on professional knowledge and

experience, provides the basis for development of an efficient and sound operational procedure.

The standardization programme is to plan to stifle individual initiative, but rather to aid the

commanding officer in increasing the unit’s combat potential without reducing command

prestige or responsibility.

NATOPS was established by the United States Navy in 1961 as a positive approach towards

improving combat readiness and achieving a substantial reduction in naval aircraft mishap.

In 1950, the US Navy/Marine Corps lost 776 aircraft (roughly 2 airplanes per day or a rate of 54

major mishaps per 10,000 flight hours). Numerous technical initiatives, including the angled

flight deck in 1954, and standardization programmes were credited with significantly reducing

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the rate of major mishaps per 10,000 flight hours by 1961, and further to 9 by 970 (the current

rate, for comparison, is under 2 major mishaps per 10,000 flight hours).

A lack of standardization and training in both maintenance and flight operations was cited as

cause in a large percentage of mishaps,. Several standardization programmes were initiated in

the late 50’s and early 60’s to counter this problem. The first was the Naval Aviation

Maintenance Programme (NAMP) in 1959. Prior to the NAMP, aircraft maintenance practices

were completely non-standardized. For example, an aircraft maintenance procedure might be

significantly different from one squadron to the next. The NAMP standardized maintenance

procedures across the entire naval Aviation enterprise.

The second standardization initiation began in 1961 with the introduction of the Fleet

Replacements Squadron (FRS) FRSs indoctrinate newly designated and aircraft mechanics into

the peculiarities of specific aircraft. Prior to the FRS concept, qualified pilots transitioning to a

new aircraft were essentially told how to start it, and then sent to go fly. The final major

standardization programme put in place was NATOPS in 1961.

NATOPS manuals contain standard flight doctrine and the optimum operating procedures for

the aircraft model or aviation activity concerned. They do not include tactical doctrine. There are

numerous publications associated with NATOPS covering three basic areas;-

The Overarching Document establishing the Programme is Operational Navy Instruction

(OPNAVINST) 3710.7 NATOPS General Flights and Operating Instruction.

Specific aircraft manuals.

Miscellaneous manuals.

PRACTICAL/EXERCISE

Teacher to show organizational chart of NANTA and NATOPS and guide students in the

identification of each components role.

Student to take note.

WEEK 15

11. UNDERSTAND THE DYNAMICS OF AN AIRPORT

11.1 AIRPORT VISIT ( KANO, KADUNA, ABUJA, ETC ).

VISIT TO AIRPORT ITINERARY

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8.00 am- Student to depart from the school.

8.30 am- Students arrived at the Airport.

8.30-9.30am- Students to be introduced to some of the Airline companies found in the Airport,

e.g. Chanchangi,

Virgin, Arik, etc.

9.30-11.30am- Students to visit the control tower request for 30 minutes lectures from the

control tower staff.

11.30-12.30 pm- Students to be taken round the Airport Tamac/Runways.

12.30-1.30 pm- Airport manager to address the students and bids them farewell.

1.30-2.00 pm- Students depart back to school.

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