Air Filtration Technology

7/29/2019 Air Filtration Technology

1/38

Air Filtration,

ASHRAE 52.2 2007-B - App JFine vs. course fiber

How filters are testedEnergy Impact

LCC

John German

April 20, 2012


2/38

Respirable ParticlesAre those that penetrate in to andare deposited in the non-ciliatedport ion of the lung. Particles largerthan 10 microns aerodynamicallyare not respirable.

ASHRAE 62-2004

Urban Environment200,000 to over 2 million particles

Typical Offices100,000 to over 1 million

Hospital Surgery Room50,000 to 500,000

Semiconductor Cleanroom

10 to 100

State of the Art Cleanroom0.1 to 1

Dr. Ken Goldstein, Lockwood Greene


3/38

Why we filter the Air Fine Particlesan underestimated health risk

Ultra-, Nano- or Fine- Particles: Clear connection between fine particles and health effects

(mortality and respiratory problems)

Underestimated risk (long term studies)

WHO No harmless concentration limit JAMA Vol 287 # 9, March 6, 2002

Provides the strongest evidence to date that long-termexposure to fine particulate air pollution common to manymetropolitan areas is an important risk factor for

cardiopulmonary mortality. Official requirements under review

Europe and U.S.A.

PM10 to PM2.5


4/38

Particles In Outdoor Air

> 99 % of the number < 1 m70 % of weight comes from >1 m

Clean Air Dirty Air

(magnification 5,000x)


5/38

wet laid mediaat 500X magnification

M 11 ASHRAE

M14 ASHRAE

HEPA 99.97%

ULPA 99.999


6/38

Is Fiber Size an Issue?

6Glass Fibers Fine Fibers Synthetic coarse fibers

MV 13 glass media MV 13 synthetic media


7/38

particle clusters

What is a filter used filter (SEM slide)

Fine fibers catch all

Large fibers

Support structure

They do little for efficiency

Small particles Grow into large

Coagulation in the air


8/38

In-Situ Testing per ASHRAE Guideline 26-2008

Measurements

Air Velocity

Temperature/RH

Resistance to Airflow

Filter Efficiency

Particle Counting

Consistent Repeatable Setup,eliminates questions

Calibrated Met-One 237B

6 Channel laser counter

0.3m-3.0m

2,000,000c/ft3coincidence

Upstream Verification

10:1 Dilution system it needed


9/38

9

CAMFILFARR2012-05-14


10/38

Field Study Data Large office buildingMERV 14 Filters

* 16 week /52 week

Tested AHU next to test AHUs

common intake

12 months in use

Office Building 16 Weeks

35 Filters

(100% Outdoor

air)

Manufacturer

Type 4V Syn Box

Media fine coarse

Initial performanceP (inWG) 0.15 0.20

0.4m Eff. (%) 73 72

Final performance

P (inWG) 0.17 0.41

0.4m Eff. (%) 74 25/19*


11/38

MERV 14 Filter

1,500,000Particles/ft3

420,000

Particles/ft3

Penetration

72% @ 0.3

Outside Air

72% @ 0.3

25% @ 0.3

1,125,000

Particles/ft3

Coarse Fiber Media

Fine Fiber Media


12/38

What is MERV?

MMinimum

EEfficiency

RReporting

VValue

This standard establishes a

test procedure for evaluating

the performance of air-

cleaning devices as afunction of particle size.

MERV is a single number value for theengineering community by which to

select an air filter. It indicates how a

filter performs at its lowest point of

particle capture efficiency.

ASHRAE StandardASHRAE Standard 52.252.2--20072007--BB

With Appendix JWith Appendix J


13/38

Non Mandatory App J

SPECIFIABLE MERV-A

The filter should be tested perASHRAE 52.2 (includingAppendix J)

The resulting MERV-A must

have the same (or higher)numerical value when comparedto the MERV value.

Also Added to 52.2 Dust Holding Capacity

Dust Weight Arrestance


14/38

ASHRAE 52.2 2007-B with appendix J

Two filters will be tested

One per the current method MERV One per the Appendix J MERV-A

The MERV is still based on the E1, E2 and E3 values andTable 12.1 in the current standard

The MERV-A is based on the E1-A, E2-A, E3-A values anduses the same table only with the discharged efficiency values


15/38

Range Size

Lower Limit

Range

Upper Limit

Geometric Mean

Particle Size (m)

1 0.30 .40 .35

2 0.40 .55 .47

3 0.55 .70 .62

4 0.70 1.00 .845 1.00 1.30 1.14

6 1.30 1.60 1.44

7 1.60 2.20 1.88

8 2.20 3.00 2.579 3.00 4.00 3.46

10 4.00 5.50 4.69

11 5.50 7.00 6.20

12 7.00 10.00 8.37

Allows the evaluation of a

filters efficiency on

respirable size particles

Allows selection of

a filter based upon

the most commonparticle size of a

contaminate.

ASHRAE 52.2 B appendix J


16/38

52.2 Equivalent

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90100

0.3

0

0.4

7

0.8

4

1.4

4

2.5

7

4.6

9

8.3

7

Particle Size,m

Efficiency,

%M 14

M 13

M 11

M 8

M 4

Typical Minimum Efficiency Curves


17/38


18/38

18


19/38

19


20/38

Does Lower Resistance Compromise Air Quality?

Fine Fiber Media

- Maintained Performance

- Maintained Low Resistance

Coarse Fiber Media

- Declining Performance

- Higher Resistance


21/38

Coarse Fiber vs. Fine FiberFilter Pressure Drop

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Pressure

Drop

Time

Filter Pressure Drop

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

Presuure

Dro

p

Time


22/38

22


23/38

23


24/38

24


25/38

25


Note:CO2Emissions basedGCO2a nd TreeCanada we bsitesEnergy Usage Calculation

KwhCost 0.076 Hrs. 8760 CO2/100Kwh 90.0Enter(CFM) 2000 EnterFanEffic.(Indecimal) 0.60in/w.g. Cost/Yr.

Kg/CO2

/Yr. in/w.g. Cost/Yr.Kg/CO2



/Yr. Prov./State CO2/100Kwh KwhCost0.1 $26.06 309 0.49 $127.70 1,512 0.88 $229.35 2,716 1.27 $330.99 3,920 Alabama 60 0.071

0.11 $28.67 339 0.5 $130.31 1,543 0.89 $231.95 2,747 1.28 $333.60 3,950 Alaska 50 0.128

0.12 $31.27 370 0.51 $132.92 1,574 0.9 $234.56 2,778 1.29 $336.20 3,981 Alberta 98 0.121

0.13 $33.88 401 0.52 $135.52 1,605 0.91 $237.17 2,809 1.3 $338.81 4,012 Arizona 60 0.082

0.14 $36.49 432 0.53 $138.13 1,636 0.92 $239.77 2,839 1.31 $341.42 4,043 Arkansas 60 0.0690.15 $39.09 463 0.54 $140.74 1,667 0.93 $242.38 2,870 1.32 $344.02 4,074 BritishColumbia 3 0.0720.16 $41.70 494 0.55 $143.34 1,697 0.94 $244.99 2,901 1.33 $346.63 4,105 California 30 0.128

0.17 $44.31 525 0.56 $145.95 1,728 0.95 $247.59 2,932 1.34 $349.23 4,136 Colorado 90 0.076

0.18 $46.91 556 0.57 $148.55 1,759 0.96 $250.20 2,963 1.35 $351.84 4,167 Connecticut 30 0.148

0.19 $49.52 586 0.58 $151.16 1,790 0.97 $252.80 2,994 1.36 $354.45 4,197 Delaware 80 0.101

0.2 $52.12 617 0.59 $153.77 1,821 0.98 $255.41 3,025 1.37 $357.05 4,228 DistrictofColu 160 0.1110.21 $54.73 648 0.6 $156.37 1,852 0.99 $258.02 3,055 1.38 $359.66 4,259 Florida 60 0.105

0.22 $57.34 679 0.61 $158.98 1,883 1 $260.62 3,086 1.39 $362.27 4,290 Georgia 60 0.076

0.23 $59.94 710 0.62 $161.59 1,914 1.01 $263.23 3,117 1.4 $364.87 4,321 Hawaii 80 0.207

0.24 $62.55 741 0.63 $164.19 1,944 1.02 $265.83 3,148 1.41 $367.48 4,352 Idaho 10 0.049

0.25 $65.16 772 0.64 $166.80 1,975 1.03 $268.44 3,179 1.42 $370.08 4,383 Illinois 50 0.071

0.26 $67.76 802 0.65 $169.40 2,006 1.04 $271.05 3,210 1.43 $372.69 4,413 Indiana 100 0.065

0.27 $70.37 833 0.66 $172.01 2,037 1.05 $273.65 3,241 1.44 $375.30 4,444 Iowa 90 0.069

0.28 $72.97 864 0.67 $174.62 2,068 1.06 $276.26 3,271 1.45 $377.90 4,475 Kansas 80 0.069

0.29 $75.58 895 0.68 $177.22 2,099 1.07 $278.87 3,302 1.46 $380.51 4,506 Kentucky 90 0.054

0.3 $78.19 926 0.69 $179.83 2,130 1.08 $281.47 3,333 1.47 $383.11 4,537 Louisiana 50 0.083

ListofSelections

(CFM) x (Average Pressure Drop) x (Operating Hrs.)x PC (Cost/Kwh.)

Fan Efficiency % * 8515Energy (E) =


26/38

EnergyCosts

InventoryControl

MaintenanceCosts

LaborCosts

WasteRemoval

IndoorA

irQuality

ApparentExpense

Hidden Costs

Filter First Cost

ComplianceIssues

Performance Problems

AdministrationCosts

1st Cost

TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP


27/38

Total Cost of Ownership of Air Filters

Labor &

Waste

10%

Energy70%

Filters

20%

What does this mean foryour facility?

Average Facility300,000 to 400,000 CFM

$25,000 to $30,000 in

Potential Energy Savings?


28/38

Life Cycle Costing

(LCC)

Why?

The HVAC system is typically thelargest energy consumer

What?

Optimizing filter selection at a

given level of efficiency

Maximize IAQ, minimize total cost How?

Analyzing the cost of a system

over its entire life span

Goal?

minimize total cost of ownership make knowledgeable choices

(i.e., first cost shouldnt be the

only consideration)

What is your philosophy on Energy consumption/conservation and how can HVAC filters help toachieve savings on Energy Cost?


29/38

LCC = Investment + PCenergy + PCmaint. + PCcleaning + PCdisposal

Investment capital cost of filters, frames, installation

PCenergy present total cost of power

PCmaintenance present total cost of maintenance including filter replacement,

etc.

PCcleaning present cost of duct cleaning

PCdisposal

present total cost for removal and disposal of the used filters

components of Life-Cycle Cost


30/38

lab P vs. real life P

Simple averaging (Lab) P)

(PI+PF)/2 = 0.8 WG (200 Pa)

Actual (Real Life) P

PFDx = 0.67 WG (167 Pa)PI

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.800.90

1.00

1.10

1.20

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

time

Resistance

Lab (Average)

Life (Actual)

PI = 0.40 WG (100 Pa)PF = 1.20 WG (300 Pa)

PI

PF


31/38

LCC - the increased cost of energy in USA


32/38

LCC Software Analysis

Provides documentation of system design scenarios for

up to 3 stages of filtration, includes report, graphs, bar

charts

Provides ability to run multiple scenarios with same globalparameters and different filter selections

Offers an optimized solution to you and your client

32


33/38

Life Cycle Cost analysis

# of filter stages 2 Fan operating hours p/yr. 8760

LCC period 2 years

Total CFM 400,000 % return air 70%

Outdoor air environment Mod AQ PM 2.5 = 51 to 65

Indoor environment Typical

Fan efficiency 60%

CO2 emissions 1.323 Lb/kwh33


34/38

Example LCC on 3 different options

34


SOLUTIONONESCPLEAT

SYNBOXM14ACTUALMA=11QUANTITY200

INITIALDP .88"FINALDP 4.63

AVERAGEDP 1.9"#CHANGES 9&2

MLE 37.6%ECI 11.29

SOLUTIONTWO

HCPLEAT

4VCARTRIDGEM14

ACTUALMA=14

QUANTITY200

INITIALDP.60

FINALDP1.42

AVERAGEDP.92"

#CHANGES4&1

MLE78.7%

ECI2.60

SOLUTIONTHREE

NOPREFILTER

POCKETFILTERM14

ACTUALMA=14

QUANTITY200

INITIALDP.45"

FINALDP1.31

AVERAGEDP.76

#OFCHANGES 0&2

MLE75%

ECI4.52


35/38

Results of Life Cycle Cost Analysis

Solution 1 Solution 2 Solution 3

Energy Cost $169,803 $81,942 $67,820

Filter Cost $30,000 $31,800 $26,000

Labor Cost $8,400 $3,600 $2,400

Waste Cost $1,300 $600 $400

CO2 Impact 3,456,146 1,667,845 1,380,402 Landfill Impact 116 yd3 54 yd3 19 yd3

Total Cost TCO $209,503 $117,942 $96,620

35


36/38

The best LCC solution for filtration will Meet Leed

Reduce waste and disposal Reduce labor

Reduce energy cost

Reduce your CO2 foot print

Reduce your product cost

Have a written guarantee

Deliver the correct required efficiency

Be a Five Star energy product

Will be Green 36


37/38

In Conclusion

Not all filters deliver advertised MERV-A

Not all filters last as long DHC

Not all filters have the same pressure curves

Efficiency on sub micron particles is critical

ASHRAE has a standard that when full test reports are

viewed will help you select the best filter for your

application

TCO & LCC will offer the best value to you and your

customers37


38/38

Thank You

Air Filtration Technology

Documents

Transcript of Air Filtration Technology