1. GROUP 3

2. NAMES OF MEMBERS. David Esuron Eyanae Andrew Kamunda Harry Stephen Arunda Ibrahim Yunis Sheikh Cheke Kibandi Yussuf Kaza Mohammed Lucy Wamuhu Kinyanjui Osman Mohamed Matthew Ochieng Saisi Hassan Tom Ndalo O. Ezekiel Opiyo Omondi. Sayianet Naisho Fabian Kimong Otto Clement OmongoOnenga 3. DEFINITIONS: Air: A colorless, odorless, tasteless, gaseous mixture, mainly nitrogen (approx.78%) and oxygen (approx. 21%) with lesser amounts of argon, carbon dioxide,hydrogen, neon, helium, and other gases. Pollution: Section 2 of EMCA, any direct or indirect alteration of the physical,thermal, chemical, biological, or radio-active properties of any part of theenvironment by discharging, emitting or depositing wastes so as to affect andbeneficial use adversely, to cause a condition which is hazardous or potentiallyhazardous to public health, safety or welfare or to animals, birds, wildlife, fish oraquatic life, or to plants or to cause contravention of any condition, limitation orrestriction which is subject to a license under this Act. Air Pollution: Article 1 (a) of the LRTAP Convention defines air pollution. 4. Manufacturin g The burning of fossil fuels.CAUSES OF POLLUTION: Volcanic eruptions. Wildfires. Power Lines. Pesticides, insecticides and herbicides. Radioactive Fallout. Fertilizer Dust. Indoor Air pollution. Mining Operations. Mills and plants Agriculture The Greenhouse Effect. 5. EXAMPLES: London Smog Downwinders. 6. EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ONHUMAN HEALTH: Ozone. Tobacco smoke. Biological pollutants Oxides of nitrogen. Volatile organic Carbon monoxide.. compounds Sulphur dioxide Formaldehyde. Lead. SPM (suspended particulate matter). Radon 7. EFFECTS ON THEENVIRONMENT:Haze.contamination ofthe surface of bodiesof water and soil.Acid Rain Animals cansuffer health effects. 8. EFFECTS ON THE ECONOMY: Air pollution can also have a significant impact on our economy. It can cost a lot to change what we buy, what we use, and how it is produced in order to prevent air pollution. Economic costs are also found in fixing the damage caused by poor air pollution, including health and environmental problems 9. INTERNATIONAL POLICIES ON AIRPOLLUTION: The 1979 Geneva Convention on Long-range TransboundaryAir Pollution. Article2: Established a regional framework to protect man andthe environment against air pollution, and includes a generalobligation on parties to endeavour to limit, gradually reduce andprevent air pollution including long-range transboundary airpollution. Article 1 (b): Long-range transboundary air pollution is definedas: air pollution whose physical origin is situated wholly or inpart within the area under the national jurisdiction of one stateand which has adverse effects in the area under the jurisdictionof another state at such a distance that it is not generally possibleto distinguish the contribution of individual emission sources orgroups of sources. The Trail Smelter Case 10. The LRTAP Protocols: There are several protocols under this convention. Theyinclude; 1984 Monitoring and Evaluation Protocol 1985 Sulphur Protocol 1988 NO Protocol 1991 Volatile Organic Compounds Protocol 1994 Sulphur Protocol 1998 Aarhus Protocol on Heavy Metals 1998 Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants 1999 Gothenburg Protocol to Abate Acidification,Eutrophication and Ground-Level Ozone 11. Examples of Regional Policies: Air Pollution Control Act - USA Clean Air Act USA Lusaka Agreement on Air Pollution West and Central Framework Agreement on AirPollution Agreement on Air Pollution (Abidjan 2009) East Africa Framework Agreement on Air PollutionAgreement on Air Pollution (2008) WHO Air Quality Guidelines for Europe. 12. International Organizations thatdeal with air pollution: UNEP World Meteorological Organization. Office of Air and Radiation America Air Pollution Information Network for Africa. 