Air quality policy in Flanders

Flemish GovernmentDepartment Environment, Nature and EnergyMirka Van der Elst

Mirka.vanderelst@lne.vlaanderen.be00 32 2 553 11 23

Legislation

• Framework directive (96/62/EC)• Basis common air quality policy in EU• 4 daughter directives; air quality standards for 13 pollutants

• SO2, NO2 (NOx), PM10, Pb• CO, benzene• Ozone• As, Cd, Ni, PAK B(a)P, (Hg)

• Framework + daughters (3 out of 4) reviewed in 1 directive air quality 2008/50/EG

• Limit values PM2,5 added. • postponement limit values PM10 possible (till medio 2011) if

• Exceedances caused by: transboundary air pollution, negative meteorological conditions, specific local conditions

• all possible measures are taken and the limit values will be reached in 2011.• postponement limit values NO2 possible (till medio 2015) if

• all possible measures are taken and the limit values will be reached in 2015

Achievement of LV / TV

• Ozone: emissions of precursors (NOx and NMVOC) ↓ but transboundary problem. European approach needed (NEC-directive). TV (2010) will not be achieved

• Pb, As, Cd: Exceedance of LV (Pb) / TV (As, Cd) in the near vicinity of 2 non-ferrous plant

• Ni: Exceedance of TV in the near vicinity of 1 ferrous plant • PM10: structural problem: higher concentrations at industrial hotspots, city- and

streetlevel. High backgound! • NO2 structural problem: 1 industrial hotspot (port of Antwerp: refineries,

(petro)chemistry (under control), traffic!!), city- and streetlevel (traffic)

→ Policy emphasis for air quality lays on PM10 and NO2

Pollutant Achieve LV / TV Remark SO2, CO, benzene, B(a)P OK! Ozone Transboundary problem Pb, As, Cd, Ni Local problems (local industry), but

will be difficult to achieve TV. LV of Pb will be reached

PM10, NO2 Large scale problems; PM10: lot of transboundary pollution

Action plans

• Ozone: • flemish NEC-plan to reach the Flemish ceilings of NOx,

SO2, VOC and NH3. Actions for transport, stationary sources (industry: SO2, NOx and VOC) and agriculture

• Pb: • LV (2005) exceeded at 1 non-ferrous plant: specific action

plan in execution, to reach LV asap

• As, Cd, Ni: TV (december 2012): • exceeded at a ferrous (Ni) and non-ferrous plants (As, Cd):

specific action plans in execution. Directive: application of BAT

• PM10 and NO2: • general measures and measures for specific hot spot zones

see further!

NO2 (ESA satellite)

source www.esa.int

PM10 ( ESA–satellite)

source: R.B.A. Koelemeijer et al. 2006

Modelling by the European Commission

2000 2010 2020 Rural PM2,5 concentrations, year averages [µg/m3] of known antropogenic sources

Flanders hotspot within Europe

Source: IIASA - EMEP

Conclusion Flanders in Europe

• Flanders = hot spot in Europe• Reasons (a.o.): vicinity of Northern France, Southern Netherlands, Western

Germany: big cities, dense road network, industry

• A lot of transboundary air pollution (PM10)

But: Flanders exports air pollution too!!

Transboundary air pollution: modelled Flemish – non Flemish proportion

PM10

8,829%

4,214%

2,58%

1,96%

1,76%

2,89%

3,411%

517%

Vlaanderen

Frankrijk

Groot-Britannië

Nederland

Duitsland

ander buitenland

niet toewijsbaar

niet gemodelleerd

17%: not modelled = natural sources, diffuse emissions and intercontinental transport

11%: not attributed = contributions forming fine dust after interaction of Flemish and foreign gasses

PM10: Flanders = 29%

abroad = 43%

However: the Flemish dust doesn’t either stay within the borders!

source: Vito-Ircel 2006 (MIRA-T 2006) – BelEuros-model

Flanders

France

United Kingdom

The Netherlands

Germany

other foreign country

not attributed

not modelled

Limit values PM and NO2

Pollutant Periode

Limit value Into force Posponement (may be)

NO2 & NOx

1 h

200 µg/m³ NO2 (max 18 x exc)

1/01/2010 1/01/2015

year 40 µg/m³ NO2 1/01/2010 1/01/2015 PM10 24 h

50 µg/m³ PM10 (max 35 x exc.)

