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Air India Flight 182

Boeing 747-237BEmperor Kanishka landing atLondonHeathrow Airporton 10 June 1985, a few days before theexplosion

Date 23 June 1985

Type Bombing

Site Atlantic Ocean South of Ireland

Passengers 307

Crew 22

Fatalities 329 (all)

Survivors 0

Aircraft type Boeing 747-237B

Aircraft name Emperor Kanishka

Operator Air India

Tail number VT-EFO

Flight origin Montral-Mirabel InternationalAirport,Montreal,Quebec, Canada

Stopover London Heathrow Airport,London,England,UnitedKingdom

Destination Palam International Airport, New Delhi, India

Air India Flight 182 was anAir Indiaflight operating on theMontral-London-Delhiroute. On 23 June 1985, theaeroplaneoperating on the route aBoeing747-237B(c/n 21473/330, reg VT-EFO) named afterEmperor Kanishka wasblown up by a bomb while in Irish airspace, at an altitude of 31,000 feet(9,400 m), and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean. 329 people perished, including280 Canadian citizens, mostly of Indian birth or descent, and 22 Indians .[1]Theincident was the largestmass murderin modern Canadian history, and the deadliestact of air terrorism before9/11. It was the first bombing of a 747 jumbo jet,preceding the better-known 1988 bombing of Americans aboardPan Am Flight103over Lockerbie Scotland which was also brought down by explosives placedin a radio inside a bag without its passenger boarding. The explosion and downingof the carrier occurred within an hour of the fatalNarita Airport Bombingwhichalso originated from Canada without the passenger for the bag that exploded onthe ground before being placed on another Air India flight. Evidence from theexplosion pointed to a related attempt to blow up two airliners simultaneously bythe alleged bomb maker who had purchased a stereo tuner and other parts for thedevice in Canada and to other possible associates in Canada who had theirconversations wiretapped.Investigation and prosecution took almost 20 years and was the most expensivetrial in Canadian history, costing nearlyCAD $130 million. The main suspects inthe bombing were the members of theSikh separatistBabbar Khalsaand otherrelated groups. Though a handful of members would be arrested and tried, due to alack of solid evidence and various legal and investigation errors, Inderjit SinghReyatwas the only person convicted of involvement in the bombing, afterpleadingguiltyin 2003 to manslaughter. He was sentenced to 15 years in prisonfor building the bombs that exploded at Narita airport and aboard Flight 182.[2]TheGovernor General-in-Councilin 2006 appointed formerSupremeCourtjustice John Major to conduct a commission of inquiry and his report wascompleted and released on 17 June 2010. It was found that a "cascading series oferrors" by theGovernment of Canada, theRoyal Canadian Mounted Police, andtheCanadian Security Intelligence Servicehad allowed the terrorist attack to takeplace.[3]

[edit]Pre-incident timeline

Most official accounts place responsibility for the attack on Sikh extremism,though many groups believe their movements have been unfairly blamed.Tensions go back before thePartition of Indiain 1947 which resulted in muchviolence and hardship. The partition created the largely Muslim state of Pakistanand India. The state of Punjab was also divided. Later arose theKhalistanmovementto create another Sikh homeland in the Punjab region of India, harkingback to the 18th centurySikh Empire. Canada's Security Services of the RCMPhad followed the Khalistan movement since 1974, but did not consider them to bea threat until 1981. Sikh immigration to Canada began before the early 1900s

where they suffered discrimination in British Columbia.[4]During the 1970s, manyof who would become the leaders and members of the Babbar Khalsa such asTalwinder Singh Parmar, Ajaib Singh Bagri, Ripudaman Singh Malik and InderjitSingh Reyat had settled in Canada. By the 1980s, the area around Vancouver hadbecome the largest center of Sikh population outside India.[5]The Babbar Khalsa in its modern day form was created as a result of the violentclash between rivalNirankariandAkhand Kirtani Jathasects onVaisakhiApril13, 1978, where thirteen Sikhs were killed. The founders of this panthic groupvowed to avenge the death of Sikhs. On 24 April 1980, Gurbachan Singh, the"Baba" (head) of the Nirankaris, was killed; responsibility for this killing wasclaimed by Babbar Khalsa. Talwinder Singh Parmar led the militant wing of AKJwhich became Babbar Khalsa to "punish" the Nirankaris who had been cleared on

