Air Traffic By Chris Van Horn. Basics Airways Airspace Air Traffic Control.
Air Traffic Control Radar Ruofei Fu EECS 725. Air Traffic Control (ATC) ●During peak air travel...
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Transcript of Air Traffic Control Radar Ruofei Fu EECS 725. Air Traffic Control (ATC) ●During peak air travel...
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Air Traffic Control Radar
Ruofei FuEECS 725
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Air Traffic Control (ATC)
● During peak air travel times in the United States, there are about 5,000 airplanes in the sky every hour.
● How do aircraft avoid each other? AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL (ATC)
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Air Traffic Control (ATC)
Zones
● The United States airspace is divided into 21 zones (centers), and each zone is divided into sectors.
● The shape and size of zones is determined by the volume of air traffic.
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Air Traffic Control (ATC)
TRACON (Terminal Radar Approach CONtrol) airspaces
•In each zone there are portions of airspace, about 50 miles in diameter, called TRACON airspaces.
• In each TRACON airspace there are a number
of airports, each has its own airspace with a 5-mile (8-km) radius.
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Air Traffic Control System Facilities● Flight Service Stations- Provides information (weather, route, terrain, flight plan)- Assists pilots in emergencies
● Airport Traffic Control Towers(ATCTs)- Located at every airport- Handle all takeoff, landing, and ground traffic
● Terminal Radar Approach Controls(TRACONs)- Handles departing and approaching aircraft separation and sequencing.
● Air Route Traffic Control Centers(ARTCCs)- It provides ATC services outside TRACON airspace
● Air Traffic Control System Command Center(ATCSCC)- Oversees all air traffic control
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Two main types of radar in ATC
● Primary Surveillance Radar(PSR)
● Secondary Surveillance Radar(SSR)
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Primary Surveillance Radar(PSR)
● First used in WWII
● Aircraft reflects electromagnetic radiation
● Radar and antenna move in a circular sweep
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Primary Surveillance Radar(PSR)
The radar sends a signal and times how long it getting back, and calculated the distance of objective.
slant range antenna - aim:
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Primary Surveillance Radar(PSR)Block Diagram:
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Secondary Surveillance Radar(SSR)A secondary Radar system is a cooperative target identification system in which the interrogator transmits an encoded signal to a aircraft. The transponder on board receive the interrogation and reply by transmitting in 4-digit transponder code back to SSR.
● Identify Friend or Foe(IFF) is the first identification system used by military during WWII.
● The SSR antenna usually stand on top of PSR, and sweeping with PSR
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Secondary Surveillance Radar(SSR)Transponder:
● An electronic device, that let ATC to identify aircraft position and altitude
● ATC gives a specific squawk code for the aircraft● Pilot enter identify-code into transponder, so ATC can recognize
the aircraft
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Secondary Surveillance Radar(SSR)Block diagram:
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Secondary Surveillance Radar(SSR)
Narrow Beam
Circular Direction
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Secondary Surveillance Radar(SSR)
Aircraft Transponder Control Unit(in cockpit):
Mode A - ON: It transmits beacon code without altitude informationMode C - ALT: It transmits altitude information to ATC with beacon code
The 4 digits are octal numbers, which means that each number has the options from 0 to 7. There are 4096 possible code combinations.
Pilot uses the combination to send message to identify their aircraft
Two main modes of Transponder:
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Secondary Surveillance Radar(SSR)Radar screen for ATC Controller:
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Secondary Surveillance Radar(SSR)
SSR-Special Transponder Code
● 7500 -Hijack(taken alive)
● 7600 - Lost Comm(technical glitch)
● 7700 - Emergency(going to heaven)
Every radar facility in range would receive these alert from pilot.
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Secondary Surveillance Radar(SSR)
Primary Radar(PSR) Aircraft is a passive element
Secondary radar (SSR) Aircraft is as active element
Aircraft reflects electromagnetic energy back to radar antenna
Aircraft answers by send signal back to SSR
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PSR and SSR Comparison
PSR SSR● A Primary Radar transmits high-frequency
and power signals toward the targets.
● It doesn't require any co-operation
● primary radar is more like seeing something in the distance with eyes
● Requires much less transmitting power to provide coverage
● Transponders receive the interrogation and reply by transponder code
● secondary radar is more like sending a text to the crew of the aircraft, and them sending back an SMS with their position and a lot of other information.
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ReferenceCraig Freudenrich, Ph.D, How Air Traffic Control Works http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/air-traffic-control3.htm
Preeti Jain, Classification of RADARs,http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/types-of-radars
Radar Basics, http://www.radartutorial.eu/02.basics/Pulse%20Radar.en.html
Fact Sheet – Co-Located TRACONS (Terminal Radar Approach Control), http://www.faa.gov/news/fact_sheets/news_story.cfm?contentkey=4009
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Air Traffic Control Radar
Thank you