Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and...
Transcript of Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and...
![Page 1: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities
Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015
Nancy Levin, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 9 Air Division
![Page 2: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The average adult breathes 3,000 gallons of air every day.
![Page 3: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Contents
I. Air Quality and Public Health
II. National Air Quality Standards
III. Sustainable Agriculture is part of the Air Quality solution
![Page 4: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
I. Air Quality and Public Health
![Page 5: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
U.S. EPA’s Mission
“Protect Human Health and the
Environment”
![Page 6: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Awareness of air pollution
1953 – London nearly 4,000 suffocate
1943 - Los Angeles 1st recorded photo of smog
1930’s dust bowl
![Page 7: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Many Sources of Smog and Air Particles
![Page 8: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
How Is Ozone (Smog) Formed?
![Page 9: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Ozone exposure can… • Irritate respiratory system.
• Reduce lung function.
• Inflame and damage cells.
• Aggravate asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis.
• Cause permanent lung damage.
http://www3.epa.gov/apti/ozonehealth/population.html http://cfpub.epa.gov/airnow/index.cfm?action=aqi_brochure.index
![Page 11: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Children are at higher risk. So are… People with lung disease. Older adults. Active people of all ages.
People most affected by ozone exposure
http://www.stateoftheair.org/2015/key-findings/people-at-risk.html
![Page 12: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Particulate Matter (PM) PM 10 (microns in diameter) PM 2.5 (microns in diameter)
![Page 13: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Size of Particle Pollution
![Page 14: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Particulate Matter -- Lungs and Heart
• difficulty breathing, irritated airways
• aggravated asthma
• decreased lung function
• nonfatal heart attacks, irregular heartbeat
• premature death in people with heart or lung disease
http://www.stateoftheair.org/2015/key-findings/; http://www.epa.gov/asthma
In California, 9,000 people are estimated to die prematurely each year
as a result of exposure to fine particle pollution.
![Page 15: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
II. National Ambient Air Quality Standards
![Page 16: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
1977 Clean Air Act and 1990 Amendments
Title I: National Air Ambient Quality Standards Title II: Mobile Sources Title III: Toxics Title IV: Acid Deposition Title V: Permits Title VII: Enforcement
![Page 17: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
8-ho
ur O
zone
Ave
rage
con
cent
ratio
n (p
pb)
8-hour ozone NAAQS
San Francisco Bay Area, CA
San Joaquin Valley, CA
Los Angeles-South Coast Air Basin, CA
Air pollution levels have decreased in CA
![Page 18: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Emissions Drop – Economy Grows
![Page 19: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
CA = 34 million, 23%
2
…But Challenges Remain
![Page 20: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for Six Common Pollutants
Ozone
Particular matter – Fine (PM2.5) and Coarse (PM10)
Carbon monoxide
Sulfur dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide
Lead
~ ~ NAAQS are health-based standards based on most recent science. ~ ~
![Page 21: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
NAAQS and Nonattainment Areas
If an area exceeds (does not “attain”) the NAAQS …
“Nonattainment Area”
An area is nonattainment if it violates the NAAQS or contributes to a nearby area that violates.
![Page 22: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
1. Public health - Worst air quality in US • Population growth, topography & climate
2. Ports and goods movement corridors • Emissions from trains, trucks and ships
3. Major Industrial, Commercial, and
Agricultural Sources • Intractable problems requiring new
technologies
California’s Unique Challenges
![Page 23: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Maps tell the story….
![Page 24: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
8-Hour Ozone Nonattainment Areas (2008)
![Page 25: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
24-Hour PM2.5 Nonattainment Areas
![Page 26: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
NAAQS are Updated Review air quality standards every 5 years.
Propose new standard (or range). Holds public hearings, public comment period. Finalize new standard.
2008 – Ozone standard set at 75 parts per billion (ppb)
After 2008 – Studies found 75 ppb not sufficiently protective of public health.
2015 – new Ozone standard at 70 ppb.
