Air pollution mitigation
-
Upload
priya-parameswaran -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
0
Transcript of Air pollution mitigation
-
7/29/2019 Air pollution mitigation
1/19
-
7/29/2019 Air pollution mitigation
2/19
Selecting process inputs that do not contain thepollutant or its precursors
Operating the process to minimize generation
of the pollutant Replacing the process with one that does not
generate the pollutant
Using less of the product whose manufacturegenerates the pollutant
Removing the pollutant from the processeffluent
-
7/29/2019 Air pollution mitigation
3/19
Substituting materials that perform equallywell but discharges less harmful products tothe environment
eg: substitution of high-sulphur coal with lowsulphur coal in power plants
Changing to natural gas or nuclear energy-expensive, difficult to ship and store
Alternative energy sources like wind or solarpower
-
7/29/2019 Air pollution mitigation
4/19
Automated operations, computerized processcontrol and completely enclosed systems toreduce release of materials to outside
environment Eg: municipal trash incinerators emit
carcinogenic toxins. By adjusting thetemperature of incineration, dioxin emissions
can be prevented.
-
7/29/2019 Air pollution mitigation
5/19
Corporations may be allowed to offset emissionsby buying, selling and banking pollution rightsfrom other factories.
Emissions trading is a market-based approach
used to control pollution byproviding economic incentives for achievingreductions in the emissions of pollutants.
A limit or cap is allocated or sold to firms in theform of emissions permits which represent the
right to emit or discharge a specific volume of thespecified pollutant. Firms are required to hold anumber of permits (or allowances or carbon credits)equivalent to their emissions.
-
7/29/2019 Air pollution mitigation
6/19
A carbon credit is a generic term for anytradable certificate or permit representing theright to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide or themass of another greenhouse gas with a carbon
dioxide equivalent to one tonne of carbondioxide.
The total number of permits cannot exceed the
cap, limiting total emissions to that level. Firms that need to increase their volume of
emissions must buy permits from those whorequire fewer permits.
-
7/29/2019 Air pollution mitigation
7/19
Emission trading is allowed under Kyoto Protocol.The Kyoto Protocol to the United NationsFramework Convention on ClimateChange (UNFCCC) sets binding obligations onindustrialized countries to reduce emissionsof greenhouse gases.
The Protocol was adopted on 11 December 1997in Kyoto, Japan, and entered into force on 16February 2005.
The countries commit themselves to limit or
reduce their emissions of four greenhousegases (GHG) (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrousoxide, sulphur hexafluoride) and two groups ofgases (hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons).
-
7/29/2019 Air pollution mitigation
8/19
Aerosol hair sprays, deodorants, charcoallighter fluid, gasoline-powered lawn moversetc. may be banned
Clean-burning, oxygenated fuels or electricmotors would be required for all vehicles.
Encourage car-pooling
Restrict parking lots
-
7/29/2019 Air pollution mitigation
9/19
Using equipments that remove contaminants atthe end of the manufacturing process
The degree of pollutant removal-collection
efficiency
-
7/29/2019 Air pollution mitigation
10/19
Desulphurization of coal
Inorganic sulphur in coal is removed bysubjecting grounded coal to hydraulic washing.
Sulphur free coal floats on the surface and iscollected. Organic sulphur removed by passinghydrogen gas over fuel in presence of catalystor by a microbial method using a strain
designated as IGT-57.
-
7/29/2019 Air pollution mitigation
11/19
Checking emission of oxides of nitrogen fromcoal- Coal conversion technology
Checking the emission of nitrogen from
automobile exhaust installing catalytic converters in the exhaust
system-converted into harmless gases.
Limitation- gasoline or petrol should beunleaded, lead poisons the catalyst.
-
7/29/2019 Air pollution mitigation
12/19
Main source- incomplete combustion of allcarbon containing fuels particularly inautomobile engines, industrial furnaces and
cigarette smoking. Catalytic converters in automobiles, catalytic
burners in submarines and space flights.
-
7/29/2019 Air pollution mitigation
13/19
Common source- powerhouses operating oncoal.
Installation of electrostatic precipitator in
chimney- carbon particles attracted by chargedelectrodes-soot.
Industrial filters
-
7/29/2019 Air pollution mitigation
14/19
Factors: physical form of particulates (whethersolid or liquid), particle size and size distribution,density and porosity of the particulates andparticle shape( spheres, fibers or plates)
Gravitational and inertial collectors- wet and dryscrubbers, gravity settling chambers and cyclonecollectors.
Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs)- single and two-stage units
Filters woven and non-woven fabric, paper andfiber media
-
7/29/2019 Air pollution mitigation
15/19
Use of hydroelectric power in place of powergeneration by coal.
Use of nuclear power.
Use of alternate energy sources forautomobiles- CNG
Use of electric vehicles powered by batteries.
-
7/29/2019 Air pollution mitigation
16/19
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act was enacted in 1981 and amended in 1987 toprovide for the prevention, control and abatementof air pollution in India.
National ambient air quality standards based onhealth impact evolved (1982, 1994).
Emission standards for air polluting industriesdeveloped for major industries
Implementation of standards in 17 categories ofhighly polluting industries and othersmall/medium scale industries (stone crushers,brick kiln, re-rolling mills, etc.).
Action plan implementation and pollution control
in identified 24 problem areas.
-
7/29/2019 Air pollution mitigation
17/19
Improvement in vehicular technology (Bharat-1,Bharat-2, CNG vehicles, 4 stroke engines, etc.)
Improvement in fuel quality -diesel with low
sulfur content (0.25 in whole country and 0.05in metro cities) Gasoline -lead phased-outthroughout the country since 2000
Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificate forall vehicles
All commercial vehicles to operate on CNG inDelhi
Air Quality Monitoring at National Level (295stations spread over 93 cities)
Air Quality Index for public Information Air Quality Data on TV channels and daily
news papers for public awareness
-
7/29/2019 Air pollution mitigation
18/19
Liu, D. H., & Liptak, B. G. (1997). EnvironmentalEngineers' Handbook. New York: LewisPublishers.
Gairola, A., & Sharma, R. K. (2009). ARegulatory Framework for Control of Air Pollutionin India - A Country Report.
Ahluwalia, V. K., & Malhotra, S. (2006).Environmental Science. Noida: Ane Books India.
-
7/29/2019 Air pollution mitigation
19/19