1/01/2005 Medio 2011

Year

40 µg/m³ PM10 1/01/2005 Medio 2011

PM2,5 PHASE 1 year 25 µg/m³ 1/01/2015

PM10: Measured concentrations + “intelligent interpolation”

No exceedances Exceedances

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

40% 37% 49% 48% 81% 38% 25% 30%

Exposed population:

relation day- and yearly LV PM10

PM10 : all BE stations in 2005

35

31.0

72.6

40

y = 4.1879x - 94.918

R2 = 0.8063

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

20 25 30 35 40 45

annual mean (µg/m³)

Nr

of

day

s w

ith

dai

ly v

alu

es >

50

µg

/m³

Lim

it V

alue

Limit Value

Modelled concentrations based on sources

Fugitive emissions: not modeled

NO2: measured concentration

Modelled NO2 traffic

1. Highways and district roads: modelling study to find the bottlenecks in 2010 for NO2 (and PM10)

Various bottlenecks discovered NO2 (and PM10)

Innercity Street level

Street level is important: Emissions at low hight direct exposure Emissions of traffic: important

- PM10: 20 % exhaust + 8 % non-exhaust

- NO2: 61 % exhaust

Accumulation of air pollution in street canyons Soot particles probably most dangerous compound of PM

PM10 Street level – inner city Antwerp

Bron: IRCEL-VITO, belEUROS; MIRA-T 2006

NO2 street level: inner city Antwerp

2

Typical build up of NO2 annual meanconcentration in a city street (Antwerp)

Typical build up of NO2 annual meanconcentration in a city street (Antwerp)

Long range

Str

eet

traffi

c

Antwerpagglomeration

Regional(Flanders)

CAR-model

belEUROS

48

31

annual mean NO2 (µg/ m³) in 2002

measured orstreetmodel

highresolution

model

0

30

15

45

4.5emissions

FLanders = 0

Bijdrage straat = 35%

Conclusions from measuring & modelling• PM10:

At meteorological bad year: exceedances almost everywhere General exceedances:

- industrial hotspots

- Background of important cities

- Important traffic axes

- Inner city roads (street canyons)

Exceedances measured and modelled

• NO2

General exceedances: - 1 industrial hotspot (NO2 also from traffic)

- Background of important cities

- Important traffic axes

- Inner city roads

Most of exceedances modelled

Problem with NO2

• City background: sinds medio ’90s stagnation of concentration

• NOx ( NO+NO2) but ratio NO2/NOx

• Due to: • more diesel cars

• NOx emission of Euro-4 diesel cars in realistic driving conditions not much lower than Euro-1

• Euro-4 (Euro-3) diesel car + sootfilter: up to 80 % NO2 (of the NOx) due to oxidation catalyst

Postponement PM10?

Leave out exceedances due to:• meteorological circumstances (low wind velocity, little turbulention in

atmophere, temperature inversion)• Transboundary contribution exceedences in 2007: 20 5 or 3, depending of the criteria used

Distription of all measures takenSee:

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/quality/legislation/time_extensions.htm

But: not all measures modelled yet not clear if we will reach LV medio 2011

Postponement or ?? European Commission will give answer in july 2009

Sources of PM10

!! Diffuse emissions industry (storage and transfer) NOT estimated.

Diffuse emissions agriculture (manipulation of farmland) and traffic included

Sources of NOx

Sanitation plans PM – NO2

Secondary dust and NO2: Flemish NEC-program (NEC = National Emission Ceiling, from the NEC- directive): measures to reduce NO2 and the gases that form PM: SO2, NOx, NH3 and VOC

Primary dust: - Flemish Dust plan (2005)- Plans at industrial hotspots such as port of Antwerp and Ghent

(2007 and 2008)- Plan in function of postponement with state of the art of all the

actions- Extra traffic measures

ZONE SPECIFIC MEASURESGENERIC MEASURES

Flemish fine dust abatement program

Traffic

Navigation

Industry Industrial hotspots

Cities and municipalities

Highways and district roads

Flemish Dustplan (and NO2)

Agri- and horticulture

Domestic and tertiary sector

Traffic

Traffic: Europe

European policy Euro 5 en 6 standards for CARS:

Euro 5 (soot filter): 9/2009 (new types) -1/2011 (all new cars)

Euro 6 (deNOx): 9/2014 (new types) - 9/2015 (all new cars)

Euro VI norm for trucks (PM en NOx ↓) Under negotiation

European standards for CARS and trucks have a very important impact on air quality (transboundary and local)

Flemish traffic policy : overview

• General policy• Global mobility policy: fluent circulation, modal shift• Ecofriendly vehicles