26
![Page 27: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Recent NAAQS by Pollutant
Pollutant Year Level* Averaging Time
Ozone 2008 75 ppb 8-Hour
Ozone 2015 70 ppb 8-Hour
PM2.5 2012 12 μg/m3 Annual
PM2.5 2006 35 μg/m3 24-Hour
Sulfur Dioxide 2010 75 ppb 1-Hour
Lead 2008 0.15 μg/m3 Rolling 3-Month
Nitrogen Dioxide 2010 100 ppb 1-Hour
PM 10 1997 150 μg/m3 24-hour
27
* μg/m3 =micro grams per cubic meter; ppb = parts per billion http://www3.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/criteria.html
![Page 28: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
2015 Ozone NAAQS
1. Where is the air quality problem? “Designation” 2. How bad is the problem? “Classification” 3. What are the requirements? “Implementation” 4. Here’s the Clean Air Plan. “State Implementation Plan” (SIP)
http://www3.epa.gov/ozonepollution/actions.html
28
![Page 29: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Shaded areas have at least one monitor with design value above the 2015 NAAQS.
![Page 30: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Ask Fletcher for zoom in to central coast area
• Insert zoom in of mid-central valley and central coast area
![Page 31: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Timeline for New Ozone Standard October 2015: Standard set at 70 ppb. (+1 year) October 2016: States/tribes recommend NAAs. (+ 1 year) October 2017: EPA designates nonattainment areas. Based on air monitoring data from 2014-2016. (+ 1.5 to 3 years) 2019-2021: SIPs due.
31
![Page 32: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
III. Agriculture and Air Quality
![Page 33: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
California Agriculture • Top Agricultural producer in the Nation - over $40 billion in annual production,
representing greater than 10% of the total U.S. ag output.
• Extreme product diversity - Ranked #1 in the U.S. for milk production, almonds, pistachios, broccoli, celery, dairy, avocados, hay, grapes, lettuce, onions, peaches, strawberries, tomatoes, walnuts, lettuce, plums, sweet potatoes…
Photo courtesy of Dennis Chessman USDA-NRCS
![Page 34: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Agricultural Sources of Emissions Activity/Source Emissions Rules
Tilling-Harvesting PM 10 Conservation Management Practices (CMP)
Windblown dust PM 10 CMPs
Pesticides VOC Fumigant (DPR)
Animal manure VOC, PM2.5 Manure management
Dairy silage VOC Silage management
Ag Burning NOx, PM 2.5 Burning restrictions
Equipment NOx, PM 2.5 Stationary Engines, Mobile Processing/boilers
Wine production VOC Fermentation and storage
![Page 35: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Sustainable agriculture is a win for public health
Regulatory tools
Non-regulatory tools
New technology and funding
![Page 36: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
1. Regulatory Tools
Rules can provide incentives to use sustainable practices such as conservation tillage and cover crops.
![Page 37: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
2. Non-regulatory tools – Soil Health
Farmer benefits
Reduced erosion, reduced compaction, increased
organic matter, better filtration, better irrigation
efficiency, improved biology, better yield, long-term
cost input savings, better drought resistance
Air Quality benefits
Reduced dust and equipment emissions, climate
benefit from increased carbon storage in soil.
USDA/Natural Resource Conservation Service
![Page 38: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
3. New Technology and Funding
~ Examples ~ 11/10/2015 - $3.5 million grant to SJV Air District to
replace ~ 260 highly polluting agricultural tractors. Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) has
spent $132 million in ag air quality projects in California since 2009.
![Page 39: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Summary Air Quality and Sustainable Ag
Air quality is important to everyone’s health.
We continue to make progress.
Sustainable Ag provides opportunity for cleaner air and
better bottom line.
How can we help? Please visit us: http://www3.epa.gov/region09/
![Page 40: Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities · 2015. 12. 1. · Air Quality and Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities Sustainable Agriculture Expo November 16, 2015](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed569ec69d0e2eda06e936/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Questions?