Air Emissions from Two Swine Finishing Buildings with Flushing: Ammonia Characteristics
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Transcript of Air Emissions from Two Swine Finishing Buildings with Flushing: Ammonia Characteristics
Air Emissions from Two Swine Finishing Buildings with Flushing:
Ammonia Characteristics
www.AgAirQuality.com
Agricultural and Biological Engineering
Purdue University
Al Heber, Pattie Tao, Teng Lim, Jiqin Ni, Purdue University; Amy Schmidt, University of Missouri
Swine Production Site in Northern Missouri
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'46 '51 '56 '61 '66 '71 '76 '81 '86 '91 '96 '01
Year
Pig
s p
er
Fa
rm
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Co
ws
pe
r F
arm
Hogs
Dairy
Average Size of Farms
Heber, A.J., T.-T. Lim, P.C. Tao, J.-Q. Ni, A.M. Schmidt. 2004. Control of air emissions from swine finishing buildings
flushed with recycled lagoon effluent. ASAE Paper #044156.
EPA Multi-State Consortium Animal Waste and Premium Standard Farms
Measured PM10, TSP, CH4, NMHC, NH3, H2S, CO2, odor for 11 months at two barns.
Soybean Oil Sprinkling Misting of Essential Oils Misting of Essential Oils
and Water
Collaborative study by Purdue University and University of
Missouri
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250
8/22 9/26 10/31 12/5 1/9 2/13 3/20 4/24 5/29 7/3 8/7
Date, mm/dd
Pig
ma
ss
, AU
Barn 7Barn 8
Barn Inventory (Total Live Mass, AU)
Trial 1: SOS
Trial 2: SOS+Doubled nozzles
Trial 3: MEO
Trial 4: MEOW
Mean pig mass ~ 64 kg
Mean barn inventory ~ 1,100
70% reduction
Each site had 8 tunnel-ventilated finishing houses
with flushing
Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emission from Two Swine Finishing Barns with Long Term Continuous Measurement
Barn 7 (control)
Barn 8 (treated)
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J.Q. Ni , A.J. Heber, T.T. Lim, P.C. Tao, A. Longman Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
A.M. SchmidtUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, MO
Livestock Environmental Initiative Symposium, Mississauga, Ontario, CAN, Feb. 7-8.
Barn Layout and Sampling Locations
Lab
Met tower
Relative humidity/temperature
Air sampling
Static pressure port
Temperature sensor
Barn 7 Barn 8
N
3
1
5
Fan stage # Summer air inlets
4
2
Floor plan (61 m x 13.2 m)
Instrument shelter
Small Propeller Anemometer (SPA)
Adapted from Heber et al., 2002
Shallow pit with recycle flush
Attic
PensDiffusers
Background air sampling
Exhaust air
80% full of pigs
1-5
Real Time Display (Front View)
Source: Ni, et al., 2005
Barn and Outdoor Temperatures
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-20
-10
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8/22 9/26 10/31 12/5 1/9 2/13 3/20 4/24 5/29 7/3 8/7
Date, mm/dd
Te
mp
era
ture
, oC
Ambient TBarn 7Barn 8
Barn Relative Humidity (Daily Means)
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8/22 9/26 10/31 12/5 1/9 2/13 3/20 4/24 5/29 7/3 8/7
Date, mm/dd
Exh
aust
Rel
ativ
e H
um
idit
y, %
Barn 7
Barn 8
Small Propeller
Anemometer
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Time of day, h
Ven
tilat
ion
rate
, m3/s
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-50
-25
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dP, p
a
Fan 3
dP
Dr. Teng LimFan tester
Fan Airflow Measurement
Anemometer
Real Time Display (Floor Plan)
Source: Ni, et al., 2005
Multi-Point Gas Sampling
Filter
Air sample
To Lab
Cal gas
Sampling control Data acquisition
S12
P1
P2
M3P3
F
Analyzers
Cal gases
S1
M: manifold
P: pumpS: solenoid
Sampling probes,
10-115 mlong
C6H14/CH4
CO2
Zero air
NH3
H2S
NO6-port diluter
(5 L/min)
p
M2
M1
Flow restrictors
Bypass pumping circuit
Mass flow meter
NH3
H2S
CO2
CH4/VOC
7.9/4.8 mm vinyl
22.2/15.9 mm vinyl
9.5 mm OD,6.4 mm ID Teflon
9.5 mm OD, 6.4 mm ID Teflon
6.4 mm OD3.2 mm ID vinyl
Exhaust
F
f
SO2
6-port manifold
Pressuresensor
M4Exhaust
AB
C
F: filter
F
Cal gas circuit
Bag fillport
JarP4
Rotameter
Leak test circuit
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P Pressure gage
Air valve
S13 S14Barn 7 calibration
Barn 8 calibration
Remote Calibration of Gas Analyzers at Point D in Barn A
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21:00 21:10 21:20 21:30 21:40 21:50
Time of Day
NH
3, C
on
cen
trat
ion
, p
pm
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H2S
, p
pb
; C
O2,
pp
m
Zero air
NH3
2500 ppb CO2
H2S
4000 ppm 40 ppm
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Time of Day, h (Nov. 8, 2002)
CO
2 Con
cent
ratio
n, p
pm
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Barn A
Barn B
Amb
November 8, 2002CAPESH Site
Real Time & History Display (Flush)
Source: Ni, et al., 2005
