NAME: ___________________ 1Period:__________

AIMS Review Packet Answers Scientific Method1) What is the difference between a hypothesis and a prediction?

Hypothesis - is an “idea”, yes, an educated guess, BUT, that can be tested Prediction – your guess as to the exact results of the experiment

2) Why do scientists use a control group in experimental design?Something to compare their data to / a benchmark

3) Susie wondered if the height of a hole punched in the side of a quart-size milk carton would affect how far from the container a liquid would spurt when the carton was full of the liquid. She used 4 identical cartons and punched the same size hole into each. Susie recorded her results in the chart below.

Height of holepunched in container (cm)

Distance liquid spurts from the container (cm)

5 1010 2015 3020 40

a) What is the independent variable?___height of the hole______b) What is the dependent variable?___distance the liquid spurt out________c) Write a hypothesis for this experiment, use proper format.

Answers may vary – but will be along the lines of:“If the height of the hole increases, the distance the liquid spurts will increase”

d) What would be an appropriate prediction if the height of the hole punched in the container was 25 cm (use numbers!)? 50 cm

e) Graph Susie’s results.

Distance spurt (DV) (cm)

Height of the hole (IV) (cm)

f) Describe the relationship between the height of the hole and the distance of the liquid. The higher the hole, the longer the spurt

15) A group of college students were given a short course in speed-reading. The instructor was curious if a monetary incentive would influence performance on a reading test taken at the end of the course. Half the students were offered $5 for obtaining a certain level of performance on the test, the other half were not offered money.

Independent variable: Money (What was changed)Dependent variable: Performance on the test (measurable)Experimental group: Those offered the moneyControl group: Those not offered money

NAME: ___________________ 2Period:__________Cells4) Define each term and give an example.

Word Definition ExampleBiotic A factor that is associated with or results

from living organisms. LIVING or once was living.

Bear, tree, bacteria cell, mushroom, a dead kangaroo

Abiotic A factor that is not associated with the activities of living things.NON-LIVING! Never was living.

Rock, sun, water, air, minerals, dirt

5) Cell organelles – Complete the table.

6) Identify TWO major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?Prokaryotes EukaryotesNo nucleus NucleusNo complex membrane bound organelles HAS Complex membrane organelles

Organelle NameWhere is it found? Label (P)

plant, (A) animal, (B) bacteria, (E) All

Function: Write what the organelle does inside the cell and make a connection with how this helps a cell do its job. Remember, each type of cell has a different function. After you write your answer,

ask yourself, “does this describe WHAT THE ORGANELLE DOES?” If not, fix it.

NucleusBOTH PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Contains genetic information – controls the cell

NucleolusBOTH PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Found in the nucleus and it produces ribosomes

Cell MembraneALL Living organisms Regulates what comes in / out

Cell WallPLANTS BACTERIA

Provides structure to plant cells

Mitochondria PLANTS AND ANIMALS ENERGY!!!

Lysosome PLANTS AND ANIMALS Contains enzymes to break down cellular material – even other BAD

cells (bacteria)

RibosomeBOTH PLANTS, ANIMALS ANDBACTERIA

Makes proteins / Protein synthesis

Central VacuolePLANTS Stores water / Enzymes

ChloroplastPLANTS Site of photosynthesis

Cilia and Flagella PLANTS, ANIMALS ANDBACTERIA

Movement of cells

Cytoplasm PLANTS, ANIMALS,BACTERIA

Suspends the organelles/ means of communication

Cytoskeleton PLANTS, ANIMALS, ANDBACTERIA Provides structure to cells

Golgi ApparatusPLANTS AND ANIMALS PACKAGES proteins and other cellular material

Endoplasmic Reticulum

PLANTS AND ANIMALS TRANSPORT SYSTEM OF THE CELL, MOVE PROTEINS,

NAME: ___________________ 3Period:__________7) What types of organisms are classified as the following:

a) Prokaryote: BACTERIA: Archeabacteria and Eubacteriab) Eukaryote: ANIMALS, PLANTS, PROTISTS, FUNGUS

8) Levels of Organization: Put the following in order from smallest to largest.Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

9) What are the three parts of the cell theory?1. All living things are made up of one or more cells2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms3. All cells arise from existing cells

10) What scientists helped with the development of the cell theory? What did they each contribute (research) to the cell theory?Robert Hooke: coined the term “Cells” from cork treeAnton Van Leeuwenhoek: used hands lens, saw first living cellsMattias Schleiden: plants made of cellsTheodor schwann: animals made of cellsRudolph Virchow: observed cell reproduction

11) Identify the following cell types:

a. Eukaryote: animal b. __Eukaryote: Plant cell c. Prokaryote: BACTIERA

12) The cell membrane is semi-permeable. What does this mean?Sime-permeable means that some things can go through, but others not. The membrane determine which substances enter and leave the cell through the chemistry of the membrane. The polarity of the phospholipids that form the membrane is the primary mechanism that determine what can go through. Small, non-polar molecules (like oxygen and carbon dioxide) are free to move through the membrane, whereas polar (like water) or large molecules (like proteins) need to be “ushered” through transport or channel proteins, sometimes requiring energy, but sometimes not.

13) Explain the difference between eubacteria and archaebacteria? EUBACTERIA ARCHEABACTERIA“Eu” mean true, so these are true bacteriaGERMS!!!!!!(Your typical bacteria) EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS, like salty lakes, acid vents, extremely coldThree shapes: Bacilli, Cocci, Spirilla

14) Aside from nucleus, what other double membrane-bound organelle contains DNA?MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS*think endosymbiosis theory

Cellular Transport15) What is homeostasis? The maintenance of “balance” within a cell despite the changing external environment.

16) Define: hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic.HYPERTONIC: A solution that causes a cell to shrink because of osmosis: Lots of Solute, not a lot of solvent (water)HYPOTONIC: A solution that causes a cell to swell because of osmosis: Lots of Solvent (water), not a lot of SoluteISOTONIC: A solution that produces no change in cell because of osmosis: WATER movies IN and OUT freely.

NAME: ___________________ 4Period:__________

17) Complete the following table.

Type of solution

Where is solute concentration the highest

(inside cell or outside cell)

Will water move in or out of cell?

Will the cell swell, shrink, or stay the same size?

Hypertonic OUTSIDE OUT OF CELL SHRINK

Hypotonic INSIDE INTO CELL SWELL

Isotonic EVEN IN AND OUT OF CELL

STAY THE SAME

18) How are active transport and passive transport different?ACTIVE TRANSPORT: Movement of molecules against the concentration gradient (from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration = packing too many molecules in a space this creates pressure that is basically stored energy to be used later when the pressure is released. CELL USES ENERGY (ATP) in this type of transport.

PASSIVE TRASNPORT: Movement of molecule down the concentration gradient. Cell does NOT use energy.

19) List and describe the types of passive transport.DIFFUSIONOSMOSISFACILITATED DIFFUSION

20) List and describe the types of active transport.ENDOCYTOSISEXOCYTOSISSODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMPS

21) What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion?OSMOSIS IS THE MOVEMEMNT OF WATER IN AND OUT OF THE CELL. DIFFUSION IS THE MOVEMENT IN AND OUT OF THE CELL OF MOLECULES

22) Food coloring will diffuse through water until it reaches? EQUILIBRIUM

Water23) What is cohesion?ATTRACTION BETWEEN SUBSTANCES OF THE SAME KIND (caused usually through polarity… opposite charges attract)

24) What is adhesion?ATTRACTION BETWEEN TWO DIFFERENT STUBSTANCES.

25) What is specific heat?AMOUNT OF ENERGY IT TAKES TO RAISE OR LOWER A SUBSTANCES BY 1 DEGREE

26) Water has a HIGH specific heat. Why is this property of water important to life?IT TAKES A LOT OF ENERGY TO RAISE OR LOWER THE TEMPERATURE OF WATER BY 1 DEGREE. THIS ALLOWS ORGANISMS TO MAINTAIN A STABLE INTERAL TEMPERATURE: HOMEOSTASIS.

NAME: ___________________ 5Period:__________

27) What is capillary action?MOVEMENT OF WATER THRU SMALL TUBES IN PLANT TISSUE (BASICALLY THEIR “VEINS”). COMBINES ADHESION (ATTRACTION OF WATER TO THE TISSUE) AND COHESION (WATER ATTRACTED TO ITSELF)

28) How do plants use capillary action? PLANTS: XYLEM TISSUE ‘CAPILLARIES” OF PLANTS MOVES WATER FROM THE ROOTS TO THE TOP OF TREE

DNA / Mitosis 29) What is the ultimate function of a DNA molecule?Genetic information that carries the instructions to make proteins in the body.

30) DNA molecules are made up of the following unit. What molecule is this? NUCLEOTIDE

31) a. Label the three parts of this DNA subunit. Be specific on that sugar!! b. Which two parts make up the backbone of the DNA strand?

PHOSPHATE GROUP AND DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR

32) What are the complementary base pairing rules?ADENINE Nucleotide ---- THYMINE NucleotideGUANINE Nucleotide ---- CYTOSINE Nucleotide

33) What type of bond holds the bases of complementary DNA molecules together?HYDROGEN BONDS

34) What is the physical structure of DNA called and who discovered it?DOUBLE HELIX----WATSON AND CRICK

35) Using the base pairing rules, complete the other side of DNA.AATTCGGATCCGGTATTAAGCCTAGGCCAT

36) Consider the base-pairing rules. If a scientist determined that the genome of an organism contained 34% adenine, what is the percentage of the other bases?34% (A) = 34% (T) (together = 68%, which leaves 32% left to be equally shared between (C) & (G) 16% (C) 16% (G)

PROKARYOTIC BACTERIA!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!37) Label each part of the cell cycle and describe a major event in each part:

A. G1: Cell growth, transcription + tranlsation

B. S (DNA synthesis = Replication)

C. G2: Cell growth

D. Prophase of mitosis

E. Metaphase

F. Anaphase

G. Telophase

INTERPHASE (Write the letters): A + B + C

phosphate

Deoxyribose sugar

Nitrogen base

NAME: ___________________ 6Period:__________38) At what stage of the cell cycle do cells spend most of their time?

INTERPHASE, SPECIFICALLY G1

39) What is the difference between DNA, chromatin, chromosomes, and sister chromatids? How are they all similar?DNA: DOUBLE HELIXCHROMATIN: LOOSELY COILED DNA AROUND HISTONES (interphase)CHROMOSOMES: TIGHTLY COILED DNA (replication)SISTER CHROMATIDS: TWO EXACT COPIES OF DNA THAT MAKE UP A CHROMOSOME

********SIMILAR: ALL DNA!!!!! Just coiled in different forms.

40) What is a chromatid?ONE OF TWO EXACT COPIES OF DNA THAT MAKE UP A CHROMOSOME

41) What part of the DNA molecule splits during replication?NITROGEN BASES: At their hydrogen-bonding site

42) What enzyme splits apart the two DNA strand during DNA replication?HELICASE

43) Diagram the process of DNA replication. Include the replication fork, helicase, ligase, DNA polymerase, and 3’and 5’ on both old and new strands.

44) Why is DNA replication important?ENSURES THAT THE ALL OF THE EXACT SAME GENETIC INFORMATION (DNA) IS GIVEN TO EACH OF THE DAUGHTER CELLS THAT ARE PRODUCED!

45) What are 3 differences between DNA and RNA?DNA RNADouble stranded single strandedDexoyribose sugar Ribose sugarA-T, G-C A-U, G-C

46) Label the following structure at the arrows with the correct term.

CENTROMERE

SISTER CHROMATIDS

NAME: ___________________ 7Period:__________

47) What are the four stages of Mitosis and what happens at each stage? a. PROPHASE – Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope dissolves, spindle fibers formb. METAPHASE – chromosomes line up at the equator, spindle fibers attach to chromosomesc. ANAPHASE - centromeres divide, chromatids (now called chromosomes) move toward opposite polesd. TELOPHASE- nuclear envelope forms at each pole, chromosomes uncoil, spindle fibers dissolve, cytokinesis

begins

48) What is the purpose of Mitosis?1. GROWTH2. REPAIR3. REPLACEMENT OF DEAD CELLS

49) Why is it more accurate to call Mitosis nuclear division rather then cell division?MITOSIS DIVIDES THE CELL NUCLEUS ONLY! Cytokinesis divides the rest of the cell.50) Label each picture with the correct stage.

__PROPHASE__ TELOPHASE__ __METAPHASE_ ANAPHASE

51) What types of cells in your body undergo Mitosis?SOMATIC CELLS: FOR EXAMPLE MUSCLE CELL, SKIN CELL, LIVER CELL, BRAIN CELL, NERVE CELL

52) What is Cytokinesis?DIVISION OF THE CYTOPLASM AND CELL INTO TWO CELLS53) Explain the process of binary fission. What types of cells undergo this process?BINARY FISSION: FORM OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISMS BY WHICH ONE CELL DIVIDES TWO CELLS OF THE SAME SIZE.

Mitosis/ Meiosis54) How many cells are produced during mitosis? __ 2 _ cells

55) DIPLOID = have 2 sets of chromosomes. Distinctive of animals and other sexually reproductive organisms as they inherit one copy from mom and one copy from dad.

56) HAPLIOD = have 1 set of chromosomes. Traditionally describes the genetic make-up of gametes (sperm and egg).

57) Are diploid or haploid cells produced in the process of mitosis? DIPLOID cells

58) Are the resulting daughter cells genetically identical or different from the parent (original) cell? IDENTICAL TO THE PARENT59) Why is process of meiosis important for an organism?

CREATES REPRODUCTIVE CELLS “GAMATES” 60) How many times does the genetic information get split in meiosis? 2 TIMES61) In which phase of meiosis does crossing-over occur? PROPHASE I62) What is crossing over and why is it important?WHEN PORTIONS OF A CHROMATID ON ONE HOMOLOGOUS CHROMSOME ARE BROKEN AND EXCHANGED WITH THE CORRESPONDING CHROMATID PORTIONS OF THE OTHER HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOME.

Important: crossing over creates genetic variation

NAME: ___________________ 8Period:__________63) How many cells are produced during meiosis? 4 cells

64) Are the resulting daughter cells genetically identical or different to the parent (original) cell after meiosis? DIFFERENT TO PARENT

65) Are diploid or haploid cells produced in the process of meiosis? HAPLOID cells

66) If an organism has a haploid number of 8, how many chromosomes would it have in its body (somatic) cells? 16 chromsomes in somatic cells

67) In humans, how many chromosomes does each of the daughter cells have after meiosis? 23 chromosomes

68) What is the difference between Somatic Cells and Gamete Cells? Use correct biology terms.SOMATIC CELL: all cells in the body (except for sperm/egg) that are diploidGAMETE CELL: a sex cell (sperm or egg) that is haploid

69) Explain the law of independent assortment. Alleles of different genes separate independently of each other during meiosis.

70) Identify the stage of meiosis for an organism (with a diploid number 2n = 4) in the pictures below:

Prophase I Metaphase II Metaphase I Anaphase II

Molecular Genetics (DNA, RNA, proteins)71) What is a gene?A SEGMENT OF DNA THAT IS LOCATED IN A CHROMOSOME AND CODES FOR A SPECIFIC PROTEIN (HEREDITY TRAIT)

72) What do genes code for?PROTEIN (which lead to traits). To “code for” refers to the fact that DNA is the recipe, written in the genetic code, that describes how ribosomes will build a functional protein.

73) Compare and contrast DNA, genes, and chromosomes. DNA: a molecule that holds the code for all functions Genes: SEGMENT of DNA that contains a single trait Chromosomes: condensed forms of DNA in which you see visibly in mitosis

74) What is the Central Dogma of biology? (Fill in the blanks)___DNA___ ___RNA_____ ___PROTEIN______

75) Describe the process of transcription.

This is the product of transcription mRNA

NAME: ___________________ 9Period:__________76) Why is transcription important? Why is it beneficial for the DNA? Be detailed.

IT ALLOWS THE DNA MESSAGE TO LEAVE THE NUCLEUS IN THE FORM OF mRNA.

**DNA can not leave the nucleus! Good, because it protects your genes.

77) RNA uses the nitrogen base __URACIL_____ instead of _THYMINE.

78) Transcribe the mRNA from the following DNA: 3’ T-A-C-C-G-A-A-T-T-A-C-T-A-G-T-A-C-G 5’5’ A-U-G-G-C-U-U-A-A-U-G-A-U-C-A-U-G-C 3’

79) What are the 3 types of RNA found in the cell? What are their functions?mRNA – carries the message from the DNA (nucleus) to the ribosome (cytoplasm)tRNA – Tranfers in amino acids to the ribosomerRNA - makes up the ribosome / make the protein

80) Describe the process of translation. The message in RNA, with the help of ribosomes, is converted into an amino acid chain, which will form a protein

81) What types of RNA are involved with translation?All types; mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

82) What types of RNA are involved with transcription?mRNA

83) What are the building blocks of protein? Amino acids 84) If an mRNA had 12 codons, how many amino acids would it code for?

12 amino acids

85) Where does transcription occur in the cell?_NUCLEUS __

86) Where does translation occur in the cell? _CYTOPLASM: AT THE RIBOSOME

87) The mRNA codon AUG codes for the amino acid _MET OR START_88) The mRNA codon CCA codes for the amino acid __PROLINE__

NAME: ___________________ 10Period:__________89) Translate the mRNA that was produced in #78 into an amino acid chain.

3’ T-A-C-C-G-A-A-T-T-A-C-T-A-G-T-A-C-G 5’5’ A-U-G- G-C-U -U-A-A- U-G-A -U-C-A- U-G-C 3’ Met – Ser – [STOP] This was an accident [STOP] – Ser – Cys

90) What determines the function of the finished protein?The amino acid sequence will determine its function. This can be the types of amino acids (as amino acids have properties like pH and polarity) or size (as some AA sequences are huge (10s of thousands) and some are short (less than 100 AA)

91) What is a mutation? A mutation is the permanent rearrangement or change in the genetic code found in genes in DNA.

92) What effects can mutations have?a) + affects; can give us new traits that improve our survivability = very rareb) – affects; can cause problems if the original sequence is altered, ruining the proteinc) Silent; most (95% or more) mutations happen where we can’t see them because they don’t happen in genes or because of

the redundancy in the genetic code, the mutation will result in the exact same amino acid.Evolution93) Define the term evolution.

A change in the characteristics of a population from one generation to the next over time.

94) What are 4 differences between Darwin and Lamarck?Darwin LamarckNatural selection “Acquired” CharacteristicsInherit traits Use or disuse1859 published book 1809 published hypothesisEnglish naturalist French scientist/theologist

95) Describe/Define Darwin’s theory of natural selection (Include the four tenants)?1. genetic variation2. overproduction of offspring3. Struggle for existence: “Survival of the fittest”4. Differential survival and reproduction

96) What is the difference between adaptation and acclimation?ADAPTATION: An Inherited Characteristics of an organism that enhance their survival and reproduction in a specific environment. ACCLIMATION: A physical change that allows an

organism to cope with changed condition.

97) What is the difference between macroevolution and microevolution?MICROEVOLUTION: Advantageous traits accumulate within a population MACROEVOLUTION: These small changes can build up and lead to more complex and larger changes.98) Explain how the following pieces of evidence are used to support the Theory of Evolution: Fossils, Comparative Embryology,

Comparative Anatomy, DNA, and Molecular Evidence.Fossils: show a pattern of development from early ancestors to modern decendents. Provide an actual record of Earth’s past life-forms. Change over time can be seen.

NAME: ___________________ 11Period:__________Comparative Embryology: embryos from different species look the same at beginning stages of development showing a connection/common ancestry.

Comparative Anatomy: (homologous structures, vestigial structures, analogous structures)Molecular Evidence: compare dna or proteins to locate differences between organisms. The smallest numbers of differences mean the two organisms have a more recent common ancestor in their history.

99) What is the difference between homologous structures and analogous structures?Homologous structures: Same underlying structures, different functions, different environments = common ancestor

Analagous structures: Different underlying structures, Same Function, Similar Environments = Different ancestors

100) What is the difference between divergent and convergent evolution? Provide examples of each.Convergent Evolution: Species from different evolutionary branches may come to resemble each other even though they are not closely related

Divergent Evolution: 2 or more species or related population become more and more dissimilar

Dorsal Nerve cord + notochord

Paired appendage + spinal column

Paired legs

Amnion

Mammary glands

Placenta

Foramen magnum forward + short canine teeth

Lamprey

Human

Tuna

Bullfrog

Snapping Turtle

Kangaroo

Rhesus MonkeyCladogram

NAME: ___________________ 12Period:__________

101) Which organisms have paired legs?Bullfrog, turtle, Kangaroo, monkey, human

102) How does the Kangaroos Humans relationship compared to the lamprey Monkey relationship?Kangaroos and Humans are more recent common ancestor then Lamprey and Monkey relationship.

