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POLLUTION

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes

instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or livingorganisms. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise,heat or light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign

substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is often classed

as point source or nonpoint source pollution. The Blacksmith Institute issues an annuallist of the world's worst polluted places. In the 2007 issues the ten top nominees are

located in Azerbaijan, China, India, Peru, Russia, Ukraine andZambia.

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Types of PollutionThere are many types of pollution that exists; some of them have been covered in the text

 below:

Air Pollution:

When the presence of one or more contaminants in the atmosphere is of such quality and

duration as it is injurious to human, animal and plant health or welfare, it is termed as Air 

 pollution. Air pollution can lead to health problems and at the same time damage the

environment and get property into losses. One of the worst effects of Air pollution is that

it has led to thinning of the ozone layer of the atmosphere, which is leading to an adverse

climate change that we see today.

As urbanization increases, construction work takes shape on a wider scale; illegaldumping and air pollution is a consequence of it. Industries and commercial units

evacuate harmful gases in the air and so does the ever increasing traffic. On top of it, dust

storms and smoke from accidents like forest or oil refineries fires contribute to air 

 pollution too.

Waste and Water pollution:

When illegal dumps that are toxic in nature enter lakes, streams, rivers, oceans, and other 

water bodies, they either get dissolved or lie hovering in water or get deposited on the

 bed. This results in water pollution deteriorating the quality of the water and affecting our 

aquatic ecosystems. Lots of industrial units and factories today dump their garbage intostreams, lakes and river thus making all these water bodies the final destination of cans,

 bottles and plastics.

Most of today’s cleaning products are synthetic detergents and are an extract of the

 petrochemical industry. These impact the health of all forms of life in the water. Polluted

water is a hazard, unsafe and also a poison for drinking, recreation and agriculture. More

fatally, unhygienic water destroys water life and diminishes its reproductive ability.

Sound Pollution:

Any unwanted sound is Noise pollution. However, Man made noises that occur from

machines, trains, planes, firecrackers etc are extremely litigious. All these kind of noises

affect are mental being, peace, sleep, hearing, communication and our overall mental and

  physical health. The noise levels are increasing with increasing urbanization and

development. Noise from construction work, industries, factories, traffic jams are all

leading to noise pollution at uncontrollable levels. Noise pollution is not only a source of 

irritation, frustration and infuriation but also tightens our arteries and increases the flow

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 of adrenaline forcing the heart to work faster making one prone to heart attacks and

strokes. In extreme circumstances, it may also lead to Neurosis and Nervous breakdown.

Chemical Pollution:

There are several sources of chemical pollution like sewage and run off from domestic

households, discharges from industrial units, accidents and spills at sea, discharges from

mining and oil rigs and discharges from agricultural lands and units. Constant pollutants

include pesticides, such as DDT, and industrial chemicals, most notably the PCBs.

Land Pollution:

It is the pollution of the Earth’s natural land surface by industrial, commercial, domestic

and other agricultural activities. Some of the common sources of land pollution are

Chemical and Nuclear plants, Industrial factories, Oil refineries, Human sewage, Mining,

Littering, debris from construction work and Deforestation. One of the ways to stop land

 pollution is to recycle almost everything that you can.

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AIR POLLUTION & NOISE

Preamble:

To systematically address the air quality impacts of potential projects or activities,

it is necessary to be familiar with basic information regarding air pollution. Accordingly,

this section includes a definition of air pollution and information on the types and effects

of specific air pollutants, along with summary information on air pollution sources. “ Air 

Pollution “ can be defined as the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more

contaminants in such quantities and of such duration as may be injurious to human, plant,

or animal life, or to materials, or which may unreasonably interfere with the comfortable

enjoyment of life or property, or the conduct of business.

Sources of air Pollutants:

Air pollutant sources can be categorized from several perspectives, including the

type of source, their frequency of occurrence and spatial distribution, and the types of 

emissions. Characterization by source type can be delineated as arising from naturalsources or from man-made sources. ‘ Natural Sources ‘ include plant pollens, windblown

dust, volcanic eruptions and lightning generated forest fires. ‘Man-made source’ can

include transportation vehicles, industrial processes, power plants, construction activities

and military training activities.

Source characterization according to number and spatial distribution can include such

categories as single or point sources (stationary), area or multiple sources (stationary or 

mobile) and line sources. ‘Point sources’ are characteristic of pollutant emissions from

industrial process stacks, as well as fuel-combustion facility stacks. ‘Area sources’

include vehicular traffic, fugitive-dust emissions from resource material stockpiles or 

construction, or military training activities over large geographical areas.

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Effects of Air Pollutants:

Air pollution effects may also be divided into several categories, with such effects

encompassing those that are health-related as well as those associated with damage to

materials or which cause decreases in atmospheric aesthetic features. Examples of 

effects on human health include eye irritation, headaches and aggravation of respiratory

difficulties. Plants and crops have been subjected to undesirable consequences of air 

 pollution, including abnormal growth patterns, leaf discoloration or spotting and death.