Flushing Peaks (no NH3 response)
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Date, mm/dd
Sta
tic
Pre
ssu
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a
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Ven
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m3/s
Airflow Rate
Static Pressure
B7
B7
B8
B8
Barn Static Pressure and Airflow
Half of total capacity 19.2 m3/s
79.1%
54.6%25% of total capacity 9.6 m3/s
Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Hourly Mean Ventilation Rates
6661 hours318,045,000 m3
38.3 m3/s
8.6 m3/s
22.5%
Daily Mean Ammonia Concentration
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Date, mm/dd
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n,
pp
m
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To
tal
Liv
e M
ass,
AU
Control B7 Treated B8
B7 Pig Mass B8 Pig Mass
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0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Percent Time Less Than
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n, p
pm
; A
irfl
ow
ra
te, m
3 /sCumulative Frequency Distribution of Hourly Mean Ammonia Concentration
<23.6 ppm 75% of time
<17.2 ppm 50% of time
<9.6 ppm 25% time
Daily Mean Ammonia Emission (kg/d)
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Date, mm/dd
Em
issi
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ate,
kg/
d
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Tota
l Liv
e M
ass,
AU
Control B7 Treated B8
B7 Pig Mass B8 Pig Mass
Daily Mean Ammonia Emission (g/d-pig)
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Date, mm/dd
Em
issi
on R
ate,
g/d
-pig
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Tota
l Liv
e M
ass,
AU
Control B7 Treated B8
B7 Pig Mass B8 Pig Mass
Daily Mean Ammonia Emission (g/d-AU)
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Date, mm/dd
Em
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ate,
g/d
-AU
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Tota
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Control B7 Treated B8
B7 Pig Mass B8 Pig Mass
Correlation Table
Variable Ammonia
Concentration Emission rate
Indoor temperature -0.71* 0.30*
Outdoor temperature -0.82* 0.23*
Pig activity 0.57* -0.27*
Ventilation rate -0.78* 0.26*
Total live mass -0.24* 0.45*
*p<0.05
Pig Activity Signals (3 sensors/barn)
Daily Mean Activity-Induced Voltage
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8/22 9/26 10/31 12/5 1/9 2/13 3/20 4/24 5/29 7/3 8/7
Date, mm/dd
Act
ivit
y, v
Barn 7
Barn 8
COLD HOTHOT
Winter Activity Pattern
(1 peak per day)
Summer Activity Pattern
(2 peaks per day)
Winter
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0.8
0.9
1.0
12/31 00 12/31 12 1/1 00 1/1 12 1/2 00 1/2 12 1/3 00
Date, mm/dd hhA
ctiv
ity, V
Fall
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
9/27 00 9/27 12 9/28 00 9/28 12 9/29 00 9/29 12 9/30 00
Date, mm/dd hh
Act
ivity
, V
Hourly NH3 Emissions and Pig Activity Diurnal Patterns
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0.4
0.6
0.8
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1.2
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Time of day (h)
NH
3 E
mis
sio
ns
, mg
/s-A
U
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0.4
0.6
0.8
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1.2
1.4
An
ima
l Ac
tiv
ity
, v
Activity
Emissions
G3, 2 peaks
12oC 2.1oC21.5oC
G2, 1 peak
G1, 2 peaks
Effect of Ambient Temperature on Diurnal Emission of Ammonia
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Monthly Mean Outdoor Temperature, oC
Tim
e o
f D
ay,
hr
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Nu
mb
er
of
Pe
ak
s
Time of daily maximum emission
Number of emission peaks
NH3 Emissions from Finishing Pigs (g/day-pig)
Dutch Standard 6.8 Oesthook (1993) 3-5 Kay & Lee (1997) 3.3-7.7 Hendrik & Vrielink (1997) 4.0 den Brok & Verdoes (1997) 4-5 Hendriks et al (1997) 4.8-10.8 Heber et al (1997), winter 5.8*
Koziel et al. (2005) 6.0 This study in Missouri 7.3 Hoff et al. (2005) 7.4 Thelosen, et al (1994) 7.9 Groot Koerkamp @ Uenk (1997)9.2 Ni et al (1998), summer 16.6
*Airflow estimated by heat balance
Conclusions
The overall mean NH3 concentration was 17 ppm in the control barn (n=184 d).
The overall mean NH3 emission from the control barn was 62 g/d-AU (n=175 d).
Pig activity and NH3 emission rate displayed similar diurnal patterns that were influenced by season.
Diurnal patterns of activity and ammonia emissions depended on daily mean temperatures.
55% of the annual barn airflow was delivered by 25% of the barn ventilation capacity.
The barn ammonia emissions were close to the Dutch standard of 6.8 g/day-pig.
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