103) Based upon the electrophoresis data; which organisms are the most closely related to each other? Remember, the bands in the gel represent proteins of similar size.

Organism 1 and 2 have the most proteins in common so this would indicate that they are most closely related to each other.

Genetics104) What is genetics?The science of heredity and of the mechanisms by which traits are passed from parents to offspring.

105) Who is considered to be the “father” of genetics?Gregor Mendel

106) What is an allele?Variation of a gene

107) Define homozygous and heterozygous. Homozygous: an individual that has identical alleles for a trait. (AA or aa)Hetereozygous: an individual that has two different alleles for a trait (Aa)

108) Identify the following genotypes as homozygous recessive, homozygous dominant, or heterozygous: HH: homozygous dominantTt: heterozygousJj: heterozygousrr: homozygous recessiveSs: heterozygousMM: homozygous dominant

109) Define genotype and phenotype. Give an example of each.Genotype: the entire genetic make-up of an organism

Phenotype: the physical appearance of an organism (because of genotype)

110) What is the difference between a dominant trait and a recessive trait?If the dominant trait is present it will be expressed in the organism’s phenotype.

NAME: ___________________ 13Period:__________

111) Can a heterozygous individual show the phenotype of the recessive trait? Explain.No, Only if the organism is homozygous recessive. Otherwise the dominant trait will mask the recessive.

112) Explain the uses of a karyotype.Used to diagnose CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMAILTIES (EXAMPLE: Down syndrome)Also can find out the sex of the person.

113) If Sally has dimples and is heterozygous, what can you conclude about dimples?Dimples is the dominant trait.

114) Everyone in Squidward’s family has blue skin, which is the dominant trait. Squidward is heterozygous for his blue skin. His wife has green skin.

a. Create a punnett square to show the possible genotypes of their children. B b bb

b. What are the possible genotypes? ________Bb, bb_______c. What are the possible phenotypes? _______blue skin, green skin_______d. What are the chances of a child with blue skin? _____50%_e. What are the chances of a child with green skin? _____50%__f. Phenotypic ratio: ____2:2_____________g. Genotypic ratio: _____2:2______________

115) What is Incomplete dominance? Give an exampleWhen both alleles are present there is a blending of the phenotype.Example: White flower or Red flowers: Rr=pink flowers

116) What is Co dominance? Give an example.When both traits are expressed at the same time. Dog with black and white spots

117) Sex linked genes tend to be carried on what sex chromosome?X chromosome

118) What sex chromosomes does a male carry? Female?Males: XY Females: XX

119) If S= striped and s= solid, what are the phenotypes for each of the following: Ss: StripedSS: StrpedSs: solid

120) If brown hair is dominant (B) to blonde hair (b), and two parents have a brown hair child, what are the possible genotypes of each parent?

BB or Bb

121) If the gene for tall plants was incompletely dominant over the gene for short plants, what are the possible genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring when a tall plant is crossed with a short plant? Complete the cross.

T T T = tall t= short T possible geno’s = Ttpossible pheno’s = medium height t

Bb bbBb bb

Tt Tt

Tt Tt

NAME: ___________________ 14Period:__________

122) In horses the coat color is controlled by co-dominant alleles. The alleles for a red coat or white coat are both expressed in a heterozygote. Horses that have a both a red and white coat are said to have a roan coat (both red and white hairs). Horses that have neither of the dominant alleles have a blonde coat. Cross two individuals with roan coats. Calculate the phenotypic and genotypic ratios.

R = red coat W = white coat R W

R Geno ratio: 1:2:1 (1 RR : 2 RW : 1 WW)

Pheno ratio: 1:2:1 (1 red : 2 roan : 1 blonde)W

123) The gene for baldness is carried on the x-chromosome. What are the chances that a bald man and a carrier (heterozygous) woman would have a bald boy? A bald girl? Show the cross.