Property damage include property devaluation because of odors, deterioration of 

materials such as concrete statutory, discoloration of painted surfaces. The aesthetic

effects include reductions in visibility, discoloration of air, photochemical smog- related

traffic disruptions at airports and the general nuisance aspects of odors and duct.

Identification of The Types and Quantities of Air Pollutants and of 

Their Impacts:

An appropriate initial step when analyzing any proposed project activity is to

consider what types of air pollutants might be emitted during construction or operational

 phases of the proposed project activity, and the quantities in which such air pollutants are

expected to occur. Use of emission-factor information organized according to project

type or activity is a suggested approach. An ‘emission factor’ is the average rate at which

a pollutant is released into the atmosphere as a result of some activity, such as

combustion or industrial production, divided by the level of that activity (U.S.EPA,

1973). “Emission factors” relate the type and quantities of pollutants emitted to indicators

such as production capacity, quantity of fuel burned, or vehicle miles traveled by an

automobile.

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Description of Existing Air Quality Conditions:

Existing air quality conditions can be described in terms of ambient air quality

data, emission inventories and meteorological information, which relates to atmospheric

dispersion. For a quick assessment and prediction of any air quality survey study data on

immediate atmospheric environment, meteorological details such as temperature,

humidity, wind speed and directions are very essential, since they play an

important role in transport, dilution and dispersion of air pollutants.

Frequency and Method of Air Quality Measurements:

The present study of air quality measurement in terms air pollution concentration

has been obtained by continuous monitoring for a period of eight hours at all directions

and at the proposed project site. The annual mean wind direction pattern has been

compiled from the long-term data made available from meteorological department. The

sampling directions around the project site has been selected so as to reflect the impact of 

anthropogenic activities such as emissions from transportation, generation of dust with

movement of vehicles, emissions from industrial and domestic activities. Considering

the facilities and significant impact on air quality we have selected Suspended Particulate

Matter (SPM), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Oxides (Nox) and Carbon monoxide

(CO).

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OBSERVTION OF AIR POLLUTANTS AT THE PROJECT SITE

Date Direction Observation of Parameters

SO2 NOx SPM CO

25.11.2005 Core Site 1.8 4.5 43 62

26.11.2005 North 2.2 4.8 21 53

28.11.2005 South 2.1 5.1 32 45

29.11.2005 East 2.5 6.2 28 71

01.12.2005 West 1.9 6.7 35 77

03.12.2005 North East 2.0 5.4 23 68

04.12.2005 North West 2.4 5.5 27 57

06.12.2005 South East 1.8 3.8 36 49

08.12.2005 South West 2.9 4.9 38 55

17.12.2005 Core site 2.7 4.8 40 73

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OBSERVED LEVEL OF POLLUTANTS AROUND THE SITE

Date LocationParameters

SO2  NOx SPM CO

09.12.200

5

Ariyur 6.1 12.6 62 650

11.12.205 Vadamangalam 7.9 12.7 84 678

12.12.200

5

Koodapakkam 3.7 10.5 33 284

14.12.200

5

Uruvaiyar 3.0 9.8 21 198

METEOROLOGY

Effect of pollution on receptors, animate and inanimate depends on atmospheric

conditions. Therefore knowledge of meteorological characteristics in a study area is

important. Wind speed and wind direction are called primary meteorological parameters

 because the dispersion and dilution of the pollutants depends mainly on these.

Wind speed determines the rate of dilution and travel time of air pollutant. Travel time is

the time required by the pollutant to reach a given receptor. Wind direction is important

in air pollution problems since it determine the direction of transport of air pollutants.

The mean wind direction over a period of time will identify the receptors which will be

affected by a particular source during that time period. In other words, the mean wind

direction will be indicative of the direction of travel of the pollutant.Wind rose are the

diagramtics representation of wind speed and wind direction for quick understands. The

windrose are drawn on the basis of three hourly data collected by the meteorological

office.

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METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS

Annual Climatological Data For Villianur

Year Temperature Relative Humidity Rainfall

Maximum Minimum 8 am 20 pm

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

35.1

34

33

32.3

32.2

32.4

32.6

33.3

32.8

31.9

32.9

23.4

22.5

24.4

24.4

24.3

24.3

24.8

25

25

24.5

24.7

77.2

76.9

73.3

76.3

79.1

80.8

79.2

78.3

80.3

78.9

80.3

77

79.7

72.9

73.4

75.3

77.1

77.8

78.4

76.9

76.8

76.4

916

990

845

1902

1182

1986

684

1223

962

1103

1392

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Month-wise Climatological Data For Villianur