wrongdoing.[6]On November 19, 1981 Talwinder Singh Parmar was amongmilitants who escaped from a shoot out in which 2 Indian police were gunneddown outside the house of Amarjit Singh Nihang in Ludhiana district. ThisgainedBabbar Khalsaand its chief notoriety.[7]In 1982, India issued a warrant forParmar's arrest for six charges of murder, stemming from the killing of policeofficers.[8]India notified Canada that Parmar was a wanted terrorist in 1981, andasked for his extradition in 1982, which Canada denied in July 1982.[9]After anINTERPOL alert, Parmar was arrested while attempting to enter Germany.Germany chose to handle the case locally rather than hand him over to India.Parmar went on a hunger strike to win his right to turban and vegetarian meals inthe Dsseldorf jail. After India received information that Parmar had madeassassination threats against Indira Gandhi, they found that Germany had decidedthat the evidence was weak, and he had been expelled and released to Canada onJune 1984 after nearly a year in jail.[10]On June 36 of 1984, the Khalistan movement was sparked into action as PrimeMinister of IndiaIndira GandhiorderedOperation Blue Star, the violent storming

of the most sacred of all Sikh shrines, theGolden Temple[11]The separatists, ledbyJarnail Singh Bhindranwale(who was killed) had allegedly amassed weaponsin theSikh templeSome independent estimates ran as high as 1500 civiliandeaths, which led to an uproar amongst Sikhs worldwide. On October 31, 1984,Prime Minister Indira Gandhi wasassassinatedby two of herSikh bodyguardswhowere honoured[by whom?]in 2008 as "martyrsof the Sikh nation" for avenging themilitary attack on the Golden Temple. After rumours that "Sikhs were distributingsweets" to celebrate the killing, thousands of Sikhs would be killed in retaliatoryviolence of the1984 anti-Sikh riotsby an enraged majority Hindu population.[12]That summer shortly after Blue Star, Parmar had visited auto mechanic andelectricianInderjit Singh Reyatwho lived on Duncan, a small logging communitynorth of Victoria on Vancouver Island to ask Reyat to construct a bomb, thoughReyat would later claim he had no idea what such as device could be used for.Reyat was known to have been asking various people in the small communityabout dynamite so that he could blast tree stumps on his property.[13]Reyat hadalso discussed explosives to a co-worker while expressing anger at Indian

Government and Indira Gandhi in particular.[14]

That summer and fall,Ajaib Singh Bagriaccompanied Parmar as his right hand inthe armed struggle against the Indian government. They travelled across Canada torally Sikhs to the cause of avenging the bloody attack on the Golden Temple. Themeeting would be used as fundraisers for theBabbar Khalsa. A former head priestin Hamilton testified that Bagri stated "the Indian Government is our enemy, thesame way the Hindu society is our enemy Bagri told the congregation Get your

weapons ready so we can take revenge against the Indian Government. Bagri

called for action as We are slaves in Punjab. Our brothers and sisters are beingkilled and so we have to stand up for ourselves. Nobodys going to help us. So to

make our own state we need an army, we need ammunition, we need rifles to fightwith the Indian Government to make our own state, Khalistan[15]Bagri worked asa forklift driver at a sawmill near the town of Kamloops, but was also known as apowerful preacher in the Indo-Canadian community.[16][edit]Bagri SpeechOn July 28, 1984 the founding convention of theWorld Sikh Organizationwas

held atMadison Square GardeninNew York City. The WSO's Constitution wascommitted to diplomacy and non-violence, declaring it would strive for anindependent Sikh homeland by peaceful means. Though Parmar was blocked at

the border because he had already been put on a 24 hr watch, Bagri made aninspiring hour-long speech declaring "until we kill 50,000 Hindus, we will notrest" before an enraged crowd of 4,000 people that would become infamous at hislater trial.[17]Bagri defended hijackers who had forced the hated Indiangovernment into negotiations with the Sikh leadership, and was critical ofGandhian non-violence. "We are to die in the battlefield, fighting, by sacrificingourselves. To die such a death, which is the mission of the Khalsa, which is ourreligion".[18]Militant Islamic Kashmir and Afghan rebels also were also invited tothe rally.[19]An Afghan Mujahadeen agreed "we well bring together allmovements against India because India allies itself with the Third World and theSoviet Union." A professional translator would testify that Bagri's speech inPunjabi had been distorted by failing to understand "its context within Sikh historyand literature", rejecting that Bagri had urged Sikhs to take revenge against all