• ecoscore• Traffic taxes and tax on new cars• Subsidy for soot filters

• Ecodriving• sensibilisation

• Intern environmental actions at Flemish government• Local authorities:

• Cooperation agreement with municipalities with financial support• model CAR Flanders

• High ways• Velocity limitation under smog-conditions• dynamic traffic management

Ecoscore

• From 0 till 100: the higher the ecoscore, the more ecofriendly the CAR• www.ecoscore.be• different negative effects off vehicles taken into account:

Greenhouse effect: - carbondioxide (CO2)- methane (CH4)- dinitrogenoxyde (N2O)

Impact on human health and environment: - carbonmonoxyde (CO)- carbonhydrogens (HC)- nitrogenoxydes (NOx)- Soot particles (PM)- Sulferdioxyde (SO2)

noise: noise of engine

Ecoscore as basis to reform traffic taxes

• Principle discision of Flemish government 20 juli 2006:

• Under development

Intern environmental actions at Flemish government

Free public transport home - work Posibility to work at satellite offices close to home or homework, company

bicycle Ecofriendly verhicles

- busses De Lijn: installation of soot filters and deNOx : program almost finished- Company cars:

• ecoscore as criterium for purchase

• Fleet analyse of Flemish government will start up soon (full Vlaamse overheid)

Highways and secundary roads

• Velocity limitation till 90 km/u at certain parts of the highway in period of smog-alarm

since 2007 Smog-alarm = min 2 consecutive days concentration PM10 > 70 µg/m3

Highways and secundary roads

1. Dynamic traffic management good traffic flow: lower emissions of NOx and PM10

Local authorities

• Intercity roads Bottlenecks are expected: in busy street canyons Some calculations are not elaborated on Flemish (due to missing data) –

must be done at city and municipality level- Street model developed by government and freely distributed to cities and

municipalities (CAR-Vlaanderen)- Constructive dialogue with cities and municipalities about the model and

possible measures

Financial support - Analyse of air quality bottlenecks with CAR or other model- Action plans and measures to reduce air pollution- Environmental check of own fleet + achievement of ecofriendly

vehicles

automatically

Automatically, but can be changed

Sanitation strategy PM: navigation

• Measures inland shipping• Emission norms are developed at EU level

• Financial support of modernisation motors of Flemish inland ships

• Measures sea shipping Most important measures at international (Marpol) and EU level Non competition disturbing measures reflected with ports (e.g. lower taxes

for ecofriendly ships, low sulfer fuel, electricity from the quay, … )

Sanitation strategy: industry

Global measures- Recent more stringent general emission limit values dust (20 mg/Nm³)

- All combustion plants: more stringent emission norms from 2008 (for big plants more stringent than Large Combustion Plants European directive)

- Refineries: more stringent bubble (for whole refinery) emission norms from 2010 on for PM, SO2 and NOx, more stringent norms for crackers since 2005

- Electricity sector: convenant / agreement (2004 – 2009 – option till 2014) with commitments for SO2 and NOx

- Chipboard industry: great sanitation due to environmental permit and inspection actions (PM)

- Specific measures for Iron and steel, non-ferro - More stringent sectorial conditions for chemical industry and waste incineration

(NOx)

- More stringent measures for fugitive emissions under development

Sanitation strategy PM: industry

Zone specific- Research at industrial hotspot zones - Backwards modelling to find unidentified sources- Fugitive emissions (storage and transfer of goods) from local sources

important- Specific action plans - Stricter legislation for storage

and transfer under development

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0

25,0

30,0

35,0

40,0

2002 2005 2010 NORM

PM_j

aarg

emid

deld

(µg/

m³)

Andere Bronnen

Bijdrage Diffuus

Bijdrage Puntbronnen

Achtergrond Vlaanderen

Achtergrond Buitenland

Sanitation strategy PM: domestic sector and agriculture

• Household• Decrease of emissions due to NEC-plan and energy policy (stimulation

of energy saving measures), sensibilisation campaigns open fires, good use of wood furnaces and emission sharpening heating system by federal and European legislation

• Agri- and horticulture• Energy saving measures and emission low fuels stimulated by energy

policy and action plan sustainable greenhouse horticulture research on economical, technical and practical attainability

dedusting measures; ammonia- scent and aminal friendly measures for preference

Any questions?

Dienst Lucht en Klimaat, Graaf de Ferrarisgebouw,

Koning Albert II-laan 20, 7th floor

1000 Brussel, Belgium.

Tel (secr). 00 32 2 553 11 20

www.lne.be lucht@milieuinfo.be