25% chance (1/4) X Xc

Xc

Y

124) Draw a pedigree and find the genotypes for the following situation tracking the instance of the recessive trait blonde hair: A blonde man marries a brown haired woman. They have two daughters who both have brown hair and a son with blonde hair. Their son has a son of his own with brown hair

bb BbWhite = brown hair = pedigree:

= blonde hair =

Bb Bb bb B?

Bb

Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration125) What is an autotroph? Give examples

Organism that creates its own energy “auto”matically ; ex) plants126) What is a heterotroph? Give examples

Organism that needs to eat to gain energy ; ex) animals127) How are autotrophs and heterotroph linked?

Both important part of the food chains/webs; both rely on each other for reactants and products of photo/CR128) Why is chlorophyll green?

Chlorophyll absorbs all wavelengths of light EXCEPT green129) What is photosynthesis?

A process in which plants capture the suns energy to convert to “food”130) What is the equation for photosynthesis?

CO2 + H2O + Energy C6H12O6 + O2

Products =C6H12O6 + O2 (glucose and oxygen)

Reactants = CO2 + H2O + Energy (carbon dioxide, water, energy from the sun)131) Where does photosynthesis occur?

Within Chloroplasts132) Where does the light reaction occur? What goes into this reaction? What comes out?

RR RW

RW WW

X Xc Xc Xc

XY XcY

NAME: ___________________ 15Period:__________

Thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts; water and carbon dioxide; oxygen and ATP / NADPH133) Where does the dark reaction (Calvin cycle) occur? What goes into this reaction? What comes out? Stroma of the

chloroplasts ; Carbon dioxide, glucose134) Which pigment is directly involved with photosynthesis? (The primary pigment)

Chlorophyll135) Why are carotenoids and chlorophyll b important to photosynthesis?

They absorb different wavelengths of light than chlorophyll “a” to maximize sunlight energy intake. Like, for example, when the sun rises lower in the sky in the fall and winter.

136) What three factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?Temperature, carbon dioxide levels, energy from sun

137) Does photosynthesis occur in the roots, leaves or stems?Leaves!

138) Why does photosynthesis not occur in the other two places?Lack of chlorophyll

139) What is an aerobic pathway? Give an example.Pathway taken by cells to create energy if oxygen is present

140) When does aerobic respiration occur?All the time ; when oxygen is available

141) What is an anaerobic pathway? Give 2 examples.Pathway taken by cells when oxygen is absent ; lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation

142) What type of cellular respiration does yeast undergo? Fermentation143) What is cellular respiration?

A process in which mitochondria use oxygen and glucose to make ATP (energy) for the cells.

144) Which is the equation for cellular respiration? C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + Energy

Products: CO2 + H2O + Energy (carbon dioxide, water, ATP)Reactants: C6H12O6 + O2 (Glucose and oxygen)

145) Where does aerobic respiration occur in an eukaryotic cell? In a prokaryotic cell?

Eukaryotic cell = mitochondriaProkaryotic cell = cytoplasm (since prokaryotes don’t have mitochondria)

146) Why do cells need energy?To perform most cellular functions (protein synthesis; transport, etc)

147) How much ATP can be produced from a complete breakdown on one glucose molecule? 38 ATP

148) How does the amount of energy produced in cellular respiration compare with energy produced during fermentation? Fermentation simply keeps glycolysis going, so therefore making 2 ATP every cycle.

149) Glucose is broken down during glycoylsis to form what? What else is formed?Pyruvic acid ; NADH will most likely NOT be on AIMS

150) Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration reciprocal parts of a cycle? (How are they linked to each other?)The products of PHOTO become the reactants in CR and visa versa

NAME: ___________________ 16Period:__________

151) Describe what is happening in graph 1. Explain why? As light intensity increases, rate of photosynthesis increase ; the more photon exposed to, the more ATP and NADPH can be made therefore leading to more glucose in the dark reactions

152) Describe what is happening in graph 2. Explain why?As temperature increases, so does the rate of photosynthesis…. To a point! After about 25o Celsius, temperature has a

negative effect on the rate of photosynthesis.