13. KENYAN LEGISLATION:The Constitution: Article 42 Right to a clean and healthy environment. Article 42 (a) Intergenerational Equity. Article 69 (1) (d) The state encourages the publicparticipation in the management, protection andconservation of the environment. Article 69 (1) (g) the state encourages the citizens toeliminate processes and activities that are likely toendanger the environment. Article 70 Redress for anyone whose right o a clean andhealthy environment has been denied, infringed, violatedor threatened. (Polluter Pays Policy) 14. Provisions of EMCA 1999: Section 2: Section 7 establishes the National Environment ManagementAuthority. Section 78: establishes the Standards and enforcement ReviewCommittee that is to advice NEMA on how to establish criteriaand procedures for measurement of air quality. Section 79: the minister can advice NEMA on controlled areasthrough a gazette notice. Section 80 deals with the licencing of emissions. This is subjectto conditions in Section 81. Section 82: emission by motor vehicles and ant otherconveyance that causes air pollution is prohibited. Section 84 outlines the reasons that may lead to cancellation ofan emission licence. 15. Other regulations: Air Quality Regulations 2009 The Solid Waste Regulation 2006 to control theemission of methane from dumping sites. Fossil Fuel Emission Control Regulations 2006. 16. THE OZONELAYER:There is the ViennaConvention for theProtection of the OzoneLayer,1987: Article 1 (1)defines the ozone layeras the layer ofatmospheric ozone abovethe planetary boundarylayer.EMCA, section 2 definesthe ozone layer as it isdefined in theconvention. 17. COMPOSITION OF THE OZONELAYER: Ozone is formed in the atmosphere when ultraviolet radiationfrom the Sun splits one oxygen molecule into two oxygen atoms(O2). The atomic oxygen then combines with another oxygenmolecule to form ozone (O3). Most ozone found in the Earthsatmosphere occurs in one layer in the stratosphere, betweenaltitudes of around 20 to 50 km. Early in the Earths history, the gradual build-up of this layerfrom oxygen released by marine life allowed life to develop onland. Today, the ozone layer helps to produce the observedvertical structure of the atmosphere, and absorbs harmfulultraviolet radiation that would otherwise damage plant andanimal life (also causing skin cancer) on the Earths surface. Incontrast, ozone close to the Earths surface is a health hazard, asit is one of the major constituents of photochemical smog. 18. Causes of the depletion of theozone:a. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)b. Halonsc. Hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)d. Methyl Bromide.Used in: Refrigeration, air conditioning, fire fighting, metal- cleaning, soil fumigation 19. Hole FormationBased on Twodifferentmechanisms:MeteorologicalmechanismMovement of airfrom one place toanother in the upperstratosphereCold temperature inthe upper atmospherecauses nitric acid tofreeze into crystalsforming wispy pinkcloudsForms a vortex oftightly twisted windsthus forming a hole inthe upper atmosphere 20. ChemicalMechanismDifferent chemicalsare responsible for thedestruction of the ozonelayerTopping the list :chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)man-made, non-toxic and inert inthe troposphereIn thestratosphere arephotolysed,releasing reactivechlorine atomsthat catalyticallydestroy ozone 21. Stratospheric Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR) Ultra-violet radiation (UVR) high energy electromagnetic wave emitted from thesun. It is made up of wavelengths ranging from 100nm to 400nm. UV radiation includes UV-A, the least dangerous form of UV radiation, with awavelength range between 315nm to 400nm, UV-B with a wavelength rangebetween 280nm to 315nm, and UV-C which is the most dangerous between 100nmto 280nm. UV-C is unable to reach Earths surface due to stratospheric ozonesability to absorb it. (Last, 2006) 22. Effects of depletion of the OzoneLayer:-When the ozone layer is depleted the UV-Rays of the sun canpenetrate to the earth. They have serious effects namely: Skin Cancer Impairment of the bodys immune system Eye Cataract Damage of the genetic material (DNA) leading to mutation ofthe affected organisms. Damage to crops Inhibition of photosynthesis or mobility of sea weeds(phytoplankton) including damage to aquatic fauna. Degradation of paints, rubbers, wood and plastics used inbuildings. 23. Effects of depletion ofthe Ozone Layer:-When the ozone layer is depleted theUV-Rays of the sun can penetrate to theearth. They have serious effects namely:Skin CancerImpairment of the bodys immunesystemEye CataractDamage of the genetic material (DNA)leading to mutation of the affectedorganisms.Damage to cropsInhibition of photosynthesis or mobilityof sea weeds (phytoplankton) includingdamage to aquatic fauna.Degradation of paints, rubbers, woodand plastics used in buildings. 