Month Temperature Relative Humidity Mean wind speed

Maximum Minimum 8 am 20 pm

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September 

October 

 November 

December 

29.3

31

22.2

33.8

34.8

37.4

35.4

33.6

34.4

31.6

30.7

30.3

21.9

23

25.1

26.9

26.3

26.7

25.4

25.7

24.1

24

24

22.8

88

82

79

75

77

80

77

79

79

81

83

84

80

79

78

73

74

70

75

78

74

77

80

79

5.7

6.2

6.6

6.2

8.8

7.6

7.5

6

4.9

5.2

5.2

8.6

PRESCRIBED STANDARDS

S.NoParameter

s

Standards (μg/cu.m)

Industrial

Residential

/

commercial

Sensitive

Area

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 1 SO2 500 120 120

2 NOx 200 80 80

3 SPM 100 30 30

4 CO 10000 4000 2000

Ambient air quality monitoring refers to appropriate sampling and analysis to

establish the ambient concentrations of specific pollutants. Targeted monitoring might be

desirable in order to verify the experienced changes in air quality concentrations for those

 pollutants determined to be of concern. The primary sources of information on air 

quality standards, criteria and policies will be the relevant local, state and federalagencies which have a mandate for overseeing the air resources of the geographical area.

Documentation of this information will allow the determination of the significance of air 

quality impacts incurred during projects or activities and will aid in deciding between

alternative actions or in assessing the need for mitigating measures for a given

alternative.

Air quality impact prediction can be based on several approaches including mass-

  balances, the use of mathematical models and other considerations. Air pollutant

emissions from the construction or operational phase of a project activity can be

considered in relation to the existing emission inventory for the study area. Particular 

attention should be given to releases of air toxics and the resultant comparison of 

maximum ground level concentrations to appropriate ambient air quality guidelines or 

standards. In conjunction with these analyses, it is important to identify prevention,

control and mitigation measures for releases of air toxics. This chapter address potential

air quality impacts identified for the project activity, the existing characteristics of the air 

environment, the emission inventory and meteorological characteristics of the study area,

the applicable air quality standards and regulations, the quantification of the anticipated

air impacts due to the activity and the rationale impacts and mitigation measures.

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NOISE

 Noise can be defined as unwanted sound or sound in the wrong place at wrong time. It

can also be defined as any sound that is undesirable because it interferes with speech and

hearing, is intense enough to damage hearing. The definition of noise as unwanted sound

implies that it has an adverse effect on human beings and their environment including

land, structures and domestic animals. Noise can also disturb natural wildlife and

ecological systems. The number of compressions and rarefactions of the air molecules in

a unit of time is described as its frequency and is expressed in hertz. Humans can detect

sounds with frequencies ranging about 16 to 20,000 Hz. In most noise considerations,

the “A-weighted-sound level” scale is used and the units are weighted decibels (dBA).

The weighted sound level or noise level meters have an A-weighting network, thus

yielding A-weighted dB or dBA readings.

To provide a basis for addressing noise environment impacts, the following methodology

is suggested for the planning and conduction of impact studies.

1. The first step is to determine the potential impacts of the proposed project on the

noise environment, which requires the identification of the noise levels associated

with the project.

2. In analyzing the potential impacts of a project, it is necessary to consider the

study area or region of influence associated with the noise emissions. The

delineation of a study area can be made based upon the boundaries of the land

associated with the project or by also considering the area of noise influence

within the vicinity of the project.

3. Predicting the propagation of noise from a source and determining the type of 

affected land uses with the help of noise standards / policies by the state and

federal agencies which have a mandate overseeing the noise environment of the

study area.

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 4. The final step is the assessment of impact significance with the identification and

incorporation of mitigation measures. Assessment refers to the interpretation of 

the significance of anticipated changes related to the proposed project.

5. The important sources of noise presently in the study area are transportation,

industry like sugar, detergent etc., The Central Pollution Control Board has

notified the standards in respect of noise.

Noise Level Standard

Area Category of Area Limits in day (dB) Limits in Night

A Industrial 75 70

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 B

C

D

Commercial

Residential

Silence Zone

65

55

50

55

45

40

The ambient noise level has been monitored at the project site and around the project site

at four stations namely, Ariyur, Vadamangalam, Koodapakkam and Uruvaiyaru and the

observations are given in the table which indicates that noise level are below the

standards prescribed by CPCB.

Sl.No Station Day (dB) Night (dB)

Project site

Ariyur 

Vadamangalam

Tiruvandarkoil

Uruvaiyaru

Project site

Ariyur 

Vadamangalam

Tiruvandarkoil

Uruvaiyaru

52

53

55

47

43

45

48

50

42

41

 

AIR POLLUTION CONCECUENCES

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“holes” in the ozone layer in the atmosphere above Antarctica and the Arctic,

coupled with growing evidence of global ozone depletion

increase the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth.

can lead to skin cancer and cataracts