Airborne Wind Energy - AWESCOawesco.eu/talk/schmehl-2020-a/schmehl-2020-a.pdf · AWES...

Roland Schmehl, TU Delft

Airborne Wind EnergyR&D status & outstanding challenges

Image source: Makani

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Presenter

• Associate Professor at Delft University of Technology • Co-founder of Kitepower BV• Coordinator of 2 H2020 projects (AWESCO & REACH)• AWE-responsible PI in Dutch NWO project NEON• Co-organizer of AWEC 2015, 2017 and 2019• Co-editor and editor of 2 Springer textbooks on AWE

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2013 2018

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Outline

• Fundamental working principles• Classification of concepts• Implemented technology demonstrators• Development challenges• Research challenges• Development of the sector

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Drag power:● Flying wing shaft power⇝ shaft power● Shaft power electricity (ω )⇝ shaft power ↑)● Electricity conductive tether⇝ shaft power

Lift power:● Flying wing traction force⇝ shaft power● Traction force shaft power (ω )⇝ shaft power ↓)● Shaft power electricity⇝ shaft power

Fundamental concepts Miles L. Loyd (1980)

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Key aspects +–

● Consumes significantly less material● Highly adjustable to wind resource● Access to high altitude wind● Increased mobility

● More complex than turbines● Requires reliable & robust control

● Depends on high-performance materials● Need to revise current regulatory framework

Image source: Skysails

Introduction

Kitepower Enerkíte Ampyx Power Kitemill Twingtec

KPSSkysails Skypull Windswept eWindSolutions

Technology demonstrators

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Man-lifting kite train (1930)AWES classification

Adapted from: Watson et al. “Future emerging technologies in the wind power sector: a European perspective”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2019.

Elelectricity generation

Flight operation

crosswind

rotational someAWE Vertical take-off and landing (VTOL)Horizontal take-off and landing (HTOL)Multi-drone conceptsLigther-than-air concepts

~ Flexible wing concepts

Kitemill Skypull TwingTec E-Kite

EnerKíte Ampyx KPS Kiteswarms

Kitepower Kitenergy eWind Solutions

~~ KiteGen stem

SkySails Power~~

Laddermill Guangdong HAWP

tether-aligned Omnidea

Windswept

AWEsystem

with fixed GS➡ with fixed GS

➡ with fixed GS

➡ with fixed GS

crosswind X-Wind loop track KiteGen carousel~~ with moving GS➡ with fixed GS ➡ with fixed GS

crosswind

rotational

Makani KiteKraft

Windlift KiteX

Bladetips Brainwhere

Altaeros Magenn

Sky WindPower on flying device➡ with fixed GS

➡ with fixed GS

➡ with fixed GS

Kitewinder

➡ with fixed GS

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Man-lifting kite train (1930)AWES classification

Adapted from: Watson et al. “Future emerging technologies in the wind power sector: a European perspective”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2019.

Elelectricity generation

Flight operation

crosswind

rotational Vertical take-off and landing (VTOL)Horizontal take-off and landing (HTOL)Multi-drone conceptsLigther-than-air concepts

~ Flexible wing concepts

Kitemill Skypull TwingTec E-Kite

EnerKíte Ampyx KPS Kiteswarms

Kitepower Kitenergy eWind Solutions

~~ KiteGen stem

SkySails Power~~

Laddermill Guangdong HAWP

tether-aligned Omnidea

someAWEWindswept

Kitewinder

AWEsystem

with fixed GS➡ with fixed GS

➡ with fixed GS

➡ with fixed GS

crosswind with moving GS➡ with fixed GS ➡ with fixed GS

crosswind

rotational

Makani KiteKraft

Windlift KiteX

Bladetips Brainwhere

Altaeros Magenn

Sky WindPower on flying device➡ with fixed GS

➡ with fixed GS

➡ with fixed GS

X-Wind loop track KiteGen carousel

~~

➡ with fixed GS

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Man-lifting kite train (1930)Further reading: awesco.eu/awe-explained

http://awesco.eu/awe-explained/

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Technology demonstrators

• Makani• Ampyx ( presentation Jaap Bosch) → presentation Jaap Bosch) • Enerkite• Twingtec• Kitemill ( presentation Lode Carnel)→ presentation Jaap Bosch) • Kitepower

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Wing7 (30 kW)California 2013

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M600 (600 kW)California 2017

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Hawaii 2018

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Norway 2019

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6NW0QeKLZAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6NW0QeKLZA

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AP-2 (50 kW)Noordoostpolder 2013

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AP-3 (250 kW)Marin 2018

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Ampyx Power AP4: 2 MW

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Germany 2012

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Germany 2014

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Germany 2019

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utRe_OXNwNohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utRe_OXNwNo

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2012

WIND ENERGY 2.0

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2019

WIND ENERGY 2.0

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TwingTec pilot next to turbine with same power

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-uhsga4aTohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-uhsga4aTo

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25 kW kite power system2012

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Sensor Unit

Bridle Line SystemKite

Control Unit

Traction Tether

Drum/Generator ModuleControl

CenterBattery Module

Ground Station

Power Electronics

Kite

Kite

Wind Meter

Launch mast (optional)

System components

49 TU Delft V3 25 m2 Genetrix Hydra 14 m2 TU Delft V3 25 m2

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Genetrix Hydra 14 m2 TU Delft V3 25 m2TU Delft V3 25 m2

2.55 m

2.03 m

0.974 m

0.876 m

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Automatic pumping cycles at Maasvlakte II of Rotterdam Harbor

2012

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Kite Power 2.0 (2014-15)

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uexBpa7ovts&list=PLecBwCWKeP3Lqrt489F7IdvDXL59NrRps&index=1&autoplay=1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uexBpa7ovts&list=PLecBwCWKeP3Lqrt489F7IdvDXL59NrRps&index=1&autoplay=1

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40 m2 kite2017

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100 kW ground station

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Kite park power output

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Kite development: 25 – 40 – 60 m2

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Kite development: 100 m2

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https://vimeo.com/265594887

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2016 Q2 Q3 Q4 2017 Q2 Q3 Q4 2018 Q2 Q3 Q4 2019 Q2 Q3 Q4Quarter

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Days

Actual flight days per quarterCumulative flight days

Flight days

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Development as an industry

R&D landscape2018

Stanford University

AirLoom Energy

Skypoint-e

EnerKíte

SkySails Power

WindLiftUNC Charlotte

Worchester Polytechnic InstituteUniversity of Delaware

Fraunhofer IWES

AnuracChalmers University

RMIT University

Guangdong HAWP Technology

DTU-Wind

KitenergyKiteGen

Politecnico Milano

EPFLETH Zurich

TwingTec

ABB Corporate Research

TU Munich

University of Freiburg

UF Santa Catarina

University of VictoriaeWind Solutions

Makani / X

Oregon State University

University of Trento

Altaeros Energies

University of Zagreb

OmnideaUC3 Madrid

Beyond the Sea®Kitewinder

ENSTA Bretagne

University of Limerick

Kite Power Systems

Grenoble INP

KU LeuvenTU DelftKitepower

Ampyx Power

TU Berlin

Altitude Energy

KitemillECN

NLR

Skypull

KiteX

University of Applied

XsensAenarete

Sciences of Northwest Switzerland

E-Kite

Upwind

Sky WindPower

Kyushu UniversityTMIT

University of Strathclyde Windswept & Interesting

AirSeas / Airbus

KiteSwarms

academiaindustry

University of Stuttgart

University of Bonn

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Challenges

• Reliability & Safety– None of the projects has proven more than a few days of operation– Operation in kite parks

• Durability of materials– Tether and kite are critical components

• Regulations– Interference with air traffic and ground use

KNMI 20 year average wind data for De Bilt, the Netherlands.

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AWE resource assessment

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VLM simulation

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CFD analysis

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Oehler & Schmehl. "Aerodynamic characterization of a soft kite by in situ flow measurement". Wind Energy Science, 2019

http://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-1-2019

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CFD simulation with OpenFOAM Streamlines around the kite colored With the spanwise velocity component, computed for Re=3x106 and 12° AoA

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safety line

GNSS & IMU unit

8.08 m

0.40 m

depower winchsteering winch

steering line

2.63 m8.32 m

3.13 m

steering tape

knot

depower tape

bridle point

9.05 m

knot

power line

tether

pulley

y

z

x

Relative flow measurement setup

TU Delft V3 kite


http://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-1-2019

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g

Effect of power

● Changes chordwise force distribution

● Powering up the wing makes wing pitch backwards

depowered

powered


http://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-1-2019

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Effect of power

● Wing flattens● Force increase also by area

increase

powered

depowered


http://doi.org/10.5194/wes-4-1-2019

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Aerodynamics

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Aerodynamics

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Aerodynamics

Fluid-Structure Interaction simulation of a ram air wing section

Finite element model of a LEI kite

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-D2wGbwT9Ws

Aeroelastic bending and torsion of a half wing supported by a bridle line

Wijnja, Schmehl, De Breuker, Jensen and Vander Lind: "Aeroelastic Analysis of a Large Airborne Wind Turbine". Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics, 2018

http://doi.org/10.2514/1.G001663

Aeroelastic model of an AWT and the tensile support system connecting it to the ground

Wijnja, Schmehl, De Breuker, Jensen and Vander Lind: "Aeroelastic Analysis of a Large Airborne Wind Turbine". Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics, 2018

http://doi.org/10.2514/1.G001663

Bridle line forces in a swept wing

Candade, Ranneberg & Schmehl. "Structural Analysis and Optimization of a Tethered Swept Wing for Airborne Wind Energy Generation". Wind Energy, 2020

http://doi.org/10.1002/we.2469

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Rapp, Schmehl, Oland, Haas. "Cascaded Pumping Cycle Control for Rigid Wing Airborne Wind Energy Systems". AIAA Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics, 2019

http://doi.org/10.2514/1.G004246

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Rapp, Schmehl, Oland, Haas. "Cascaded Pumping Cycle Control for Rigid Wing Airborne Wind Energy Systems". AIAA Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics, 2019

http://doi.org/10.2514/1.G004246https://youtu.be/XlCDNnALGGI

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Kite park layout

row

wind

colu

mn

wind

colum

n

row

Faggiani & Schmehl. “Design and Economics of a Pumping Kite Wind Park". In: Schmehl (ed.) "Airborne Wind Energy - Advances in Technology Development and Research", Springer, 2018

http://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1947-0_16

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1 kite

4 x 4 kites

8 x 8 kites

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

6004002000 800 1000Time [s]

Pow

er [k

W]

Faggiani & Schmehl. “Design and Economics of a Pumping Kite Wind Park". In: Schmehl (ed.) "Airborne Wind Energy - Advances in Technology Development and Research", Springer, 2018

http://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1947-0_16

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Safety & reliability

400 m

70 m

2 m

20 m

Ground station

300 m

Safety zone

Ground station

50 m

Danger zone

65 m

Operational zoneOperational zone

Flight zone

Danger zone

50 m

KITEPOWERairbor ne wind energy

KITEPOWERair bor ne wind ener gy

Salma, Friedl & Schmehl: "Improving Reliability and Safety of Airborne Wind Energy Systems", Wind Energy, 2019


(C) (A)

(B)

(D)

(E)

2012/08/02 Salma, Friedl & Schmehl: "Improving Reliability and Safety of Airborne Wind Energy Systems", Wind Energy, 2019


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Development as an industry

• Many bottom-up initiatives, e.g. by students and PhD researchers, only later picked up by academic staff

• Initially driven by research on control & optimization • Full automation, reliability and materials are critical

technical challenges• Developed in parallel to conventional wind energy• Since a few years also the wind energy community

shows interest

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Infrastructure

• EU-H2020 doctoral school AWESCO (2015-2018)• Industry association “Airborne Wind Europe”• EAWE Technical Committee “Airborne Wind Energy”

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• Marie Skłodowska-Curie Initial Training Network● 4 work packages focussing on scientific challenges:

– Modelling and Simulation (WP lead: TUD)– System Design and Optimisation (WP lead: ALU-FR)– Sensors and Estimation (WP lead: Xsens)– Control Systems (WP lead: TUM)

Airborne Wind EnergySystem Modelling, Control & Optimisation

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● 14 PhD projects, all contributing to relevant questions of industry

● 4 PhD projects supervised by TU Delft

● 10 EU-funded partners

● 2 CH-funded partners

● 3.4 M€ total budget

Airborne Wind EnergySystem Modelling, Control & Optimisation

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FP7● HAWE - FP7-ENERGY● Highwind - ERC

Horizon 2020● AWESCO - European Training Network● AMPYXAP3 - SME Instrument Phase I & II ● REACH - Fast Track to Innovation Pilot

Impact of EU funding

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Horizon 2020● NEXTWIND - SME Instrument Phase I & II● AWESOME - SME Instrument Phase I & II● SKYPULL - SME Instrument Phase I● TWINGTEC - SME Instrument Phase I● TWINGPOWER - Eurostars

Impact of EU funding

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AWEC 2015 in Delft

AWEC 2019, 15-16 October, Glasgow, United KingdomBook of Abstracts, edited by Roland Schmehl, Oliver Tulloch, 164 pages.ISBN 978-94-6366-213-0doi:10.4233/uuid:57fd203c-e069-11e9-9fcb-441ea15f7c9cshortdoi:10/dcjm

AWEC 2017, 5-6 October, Freiburg, GermanyBook of Abstracts, edited by Moritz Diehl, Rachel Leuthold, Roland Schmehl, 188 pages.ISBN 978-94-6186-846-6doi:10.4233/uuid:4c361ef1-d2d2-4d14-9868-16541f60edc7shortdoi:10/cd54

AWEC 2015, 15-16 June, Delft, The NetherlandsBook of Abstracts, edited by Roland Schmehl, 123 pages.ISBN 978-94-6186-486-4doi:10.4233/uuid:6e92b8d7-9e88-4143-a281-08f94770c59fshortdoi:10/bjhs

AWEC 2013, 10-11 September, Berlin, GermanyBook of Abstracts, edited by Guido Lütsch, Christian Hiemenz, Roald Koch, 77 pages.ISBN 978-94-6186-848-0doi:10.4233/uuid:f91af52c-4e76-4cf5-917a-129455b3fca9shortdoi:10/c5j3

AWEC 2011, 24-25 May, Leuven, BelgiumBook of Abstracts, edited by Jacqueline De Bruyn, Moritz Diehl, Reinhart Paelinck, Richard Ruiterkamp, 73 pages.ISBN 978-94-6018-370-6doi:10.4233/uuid:54a23dff-74f9-4007-b1d6-e92e0c458491shortdoi:10/czgh

http://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:57fd203c-e069-11e9-9fcb-441ea15f7c9chttp://doi.org/10/dcjmhttp://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:4c361ef1-d2d2-4d14-9868-16541f60edc7http://doi.org/10/cd54http://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:6e92b8d7-9e88-4143-a281-08f94770c59fhttp://doi.org/10/bjhshttp://doi.or/10.4233/uuid:f91af52c-4e76-4cf5-917a-129455b3fca9http://doi.org/10/c5j3http://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:54a23dff-74f9-4007-b1d6-e92e0c458491http://doi.org/10/czgh

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