Hindus. However, he allowed that Bagri was trying to "inflame passions andarouse national pride"[20][edit]Fall 1984 Bombing PlotIn the fall of 1984, at least two informers reported to authorities of first abortiveplot to bomb Air India 182 which flew out of Montreal at that time. In August1984, known criminal Gerry Boudreault claimed Talwinder Parmar showed himwith a suitcase stuffed with $200,000 to plant a bomb, but but decided "I had done

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some bad things in my time, done my time in jail, but putting a bomb on a plane not me. I went to the police." In September, Harmail Singh Grewal of

Vancouver told CSIS and the RCMP of the same plot to bomb the flight out ofMontreal to bargain down his sentence on theft and fraud. Both reports weredismissed as unreliable.[21]On March 5, 1985, Canada's CSIS domestic intelligence agency got a court orderto place Parmar under surveillance for one year, just 3 months before the bombing.Although the Babbar Khalsa was not yet officially banned, the affidavit stated it"is a Sikh terrorist group now established in Canada", "has claimed responsibilityfor more than forty assasinations of moderate Sikhs and other persons in thePunjab" and "penned its nameto threatening letters to ... high officials in India". Itnoted that in Calgary, Alberta on July 15, 1984, Parmar urged the Coach Temple

congregation to "unite, fight and kill" to avenage the attack on the GoldenTemple.[22][23][edit]Explosives and ClocksIn April 1985, a Canadian familiar with blasting was asked by Reyat muchdynamite would blow up a tree stump. Another friend who listened in recalledrecalled that Reyat was very agitated about "getting even for the sacrilege at(Golden Temple at) Amritsar, he was almost talking like Hitler." Reyat was notshy about telling everyone he knew around Duncan about the need for revenge, orasking about explosives. Reyat sought cases of dynamite and did not care if he hadto pay three times the normal price, and eventually confided it was not aboutstumps, but "trouble in the old country", that he needed "explosives to help mycountrymen." One friend declined to get him the dynamite, but did lend him a 400page manual on mining with explosives.[24]On May 8, 1985, Reyat went to theRadio Shackin Duncan and bought a Microntadigital automobile clock.[25]Designed for a 12 volt automobile electrical system, itcould also be powered by a 12V lantern battery. The 24 hour alarm activated a

buzzer, but he returned a week later for an electrical relay after asking how to getthe buzzer signal to power another device. Wiretappers recorded nine telephonecalls between Mr. Parmars residence in Vancouver and Mr. Reyat from either hisresidence or workplace on Vancouver Island that month, which also added Reyatto the persons being monitored for terrorist activities.[26]The Canadiangovernment would later accuse Reyat of lying in 2003 when at first he said he didnot know what three clocks he'd bought could be used for. He later said Parmarneeded an explosive device to blow up a bridge or something large in India, andthat he needed timers for an explosive device. In that case, the relay could be usedto trigger the detonator circuit for ablasting capwhich provides the initial shockneeded to detonate larger explosives like dynamite.[13][14]Reyat later visited the TV repair shop with a partially disassembled car clockwired to a lantern battery. He needed help so that the buzzer stayed on rather thanintermittent beeps so that it would turn on a light in his camper to wake him up.The repairman knew his friend did not own a camper, and it would even strikeJustice J. Raymond Paris at Reyat's 1991 trial as an odd use for a timer.[27]

[edit]Bomb TestsBy mid-May, Reyat had gone into the woods to test a device with 12v battery,cardboard cylinder, gun powder, some dynamite, but the device failed towork.[28]Later, Reyat acquired between six and eight sticks of dynamite "to blowup unidentified stumps if need be in the future" from a Duncan well-driller aftervisiting his house to fix a truck, as well as a few blasting caps days later. On May31, 1985, Reyat brought his timer attached to a "ghetto blaster" portable into hisshop so that his fellow employee at Duncan Auto Marine Electric could help himfix it for a friend, but he returned the radio after it did not work properly.On June 4, Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) agents CSIS agentLarry Lowe and Lynn Macadams followed Parmar and a man identified only as"Mr. X" travel from Parmars house to the Horseshoe Bay Ferry Terminal, ride theNanaimo-bound ferry, and visit Reyat at his home and shop at Auto MarineElectric. The three drove to a deserted bush area where Reyat was observed takingout an object into the woods. Staying out of sight, the agents, who did not bring acamera only heard an explosion which sounded like a gunshot. But later tests

showed it could also be an explosion, and later searched turned up remants ofaluminum blasting caps. J.S. Warren, director-general of counter-terrorism atCSIS on July 16, 1986 would later ask why they did not ask the police to stop andquestion the suspects, or search the vehicle which might have deterred thebombing plot.[29]The next day on June 5, Reyat purchased a large Sanyo component tuner, modelFMT 611K at Woolworths, and left his name and telephone number on the chargeslip which was later found in a search of his home. Reyat also bought smokelessgunpowder from the sporting goods store, signing "I. Reyat" on the explosives log.Study of bomb debris from Tokyo would eventually show the bomb was containedin a Sanyo tuner with a serial number matching a model sold only in BritishColumbia, used a Micronta clock as a timer which powered a relay with anEveready 12-volt battery to trigger blasting caps which would set off a high-explosives consistent with sticks of dynamite, all matching items purchased byReyat, which would lead to his eventual conviction.[26]As late as 2010, Reyatadmitted to only buying and assembling some parts, but denied he ever made a

bomb, knowing what the bomb was to be used for, who was behind any plot, orthat he ever asked or knew the name of the man who he said stayed in his housefor week completing construction of the explosive device after his device failed.[30]On June 9, 1985, a police informer in Hamilton reported that Parmar and Bagrihad visited the Malton Sikh Temple, warning the faithful that "it would be unsafe"to fly Air India.[31]Vancouver police also monitored militants 11 days before thebombing. A leader of the International Sikh Youth Federation compained that no

Indian consuls or ambassadors had yet been killed, but the response was: "Youwill see. something will be done in two weeks"[32]TWA Flight 847was hijackedJune 14 by Shiite Muslim extremists, starting a 17 day ordeal ending in Beirutwhen a crewmember was killed and dumped on the tarmac.[edit]TicketsThe Boeing 747-237BEmperorKanishka, delivered to Air India on 26 June 1978,flew fromTorontotoMontralasAI181 and from Montral toBombay,viaLondonandDelhi, asAI182.Moments after awiretappedphonecall with Parmar on June 20, 1985, at0100GMT, a man calling himselfMr. Singh made reservations for two flights on22 June: one for "Jaswant Singh" to fly fromVancouvertoTorontoonCanadianPacific (CP) Air LinesFlight 086 and one for "Mohinderbel Singh" to fly

fromVancouvertoTokyoon CP Air Lines Flight 003 and connect onward onAirIndia (AI) Flight 301toBangkok. At 0220 GMT on the same day, another callwas made, changing the reservation in the name of "Jaswant Singh" from CP 086to CP 060, also flying from Vancouver to Toronto. The caller further requested tobe wait-listed on AI 181 from Toronto to Montreal and AI 182 from Montreal toBombay. The next day at 1910 GMT, a man wearing a turban paid for the twotickets with $3,005 in cash at a CP ticket office in Vancouver. The names on thereservations were changed: "Jaswant Singh" became "M. Singh" and"Mohinderbel Singh" became "L. Singh". The reservation and purchase of thesetickets together would be used as evidence to link the two flights to one plot,despite some claims that the two explosion were only a coincidence.One telephone number left as a contact was Vancouver's Ross Street Sikh temple.The other number became one of the first leads tracked by investigators, and wastraced to Hardial Singh Johal who wasjanitorat a high school inVancouver.[33][34]Johal was an avid follower ofTalwinder Singh Parmar, and thusclosely eyed in the investigation following theAir India bombing. He was alleged

to have stored the suitcase explosives in the basement of a Vancouver school, andto have purchased the tickets for the flights on which the bombs were placed, andwas seen at the airport the day of the bombing.The initial phone conversation, as translated, included the following exchange;Parmar: Did he write the letter?Johal: No he didn't.Parmar: Do that work first.[35]It is believed that "writing the story" referred to purchasing the tickets for theflight, and after the tickets were purchased, Johal phoned Parmar back and asked ifhe could "come over and read the story he asked for", to which Parmar agreed.[35]Reyat went to work June 21, and phone records show he called Johal at 7:17PM.A witness whose name was protected testified that Bagri asked to borrow her carthe night before the bombing to take some suitcases to the airport, though hehimself would not be flying with them.[36][edit]Day of the Bombings

On 22 June 1985, at 1330 GMT, a man calling himself "Manjit Singh" called to

confirm his reservations on AI Flight 181/182. He was told he was still wait-listed,and was offered alternative arrangements, which he declined. At 15:50 GMT(about 8:00 AM) M. Singh checked in to a busy line of 30 people for the CP flightfrom Vancouver to Toronto which was scheduled to leave at 9:18AM. He askedagent Jeannie Adams to check his dark brown, hard-sidedSamsonitesuitcase, andhave it transferred toAir India Flight 181 and then to Flight 182 to India. But theagent initially refused his request to inter-line the baggage, since his seatfromTorontotoMontraland Montral toBombaywas unconfirmed. He insisted,but was again rebuffed, telling him "Your ticket doesn't read that you'reconfirmed" and "we're not supposed to check your baggage through." Then theman said "Wait, I'll get my brother for you." As he started to walk away, sherelented and agreed to accept the bag, but told him he would have to check inagain with Air India in Toronto. After the crash, Adams would realize thisdeception got the bag on its way to Air India 182. The anxious man was neveridentified.[37][38]At 16:16 GMT (9:18AM),Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight60 toToronto Pearson International Airportdeparted without Mr. Singh.

That morning, Reyat would later testify that he travelled from Duncan onVancouver Island on the ferry to Vancouver to work on his brother's truck. Phonerecords show someone called from his residence in Duncan to Johal's number at10:50 AM and 4:00 PM later that day. Reyat was seen in the company of anotherEast Indian man at the AME store in Burnaby, near Parmar's house between 10:00AM and 11:30 AM. He bought two 12 volt batteries similar to the one used in theexplosive device tested in the woods, and they were to fit into a special metalbracket he had brought with him.[39]Constable Clark-Marlowe later believed therewas "ample time for Inderjit Sing Reyat to obtain the batteries at the Auto MarineElectric limited store in Burnaby, incorporate the batteries in the assembly of anexplosive device and then have the device transported in a suitcase to theVancouver airport"Sometime before 2022(1:22 PM) L. Singh (also never identified) checked in forthe 1:37 CP Air Flight 003 to Tokyo with one piece of luggage, which is to betransferred to Air India 301 to Bangkok.[40]Mandip Singh Grewal recounted howas a boy, he recognized Johal as the janitor at his school at the airport when he

said goobye to his father at the airport.[41]

[edit]Bombing

At 20:22 GMT, Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 60 arrived inTorontotwelveminutes late. Some of the passengers and baggage, including the bag Mr Singhhad checked in, were transferred to Air India Flight 182.At 00:15 GMT (now 23 June),Air India Flight 181 departedToronto PearsonInternational AirportforMontral-Mirabel International Airport1 hour and 40

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8/2/2019 Air India Flight 182

3/5

minutes late. The aircraft was late because a "fifth pod", a spare engine, wasinstalled below the left wing to be flown to India for repairs. The plane arrived inMontral-Mirabel International Airport at 01:00 GMT. At Montral, the Air Indiaflight became Flight 182.Air India Flight 182 departed from Montral for London, en route to Delhi andBombay. 329 people were on board; 307 passengers and 22 crew. Capt. HanseSingh Narendraserved as the Commander,[42]and Capt. Satwinder SinghBhinder served as theFirst Officer;[43]Dara Dumasia served asFlightEngineer.[44]Many of the passengers were traveling to visit families and friends.[45]At 07:14:01 GMT, the Boeing 747, "squawked 2005"[46](a routine activation ofitsaviation transponder), disappeared, and the aircraft started to disintegrate inmid-air. No 'mayday' call was received byShannon International AirportAir

Traffic Control (ATC). ATC asked aircraft in the area to try to contact Air India,but to no avail. By 07:30:00 GMT hrs ATC declared an emergency and requestednearby cargo ships and theIrish Naval ServicevesselL Aislingto look out forthe aircraft.

