Air pollution & remedial measures in landscape architecture

Air pollutionSubmitted by: Nusaibah.k 10102024 s9 B Arch

AIR POLLUTION:AIR POLLUTION CAN BE DEFINED AS THE INTRODUCTION OF CHEMICALS, PARTICULATES, BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS OR OTHER HARMFULL MATERIALS IN TO EARTHS ATMOSPHERE.

AN AIR POLLUTANT IS A SUBSTANCE IN THE AIR THAT CAN HAVE ADVERSE EFFECTS ON HUMANS AND THE ECOSYSTEM.

THE SUBSTANCE CAN BE SOLID PARTICLES, LIQUID DROPLETS, OR GASES. A POLLUTANT CAN BE OF NATURAL ORIGIN OR MAN-MADE.MAIN CAUSES: GLOBALISATION, POPULATION GROWTH. INDUSTRIALISATION, AIR POLLUTANTS

NATURAL SOURCES:1.DUST FROM NATURAL SOURCES, USUALLY LARGE AREAS OF LAND WITH FEW OR NO VEGETATION.

2. METHANE, EMITTEDBY THEDIGESTIONOF FOOD BYANIMALS, FOR EXAMPLECATTLE

3.RADONGAS FROMRADIOACTIVE DECAYWITHIN THEEARTH'S CRUST. RADON IS A COLORLESS, ODORLESS, NATURALLY OCCURRING, RADIOACTIVE NOBLE GAS THAT IS FORMED FROM THE DECAY OF RADIUM. IT IS CONSIDERED TO BE A HEALTH HAZARD. RADON GAS FROM NATURAL SOURCES CAN ACCUMULATE IN BUILDINGS, ESPECIALLY IN CONFINED AREAS SUCH AS THE BASEMENT AND IT IS THE SECOND MOST FREQUENT CAUSE OF LUNG CANCER, AFTERCIGARETTESMOKING.

4.SMOKEANDCARBON MONOXIDEFROMWILDFIRES

5.VEGETATION, IN SOME REGIONS, EMITS ENVIRONMENTALLY SIGNIFICANT AMOUNTS OF VOCS ON WARMER DAYS. THESE VOCS REACT WITH PRIMARY ANTHROPOGENIC POLLUTANTSSPECIFICALLY, NOX, SO2, AND ANTHROPOGENIC ORGANIC CARBON COMPOUNDSTO PRODUCE A SEASONAL HAZE OF SECONDARY POLLUTANTS.

6.VOLCANIC ACTIVITY, WHICH PRODUCESSULFUR,CHLORINE, AND ASH PARTICULATES

ANTHROPOGENIC (MAN-MADE) SOURCES:THESE ARE MOSTLY RELATED TO THE BURNING OF MULTIPLE TYPES OF FUEL.

STATIONARY SOURCES,INCLUDE SMOKE STACKS OFPOWER PLANTS, MANUFACTURING FACILITIES (FACTORIES) AND WASTE INCINERATORS, AS WELL AS FURNACES AND OTHER TYPES OF FUEL-BURNING HEATING DEVICES.

MOBILE SOURCES, INCLUDES MOTOR VEHICLES, MARINE VESSELS AND AIRCRAFT.

FUMES FROM PAINT, HAIR SPRAYS, VARNISH, AEROSOL SOLVENTS.

CHEMICALS IN AGRICULTURE AND FOREST MANAGEMENT.

WASTE DEPOSITION IN LANDFILLS WITH GENERATION OF METHANE.

MILITARY RESOURCES SUCH AS NUCLEAR WEAPONS, TOXIC GASE, ROCKETRY ETC.

EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTIONRESPIRATORY AND HEART PROBLEMS:THE EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ARE ALARMING. THEY ARE KNOWN TO CREATE SEVERAL RESPIRATORY AND HEART CONDITIONS ALONG WITH CANCER, AMONG OTHER THREATS TO THE BODY. SEVERAL MILLIONS ARE KNOWN TO HAVE DIED DUE TO DIRECT OR INDIRECT EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. CHILDREN IN AREAS EXPOSED TO AIR POLLUTANTS ARE SAID TO COMMONLY SUFFER FROM PNEUMONIA AND ASTHMA.2. GLOBAL WARMING:ANOTHER DIRECT EFFECT IS THE IMMEDIATE ALTERATIONS THAT THE WORLD IS WITNESSING DUE TOGLOBAL WARMING. WITH INCREASED TEMPERATURES WORLD WIDE, INCREASE IN SEA LEVELS AND MELTING OF ICE FROM COLDER REGIONS AND ICEBERGS, DISPLACEMENT AND LOSS OF HABITAT HAVE ALREADY SIGNALED AN IMPENDING DISASTER IF ACTIONS FOR PRESERVATION AND NORMALIZATION ARENT UNDERTAKEN SOON. 3. ACID RAIN:HARMFUL GASES LIKE NITROGEN OXIDES AND SULFUR OXIDES ARE RELEASED INTO THE ATMOSPHERE DURING THE BURNING OFFOSSIL FUELS. WHEN IT RAINS, THE WATER DROPLETS COMBINES WITH THESE AIR POLLUTANTS, BECOMES ACIDIC AND THEN FALLS ON THE GROUND IN THE FORM OF ACID RAIN.ACID RAINCAN CAUSE GREAT DAMAGE TO HUMAN, ANIMALS AND CROPS.

4. EUTROPHICATION:EUTROPHICATION IS A CONDITION WHERE HIGH AMOUNT OF NITROGEN PRESENT IN SOME POLLUTANTS GETS DEVELOPED ON SEAS SURFACE AND TURNS ITSELF INTO ALGAE AND ADVERSELY AFFECT FISH, PLANTS AND ANIMAL SPECIES. THE GREEN COLORED ALGAE THAT IS PRESENT ON LAKES AND PONDS IS DUE TO PRESENCE OF THIS CHEMICAL ONLY.

5. EFFECT ON WILDLIFE:JUST LIKE HUMANS, ANIMALS ALSO FACE SOME DEVASTATING AFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION. TOXIC CHEMICALS PRESENT IN THE AIR CAN FORCE WILDLIFE SPECIES TO MOVE TO NEW PLACE AND CHANGE THEIR HABITAT. THE TOXIC POLLUTANTS DEPOSIT OVER THE SURFACE OF THE WATER AND CAN ALSO AFFECT SEA ANIMALS.

6. DEPLETION OF OZONE LAYER:OZONE EXISTS IN EARTHS STRATOSPHERE AND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PROTECTING HUMANS FROM HARMFUL ULTRAVIOLET (UV) RAYS. EARTHS OZONE LAYER IS DEPLETING DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS, HYDRO CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE. AS OZONE LAYER WILL GO THIN, IT WILL EMIT HARMFUL RAYS BACK ON EARTH AND CAN CAUSE SKIN AND EYE RELATED PROBLEMS. UV RAYS ALSO HAVE THE CAPABILITY TO AFFECT CROPS.

EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTHIT CAUSES LUNG CANCER, ASTHMA, CHRONIC BRONCHITIS, EMPHYSEMA.SO2 CAUSES CONSTRICTION OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGE AND CAUSE BRONCHITIS.NO2 CAN IRRITATE THE LUNGS AND CAUSE EPHYSEMA AND CHRONIC BRONCHITIS.CARBON MONOXIDE CAUSE SUFFOCATION AND PROLONGED EXPOSURE MAY CAUSE DEATH.BENZENE, FORMALDEHYDE CAN CAUSE MUTATIONS, REPRODUCTIVE PROBLEMS.