Ecology153) List the levels of organization from smallest to largest. Understand the differences. Organism (one individual)

population (more than one of the same species) Community (one species and all the living things it interacts with) Ecosystem (All the living and non-living things that interact) Biosphere (whole earth basically)

154) What is a biome?Geographical areas that share the same climate, vegetation, and wildlife155) What defines different biomes?Temperature, rainfall, amount of sunlight, similar plants, similar animals, etc156) What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?

Primary initial build of soil, followed by lifeSecondary already a soil base so just a return of life (usually after a fire)

157) In primary succession what is the first species to start to grow? Why?Lichens ; they can build a soil base by growing on rock, hard lava, etc

158) What is a symbiotic relationship?A relationship between TWO living organisms

159) Compare and Contrast Mutualism, Commensalisms, and parasitism. Mutualism – Both benefit (+. +)Commensalism – One benefit and the other is neither harmed nor helped (+, O)Parasitism – One is harmed while the other benefits (+. -)160) What factors influence the growth of human population?Available resources, economic status, health & nutrition, medical development, etc161) What is the difference between density dependent factors and density independent factors?

density dependent – changes due to the density of the population, i.e. available resources (water, food, shelter)density independent – Changes that occur independently of population density ( i.e. weather patterns, other natural disasters)

NAME: ___________________ 17Period:__________162) Compare and contrast exponential growth to logistical growth. Draw a graph to represent each.

Exponential growth – rapid, consistent growthLogistic – includes a period of exponential growth, but then levels out about carrying capacity

Exponential growth Logistic growth (more “logical”/“realistic”)163) What happens if a population exceeds the carrying capacity?

Typically will crash due to overpopulation leading to major competition – resources deplete very quickly and many die off or move away

164) What is the relationship between population and resources?The lower the population = more resourcesThe larger the population = more competition / lack of resources

Above is a population pyramid. Spend some time and read the graph then answer the following question. 165) Describe what is happening in each of the population pyramids.

Kenya – rapid growth due to highest % age groups being ages 0 -20ishUS – fairly steady growth rate as most ag groups are about the same % of the populationItaly – Growth has slowed, due to lower % of ages 0-20

166) As a population gets older, what type of jobs will be in high demand?Nurses; home care takers, nursing home attendants

167) What is the relationship between predators and prey?Predators eat prey

168) What are the parts of the water cycle?a) Carbon Cycle -

NAME: ___________________ 18Period:__________

b) Nitrogen Cycle-

169) How is a food web different from a food chain?Food chain – one linear flow of energyFood web – ALL possible flows of energy through a community

170) What happens to the energy level as you go from one trophic level to the next?90% is lost, therefore 10% is passed on

171) What is binomial nomenclature?A way to classify living organisms

172) What are the levels of naming?Kindom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

173) What are the six kingdoms?1 - Eubacteria / Archae bacteria = MONERA (also classified as ONE kingdom)2 – Protista (protists – microscopic single or multicellular eukaryotes)3 – Fungi (fungus – i.e. mushrooms)4 – Plantae (plants)5 – Animalia (Animals)

174) How are the kingdoms different?1 - Eubacteria / Archae bacteria = prokaryotes; asexual; single-celled2 – Protista = eukaryotes; single or multicellular ; asexual , gains energy in many ways

NAME: ___________________ 19Period:__________

3 – Fungi = eukaryotes, multicellular, use spores to reproduce either asexual or sexual, gain energy through absorbing it from soil or other organisms4 – Plantae = eukaryotes, multicellular, gain energy through photosynthesis5 – Animalia = eukaryotes, multicellular, gain energy by EATING, sexual

175) What are the characteristics that all animals have?(see above – number 24)

176) What are the 9 phylum of animals and what does each phylum mean what is an example organism?Name of Phylum Meaning of the Name Example organism

Porifera Pores Sponges

Cnidaria Stinging-cells Jellyfish

Platyhelminthes Flatworms Tapeworm

Nematoda Thread-like Roundworms (many parasites)

Annelida Little rings Earth worm

Mollusca Soft-bodied Octopus

Echinodermata Spiny-skinned Starfish

Arthropoda Jointed foot Lobster

Chordata With a cord Human