ACommemorative plaque, presented to the citizensofBantry,Irelandby theGovernment of Canadafor theresidents' kindness and compassion to the families of thevictims of Air India Flight 182.A bomb in aSanyotuner[47]in a suitcase in the forward cargo

hold had exploded while the plane was in mid-flight at 31,000 feet at

513.6N1249WCoordinates: 513.6N1249W.[48]The bomb causedrapiddecompressionand consequent in-flight breakup. The wreckage settled in 6,700feet (2,000 m) deep water off the south-west Irish coast 120 miles (190 km)offshore ofCounty Cork.Fifty-five minutes after the loss of the aircraft, a suitcase checked in by one of theaccused perpetrators exploded at JapansNarita Airport, killing twobaggagehandlersand injuring four other individuals nearby. The suitcase was on its way toanother airliner at Narita.[edit]Recovery

By 09:13:00hrs GMT, the cargo shipLaurentian Foresthad discovered thewreckage of the aircraft and many bodies floating in the water.The bomb killed all 22 crew and 307 passengers. Post-accident medical reportsgraphically illustrated the outcomes of the passengers and crew. Of the 329persons on board, 131 bodies were recovered; 198 were lost at sea. Eight bodiesexhibited "flail pattern" injuries, indicating that they exited the aircraft before ithad hit the water. This, in turn, was a sign that the airplane had broken up in mid-air. Twenty-six bodies showed signs ofhypoxia(lack of oxygen). Twenty-fivebodies, mostly victims who were seated near windows, showed signs ofexplosivedecompression. Twenty-three bodies had signs of "injuries from a vertical force".Twenty-one passengers were found with little or no clothing.[49]

One official quoted in the report stated, "All victims have been stated in the PMreports to have died of multiple injuries. Two of the dead, one infant and onechild, are reported to have died ofasphyxia. There is no doubt about the asphyxialdeath of the infant. In the case of the other child (Body No 93) there was somedoubt because the findings could also be caused due to the child undergoingtumbling or spinning with the anchor point at the ankles. Three other victimsundoubtedly died ofdrowning."[50]The vesselGuardline Locatorfrom the UK, with sophisticatedsonarequipmentaboard, and the French cable-laying vessel theLon Thvenin, withitsrobotsubmarineScarab, were dispatched to locate theflight datarecorder(FDR) andcockpit voice recorder(CVR) boxes. The boxes would bedifficult to find and it was imperative the search be commenced quickly. By 4July, the Guardline Locator equipment had detected signals on the sea bed and on9 July the CVR was pin-pointed and raised to the surface by the Scarab. The nextday the FDR was located and recovered.The broken up aircraft lay on the sea bed at a depth of 6700 feet.[51][edit]Victims

Nationality Passengers Crew Total

Canada 270 0 270

United Kingdom 27 0 27

India1 21 22

Soviet Union 3 0 3

Brazil2 0 2

United States 2 0 2

Spain2 0 2

Finland 1 0 1

Argentina 0 1 1

Total 307 22 329

Casualty list provided by theCanadian Broadcasting Corporation.[52][edit]Suspects

The main suspects in the bombing were the members of aSikhseparatist groupcalled theBabbar Khalsa(banned in Europe and the United States as a proscribedterrorist group) and other related groups who were at the time agitating for aseparate Sikh state calledKhalistaninPunjab, India.[53] Talwinder Singh Parmar, a Canadian citizen born in Punjab, livinginBritish Columbiawas a high ranking official in theBabbar Khalsa, and hisphone was being tapped by theCanadian Security Intelligence Service(CSIS) forthree months before the bombing.[54]He was killed by the Punjab police in 1992while in custody. Inderjit Singh Reyat was living inDuncanonVancouver Islandandworking as an auto mechanic and electrician. Investigation of the bomb in Tokyo

led to discovery of his buying a Sanyo radio, clocks and other parts found in theblast. It was reported that he had asked for help in constructing devices withclocks and explosives. He was convicted of manslaughter in constructing thebomb. As part of a deal, he was to testify against others, but as he declined toimplicate others, he would be the only suspect convicted in the case.[55] Ripudaman Singh Malik was a Vancouver businessman who helpedfund acredit unionand severalKhalsaSchools. Recently he was found not guiltyof any involvement in the bombings.[56] Ajaib Singh Bagri was amillworker living inKamloops. He said in a1984 speech, after Hindu Mobs had murdered thousands of Sikhs in Delhi [57]that"Until we kill 50,000 Hindus, we will not rest."[58]He, along with RipudamanSingh Malik was found not guilty in 2007.[59] Surjan Singh Gillwas living in Vancouver as the self-proclaimedconsul-generalofKhalistan. Some RCMP testimony claimed he was amole who left the plot just days before execution because he was told to pull out,but the Canadian government denies that report. He later fled Canada and is

believed to be in hiding in London, England.[60]