EFFECTS ON PLANTSAIR POLLUTANTS CAN ENTER INTO PLANT BODY THROUGH STOMATA AND CAN STOP PHOTOSYNTHESIS.DAMAGE TO LEAF STRUCTURE CAUSES NECROSIS, CHLOROSIS, EPINASTY, ABSCISSION.SO2 CAUSES BLEACHING OF LEAVES, CHLOROSIS, INJURY AND NECROSIS.PAN CAUSES SILVERING OF LOWER SURFACE OF LEAF AND SUPPRESSED GROWTH.SIGNIFICANCEAIR POLLUTION EFFECTS ARE NOT LIMITED TO THE SHORT TERM NOR TO THE PLANT DAMAGED OR KILLED.AIR POLLUTION CAN HAVE LONG TERM EFFECTS THAT AFFECT NOT ONLY PLANTS, BUT THE ANIMALS THAT DEPEND UPON THEM. IT CAN CAUSE IRREPARABLE HARM TO WATER RESOURCES AND ECOSYSTEMS. RAPID DECLINE OF ECOSYSTEM HEALTH CAN LEAVE SYSTEMS UNLIVABLE.

EFFECTS ON MATERIALS:

SO2 AND MOISTURE CAN ACCELERATE CORROSION OF METALLIC SURFACES.SULFURIC ACID ALSO DAMAGES METALLIC SURFACES, MARBLE AND LIME STONE.OZONE CAN CAUSE CRACKING OF RUBBER.

TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION:

MINIMIZE ACTIVITIES WHICH CAUSE POLLUTION LIKE TRANSPORTATION AND ENERGY PRODUCTION.MODIFICATION OF PROCESS AND EQUIPMENT.USE OF APPROPRIATE MATERIALS.USING LOW SULPHER COAL IN INDUSTRIES.REMOVING SULPHER FROM COAL.REMOVING NOX DURING THE COMBUSTION PROCESS AND CONTROLLING THE FLOW OF AIR AND FUEL IN INDUSTRIAL BURNERS USING MASS TRANSPORT SYSTEMS.SHIFTING TO FUELS SUCH AS HYDROGEN GAS.USING NON CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution

AIR POLLUTION CAN BE CONTROLLED THROUGH PROPER LANDSCAPE PLANNING, AND THROUGH WHICH URBAN SUSTAINABILITY CAN BE ENHANCED.

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS ARE SENSITIVE TO THE ISSUE OF AIR POLLUTION IN THEIR EVERYDAY PRACTICE THROUGH A WIDE VARIETY OF :PLANTING APPLICATIONSPRESERVATION OF NATURAL VEGETATION RESOURCESREVEGETATION EFFORTSPRESERVATION &MANAGEMENT OF OPEN SPACESUSE OF PLANT MATERIALS FOR AIR PURIFICATION.REMEDIAL MEASURES

BENEFITS OF USING VEGETATION

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS ARE USING VEGETATION SUCH AS STREET TREES AND SHRUBS TO IMPROVE AIR QUALITY, PARTICULARLY DURING EXCESSIVELY HOT WEATHER.

ANOTHERAND PARTICULARLY MORE INNOVATIVEUSE OF VEGETATION INVOLVES THE GREEN ROOF (ALSO KNOWN AS THE LIVING ROOF). COMPRISED OF TREES, SHRUBS, LOW-GROWTH GRASSES, AND SEDUMS, GREEN ROOFS CAN CAP JUST ABOUT ANY STRUCTURE IN A COMMUNITY. THE VEGETATION ON A GREEN ROOF IS DROUGHT TOLERANT, WEED RESISTANT, CAN WITHSTAND EXTREME TEMPERATURES.

ONE OF THE MAIN PURPOSES OF A GREEN ROOF IS TO CONTROL STORMWATER RUNOFF. RAINWATER CAN BE COLLECTED, FILTERED, AND STORED IN A CISTERN. THE WATER IS THEN UTILIZED IN IRRIGATION AND WASH-DOWN SYSTEMS. ALSO, DRAINAGE SYSTEMS CAN HELP CONTROL THE AMOUNT OF STORMWATER BEING RELEASED INTO A COMMUNITYS SEWER SYSTEM.