24. THE VIENNA CONVENTION: Article 2 outlines the general obligations which are in summary:a) To take appropriate measures to protect human health and the environment against adverse effects resulting or likely to result from human activities which are likely to modify the Ozone Layer.b) To promote international cooperation in the legal, scientific and technical fields.c) To encourage research, cooperation and the exchange of information among countries which was the main thrust of this convention.d) The Convention also established a mechanism for international cooperation in research, monitoring, and exchange of data on the state of the stratospheric ozone layer and on emissions and concentrations of CFCs and other relevant chemicals. 25. THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL: It was designed to reduce the production and consumption of ozone depletingsubstances in order to reduce their abundance in the atmosphere, and therebyprotect the earths fragile ozone Layer. The Protocol is designed to regulate the production and consumption ofozone-depleting substances (ODS). Controlled substances are listed in fourannexes, and their respective phase-out schedules are designed to allow forprogressive tightening over time as scientific evidence for ozone depletiontrend is strengthened and as substitutes for the ODS in question aredeveloped. The parties committed to reduce production and consumption of CFCs by halfby 1998 and to freeze production and consumption of halons by 1992.Developing countries were granted a 10-year grace period to meet bothobligations. The Montreal Protocol was amended in London on 29/06/1990, Copenhagenon 25/11/1992, Montreal on 17/09/1997 and Beijing in December 1999. 26. The Multilateral Fund: The Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of theMontreal Protocol (MLF) is the financial mechanismwhich was created in 1990 by the London Amendment tohelp developing countries meet the agreed incrementalcost of fulfilling the Protocols control measures Article 5 of the Montreal Protocol defines countrieseligible to receive MLF assistance as any party that is adeveloping country and whose annual calculated level ofconsumption of the controlled substances in Annex A isless than 0.3 kilograms per capita. The World Bank is one of four implementing agencieswith which countries can partner to access MLFfunding. The others are UNDP, UNEP, and UNIDO . 27. The Global Environmental Facility: The GEF is helping countries with economies intransition (CEITs) that are not eligible for fundingunder the Multilateral Fund of the Montreal Protocol,to implement activities to phase out ozone-depletingsubstances (ODS) in a manner consistent with thesecountries obligations under the Montreal Protocol. The GEF has contributed by facilitating a large drop inconsumption and production of chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs) in CEITs. 28. International Organizations that dealwith protection of the Ozone Layer: UNEP. The Secretariat which co-ordinatesimplementation and meetings under the MontrealProtocol. The Ozone Action which is a UNEP division ofTechnology industry and Economics. The European Commission e.t.c. 29. KENYAN LEGISLATION ON THEOZONE: Section 2 of EMCA describes what the ozone layer is. Section 56 It addresses protection of the ozone layer.Other Regulations: Ozone Depleting Substance Regulations 0f 2007 In May 2007,the Environmental Management and co-ordination(controlled substances) Regulations under LegalNotice no. 73 of 2007 was gazetted by the Minister forEnvironment and Natural Resources. This regulation made it mandatory for industries and otherstakeholders in the ODS trade to obtain licences to importthese substances. Imports of CFC was banned with effect from 11/1/2009 bythe government. 30. Signs of Antartica Dec. 2005Recovery???There have been somesigns of recovery1997 satelliteshowed a declineof several knownozone-depletinggasesSatellite imagesshow someslowing down ofozone lossHowever.Recovery is slow. 31. Images of Antarctica Taken Indicate A SlowRecovery 32. Ozone hole 2012 33. CONCLUSION:Whats the use of a finehouse if you havent got atolerable planet to put iton? Henry DavidThoreauTheres so much pollutionin the air now that if itwerent for our lungsthered be no place to put itall. ~Robert OrbenLETS NOT BEENVIROMENTALISTS,LETS BE EARTHWARRIORS AND RESCUEIT FROM POLLUTION.