Hardial Singh Johaland Manmohan Singh were both followers ofParmar and active in theGurdwaraswhere he preached. On 15 November 2002,Johal died of natural causes at 55. His phone number was left after ordering theairline tickets, he was seen at the airport the day the flights loaded, and hadallegedly stored the suitcases with bombs in the basement of a Vancouver schoolbut was never charged in the case.[61] Daljit Sandhuis later named by a Crown witness as the man whopicked up the tickets for the bombing. During the trial the Crown played a videofrom January 1989, in which Sandhu congratulated the families ofIndira Gandhi'sassassins and stated that "she deserved that and she invited that and that's why shegot it". Sandhu was cleared byJudgeIan Josephsonin his 16 March judgment.[62] Lakhbir Singh Brar Rode, the leader of the Sikh separatistorganizationInternational Sikh Youth Federation(ISYF). An alleged confessionby Parmar names him as the mastermind,[63]but the details do not appear to tallywith other available evidence.[64]

On 6 November 1985 the RCMP raided the homes of the suspected Sikhseparatists, Talwinder Singh Parmar, Inderjit Singh Reyat, Surjan Singh Gill,Hardial Singh Johal, and Manmohan Singh.[65]In September 2007, the Commission investigated reports, initially disclosed in theIndian investigative news magazineTehelka[66]that a hitherto unnamedperson,Lakhbir Singh Brar Rode, had masterminded the explosions. This reportappears to be inconsistent with other evidence known to the Royal CanadianMounted Police(RCMP).[64][edit]Investigations

In the subsequent worldwide investigations over six years, many threads of theplot were uncovered: The bombing was the joint project of at least two Sikh terrorist groupswith extensive membership in Canada, USA, England and India. Their anger hadbeen sparked by anattack on the Golden Temple, the holiest Sikh shrineinAmritsarin June 1984.[67] Two men, identified by their tickets as M. Singh and L. Singh, checkedin their bag bombs at Vancouver International Airporta few hours apart on 22June 1985. Both men failed to board their flights.[68] The bag checked in by M. Singh exploded aboard Air India Flight 182. The second bag, checked in by L. Singh, went onCanadian Pacific AirLinesFlight 003 fromVancouvertoTokyo. Its target wasAir India Flight 301dueto leave soon with 177 passengers and crew bound forBangkok-Don Mueang, butitexplodedat the terminal inNarita Airportitself. Two Japanese baggage handlerswere killed and four other people were injured.[69] The identities of these two men remain unknown.[citation needed] A key player known to police variously as the "Third Man" or the"Unknown Male" was seen byCSISagents who were following Talwinder SinghParmar on 4 June 1985. Described as a "youthful man",[67]he went with Parmar onaferryride from Vancouver to Duncan on Vancouver Island where he and Parmarparticipated in a test explosion of a device manufactured by Inderjit Singh Reyat.The third man has also been linked to travels done under tickets bought under the

name "L. Singh" or "Lal Singh".[70][edit]Air India TrialThe trial of those accused of the bombing,SikhseparatistsRipudaman SinghMalikandAjaib Singh Bagri, became known as the "Air India Trial".[71][edit]Charges and convictions

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On 10 May 1991, after lengthy proceedings to extradite Reyat from England, hewas convicted of two counts of manslaughter and four explosives charges relatingto the Narita Airport bombing. He was sentenced to 10 years imprisonment.[72]Fifteen years after the bombing, on 27 October 2000, RCMP arrested Malik andBagri. They were charged with 329 counts of first-degree murder in the deaths ofthe people on board Air India Flight 182, conspiracy to commit murder, theattempted murder of passengers and crew on the Canadian Pacific flight at Japan'sNew Tokyo International Airport (now Narita Intern