USE PUBLIC MODE OF TRANSPORTATION:

ENCOURAGE PEOPLE TO USE MORE AND MOREPUBLIC MODES OF TRANSPORTATIONTO REDUCE POLLUTION. ALSO, TRY TO MAKE USE OF CAR POOLING. IF YOU AND YOUR COLLEAGUES COME FROM THE SAME LOCALITY AND HAVE SAME TIMINGS YOU CAN EXPLORE THIS OPTION TO SAVE ENERGY AND MONEY.

CONSERVE ENERGY:

SWITCH OFF FANS AND LIGHTS WHEN YOU ARE GOING OUT. LARGE AMOUNT OF FOSSIL FUELS ARE BURNT TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY. YOU CAN SAVE THE ENVIRONMENT FROM DEGRADATION BY REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF FOSSIL FUELS TO BE BURNED.

UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF REDUCE, REUSE AND RECYCLE:

DO NOT THROW AWAY ITEMS THAT ARE OF NO USE TO YOU. IN-FACT REUSE THEM FOR SOME OTHER PURPOSE. FOR E.G. YOU CAN USE OLD JARS TO STORE CEREALS OR PULSES.

EMPHASIS ON CLEAN ENERGY RESOURCES:CLEAN ENERGYTECHNOLOGIES LIKESOLAR,WINDANDGEOTHERMALARE ON HIGH THESE DAYS. GOVERNMENTS OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES HAVE BEEN PROVIDING GRANTS TO CONSUMERS WHO ARE INTERESTED IN INSTALLINGSOLAR PANELS FOR THEIR HOME. THIS WILL GO A LONG WAY TO CURB AIR POLLUTION.

USE ENERGY EFFICIENT DEVICES:CFL LIGHTS CONSUMELESS ELECTRICITY AS AGAINST THEIR COUNTERPARTS. THEY LIVE LONGER, CONSUME LESS ELECTRICITY, LOWER ELECTRICITY BILLS AND ALSO HELP YOU TO REDUCE POLLUTION BY CONSUMING LESS ENERGY.

SEVERAL ATTEMPTS ARE BEING MADE WORLD WIDE ON A PERSONAL, INDUSTRIAL AND GOVERNMENTAL LEVELS TO CURB THE INTENSITY AT WHICH AIR POLLUTION IS RISING AND REGAIN A BALANCE AS FAR AS THE PROPORTIONS OF THE FOUNDATION GASES ARE CONCERNED. THIS IS A DIRECT ATTEMPT AT SLACKINGGLOBAL WARMING . WE ARE SEEING A SERIES OF INNOVATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS AIMED AT ALTERNATE AND UNCONVENTIONAL OPTIONS TO REDUCE POLLUTANTS. AIR POLLUTION IS ONE OF THE LARGER MIRRORS OF MANS FOLLIES, AND A CHALLENGE WE NEED TO OVERCOME TO SEE A TOMORROW.Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution

DEVICES TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION

BIOLOGICAL FILTERS:USING BIOLOGICAL FILTERS AND BIO SCRUBBERS.PLANTING MORE TREE.REDUCTION OF POLLUTION AT SOURCE.

WET SCRUBBERS : USE WATER SPRAY TO FILTER THE POLLUTED AIR.

CYCLONE FILTER: USES CENTRIFUGAL FORCE TO SEPARATE POLLUTANTS.

BAG HOUSE FILTER: USES FABRIC BAGS TO FILTER OUT THE POLLUTANTS.

Thank you http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_from_the_Airhttp://www.nrdc.org/air/ -natural resources defense council Fundamentals of air pollution daneil valleroAir pollution and health stephen T holgate, Hillel S. Koren, Jonathan M. Samet

Sources: