AiDAwie pihlw

suikRq : isDWqk AwDwr-qq

gurmiq ivc suikRq dy sMklp, ivhwr, ieiqhws jW sMsQw Awid ƒ smJxleI sMKyp ivc smucI gurmiq ivSv-idRStI ƒ smJxw zrUrI hY[ gurmiq,ijhVI gurU swihbwn dy &lsPy auqy ausirAw iek pUrw-sUrw Drm, is`KDrm hY, dI aus sMswirk idRStI dy boD dI muFlI smJ qy rUp-ryKw vI zrUrIhY, ijs rwhIN is`KI smwijk qy siBAwcwrk pRbMD dw bdl bxdI hY[ iespRsMg ivc is`K Drm dy dwrSink qy smwijk pRbMD ivc scI ikrq dwsQwn qy pirBwSw inSicq krn leI ies AiDAwie ƒ hyT ilKy pKW 'qykyNdrq kIqw igAw hY :

Drm drSn (religious philosophy)

smwj drSn (social philosophy)

Drm drSn :Drm qy drSn dI kyNdrI smisAw prmsqw (ultimatereality) dy srUp inrDwrn dI hY[ ies sMdrB ivc prmsqw, ijs ƒ DrmWivc prmwqmw, sc,Alwh, Bgvwn Awid nwvW hyT pRqIikAw jWdw hY,smucy prpMc dw kyNdr hY[ hryk Drm prMprw ny ijho-ijhw aus sqw dwsrUp inrUipAw hY, auho ijhI aus Drm drSn auqy sMprdwie jW BweIcwrwausirAw hY[ isK Drm dy bwnIAW, ds gurU swihbwn ny prmsqw dw srUp,ijvyN ik AsIN Agly pMinAw ’qy vyKWgy, krqw, krqwr jW krmSIl rUpivc inrUipAw hY, ijs dy AwDwr 'qy krmXogIAW dw iek pUrw-sUrw smwj(pMQ) ivkisq hoieAw[

prmsqw

gurbwxI ijs auc sqw; prm hsqI dy srUp dw kQn krdI hY, auhbwxIkwrW dy Awqimk AnuBv ivc pRqK hoeI sqw hY qy ies sqw ƒ vydW-

13

kqybW dy pRmwxW nwl isD nhIN kIqw igAw, sgoN auh 'jwhrw' hI hY:

byd kqyb sMswr hBwhUM bwhrw ]nwnk kw pwiqswhu idsY jwhrw ]1

jh jh pyKau qh hjUir dUir kqhu n jweI ]2

gurbwxI ivc ies AnUpm siq dI suinScq qy sMKyp pirBwSw 'mUl-mMqR'dy pRqIkwqmk smwsW (symbolic compound words) ivc idqI geI hY:

<> siqnwmu krqwpurKu inrBau inrvYruAkwlmUriq AjUnI sYBM gurpRswid ]3

ies pirBwSw ivc prmsqw dy hor AnykW gux lCxW ivc iek lCx'krqwpuurK',ies qQ dw pRqIk hY ik prmsqw sB isRStI qy hr pRkwrI ikRAwdw krqw hY[ auh AwpxI ikrq qoN AtMk, dUr 'sqvyN Asmwn' qy bYTw 'bRhm'nhIN , sgoN kx-kx ivc rimAw hoieAw 'rwm' hY[4 isRStI dI hr ikirAwdw auh 'krqw' hY; nwl sMBwl vI krdw hY qy SMGwr vI krdw hY[5 iesy qrHWprmsqw dw 'hukmI' rUp vI ausdy ikRAwSIl hox dw sMkyq hY[ 'hukmI','hukm'dy bhu rUp ho ky Aink ivsqwrW ivc psirAw hoieAw hY:

-ikqy auh jIvn rUp, 'jIvn-AwDwr' hY;

-ikqy bKiSS dy irhw 'ndir-srUp' hY;

-ikqy jIvW ƒ rozI, aupjIvkw dy irhw 'dwqw-rUp' hY;

-ikqy nwS kr irhw 'kwl-rUp' hY[

ies qrHW prmsqw dw hukm, Aink rUp ho ky vriqAw hoieAw hY:

chu idis hukmu vrqY pRB qyrw chu idis nwm pqwlµ ]6

gurbwxI ivc Bwvnwqmk sMbMDW AwDwirq inrUpq kIqw srUp vI prmsqwdy krqw qy ikRAwSIl rUp hox dw pRqIk hY[ Bwvnwqmk sMbMDW ivc aus dwsMbMD isDw mnuK mwqr nwl hY[ auh jIvW dIAW loVW pUrIAW krdw hY,sBnW ƒ ipAwrdw hY, duKW-suKW dw BweIvwl hY, inrguxW ƒ guxvMqybxwauNdw hY[ Bwvnwqmk sWJ ivcoN hI gurbwxI ny keI irSiqAW ivcausdw srUp inrUpq kIqw hY, ijvyN:

- pirvwrk irSiqAW ivc auh mwqw-ipqw, pRIqm, pqI, bMDp…

- smwijk irSiqAW ivc sjx, sKw, ipAwrw, nwiek,lwlw…

- rwjsI irSiqAW ivc swihb, pwiqSwh, mwlk, rwjn, sulqwn…Awid[

gurbwxI ivc keI Sbd/pRsMg qW Aijhy hn, ijMnHW ivc ausdw pUrxmnuKIkrx hoieAw hY[7 ieiqhwsk/imQhwsk pwqrW dy srUp rwhIN kIqIinrUpxw8 qW prmwqmw ƒ isD-pDrw 'ikrqI' bxw idMdI hY[iesy qrHW isDy'krqwr' rUp ivc bwxI-hvwly, sYNkiVAW dI igxqI ivc auDirq kIqy jwskdy hn[

'krxhwr' ijMny vI kMm krdw hY, sB iKn ivc hI kr idMdw hY[9 auh'duhw isirAw' (cMgy-mMdy kMmW) dw Ksmu/ krqw Awp hY,10 iesy ivc ausdIvifAweI hY[11 gurmiq ny ieh idRVH krvwieAw hY ik krn-krwvnhwrkyvl qy kyvl ieko hI hY qy smrQ vI auhI hY[12

aukq sMKyp vrxn qoN sihjy istw pRwpq hMudw hY ik gurmiq ny prmwqmwdw srUp ikirAwSIl, krqwr, krxhwr ,'ikrqI' Awid mMinAw hY[

1. gurU gMRQ swihb, 397.

2. auhI, 677.

3. auhI, 1.

4. Qwn QnMqir riv rihAw pRB myrw BrpUir ] auhI, 48.

gupqu prgt vrqY sB QweI joqI joiq imlwvixAw ] auhI, 120.

5. iek sMswrI ieku BMfwrI ieku lwey dIbwxu ] auhI , 7.

6. auhI, 1275.

7. qyry bMky loiex dMq rIswlw ] auhI, 567.

…gruV cVy goibMd Awielw ] auhI, 1166.

8. nwmy ky suAwmI sIA bhorI lMk BBIKx AwipE ho] auhI, 657.

kysI kMs mQnu ijin kIAw ] auhI, 874.

augRsYx kau rwju ABY Bgqh jn dIE ] auhI, 1390.

9. krxhwir iKn BIqir kirAw ] auhI, 103.

10. duhw isirAw kw krqw Awip ] auhI, 171.

11. krxhwru jo kir rihAw sweI vifAweI] auhI, 813.

12. krxkwrx sBnw kw eyko Avru n dUjw koeI ] auhI, 666.

krxkwrx smrQ suAwmI pUrn purK ibDwqw ] auhI, 619.

14 15

rcnw

isK Drm drSn ivc ijs qrHW prmwqmw dw srUp krmSIl hY, inrMkuSnhIN; ausy qrHW isRStI dw srUp vI mwieAwvI, JUT jW Clwvw nhIN, sgoN schY[ 'scy' dI 'swcI kwr' (rcnw) dw BOiqk srUp iek hoNd meI vrqwrw hY,ijhVw pRqK hY, ieh SMkr dw 'mwieAwvwd' nhIN[

drSn (philosophy) ivc ies smisAw dy AiDAYn ƒ Cosmology13,Bwv ivSv-ivigAwn dy isrlyK hyT ivcwirAw jWdw hY[ ies ivc rcnwdy swry sMBv pK - rcnw kI hY ? ikauN hY ? ikvyN hyY? nwdI ik AnwdI ?sImw? smW? Awid sB ivcwry jWdy hn[ swfI sImw ies dy srUp (nature)ƒ jwxn qk sIimq hY[

jo isrijAw igAw hY,auh sB isRStI hY[ gurbwxI ivc ies pRQwie sMswr,Bvswgr, Baujl, BauiniD, dunIAw, jgq, Awkwr, isRsit, srgux,isrTI, pwswrw, bRihmMf, GwVq, bxq, pwswau, rcnw, jg, prpMc, lIlw,Kyf, bwjI, rUp, vys Awid AnykW Sbd/sMklp vrqy gey hn['kudriq'14

Sbd ies dI smucI ivAwiKAw pyS krdw hY[

Bwrq dI snwqnI prMprw dw iek qrHW iSKr SMkr dw AdvYq, ijsƒvydWq vI kihMdy hn, ny sMswr ƒ Cl, mwieAw, Brm, jW DoKw ikhw15, ijsdw AYnw pRbl pRBwv ipAw ik hzwrW sMinAwsI sMprdwvW16 jgq qoNauprwm ho ky jMglW ivc jw ibrwjIAW jW ivhly rih ky gRihsQIAW ’qy Bwrbx geIAW[gurmiq ny ies snwqnI 'AividAw' ƒ rd krky ies sMswrƒ vwihgurU dIAW pYdw kIqIAW Aink pRkwrI ikRAwvW vWg iek ikRAwikhw:

AwpnI mwieAw Awip pswrI Awpih dyKnhwrw ]17

gurmiq Anuswr mwieAw, jgq prpMc nhIN, sgoN prpMc dw auh moh hY,

ijhVw jIv ƒ ausdy Asly qoN ivCoV idMdw hY:

eyh mwieAw ijqu hir ivsrY mohu aupjY Bwau dUjw lwieAw ]18

mwieAw Asl sMswr nhIN, sMswr ivAwpk glq kdrW hn[ mwieAw dyies sMdrB pRQwie gurbwxI ivc jwl, ryq dI kMD, ss,nwgxI, imRgiqRsnw, Brm Awid koeI sO qoN auqy pRqIk vrqy gey hn[19

aukq qoN spSt hY ik gurmiq ivc isRStI, mwieAw nhIN[ mwieAw dwgurmiq isDWq, snwqn isDWq qoN iBMn hY[ies krky sMswr ƒ mwieAwsmJ ky iqAwgxw mnmuKqweI hY, ieh 'dUjw Bwau' ivhlV jmwqWpYdw krdw hY[

bwxI Anuswr ieh rcnw scy dI 'kwr' (ikrq) hY[20 'siq kwrx' qoN'Asiq kwrj' pYdw nhIN ho skdw[21 krqw, ikrq ivc rimAw (rwm)hoieAw hY[22 ausny Awp hI 'duXI kudriq' DwrI hY qy ausdw ies ivc'Awsxu' ligAw hoieAw hY:

AwpIn@Y Awpu swijE AwpIn@Y ricE nwau ]

duXI kudriq swjIAY kir Awsxu ifTo cwau ]23

jgq prpMc iek Aijhy koTy dI inAweI hY, ijs ivc 'scw' rihMdw hY[24

ieQy aus 'mwlI' ny BWq-suBWqI, rMgW-rMgW dI 'vwVI' lweI hoeI hY[25

jgq dI hoNd qW pRqK hY, pr ieh ivvhwr-kwl ivc hI siq hY,prmwrQ-kwl ivc nhIN[ dUjy SbdW ivc ijvyN kwl-rihq prmwqmw siqhY, jgq nhIN; ies dI sqw qW smyN-sQwn/pulwV-kwl ivc hY[ ieh nwm-rUp hoNd pirvrqnSIl hY, ijs pRQwie bwxI ivc pwxI dw budbudw, qmwsw,imiQAw rYix, supnw rYin kw, DUey kw Dvlhru, bwlU kI BIiq, imRg iqRsnw,DUey kw phwr, kUV, JUTo jg Awid AnykW SbdW/smwsW/pRqIkW dw pRXog

13. theory of creation, study of universe, science of metaphysics etc.14. kudriq idsY kudriq suxIAY… kudriq pwqwlI AwkwsI kudriq srb Awkwru ] gurU gRMQ swihb, 464.

15. fw. ACr isMG kwhloN, gurmiq ivc mwieAw dw sMklp, pMnw 51.16. vyKo: bl dyv apwÎXwX, Bwgvq sNpRdwX, k wSI, 1953.17. gurU gRMQ swihb, 537.

18. auhI, 921.

19. vyKo : gurbIr isMG (sMpw.), mwieAw dw gurmiq pirpyK, BUimkw[20. nwnk scy kI swcIkwr ] gurU gRMQ swihb, 7.

21. Awip siq kIAw sBu squ ] auhI, 284.

22. scI kudriq DwrIAnu sic isrijEnu jhwnu ] auhI, 48.

23. auhI, 463.

24. ieh jgu scy kI hY koTVI scy kw ivic vwsu ] auhI, 463.

25. ieh jgu vwVI myrw pRBu mwlI ] auhI, 118.

16 17

kIqw igAw hY:

jYsy jl qy budbudw aupjY ibnsY nIq ]jg rcnw qYsy rcI khu nwnk suin mIq ]26

rcnw dy hr zr@y ivc dYvI ivAwpkqw AnuBv krnw hI ies dI sqqw dwlKwiek hY [27 ieh aus ny 'ismrin' Kwqr DwrI hoeI 'Drnw' hY28 qy ausbwJoN 'kUVu' hY[29 ieh ausy dw vys; pihrwvw hY[30

swr vjoN Akwl dI kwlgq siQqI, APur dI sPurqw, inrgux dw srguxsrUp Awid, rcnw hY[31 ieh mwieAw jW Clwvw nhIN, ieh prmwqmw dIpYdw kIqI scI hoNd hY, BwvyN sdIvI nhIN[ ies ƒ qj ky, auprwm hoxw 'kUVIcwl' hY[ ies ivc rih ky krmSIL hoxw gurmuKW dI 'Gwil' hY, ikauNikswry pwsy auhI psirAw hoieAw hY:

jo dIsY so sgl qUM hY psirAw pwswru ]32

mnuK

smucy igAwn-ivigAwn qy Dwrimk prMprwvW dw kyNdrI mslw mnuK hY[dunIAw Br dy Dwrimk, Drm-inrpyK jW ivigAwnk icMqn ny mnuKI hoNdƒ AdBuq mMinAw hY[ jIvn dI hoNd dy do muK Bwg hn:

cyqn sMswr (animate world)jVH sMswr (inanimate world)

cyqn jW jIvMq sMswr dy A`gy iPr do muK Bwg bxdy hn:

jIv sMswr (biological world)bnspq sMswr (botanical world)

cyqn sMswr dy jIv sMswr ivc mnuK sB qoN ivkisq jIv hY[ ies dIAlOikk hsqI qy Asiqqv nwl iqMn msly muK qOr 'qy sMbMiDq hn:

mnuK kI hY AMiqm mnorQ

mnorQ pRwpqI dw swDn

mnuKI hoNd dI ivAwiKAw ihq sYNkVy ivcwr qy ivcwr-pRxwlIAW auplbDhn[ muK rUp ivc ienHW ƒ Dwrimk qy Drm-inrpyK jW ivigAwnkpRxwlIAW ivc vMifAw jw skdw hY[lgpg smucy kudrqI ivigAwn iesmq dy DwrnI hn ik kudrq dy horW jIvW vWg mnuK vI iek jIv hY qy ieh'pYdw nhIN, ivkws' krky vrqmwn siQqI ivc phuNMicAw hY[ jIv-ivigAwn(biology) dI iek pRqIinD rcnw ies (mnuK) dI ipClyrI nsl bWdrijhy jIvW ƒ dsdI hY[33

gurmiq ny jIv (mnuK) dw Aslw 'joiq' d`isAw hY qy ies dy AsiqqvdI bxqr ivc-srIr, AMqrkrx qy joiq(Awqmw)-iqMn pKW dw sMjogdisAw hY[

mnuK dw muFlw, spSt qy BOiqk rUp, srIr (body) hY[ds ieMdrIAWswry AnuBvW dw mwiDAm hn[ srIr dI aupj, mwqw-ipqw dy sMjog(marital relationship) nwl, pMj qqW dI juVn ikRAw nwl huMdI hY:

ibMdu rkqu imil ipMfu srIAw ]34

pMc qqu imil kwieAw kInI ]35

AMqkrx (inner self), srIr dy AMdrlI ivAwpkqw dw nW hY, ijs ivcmn, buiD, icq Aqy AhMkwr dw sumyl huMdw hY[36 bwxI ivc pMj qqW ipCykwrjSIl 'jIau' (pRwx) ƒ mn ikhw igAw hY[37 buiD (intellect) ivcwr qyinScw dI siQqI hY; icq, cyqnw jW sUJ dy pRsMg ivc hY Aqy pdwrQW nwl

26. auhI, 1427.

27. rwm nwm ibnu imiQAw mwno sgro iehu sMswrw ] auhI, 703.

28. hir ismrin DwrI sB Drnw ] ismir ismir hir kwrn krnw ] auhI, 263.

29. nwnk vKwxY bynqI quDu bwJu kUVo kUVu ] auhI, 468.

30. ppY pwiqswhu prmysru vyKx kau prpMcu kIAw ] auhI, 433.

vvY vwsudyau prmysru vyKx kau ijin vysu kIAw ] auhI, 434.

31. inrMkwir Awkwru aupwieAw ] auhI, 1066.

Awip Awkwru Awip inrMkwru ] auhI, 833.

inrgunu Awip srgunu BI EhI ] auhI, 287.

32. auhI, 51.

33. Charlies Darwin, The Origin of Species and The Descent of Man, pp.27-8.34. gurU gMRQ swihb , 1026.

35. auhI, 1030.

36. BweI kwnH isMG nwBw, mhwn koS, pMnw 85.37. ieh mnu pMc qq ko jIau ] gurU gRMQ swihb, 342.

18 19

inScw jW sMbMD rKx dI siQqI, AhMkwr hY[38

mnuK dI pRikrqI dw sB qoN Aihm Bwg joiq jW Awqmw hY[ ieh srIrnhIN, srIr ivclw jIvn hY[ srIr dI hoNd hI ies krky hY[ ieh Amrqq, sMswirk lypW qoN pr @y hY[ ieh jIvn dw Aslw hY[

dUsrw,'mnorQ' dw svwl, drSn (philosophy) ivc mnuKI sMpUrnqw dIsmisAw nwl sMbMiDq hY[ auh ikhVI siQqI hY, ijQy mnuK dI mnuKqw Awpxyprm lkS ƒ Apxw lYNdI hY ? gurmiq Anuswr jIvn dw 'pRQmy' inSwnw mnƒ prboDxw hY[39 mnuKI jIvn dy imly smyN ivc ausny ieh smJxw hY ik jIvnkI hY? ikQoN AwieAw qy ikQy jwxw hY[40 gurbwxI Anuswr 'ilv-Dwqu' dysMswr-ivAwpI do rwhW ivcoN 'ilv'dw rwh cux ky mnuK ny Awpxw mUl pCwxnwhY[41 bwxI-muhwvry ivc ies ƒ inj Gir vwsw, mukiq duAwrw, pd inrbwx,kwrj pUrn Awid ikhw igAw hY[42 ies ƒ AsIN ivAkqIgq-mnorQ kihskdy hW[ ies mnorQ ivc spSt hY ik mnuK-rUp dyhI goibMd imlx dI iek'brIAw' (mOkw, vwrI) hY:

BeI prwpiq mwnuK dyhurIAw ]goibMd imlx kI ieh qyrI brIAw ]43

pr kyvl ivAkqIgq mnorQ dI pRwpqI injvwdI ivcwr hY[ gurmiqies ƒ pRvwn krky A`gy 'srbq dy Bly'44 dI ivcwrDwrk syD idMdI hY[bwxI-muhwvry ivc ies qQ ƒ 'pruapkwr dw aumwh' jW 'lok suKIey' AwidvwkWSW rwhIN drswieAw igAw hY[45

ivAkqIgq jW smwijk AwdrS dI pUrqI leI gurmiq duAwrw idRVwey'swDnw mwrg'ivc iksy ivSyS SwsqrI mwrg -BgqI; krm; igAwn;

sihj mwrg- Awid dI crcw nhIN, ieQy Asl g`l 'ihrdy scu', 'muiK scu'ƒ pRvwn kIqw igAw hY, Bwv 'scu' dI pRwpqI AMdrlI (ihrdy dI) 'suic' nwlpRwpq hoxI hY,46 mwrgW dI nW-iBMnqw ies rwh ivc rukwvt nhIN[ gurmiqswDnw mwrg dy shwiek qqW ivc nwm, gurU, vwihgurU, ikrpw47 Awid qoNibnHW, ijvyN ik AsIN A`gy cl ky vyKWgy, scI ikrq vI Swiml hY[

smwj drSn : gurmiq, gRihsQI jIvn dI hwmI ivcwrDwrw hY[ iesivcwrDwrw ny smwj pRqI audwsInqw nhIN isKweI qy nw hI ies ivc Kcqhoxw kbUilAw hY[ bwxI ivc ies iksm dI jIvn-idRStI leI pRivrqIkrm ; mwieAw ivc audws; Gr hI mwih audws; Awsw mih inrwsw; AMjnmwih inrMjn Awid AnykW aukqIAW pRwpq ho jWdIAW hn[48 hor is`Kswihq ivcoN vI aukq qQ dI ivAwiKAw leI hvwly auDirq kIqy jw skdyhn[49

gRihsQ jIvn dI hor mqW/ivcwDwrwvW ivc mwxqw qW BwvyN idqI geI,pr 'prDwnqw' gurmiq ny hI idqI[50 ieQy smwj dIAW ijMnIAW vI glqrUVHIAW, ijhVIAW sMsQwvW dw rUp Dwrn kr cukIAW sn, ƒ sKqI nwlridAw igAw hY[ ijs smwj jW smyN ivc is`KI dw jnm hoieAw, aussmkwlI smwj dI buinAwdI sMsQw jwq-pwqI pRbMD hY[ vrxwSrm DrmdI fUMGI qy cIV@I ieh sMsQw “Awpxy pUry jobn ivc iek AYsI smwjkbxqr hY, ijs dI imswl {Bwrq ibnHW} dunIAW ivc nhIN imldI[ iehAYlwnIAW ies AsUl auqy kwiem hY ik mnuK hmySw leI iek dUjy dy brwbrnhIN”[51

38. mhwn koS, pMnw 85.39. pRQmy mnu prboDY Awpnw pwCY Avr rIJwvY] gurU gRMQ swihb, 381.

40. sunhu ry qU kaunu khw qy AwieE] eyqI n jwnau kyqIk mudiq clqy Kbir n pwieE] auhI, 999.

41. auhI, 87;441.

42. auhI, 176.

43. auhI, 12.

44. 'Ardws', is`K rihq mrXwdw, pMnw 10.45. ... bRhmigAwnI praupkwr aumwhw] gurU gRMQ swihb, 273.

ieh lok suKIey prlok suhyly] auhI, 292.

46. suic hovY qw scu pweIAY ] auyhI, 265.

47. ijs no ikRpw krih myry ipAwry soeI quJY pCwxY ] auhI, 1185.

mn ry dUjw Bwau cukwie ] AMqir qyrY hir vsY gur syvw suKu pwie ] auhI, 33.

48. AMjn mwih inrMjin rhIAY jog jugiq iev pweIAY ] auhI, 730.

jYsy jl mih kmlu inrwlmu murgweI nYswxy ] auhI, 938.

ivcy igRh sdw rhy audwsI ijau kml rhy ivic pwxI hy ] auhI, 1070.

49. gurmuiK Aws inrws miq ArKyau hY ]… Gr hI ivic audws… BweI gurdws, vwr/pauVI 3/2.

50. igAwnn mY igAwnu Aru iDAwnn mY iDAwn gur, skl Drm mY igRhsqu pRDwn hY ] auhI, kibq 376.

51. s. jgjIq isMG, is`K ienklwb, pMnw 2.20 21

gurmiq ny isDWqk qy ivhwrk , dohW pDrW auqy ies jwqI-pRbMDƒ rd kIqw hY[ pRwBOiqk idRStI qoN swry mnuK ieko joiq prmwqmwdI AMS hn, koeI aucw-nIvW jW cMgw-mwVw nhIN[ mnuK dI mhqw'joiq' krky hY, 'jwiq' krky nhIN; ikauNik 'AwgY' ( Awqimk jgq/ivkws ivc) 'jwiq' dI koeI vukq nhIN:

jwxhu joiq nw pUChu jwqI AwgY jwiq n hy ]52

jwiq jnmu nh pUCIAY sc Gru lyhu bqwie ]53

ivhwrk qOr 'qy, ijvyN BweI gurdws jI ieSwrw krdy hn, gurUswihbwn ny cwr vrnW ƒ 'iek vrn' ivc ilAWdw[54 ATwrvIN sdIdy is`K swihq ny vfy pDr qy aukq qQ dI zordwr puStI kIqI hY[55

is`KI dy smwj drSn ivc AOrq ƒ CuitAwieAw nhIN igAw,blik ausdy ivSyS guxW dI kdr kridAW, aus ƒ AiDAwqmk qysmwijk jIvn ivc purK dy brwbr dw ih`sydwr GoSq kIqw igAwhY[ AOrq dI, snwqn prMprwvW vloN bxweI hwlq dy niKD vrqwrydy sMkyq bwxI ivc Aksr pRwpq ho jWdy hn[56

smkwlI smwj dy SoSq vrqwry, cwhy auh rwjsI, Dwrimk jWsmwijk hovy,gurmiq ausƒ pUrI qrHW ApRvwn krky 'hlymI rwj' qy'bygmpurw' dw sMklp idMdI hY[57 ies SoSq vrqwry ivc rwjSwhIpKoN lokW dI pIqI jWdI r`q58, krmcwrIAW dI byeImwnI ;TgITorI 59, inAW pRbMD ivclI irSvqKorI, ktVqweI61, vrxwSrm

prMprw dy dMB62, pirvwrW dI hwlq63, qIrQ-vrq; Xg, blIAW qy horJUTy krm-kWf64, nSy, jUAwbwzI65, hT-Xog66, gor-mVI; suc-iBt...67, glkI bhuq kuJ Swiml hY[ isKI dw smwj drSn,pihlW kIqy sMkyq muqwibk,hr mwVI kImq ƒ sKqI nwl isDWqk qy ivhwrk pDr 'qy rddw hY[

auprokq ivcwrW qoN AsIN hyT ilKy nqIijAW qy phuMcdy hW :

(1) gurmiq dw prmwqmw kyvl bRhm, inrMkuS jW inrlyp nhIN, auh kx- kx ivc smwieAw hoieAw, hryk jIv dy AMg-sMg hY; ‘krqw purKu' hY, krqwr-ikrqI hY[ ikrqI r`b dy sMklp ny hI dsW nhuMAW dI ikrq dw sMklp pYdw kIqw qy krnw hY[

(2) jgq pswrw, snwqnI prMprwvW vwlw mwieAw Clwvw nhIN,ieh scy vwihgurU dI scI ikrq hY, ies krky ies ƒ iqAwgxw gurmiq nhIN, iesy sMswr ivc rih ky ies kudrq rwhIN hI kwdr dI pCwx

krnI hY[

(3) mnuK, srIr qy Awqmw dw joV hY[ ies dw audyS prmwqmw dI BgqI krky ausƒ pRwpq krnw qy sMswr dI syvw krnw hY[ sMswr dw auDwr, sMswr ivc rih ky hI ho skdw hY[ ies qrHW gurmiq &ls&w BWjvwdI &ls&w nhIN, rx-qqy (sMswr) ivc jUJx dw &lsPw hY[

(4) AiDAwqmk drSn dy smqol hI gurmiq dw smwjk nzrIAw hY[ dUjy SbdW ivc smwj pRqI is`KI dI idRStI AiDAwqmk idRStI dy hI qul hY [ ieh sMinAwsvwd nhIN, iesy krky gurmiq ivc smwjwlocnw dw AMS BwrU hY qy ivhwrk pDr auqy ieiqhwsk jdo- jihd hY[

aukq ivcwr cOKty dI idRStI ivc hux AsIN Agly pMinAW 'qy suikRq dy isDWqk,ieiqhwskAqy sMsQwgq srokwrW dI inSwndyhI krn dw jqn krWgy[

52. gurU gMRQ swihb, 349.

53. auhI, 1330.

54. cwry pYr Drm cwir vrin ieku vrnu krwieAw ] vwr/pauVI 1/23.

55. sYnw isMG, sRI gur soBw, AiD/bMd/pMnw 6/200/88;

kysr isMG iCbr, bMswvlInwmw, crx/bMd/pMnw 10/153- 54/86 .56. sqIAw eyih n AwKIAn jo mVIAw lg jlin ] gurU gRMQ swihb, 787.

57. bygmpurw shr ko nwau ] dUKu AMdohu nhI iqih Twau ] auhI, 345.

sB suKwlI vuTIAw iehu hoAw hlymI rwju jIau ] auhI, 74.

58. rwjy sIh mukdm kuqy ] jwie jgwiein@ bYTy suqy ] auhI, 1288.

59. lY kY vFI dyin augwhI durmiq kw gil Pwhw hy ] auhI, 1032.

60. kwdI kUVu boil mlu Kwie ] auhI, 662.

61. rwjw inAwau kry hiQ hoie ] khY Kudwie nw mwnY koie ] auhI, 349.

62. bRhmx KqRI sUd vYs cwir vrn cwir AwsRm hih... jo hir iDAwvY so prDwin] auhI, 861.

63. jIvq ipqr nw mwnY koaU mUey isrwD krwhI ] auhI, 332.

64. hom jg jp qp siB sMjm qit qIriQ nhI pwieAw ] auhI, 1139.

65. bhu icMqw ipV cwlY hwrI ] jUey Kylx kwcI swrI ] auhI, 222.

66. Bsm cVwie krih pwKMfu] mwieAw moih shih jm fMfu ] auhI, 903.

67. jUTI krCI prosn lwgw jUTy hI bYiT KwieAw ] auhI, 1195.

22 23

AiDAwie dUjwsuikRq : isDWqk AiDAYn

mnuKI ivgws dy AwrMB smyN hI 'ikrq' iek sMklp vjoN hoNd gRihx krcukI iek AijhI Dwrnw hY, ijs dw muK sMbMD jIvn dy ivhwirk srokwrnwl hY[ ieh mnuKI jIvn dI iek AmlI SwKw hY[ ieh koeI klw,ivigAwn jW iksy iksm dw igAwn-AnuSwSn (acdemic discipline)nhIN, blik mwnv dw iek Aijhw 'gux' (value) hY, ijhVw ivAkqIgqrUp ivc vrqmwn hY, srUp vjoN BwvyN ieh koeI vI rUp Dwrn kr cukw hovy[

ieQy suikRq dy isDWqk AiDAYn rwhIN, suikRq dI vrqoN dy pRsMg ivc,iesdy ArQ inrDwrq krky, iek qrqIb ivc ivDI-pUrvk ies dw Gyrw,pRIBwSw, srUp, mnorQ Awid vyKx dw jqn kIqw jw irhw hY qy ivSlySxdy AwDwr qy pRwpq nqIijAW rwhIN ies ƒ gurbwxI qy hor muFly isK swihqdy pirpyK ivc 'Bwv' pRgt krn dI koiSS kIqI jw rhI hY[

SbdwrQ

Sbd 'ikrq' nwl 'su', Agyqr vjoN juV ky 'suikrq' bixAw hY qy pMjwbIivc ies dy do Sbd-joV pRcilq qy pRmwixq hn- suikRq qy suikrq[1

sMsikRq dy k œX jW ik rq nwl ‘su’ Agyqr vjoN juV ky bxy Sbd suk q,suk iq, suk qm Awid Sbd-rUpW qoN suikRq jW suikrq Sbd ivauNqpqhoieAw hY[2 ‘ikrq’ qoN ‘su’ juV ky suikrq bxy ies smwsI-Sbd dw ijQyikrq Sbd nwloN rUp-pirvrqn hoieAw hY, auQy, ijvyN ik AsIN A`gy clky vyKWgy, ArQ-ivsqwr vI hoieAw hY[

Sbd 'ikrq' ieiqhws ivc iek sMsQweI-Sbd vjoN mwxqw pRwpq hY, ijsivc 'ikrq' ƒ Agyqr vjoN rK ky GVy gey sMsQweI-smwsW dI lMmI sUcI hY,ijvyN (audwhrx vjoN) : ikrq-SkqI, ikrq-kmweI, ikrq-corI, ikrq-

ivroDI Awid[3 iesy qrHW Bwvvwck nWv 'ikrq' qoN ivkisq ho ky nWv (noun)bxy, 'ikrqI' Sbd ny vI sMsQweI rUp gRihx kIqw hY, ijvyN ikrqI-rwj,ikrqI-sMG, ikrqI-ikswn, ikrqI-lihr Awid4[ ivSyS ArQ pirvrqnleI aukq sMsQweI smwsW Agy 'su' Agyqr inrsMkoc joiVAw jw skdw hY,BwvyN ieiqhws ivc Aijhw nhIN hoieAw[ ivAwkrx dI idRStI qoNN 'ikrq' jW'suikRq', puilMg, iesqrI ilMg, (sMsikRq ivc) npuMsk ilMg, iek vcn, sMgXwAwid AnykW rUpW ivc vrqoNXog hY[5

Sbd 'ikrq' ivc mUl-AMS 'kr' Sbd hY, ijs qoN krn, kwrn, krqw,kwr Awid SbdW smyq 'ikrq' Sbd vI bxdw hY[ ies dw Bwv koeI kMmkrnw jW jo kIqw jwvy6 (to do), Awid bxdw hY[ pMjwbI ivc 'kr' qoN'kwr-ikirAw' dy iesqrI ilMg 'kwrI' jdoN iksy ik`qy (nWv) dy ipCyqr rUpivc joV idqw jwvy qW Awpxy Awp ivc 'ikqwkrn' dw iek pbRMD isrijAwjWdw hY, ijvyN dsqkwrI, ksIdwkwrI, PulkwrI, icqrkwrI, buqkwrI,mInwkwrI Awid[ ieQy 'kwrI' sMbMiDq ik`qy dy krn, bnwaux jW isrjx dyArQW ivc hY[7

so ikrq dw ArQ kMm, ikRAw jW kuJ hox dy Bwv ivc hY[ 'su' Agyqrnwl bxy Sbd 'suikRq' dw Bwv cMgw kMm hY[ dwrSink idRStI qoN cMgw kMmjW SuB kMm ikhVw hY? ieh bihs dw mslw hY, ijs dw izkr sMbMDq QW'qy kIqw jwvygw, pr koSkwrW ny kMm dy cMgy hox dw iek lCx 'Drm dykMm’ ƒ mMinAw hY[8 Drm dw kMm, DrmI kMm jW is`K bolI ivc 'Drm dIikrq' ivc idbqw (divineness) Swiml hY, ijs dw Bwv bixAw 'r`bIkMm'jW r`b dI rzw ivc kIqw jwx vwlw kMm[ AMgryzI ivc 'ikrq'pRQwie 'labour' Sbd vriqAw jWdw hY, pr 'suikRq' pRQwie vrqy jWdysYNkVy SbdW ivcoN AsIN 'virtue' Sbd vrq skdy hW, ijs dw Bwv cMgw,TIk jW shI kMm hY qy ies ivc dYvI SkqI (divine-power) dw pRvyS

1. fw. hrkIrq isMG, (sMpw.) pMjwbI Sbd-rUp qy Sbd-joV koS, pMnw 137.2. fw. pRym pRkwS isMG, (sMpw.) sMsikRq pMjwbI koS, pMnw 1028.

3. eI. AYs. rwibno ivc, (sMpw.) pMjwbI-rUsI Sbd koS, pMny 345-46.4. auhI[5. pMjwbI koS, ij.1, pMnw 456.6. <> icMnH ivc 'kwr' (> ) prmsqw dy isRStI krqw hox dw sUck hY[7. puStI leI: prmjIq isMG, koSkwrI-klw Aqy pMjwbI koSkwrI, pMnw 28.8. f w. Bol wnwQ iqvwrI, ihñdI pXwévwc I k oS, p¡. 668 ; k wil k w pRswd (sMpw.), bƒhq@ ihNdI k oS, p¡.1513; k { xw iZpwTI, l Du ihNdI S‹dswgr, p¡. 1011 Awid [

24 25

lwzmI hY[9 monIAr ivlIAm dI nzr ivc aukq pRsMgwrQ leI 'sukrmn'(performing good works) Sbd vDyry auicq hY[10

vrgIkrn

iksm dI idRStI qoN AsIN ik`iqAW jW hox vwlI ikrq dw pwrwvwr nhINpw skdy, Bwv igxqI nhIN kr skdy[ smucI mwnvI Gwlxw ƒ auN\ iqMnBwgW ivc vrgIikRq kIqw jw skdw hY:

KyqIbwVIvpwr qynOkrI

gurmiq dy sMdrB ivc, ijvyN ik sMbMiDq pRkrx ivc vyiKAw jwvygw,mwnisk sihj Gwlxw; ijs ivc nwm ismrn vI Swiml hY, aukq vrgIkrndI ikrq-iksm qoN bwhr hY[

pRikrqI (nature) dI idRStI smucI 'ikrq' dy srUp/suBwA ƒ muK doihisAW ivc vMifAw jw skdw hY:

cMgI , TIk jW scI ikrqmwVI, glq jW JUTI ikrq

gurmiq dI bolI ivc pihlI ƒ Drm dI ikrq jW dsW nhuMAW dI ikrqBwv 'suikRq' ikhw jwvygw qy dUsrI ƒ hrwm, byeImwnI jW 'duikRq' ikhwjwvygw[

loV, siQqI, smwj, BUgol, ieiqhws… Awid AnykW idRStIkoxW qoN'ikrq' dw vrgIkrn kIqw jw skdw hY, pr swfw srokwr ikrq dI aukqpRikrqI-vMf nwl hI hY[

gurbwxI sMklp-sMdrB

gurbwxI ivc ikrq dI vMf dw AwDwr isrP suBwA (nature) pKoN hY, dUjy

SbdW ivc gurbwxI dw srokwr ausdI iksm, jwq jW pDr nw ho ky kMmkrn vwly dI nIAq nwl hY[ ies pRsMg ivc scI ikrq qy mwVI/JUTIikrq pRQwie byAMq Sbd-pRsMg/smws pRwpq huMdy hn[ ienHW ƒ AsIN iesqrHW pyS kr skdy hW:

scI, Drm dI ikrq (suikRq)

(a) pirAwie/smwnWqr

swcau vKr, scu cugY, scI/swcI kwr, scu vwpwru, sukrm, scu kmwey/kmwvixAw/kmweI, kwr scu, sukrnI, siq krxI, scu/scw saudw, sukwr,inrml rIiq, inrml krxI, inrml krm, inrml jugqw, inrml rIqw,suikRq Drm, AMimRq+Kwxw;pIxw; pihnx, mhw inrml rIiq, krxI scu,krmu Blw, praupkwr, vKru scu, krxI swrI, scu sMjmu krxI, hkuhlwl, scurIiq, suikRq krxI, dUDu krm, ruKI suKI…TMFw pwxI, gurmuiKkrm, Krw (krm), nIkw (krm),inhkpt kmweI, nykIkwr Awid[

(A)inktwrQ

audmu, swcI pUMjI, scu rwis, sPl kwrI, Gwl, scY rMig, scu gux,inhkrm, aUc ibauhwr, gux vyhwJIAn, kusl Kym, scu sMpY, sRm GwlY, sqKitAY, siq pdwrQ, swc Drm, puMn, gux, scu smwie, sUcwcwrI, pUrwkrmwau, scw Bojn, scu sIgwru, privrqI krm, inrml cwrw, ibKVIkwr, puMn; dwn; iesnwn, jqu; squ; sMjmu, guxw kI rwis, swcw Dn, scuKypu ,pUr krim, Blw krm, pUrn krm, hMsw kw Kwxw Awid[

(e) ArQMS

gux rmx, isdk krxI, hirrws, scu ilv, hir krm, scw mwrg, gurkI kwr, hir kY mwrig, hir kI kwrw, AiDAwqm krm, hir kI thl,scu inAwau, kwr Dur kI, BwxY kwr, hukmI kwr, sweIkwr, BY kwr, sudwnikirAw, krmn kY krmw, Bgqw kI cwl (inrml/scI), kMcn Awid[

9. The OXFOD Dictionary, vol, XIX, pp. 675-76; V.S. Apte, Sanskrit-English Dictionary, p.605; Vdydhar Vaman Bhide, A Concise Sanskrit English- Dictionary, p.1136 etc.10. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, p. 1220.

26 27

JUTI, hrwm dI ikrq (duikRq)

(a) pirAwie/smwnWqr

BKu ABKu, duikRq, KotI rwis, ibKu sMcY/ibhwJih, ivkrm, kUVw/kUrw,nIc krm , duhkrm, Awin kMm/ibauhwr, JUTw Dn, qwiq prweI, prpMc,nIc ibauhwr, ibiKAw jMjwl, kUV TgI, AMDI kMm, kUVw vwpwr, mwieAwikriq, JUT DMD, pwp, DMD ipty, kpt, ml krm, guJw kmwxw, doK(kmwqy),vlvMc, Kotu, kUVu kpt, kUVI rwis/kUVw vwpwr, duhikRq, mwieAw, mwieAwibauhwr, aUxy kwmw, Kotw vwpwr, bMDn kmwvhy, eyhV qyhV, prpMc, piqqkrm, Awn krxI, kUVw AMfbr, AnrQ, ClM iCdRy, inhPl krm, burwkwm, lUx hrwm, vydInw kw Kwxu, ibiKAw Plu, pwp drb, kwc ibhwJn,blbMcw, ibKY TgaurI, nwnw krm, kUV bol ibKu KwieAw, JUT kwmvY, AMDkrm, vFI, AaurI krm, horo Kwxw, PkV DMD, PIky loB, Anrs swd,Cl, Awl jMjwl, tyFI cwl, BUMfI cwl, fgrI cwl, ibrQw ibauhwr, AMDibauhwr, AMDulI kwr, Awn ibauhwr, kwc ibauhwr, DRoh, Bs mswvxI,ibiKAw vwpwr, imQ ibauhwr, prweI copVI, kUVw saudw, mMdy Aml,AxcwrI kw Dwm, pwpI krm, vl Cl, Kqy, kuPkVy Awid[

(A) inktwrQ

DMDw, jMjwl/jMjwr, Avgux, mnmuiK krm, dUjI kwrY, Cwr, hor vxju,bwvY mwrg, Avir jMjwl, hor bwid, ibprIiq, DMDVy kulwh, kumiq,kumwrig, prwikRqh, durqu, bMDn kmwxy, AprwD kmwxy, sMswrI krm;sMswrkI kwr, sRmu, lwlc krm, mwieAw bMD, kwlw(krm), rog kUrw, GuMmxvwVI/GUmn GyrY, dunIAw ky DMDy, bd Aml, mlaUn, psUAw krm, hoCau kwj,kusuDu Awid[

(e) ArQMS

ibsQwr, Pulw kI bwgwiq, hau/haumY krm/kwr, dUjY Bwie, jm kw pMiQ,AhuMbuiD krm, ivfwxI cwkrI, mwieAw mdu, duKu kmwie, iklivKhu, hauivic KitAw, mDm krm, haumY Kyl, CpiV, ickiV Aid[

auprokq vyrvy qoN ielwvw gurbwxI ivc hor vI AnykW icMnH, pRqIk, sMkyqAqy sMdrB pRwpq huMdy hn, ijMnHW dw sMbMD ikrq dy pRsMg nwl juVdwhY[ienHW sB dw ivSlySx Agly pMinAW 'qy kIqw jw irhw hY[

kwrj-Kyqr

gurbwxI &lsPy dy smucy sMdrB ivc ikrq jW ikqy dw muK sMbMD vsqUjW iksm nw ho ky, ikrqI jW krn vwly dI ikRAw-idRStI nwl hY;krn dI Bwvnw nwl hY[ikqy dI cox, iksm jW pDr dujYly drjy dIcyqnw hY[ dUjy SbdW ivc gurbwxI ivc iksy cMgy/mMdy kMmW dI sUcIpRwpq nhIN huMdI, blik iksy vI 'kMm' ipCy kwrjSIl idRStI dIcMigAweI-mMidAweI nwl sMbMiDq itpxI pRwpq huMdI hY[ nIAq, FMgjW idRStI iemwndwrwnw, scI jW DrmI hoxI cwhIdI hY, ikqw/kMm/ikrq koeI vI hovy[

gurbwxI ivc lok-jIvn dy ik`iqAW dw ivsqwr sihq hoieAw vrxnaukq miq dI puStI krdw hY[ ieQy ieh ivcwr iDAwn ivc rKxw zrUrIhY ik smwj dy smkwlI (bwxIkwr smkwlI) pRbMD ƒ, ijs ivcoN hQly ivSydw sMbMD lok-jIvn dI ikrq-inrbwh nwl hY, iek smwj-SwSqr jWieiqhwswrQ ivc icqrnw gurbwxI dI mUl pRivrqI jW audyS nhIN[ iehicqrn mnuKI jIvn dI sucjI GwVq GVn ihq pRqIk; icMn vjoN qy jn-mwns dy pDr qk AiDAwqmk rmzW ƒ smJwaux leI lok-sMsikRqI dyies Aihm pK ƒ AwDwr bxw ky , sMcwr-jugiq dy rUp ivc vrqxw hY[prieh vI smJxw zrUrI hY ik ik`iqAW jW ikrq dy gurbwxI sMdrBW ƒ kyvlrUpk-rcnw jW sMcwr-jugqW qk sIimq nhIN mMnxw cwhIdw[ ienHW dyaupmwn kriqAW (bwxIkwrW) dIAW rIJW, sDrW jW audySW qoN vK nhIN[hryk ibMb (symbol) dI rcnw jW vrqoN ipCy rcYqw qy ausdy smucy BweIcwry/kOm dIAW rIJW, AkWiKAwvW jW supinAW dw hQ huMdw hY[

gurbwxI ivc sB qoN vDyry izkr, pRqIk, icMn, ibMb jW ibrqWq ikrswxIjIvn nwl sMbMiDq imldy hn[ ies pRsMg ivc: mOsmW dy AwDwr qy PslWhox, ijvyN hwVI-sauxI dIAW PslW, ikswnW koloN hwlw augrwhux vwlymunisP (mwl APsr), ienHW dw swQ dyx vwly ptvwrI, KyqW leI pwxI dysroq-vrKw;KUh;qlwb Awid[ vrKw nwl AMn; kmwd; kpwh; cwrw hoxw,KyqW dI rwKI leI frnw (vwV) lwauxw Awid qoN ibn@w KyqIbwVI dI smucIpRikRAw dy lgpg swry rUpk ijvyN pwxI lwauxw; suhwgw mwrnw; (AMn ;kmwd) pIVnw; vFxw, Foxw, hl, vqr, bohl…pRwpq ho jWdy hn[

gurU swihb ny Aijhy pRqIk vrq ky audyS vjoN SuB AmlW dI KyqI krn dwaupdyS idqw hY Aqy nwl hI ikrq pRqI iemwndwrwnw phuMc hox dI pRyrnw:

28 29

hoie ikrswxu eImwnu jMmwie lY iBsqu dojku mUVy eyv jwxI ]11

ikrswn AwpxI ikrswxI 'jIau' (mn) lw ky krygw qW hI r`j ky Kwskdw hY qy Aijhy audm nwl AOlwd vI BuKI nhIN rhygI:

ikrswxI ikrswxu kry locY jIau lwie ]hlu joqY audmu kry myrw puqu DI Kwie ] 12

dUjy pwsy TgI-corI jW Dky SwhI nwl ikrswnW 'qy zulm krn vwly zmInWdy mwilk 'BUmIey' byeImwn hox kwrn lVdy iBVdy, duK pwauNdy hn:

jy kir KyqY Kwie vwiV ko lhY n swrw ]13

ikrq dy kwrj Kyqr ivc vxj-vwpwr dy ikqy dw izkr keI pRsMgW ivchoieAw hY, pr syD qy aupdyS 'swc vKr' dI idqI hY[ iksmW pKoN hIirAW;GoiVAW; jvwhrW Awid dy vwpwr/ikiqAW dI sUcnw auplbD ho jWdI hY[14

hor Coyty-moty ik`iqAW ivc hwr-iSMgwr;khwr;qylI; jolwhy; pWiDAW Awiddy kMm; PyrI pwaux vwly; bwjIgr; ht; spyirAW dI aupjIvkw Awid ƒSwiml kIqw jw skdw hY[15 BweI gurdws jI ny ik`iqAW dI lMmI sUcI idqIhY: ijs ivc gwDI; lUxwrI; pwhrU; drbwrI Awid Swiml hn[16 srkwrIkMmW-kwrW qy AhuidAW ijvyN vzIr; dIvwn; muMisP; koqvwl; drbwn;Awbdwr…bwry ivsiqRq sMkyq pRwpq hMudy hn[17

GrylU dsqkwrIAW, ijhw ik K`fI dw kMm, kpVw rMgxw; buxnw, cmVw,isAwhI18 Awid qoN ielwvw AnykW Aijhy ik`iqAW dw vrxn vI bwxI ivcoNpRwpq ho jWdw hY, ijhVy pySy bx ky bdnwm sn, ijvyN corI, T`gI, rwhznI,mMgxw, jUAw, vySvwigrI Awid[19 gurU swihb ienHW ƒ 'ik`iqAW' dy rUp ivcpRvwn nhIN krdy, blik Aijhy pySy smwj; ivAkqI ƒ klMikq krdy hn,

ies krky rdx dy hkdwr hn[ iesy pRsMg ivc hI 'cwkrI' ƒ gurbwxI ivcjdoN 'gulwmI' dy ArQW ivc vriqAw igAw hY qW pRvwn nhIN kIqw hY, pr syvwBwv vwlI 'nOkrI' ƒ zrUr pRvwinAw igAw hY:

cwkrI ivfwxI KrI duKweI Awpu vyic Drmu gvwey ]20

srUp

suikRq dy srUp bwry iek dwrSink bihs jnm lYNdI hY[ ies bihs dwkyNdrI qq SuB; ASuB dw inrxw hY[ dUjy SbdW ivc ieh ikvyN inrxw kIqwjwvy ik Awh kMm cMgw hY qy Awh kMm mwVw hY? ies bihs jW msly ƒdrSn-SwSqr (philosophy) dI iek SwK vjoN pRvwixq nIqI-SwSqr(ethics) ADIn AiDAYn-vsqU bxwieAw jWdw hY[ ies SwSqr dy AiDAYn-Gyry ivc nykI, bdI, SuB; ASuB, auicq jW Axuicq Awid msilAW ƒivcwrDIn kIqw jWdw hY[ pMjwbI ivc AsIN ies pRQwie 'sdwcwr' Sbdvrqdy hW[

nIqI SwSqr jW sdwcwr mnuKI ivhwr dy cMgy-mwVy ivhwrW dw mulWkxkrky mnuKI Awcwr 'qy bl idMdw hY[ieh sucjI jIvn-jwc nwl sMbMiDqcirqr-inrmwx dy inXmW, isDWqW dy ivhwrW nwl qluAk rKdw hY, iesleI iesƒ 'ivhwr dw ivigAwn' (normative science of conduct) ikhwjWdw hY[21 ieh iDAwn rhy ik nIqI-SwSqr ivhwr dI qQ-mUlk ivAwiKAwnhIN, kImq-mUlk ivAwiKAw hY[ kImq jW mul (value) qoN Bwv kMm jWvsqU dI swriQkqw qoN hY[ 'swrQkqw' ivAkqI dy Awcwr 'qy inrBrkrdI hY qy Awcwr ausdI soc-SkqI qy aupjIvkw auqy, ies qrHW kMm,ausdI kImq qy (ivAkqI dI) 'aupjIvkw' Awps ivc AMqr-sMbMiDqsMklp hn[ iesy pRsMg ivc sdwcwrk sMklpW dy AwpsI sMbMD qy aunHW dwmulWkx/ivSlySx nIqI-SwSqr dw ivSw hY[22

suikRq, nIqI-SwSqr dI idRStI qoN iek srv-ivAwpk kImq hY qy isKdrSn ivc iesdw somw qy swriQkqw AiDAwqmkqw nwl joV ky iesƒswDnw mwrg vjoN pRvwn kIqw igAw hY[ ies qrHW suikRq dy srUp-ivSlySxivc iqMn pK Swiml huMdy hn:

11. gurU gRMQ swihb, 24.

12. auhI, 166.

13. BweI gurdws, vwr/pauVI 35/22.

14. qwjI rQ quKwr hwQI pwKry ] auhI, 141.

saudwgr saudwgrI GoVy vxj krin Aiq Bwry ] BweI gurdws 15/8.

15. gurU gRMQ swihb, pMny ??? ????? ?????????????? ? Awid; BweI gurdws 5/5;

8/22, 14/12/ 33/41 Awid[

16. vyKo: vwr/pauVI 8/12; 8/15…

17. gurU gRMQ swihb, pMny 159,306,394,413,792,936,1002,1161,1212…

18. ijvyN: bwrhw kMcnu suDu krwieAw ] ndir srwP vMnI scVwieAw] auhI, 1074.

hor : 718,797,962,1020 Awid [

19. mMgx sMbMDI: lok iDkwru khY mMgq jn mwgq mwnu n pwieAw] ? ?????? ? ? ?

20. auhI, ? ???

21. William Lille, An Introduction to Ethics. p.1.22. Encyclopaedia Britanica, vol . 4, p.578.

30 31

(a) somw(A) nYiqk kImq/jIvn-jwc(e) swDnw mwrg

(a) somw

sMswr ivc hryk jIv ƒ ijauNdy rihx leI imhnq-muSkq krnI pYNdIhY[ ies imhnq-muSkq dy AwDwr 'qy hI mnuK dw idRStIkox bxdw hY[sMswr pRisD ieiqhwskwr twienbI ilKdw hY ik sMswr ivc ijMny ikqy hn,auny hI zwvIey (idRStIkox) hn[23 ies qrHW iksy ikqy pRqI ijho-ijhI phuMchY, auho ijhw suBwA ivkisq huMdw hY; pr ieh inrw ik`qy 'qy inrBr nhINkrdw, mnuK dy buinAwdI suBwA dw sMskwrI ih`sw vI huMdw hY, ijsƒgurbwxI muhwvry ivc 'DuroN iliKAw' ikhw jWdw hY[ gurbwxI iesƒAiDAwqmk pRbMD ivc pyS krky ikrq dI buinAwd idbqw nwl sMbMiDqkrdI hY[ pRo. pUrn isMG dy SbdW ivc “ikrqI dw suBw huMdw hY ik auhinrmwx ho ky lgw rihMdw hY… auhdy kMm ivc brkq pwaux vwlw koeI horhuMdw hY[ sucI ikrq krn vwly dw ieh sihj-suBw AnuBv hY ik myrw kMmqW 'krnw' bxdw hY, Pl dyx vwlw koeI hor hY[”24

so ikrq dy soimAW ivc do muK somy Swiml hn:

idbqw (divineness)

mnuKI Awpw (self)

idbqw: gurU nwnk jI Anuswr prmwqmw ny swry jhwn ƒ pYdw krky hriek ƒ kMm-kwj ’qy lwieAw hoieAw hY:

quDu sMswru aupwieAw]isry isir DMMMDy lwieAw ]25

prmwqmw ny byAMq krm-BUmIAW swj ky26, dunIAw ƒ DMdy lwieAw Aqy ikrq dy duhwisirAw27; Bwv cMgy jW mMdy kMmW dw krqw/isrjnhwr Awp bixAw:

Awip aupwey DMDY lwey]lK caurwsI irjku Awip ApVwey ]28

ijvyN-ijvyN ausdw Bwxw hY, iqvyN-iqvyN sB jIA-jMq DMdy lw ky29 sMswrivc 'ilv-Dwqu' (cMgy-mMdy) dy do rwh Awp clw idqy hn qy jIv iesy 'hukm'ivc kwr kmweI jw rhy hn:

ilv Dwqu duie rwh hY hukmI kwr kmwie ]30

Koty-Kry Awp isrj ky, aunHW dI ikrq Anuswr 'inAwau' krn vwlw vIprmwqmw Awp hY qy jIv ƒ DMdy lwaux vwlw vI Awp hY, ies qrHW ijvyNausny jIv ƒ lwieAw hY, iqvyN hI auh lgw hoieAw hY:

Koty Kry quDu Awip aupwey ]…Kry priK KjwnY pwieih Koty Brim BulwvixAw ]31

ijqu ko lwieAw iqq hI lwgw ]32

so mnuK AwauNdw jWdw rihMdw hY qy 'DuroN' ilKy (hukm) Anuswr kMm krdwrihMdw hY:

hukmy krm kmwvxy pieAY ikriq iPrwau ]33

kuMt cwir dhidis BRmy krm ikriq kI ryK ]34

so 'ikrq' dw mUl somw prmwqmw hY[ sMswr ivc pYdw kIqy hr pRkwr dy'dohy isry' iek prmwqmw ny hI pYdw kIqy hn[ ies prmwqmw duAwrwkrwey jw rhy kwrj dw Pl vI auh Awp hI idMdw hY[35 ies qrHW kMm qyausdI pRwpqI; aus qoN bixAw suBwA.. ies dw somw idbqw hY[

23. A Study of History, vol.10, pp.1-2.24. Ku`ly lyK, pMnw 112.25. gurU gRMQ swihb, 71.

26. kyqIAw krm BUmI myr kyqy…] auhI, 7.

27. duhw isirAw kw Ksmu Awpu Avru n dUjw Qwau ] auhI, 71.

28. auhI, 112.

29. ijqu ijqu Bwxw iqqu iqqu lwey ] auhI, 103.

30. auhI, 87.

31. auhI, 119.

32. auhI, 239.

33. auhI, 66.

34. auhI, 253.

35. ikrq kmwvn suB AsuB kIny iqin pRiB Awip ] psu Awpn hau hau krY nwnk ibnu hir khw kmwiq ] auhI, 251.

32 33

mnuKI Awpw: ikrq dw dUsrw mUl somw mnuK dw Awpxw suBwA hY[ AwpxwAwpw (self) hY[ mnuK cMgy-mMdy kMm krn dw Awp izMmyvwr hY qy ienHW krmW(kMmW) dy AwDwr 'qy hI auh Pl (duK-suK) Bogdw hY[ gurbwxI ivc 'ikrq'Aqy 'pUrb kmwey' Sbd/ivcwr vrq ky ies qQ dI guhj ivAwiKAw ivcsYNkVy pRmwx pRwpq ho jWdy hn, ijvyN :

ikrq kI bWDI sB iPrY dyKhu bIcwrI ]36

ikrq krm n imtY nwnk…]37

ijau ncwey iqau iqau ncin isir isir ikrqu ivhwxIAw ]38

pUrib iliKAw kmwvxw koie n mytxhwru ]39

pUrib iliKAw ikau mytIAY iliKAw lyKu rjwie ]40

mnuK ijho ijhw kmwauNdw hY; bIjdw hY, auho ijhw hI KWdw hY[41 pihlWvriqAw Sbd 'ikrq' vI ieho ArQ dsdw hY[ so mnuK:

…jo bIjY KwvY soie ] 42

ies qrHW, mnuK dy krm (kMm) ADwirq hI ausdw suBwA bxdw hY[43 cMgykMm krygw qW cMgw suBwA bxygw, mwVy krygw qW mwVw; ibKu bIj ky AMimRqdI pRwpqI dI Aws krnw, ieh 'inAwau' jwiez nhIN[44 jy kUVu kmwvygw qWausny 'kUVw' hI pRwpq krnw hY[45 iesdy ault ijhVy scu vxMjdy hn, auhscu ƒ pRwpq kr lYNdy hn[46

ies qrHW sÍY-kwr hI kwj svwrdI hY:

Awpx hQI Awpxw Awpy hI kwju svwrIAY ]47

so ikrq dw dUsrw somw mnuK hY qy ieh ijs qrHW dw kmwauNdw hY, iqvyNdw ho jWdw hY[ qIsrw somw smwijk vwqwvrx vI pRBwivq krdw hY, iesykrky gurmiq ny siqsMgq krn dI qwgId kIqI hY qW ik mnuK ivc cMgykMMm krn dIAW AwdqW pYx :

sqI phrI squ Blw bhIAY piVAw pwis ]EQY pwpu puMnu bIcwrIAY kUVY GtY rwis ]EQY Koty stIAih Kry kIcih swbwis ]…48

(A) nYiqk kImq/jIvn-jwc

scI ikrq kmweI jW Drm dI ikrq krnw iek nYiqk kImq hY qypihlW kIqy sMkyq muqwibk ieh srv-ivAwpk kImq hY[ smyN, sQwn jWsiQqI dy inXm qQw pRBwv, ikrq dI iksm auqy pYNdy hn, idRStI jWBwvnw ’qy nhIN[ ikrq dI srv-ivAwpkqw dw AwDwr ies qQ ivc vIhY ik siBAwcwrk FWcy ivc kMm nw krn vwlw jW qW rogI hY, jW pwglqy jW iPr kukrmI Aqy vwsqv ivc huMdw vI ievyN hI hY[ ieQy (siBAwcwrkFWcy ivc) hryk mnuK leI kMm krnw zrUrI huMdw hY[ gurU swihb Anuswr,ikrq ivhUxy 'nMgy BuKy', mwnisk rogI huMdy hn, kMm-rihq auh 'giqAvgiq' dI swr nhIN jwxdy[49 mnuK dw ivAkqIqÍ ikauNik aus duAwrwkIqy kMmW rwhIN ausrdw hY, 50 ies leI mnuK dy mnuKIpx dw Anumwn ausdIikrq qoN lgwieAw jWdw hY[

isK Drm ny aukq pRsMg ivc ies ƒ (ikrq krn ƒ) sucjI jIvn-jwcdy qOr 'qy ApxwieAw[ ies pKoN ieh Drm horW DrmW dy mukwbly invyklwmhqv gRihx kr igAw hY[ gurU nwnk jI ny smkwlI Dwrimk AwgUAW

36. auhI, 334.

37. auhI, 705.

38. auhI, 1020. not: gurbwxI ivc ieh 39. auhI, 27.

Sbd aukq ArQW ivc lgpg 90 vwr (ikrq/ikrqu/ikriq) vriqAw igAw hY[40. auhI, 49. not: gurbwxI ivc ieh Sbd aukq 41. jYsw bIjY so luxy jo Kty so Kwey] ArQW ivc lgpg 50 vwr (pUrb/pUrbu/ auhI, 730. pUrib) vriqAw igAw hY[42. auhI, 40.

43. jYsw syvY qYso hoie ] auhI, 223.

44. bIjY ibKu mMgY AMimRq vyKhu eyhu inAwau ] auhI, 474.

PrIdw loVY dwK ibjaurIAW ikrir bIjY jtu ] hMFY aun kqwiedw pYDw loVY ptu ] auhI, 1379.45. kUiV kmwxY kUVo hovY…] auhI, 414.

46. ijnI scu vxMijAw sy scy pRB nwil ] auhI, 1015.

47. auhI, 474.

48. auhI, 146.

49. ieik nwgy BUKy Bvih Bvwey ] ieik hTu kir mrih n kImiq pwey ] giq Aivgq kI swr n jwxY bUJY sbdu kmweI hy ] auhI, 1025.

50. jyhw Gwly Gwlxw qyvyho nwau pcwrIAY ] auhI, 469.

jyhy krm kmwie qyhw hoiesI ] auhI, 730.

34 35

dIAW mMg Kwx vwlIAW prMprk lIhW ƒ qoVidAW ikrq dy mhqv ƒApxwaux vwlw nvW jIvn-isDWq pyS kIqw[51 fw. nwrMg ieiqhwsk pRsMgivc aukq miq dI qulnwqmk idRStI qoN ivAwiKAw kridAW ilKdw hY “buD,jYn Aqy CykVly ihMdU Drm ny sdw sMswr iqAwg ƒ sB qoN vfw gux smiJAwqy sMswrk s`qw qy KuShwlI ƒ iGRxw dIAW nzrW nwl vyiKAw[ iesƒ kuJlwzmI gunwh dy qOr qy ApxwieAw igAw[ gurU nwnk dyv jI ny ieh sB kuJbdl idqw[aunHW ny sMswrk kwr-ivhwrW 'qy AwpxI prvwngI dI {bwxI qyAmlW rwhIN} mohr lw idqI”[52 iehI gurmiq dy nYiqk jIvn-ibauhwr dwAwDwr sI qy ieh nYiqkqw pUrI qrHW mwnv ihqkwrI ho ky 'srbq dy Bly' qkgeI, ijsƒ spSt krdy hoey fw. jgbIr isMG ilKdy hn, “isK nYiqkqwpUrn rUp ivc mwnv ihqkwrI ho inbVdI hY[ ieh nYiqkqw krmhIx pDrauqy, mwnv-cirqr Aqy Awcwr ivc, sdBwvnw vwly nYiqk gux Dwrn krndI pRyrxw jgwauNdI hY[iehI kwrn hY ik is`K Ardws dy AMiqm Sbd 'srbqdy Bly' dI kwmnw krn vwly hn”[53 ieh ikrqmeI jIvn-jwc drvySI jIvnhY, ijs ivc sMswr 'c ivcridAW Dwrimkqw kmwauxI hY[ BweI vIr isMGiesƒ 'gRihsq sMinAws' kihMdy hn[54

gurmiq duAwrw idRVweI aukq nYiqk jIvn-jwc ivc sMqoKI jIvn-ibauhwrdI aucqw drswA ky PzUl dy DMidAW , iqRSnwvW, Btkxw, hvS qy kwhl ƒnkwirAw hY[ DMidAW rwhIN kIqI kmweI nwl BwvyN 'nvW KMfW' (swry jgq)ivc mihmw PYl jwvy, pr auh iksy 'kMm' nhIN[ iesdy ault kyvl sMqoKI; sbrvwlw jIvn-ibauhwr hI rj dw jIvn hY[ mnuK dI iqRSnw; BuK sMqoK nwl hIbuJdI hY[ sihj sMqoK dw iSMgwr krky; Bwv gux Dwrn krky hI jIvn dwAsl AnMd pRwpq huMdw hY:

jwie puChu sohwgxI qusI rwivAw iknI guxI ]shij sMqoK sIgwrIAw imTw bolxI ] 55

jIvn dw Asl r`j; Asl suK gurU dy d`sy mwrg (gurmiq cwnx) rwhINjIvn-ivhwr ivc scu dw vKru, eImwndwrI dw vpwr jW ikrq kmweIkrn nwl pRwpq huMdw hY[ ijMnHW dI pUMjI scI nhIN, byeImwnI dI hY; hrwmdI hY, auh suK pRwpq nhIN kr skdy[ Koty vxj kmwaux vwilAW dw mn-qn Kotw ho jWdw hY:

ijnw rwis n scu hY ikau iqnw suKu hoie ]Koty vxij vxMijAw mnu qnu Kotw hoie ]56

TgIAW-TorIAW dI mnmuKI kwr kdy vI rws nhIN AwauNdI, ieh ies qrHWhY ijvyN CutV (jIv) iesqrI imiQAw iSMgwr kry[57 ies ivcwr jW aupdySƒ ibnHW smiJAW kIqy jwx vwly kMm , mnuKI jIvn-rUpI imly vfy pdwrQWƒ AzweIN gvw idMdy hn[58 byeImwnIAW, TgIAW dy pwp kmwaux vwly pwpWivc hI gl sV jWdy hn[59 ieh 'ibK kI kwr' dw nqIjw ibK pRwpqI dyPl ivc hI inkldw hY[60

sMswr dI mwieAw 'kTI krn krn leI mnuK qrHW-qrHW dy pwpV vyldyhn[ Anyk qrHW dy vl-Cl rUpI bhu-ibiD krmW (kMmW) nwl dUxI mYl-iek pwpW dI qy iek haumY dI61- lgw lYNdy hn,62 pr gurU swihb kihMdy'kUiV kpit' nwl kdy kuJ pRwpq nhIN huMdw, ijho ijhw bIijAw jwvygw qyhoijhw hI pRwpq hovygw[63

rozwnw jIvn dIAW Awm loVW qoN ibnHW jdoN kwrW, koTIAW, zmInW qy horbyAMq Dn joVnw jW juVnw SurU ho jwvy qW ies Awl-jMjwl ivc hI jIvnKip jWdw hY, ienHW ivcoN iek vI kMm Awaux vwlI vsqU nhIN :

51. “He (Guru Nanak Ji) reproached his Hindu compatriots, who lived upon alms wrung from the people, and he taught the dignity of Labour”. James Hastings (ed.), Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, vol.XI, p.507.52. gokl cMd nwrMg, isK miq dw pirvrqn (pMjwbI Anu.), pMnw 93.53. 'gurmiq dI nYiqkqw' , isK PlsPy dI rUp-ryKw, (sMpw.) pRo. pRIqm isMG, pMny 193-94.54. “sRI gurU nwnk dyv ny igRhsqI rihxw..igRhsq ivc rihxw ,pr lMpt nw hoxw, mn dI lgn hr GVI 'byAMq' vl rKxI… gurU nwnk ny igRhsq dy sMinAws dw AmlI qRIkw ieh disAw…[”

'sB qoN v`fw siqgurU nwnk', BweI vIr isMG rcnwvlI, ijld cOQI, pMny 911-12.

55. sRI gurU gRMQ swihb, 17.

56. auhI, 22- 3

57. mnmuK krm kmwvxy ijau dohwgix qin sIgwru ] auhI, 31.

58. ibnu bUJy krm kmwvxy jnmu pdwrQu Koie ] auhI, 33.

59. pwpo pwpu kwmvdyy pwpy pcih pcwie ] auhI, 36.

60. ibKu kI kwr kmwvxI ibKu hI mwih smwih ] auhI. 39.

61. pUMjI pwp loB kI kIqu] auhI, 153.

62. bhu ibiD krm kmwvdy dUxI mlu lwgI Awie ] auhI, 39.

63. kUiV kpit iknY n pwieE jo bIjY KwvY soie ] auhI, 40.

36 37

dr Gr mhlw sohxy pky kot hjwr ]hsqI GoVy pwKry lskr lK Apwr ]iks hI nwil n cilAw Kip Kip muey Aswr]64

kbizAW dy haumY rUp aukq mnhiT krm ijQy ieh KuAwr krdy hn65

auQy jykr ieh iemwn; imhnq-kmweI dI gurmuiK kwr66 nwl kmwey geyhox, qW ieh pRvwinq hn :

iqn ky Gr mMdr mhl siB pivqu hihijnI gurmuiK syvk isK AiBAwgq jwie vrswqy ]iqn ky qury jIn KurgIr siB pivqu hihijnI gurmuiK isK swD sMq ciV jwqy ]67

mn dy ipCy clx vwly mnhT krm qW krI jWdy hn, pr qq nhINjwxdy68 ik AwKr jo auh kr rhy hn, iks leI, ikauN kr rhy hn? aunHWdy swry kMmW dw audyS rwj imlK iskdwrIAW dy JUTy rMgW dI rMgq69 pRwpqkrnw huMdw hY qy Aijhy haumY dy mnmuKI krm duK dI pRwpqI dw hI swDnbxdy hn[70

mn qy krm ivc Kot rKx vwly, BwvyN ikMnw vI Brm-BulyKw isrjx jWieh smJx ik aunHW dI kmweI vfI hY, pr auh kUV hI kmw rhy huMdy hn71

qy hrwm dI ibStw 'kTI krn vwly gMdgI dy kIiVAW qoN vDyrI AihmIAqnhIN rKdy[72 pr sMswr dI rIiq aultI hY, ieQy kUV (JUT) bolx vwly qy

hrwm dw Kwx vwly, aultw dUijAW ƒ aupdyS krdy hn, Aijhy 'AwgU' AwpqW horW ƒ TgwauNdy hI hn, Kud vI Tgy jWdy hn:

kUVu boil murdwru Kwie ]AvrI no smJwvix jwie ]muTw Awip muhwey swQY ]nwnk AYsw AwgU jwpY ]73

ies sMswr dy ivhwr ivc jy kpVy ƒ lhU lg jwvy qW ausƒ mYlw smiJAwjWdw hY, pr ijhVy TgIAW-TorIAW krky, grIbW dw rqu pINdy hn, auhBlw plIq hoxo ikvyN rih skdy hn ? Asl ivc mYly jW plIq auho lok hnjo dUsirAW dI kmweI hVpdy hn[74 prwieAw hk Kwxw ies qrHW hY ijvyNihMdUAW dy Dwrimk kwiedy ausƒ gaU Kwx qoN rokdy hn, pr auh gau KWdyqy muslmwnW dy kwiedy-kwƒn ausƒ sUr hrwm krdy hn, pr auh sUr KWdyhn:75

hku prwieAw nwnkw ausu sUAr ausu gwie ]76

keI qrHW dy AnrQ krky 'kTI kIqI mwieAw AwKr ausdy (mnuK dy) hQivc nhIN rihMdI, prmwqmw aus qoN Koh ky iksy hor ƒ dy idMdw hY, Bwv iekswrI aumr vl-Cl krky mwieAw 'kTI krdy rihMdy hn, vrqdw koeI horhY[ iPr kI Pwiedw hoieAw dyhI qy mn ƒ duK dyx dw, jdoN ik 'kwcIggrIAw'(dyhI) qW iCxW-plW dI hI Kyf hY ?77 BwvyN puTy-isDy qrIikAWdy lKW krm kmwey jwx, iqRSnw ƒ 'bMD' (rok) nhIN pYNdI[78 Asl ivcrwj mwl sB 'jMjwl' hn, ieh iksy kMm ivc nhIN igxy jWdy[79

sMswr ivc mnuK QoVy smyN leI AwieAw hY, pr pkw fyrw smJ ky ieQykbzy SurU kr idMdw hY qy kbizAW leI iemwn dI ikrq qW swQ nhIN idMdI,

64. auhI, 63.

65. mnhiT krm kmwvdy inq inq hoih KuAwru ] auhI, 66.

66. gurmuiK kwr kmwvxI scu Git prgt hoie ] auhI, 27.

67. auhI, 648.

68. mnmuiK krm krih nhI bUJih ibrQw jnmu gvwey ] auhI, 67.

69. rwj imlk iskdwrIAw rs Bogx ibsQwr ] bwg suhwvy sohxy clY hukmu APwr ] rMg qmwsy bhu ibDI… ] auhI, 70.

70. mnmuiK krm krih nhI bUJih ibrQw jnmu gvwey ] auhI,70.

mnmuK krm kry AhMkwrI sBu duKo duKu kmwey ] auhI, 87.

mnmuK krm kry AhMkwrI ] auhI, 130.

71. mnmuK KotI rwis Kotw pwswrw ] kUVu kmwvin duKu lwgy Bwrw ] auhI, 116.

72. ibstw ky kIVy ibstw kmwvih iPir ibstw mwih pcvwixAw ] auhI.

hor vyKo: auhI, 362, 601, 1174, 1347.

73. auhI, 140.

74. jy rqu lgY kpVY jwmw hoie plIqu ] jo rqu pIvih mwxsw iqn ikau inrmlu cIqu ] auhI, 140.

75. aukq aupdyS is`K leI vI hY[76. gurU gRMQ swihb, 141.

77. kwc ggrIAw AMB mJrIAw ] auhI. 392.

78. jy lK krm kmweIAih ikCu pvY n bMDw ] auhI, 396.

79. rwju mwlu jMjwlu kwij n ikqY gnuo ] auhI, 398.

38 39

iPr kUV kmwaux lg jWdw hY[80 prmwqmw dI idRStI ivc Aijhy KoitAWƒ koeI QW pRwpq nhIN[81 sMswr ivc rihMidAW ausny duKu KwDw; 'kTw kIqw,BoigAw qy duK-rUpI hI qrkI kIqI[82 ies qrHW kUVI rwis dy kUVy vwpwrnwl,83 kUV kmwauNdw mnuK kUV-rUp hI bx igAw[84

JUTI ikrq kmweI dy AMDy DMidAW ivc mwieAw dy Anyk 'pwp' kridAW85

mnuK qnu mnu krky AMDw ho jWdw hY[86 iek rwq dw pRhuxw ieQy lMmI AwsbMndw hY qy 'qrvr dI CW' smwn Dn, mihl auswrdw hY[87 ienHW DMidAWivc hI ausdI kaufI-kaufI krky AnykW jugqW (vl-Cl) nwl DnjoVidAW jIvn rUp rwq guzr geI[88 ies 'dUjy Bwie' ivc rqw AigAwnIjgq idn rwq kmweI jWdw hY [89 AigAwn dy AMD ivc jgq ƒ ieh smJnhIN pYNdI ik 'corI dy mwl' dw mul do gMiFAW (quC) ijMnw huMdw hY90 qy 'Kotw'kdy 'kMm' nhIN AwauNdw[91 pr mwieAwDwrI swkq AMD kUp ivc AYny igryhoey hn ik zor lw-lw ky hrwm dI ibKu sMcdy rihMdy hn92 qy ienHW DMidAWivc hI Awrjw ivhw idMdy hn[93 mUV mnuK JUTy DMdy ivc rv ky94 mn rUpIBWfw Aiq mlIn kr lYNdw hY, ijhVw nwtk-cytk dy 'kukwjw'95 nwl DoieAWSuD nhIN huMdw[96

swDwrn mnuK kyvl lok idKwvy leI hI AMD kmwauNdy rihMdy hn[97 auhprdrb leI dyhI ƒ qrHW-qrHW dy kSt idMdy hn, pr prwieAw mwl nwaunHW dy kMm AwauNdw hY qy nw hI aunHW lokW dy,ijMnHW ƒ idKwaux Kwqr auh'tyFI cwl'98 cldy hn[99 kaufI-kaufI Kwqr Kwk Cwxdw Aink pRkwr dy'Doh' Cl krdw,100 ieh mnuK nwnw pRkwrI101 jMjwlW dy vyiVAW ivc Ps kypwpW ivc gl jWdw hY[102 lokW ivc vfw hox leI haumY vDwauNdw hY qy iesyhaumY ivc 'Dnu kwcw ibKu Cwr'103 'kTw krky Kp jWdw hY[104 ies qrHW kUVbolidAW qy ibK KWidAW idn DMidAW qy rwq nINd ivc guzr jWdI hY[105

vlvMc106 krky vDwey DMdy mn ƒ ivkwrW dI gUVI zMgwl (mnUr) lw idMdy hnqy ies qrHW jUTw hoieAw mn jUT (hrwm dI kmweI) hI kmwauNdw rihMdwhY[107

prwieAw mwl ihrxw (curwauxw) bhuqy ivGnW dw kwrn hY, ieh pSUAWvrgw kMm hY, ijs ivc Awpxy (iemwn) prwey (hrwm) dI soJI nhIN[108

mMdy AmlW nwl KVyH kIqy 'koTy mMfp mwVIAw' sB kUV dw saudw hn109,ienHWnwl iksy qq dI pRwpqI nhIN huMdI [ ijnHW nUM jIvn dw sc pqw hY auh bhuqyivsqwrW ivc nhIN pYNdy[110 vlCl 111 krky kIqy ivkrm 112 dI KotI

80. kUV kmwvih AwdmI bWDih Gr bwrw… DMDw ipithu BweIho qumu kUVu kmwvhu ] auhI, 418.

81. Koty Tvr n pwienI rly jUTwnY] auhI, 421.

82. duKu Kwvih duKu sMcih Bogih duK kI ibriD vDweI ] auhI, 442.

83. kUVI rwis kUVw vwpwru ] kUVu boil krih Awhwru ] auhI, 471.

84. kUiV kmwxY kUVo hovY …] auhI, 474.

85. krqy pwp Anyk mwieAw rMg ritAw ] auhI, 705.

86. AMDI kMmI AMDu mnu min AMDY qnu AMDu ] auhI, 1287.

AMDw soie ij AMDu kmwvY iqsu irdY is locn nwhI ] auhI, 1289.

87. eyk rYx ky pwhun qum Awey bhu jug Aws bDwey ] igRh mMdr sMpY jo dIsY ijau qrvr kI Cwey ] auhI, 212.

88. DMDw krq ibhwnI AauDih…]kaufI kaufI jorq kpty Aink jugiq...] auhI, 501.

89. jgqu AigAwnI AMDu hY dUjY Bwie krm kmwie ] auhI, 593.

90. coru suAwilau coru isAwxw ] Koty kw muulu eyku dugwxw ]auhI, 662.

91. Kotw kwim n AwvY vyKu ] auhI.92. swkq bMD Bey hY mwieAw ibKu sMcih lwie jkIVw ] auhI, 698.

93. Awrjw geI ivhwie DMDY DwieAw ] auhI, 707.

94. JUTY DMDY ricau mUVw ] auhI, 744.

95. nwtk cytk kIey kukwjw ] bicqR nwtk, AiD. 5 bMd 14.

96. BWfw miq mlIxu Doqw hCw n hoiesI ] gurU gRMQ swihb, 729.

97. lok pcwrw AMDu kmwie ] auhI, 888.

98. tyFI pwg tyFy cly lwgy bIry Kwn ] auhI, 1124.

99. isMcih drubu dyih duKu log ] qyrY kwij n Avrw jog ] auhI, 889.

100. Drq Doh Aink Cl jwnY] kaufI kaufI kau Kwku isir CwnY] auhI, 899.

101. nwnw JUiT lwie mnu qoiKE…] auhI, 712.

102. mnu jMjwlI vyiVAw…pwpy pcih pcwih ] auhI, 935.

103. auhI, 937.

104. haumY KpY KpwiesI bIjau vQu ivkwru] auhI.105. DMDw Dwvq idnu gieAw rYix gvweI soie] kUVu boil ibKu KwieAw mnmuiK cilAw roie ] auhI, 948; hor : auhI, 1067,1248.

106. vlvMc kir audru Brih …] auhI, 461.

vlvMc kir aupwv mwieAw ihir AwixAw ] auhI, 1248.

107. DMDY Dwvq mnu BieAw mnUrw ]… mn kI jUTI jUT kmwvY ] auhI, 1047.

108. prdrb ihrxM bhu ivGn krxM…]krm krq is sUkrh ] auhI, 1360.

109. PrIdw koTy mMfp mwVIAw…kUVw saudw kir gey …] auhI, 1380.

110. ijnI clxu jwixAw sy ikau krih ivQwr ] auhI, 787.

111. auhI, 85.

112. auhI, 105.

40 41

rwis113 nwl 'kTw kIqw kUV114, ibK115 qy ibStw116 Kwx ; hMFwaux dy qulhY [ ies dUjI kwrY117 dI Cwr118, jm kw pMiQ119 hY [ ieh bwvY mwrg120 dIibprIiq121 dy duhkrm122 JUTy Dn123 dy Awn kwrij124 hn, ijhVy qwiqprweI125 nwl hor bwid126, prpMc127 dI ivfwxI cwkrI128 vl lw ky sRyStmnuKI jnm nUM Avy qvy kI cwkrI 129 ivc hI aulJweI rKdy hn[ TgIAW-corIAW dy nIc ibauhwr130,kUVI TgI131 mnuK dy Awpxy Awp nwl kIqyDoh132, kpt133 hn, ijnHW rwhIN mnuK jMjwlW134 dI Avgx pMf135 isr 'qybMn lYNdw qy AnrQ136 krky ivhwJI mwieAw137 (mwl) nwl Awpxy pirvwrƒ vI gwl lYNdw hY[

kUVy loB138 Kwqr kumwrg139 'qy pY ky kIqy ml krm140 BwvyN sMswr qoN guJykmwie141 jWdy hn , pr burI Gwl 142 dy iDRg krm143 sMswr ivc pRgt hohI jWdy hn[ Asl kUVw lwlc144 hI mnuK ƒ Awn ibauhwrW145 dy vlvMc146

ivc PswauNdw hY, pr ieh aUxy krm147 inhPl148 jWdy hn[ mwieAw dwibauhwr149 keI qrHW dy eyhV qyhV150, kptW151 dw pwp krm152 hY, ijs dyCly iCdRy153 piqq krm154 vydInw155 dI dUjI kwr156 hn[ Avr kwj157

AijhI ibKY TgaurI158 hY, ijhVI Awn rsW-ksW159 ivc Psw ky mnuK ƒkUrw rog160 lw idMdI hY qy ieho JUTy Kyl161 dy cog cugdw auh Pokt krmW162

dy mhwjwl163 dI GUmn Gyr164 bIjI kwr165 ivc jIvn brbwd kr idMdw hY[

imQ ibauhwr166 dy mMdy Aml167 AijhI guxhIn168 rws ibgwnI169 hn ikiesy ickV170 dy CpiV ivc171, pwpI krm krn vwly iPr hwey-hwey krdyhn[ iesy krky gurmiq ny AxcwrI ky Dwnu172 nMU s^qI nwl ridAw hY[

hrwm jW vl-Cl krky KwDw jW hMFwieAw jWdw mwl ijQy jIvn, pirvwrjW smwj ƒ dUiSq krdw hY , auQy sMswr ivc, gurU goibMd isMG jI dy SbdWivc, kuikRq krm krn vwly ƒ Asur ikhw jWdw hY[173 gurU swihb ieQy iDAwnrhy 'Asur' iksy imQk sMklp ƒ mMnx dI QW 'kuikRq' kMm krn vwly pRqI vrqrhy hn[ BweI gurdws jI vl-Cl krky kmweI krn vwly nUM ikRqGn174 jWlUxhrwmI175 Sbd nwl sMboiDq huMdy hn[ JUTy kMmW pRqI auh 'duikRq' Sbd vIvrqdy hn[176 BweI swihb Anuswr sc qy kUV dw AwDwr mnuK dy kMm hIhn[177 swD-AswD dI pCwx dw AwDwr vI kMm hI hY [178 prwey mwl (Dn)dy AOgux dsdy hoey BweI swihb ilKdy hn ik ijvyN rqw ku zihr,vir@AW dIpwlI dyh ƒ nSt kr idMdI hY; duD, rqw ku kWjI brbwd kr idMdI hY; rqwku Ag dI cMigAwVI kroVW pMfW Bwr rUM ƒ suAwh kr idMdI hY, iqvyN prwieAwmwl (qy qn) gRihx krn nwl SuB krm, SWqI qy pRsMnqw auf-puf jWdI hY:

jYsy ibK qnk kI Kwq mir jwq qwq,gwiq murJwq pRiqpwlI brKn kI]…qYsy pr qn Dn dUKnw ibkwr kIey,hrY iniD suikRq shj hrKn kI ]179

BweI nMd lwl jI 'Cl kw vwpwr' krn vwly ƒ hzwrW nrkW Bogx dIszw AKiqAwr krdy hn[180 BweI dXw isMG ny rihqnwmy ivc jIvn-mukiq ivAkqI dI pirBwSw ivc 'prwey-Dn' dy krm (kMm) nw krn vwly

113. auhI, 116.

114. auhI, 116,123.

115. auhI, 120,134.

116. auhI, 116.

117. auhI, 144.

118. auhI, 141.

119. auhI, 320.

120. auhI, 185.

121. auhI, 195.

122. auhI, 194.

123. auhI, 197.

124. auhI, 195.

125. auhI, 215.

126. auhI, 218.

127. auhI, 225.

128. auhI, 246,586.

129. Aby qby kI cwkrI ikau drgh pwvY ]auhI, 420.

130. auhI, 277.

131. auhI, 303.

132. auhI, 321.

133. auhI, 437.

134. auhI, 439.

135. auhI, 23,76.

136. auhI, 497,331,706.

137. auhI, 391.

138. auhI, 459.

139. auhI, 441.

140. auhI, 458.

141. auhI, 460.

142. auhI, 474.

143. auhI, 489.

144. auhI, 512.

145. auhI, 501.

146. auhI, 546.

147. auhI, 547.

148. auhI, 723.

149. auhI, 647.

150. auhI, 646.

151. auhI, 652,660.

152. auhI, 680.

153. auhI, 708.

154. auhI, 692.

155. auhI, 790.

156. auhI, 791.

157. auhI, 822.

158. auhI, 900.

159. auhI, 858.

160. auhI, 901.

161. auhI, 935,990.

162. auhI, 1001.

163. auhI, 1009.

164. auhI, 1012.

165. auhI, 1069,1343.

166. auhI, 1364.

167. auhI, 1380.

168. auhI, 638,1391.

169. auhI, 1369.

170. auhI, 1380.

171. auhI, 1380.

172. auhI, 1413.

173. kuikRq krm jy jg mY krhI ] 174. kibq 521.

nwm Asur iqnko sB Dr hI ] bicqR nwtk, AiD. 2 bMd 15.

175. vwr/pauVI 35/11.

176. auhI, 31/13.

177. auhI, 30/8.

178. auhI, 35/17; kibq 596.

179. kibq 506.

180. golk rwKy nwih jo Cl kw kry vpwr ] khY goibMd isMG lwl jI Bogy nrk hzwr ] qnKwhnwmw, bMd 37.

42 43

dw ivSyS qy pihlw lCx svIkwirAw hY[181 rihqnwmw hzUrI ivc BweIcaupw isMG ny mwieAw Cl krky Kwx vwly 'isK' nwl nw vrqx dw aupdySdy ky ausƒ qnKwhIAw krwr idqw hY[182

auprokq jIvn-jwc ƒ rd ky gurmiq ny sucjy jIvn ibauhwr ivc scIjW Drm dI ikrq ƒ ivSyS QW idqI hY[ vl-Cl dy vwpwr dI QW dsWnhuMAW dI iemwndwrwnw ikrq ƒ zrUrI krwr dy ky, ies ƒ swDnw mwrgvjoN pRIBwiSq kIqw hY [183

DrqI Drmswl184, ijhVI Drm kmwaux vwlI iek QW hY, auqy kIqy hoeykMmW dI pRikrqI Anuswr hI jIvn dw lyKw joKw hoxw hY185, ies leI zrUrIhY ik mnuK Drm dI ikrq krdw hoieAw Awpxw jIvn vI suKI bxwvy qysmwj ƒ vI suK dyvy [ jy kMm cMgy jW scy hoxgy qW hI 'scu' pRwpq hovygw186

qy qn-mn sucw ho jwvygw[187 ibnHW Aijhy guxW qoN kuJ vI kMm Awaux vwlwnhIN [188 mnuKI jIvn-ibauhwr ivc hmySW sc ƒ prK dw AwDwr bxw,bcnW dw pUrw hox nwl hI jIvn dw AwnMd bxdw hY[189 gurU swihb vwpwrIlokW ƒ AiDAwqmk pRsMg ivc AslI vxj krn dw sunyhw idMdy aupdySdyhn ik jIvn nwl inBx vwlI vsqU 'scu' dw saudw kro190, ikauNik ijnHWdI rwis scu nhIN,191 vxij Kotw hY192, aunHW qoN jIvn dw qq (suK, AnMd)Kus jWdw hY[193

ijnHW dy BwgW ivc puMn (nykI) hY, auh sco scu hI kmwauNdy hn, 194 aunHW

dI ikrq ivc eImwn huNMdw hY[ sc nwl ipAwr krn vwly 'scI kwr'kmwauNdy hoey195 jIvn dw rs mwxdy hn[196

mnmuKW dy ault ijnHW (gurmuKW) ny scu kI kImq pCwxI hY,197 aunHW dwKtxw-kmwauxw iemwn BirAw hY [198 gurbwxI Anuswr mnuK ieQy (jIvnivc) lwhw lYx AwieAw hY, pr kuPkiVAW (PzUl kMmW) ivc lg kyausdI Awrjw Kqm hu MdI jw rhI hY,199 ies leI 'DMDw sBu jlwiekY'200,iemwn dI ikrq dw Kwxw; pIxw; pYnxw201 Awid 'gur imil' cjuAwcwr202 dI 'krxI swrI’203 (SRySt krxI) dw jIvn-ibauhwr bnwauxwcwhIdw hY [

ijMnHW dy AMdr iqRSnw dI A`g hY jW ijnHW dy BuK vsI hY auh hLkykuiqAW vWg lokW dI ikrq kmweI 'qy fwky mwrdy hn qy iemwn/hrwm dIaunHW ƒ koeI smJ nhIN, auh sB 'BKu ABKu' Ck jWdy hn204 ,pr AwKrauh kmwey hoey lKW-kroVW ieQy hI Cf jWdy hn[205 mnuK leI sMswr ivcsB kMmW 'coN SRySt kMm sq; sMqoK; dieAw kmwauxw hY[206 swrw sMswr'duikRq suikRq' (mMdy-cMgy) kMmW dy AwDwr 'qy vI vMifAw hoieAw hY[207

aunHW dy qnW 'qy mYl nhIN lgdI, Bwv srIrk qOr ’qy vI auhI lok irSt-puSt qy mYl rihq huMdy hn, ijnHW dI 'Eqwku' (bYTk; auTx-bYTxI) scy

181. rihqnwmy, (sMpw.) pRo. ipAwrw isMG pdm, pMnw 69.

182. auhI.183. 'swDnw mwrg' dw ivvrx sMbMiDq pRkrx ivc Awvygw [184. rwqI ruqI… DrqI Qwip rKI Drmswl ] gurU gRMQ swihb, 7.

185. krmI krmI hoie vIcwru ] auhI.186. scu imlY scu aUpjY sc mih swic smwie ] auhI, 18.

187. qnu sUcw so AwKIAY … ] auhI, 19.

188. ibnu gux kwim n AwveI Fih FyrI qnu Kyh ] auhI, 20.

189. mnu sc ksvtI lweIAY qulIAY pUrY qoil ] auhI.

190. vxju krhu vxjwirho vKru lyhu smwil ] qYsI vsqu ivswhIAY jYsI inbhY nwil ] auhI, 22.

191. ijnw rwis n scu hY ikau iqnw suKu hoie ] auhI, 22- 3.

192. Koty vxij vxMijAY… ] auhI, 23.

193. sUK shj AnMd mMgl rs jIvn kw mUlu bwiDE ] auhI, 530.

194. poqY ijn kY puMnu hY.. swco swcu kmwvxw…] auhI, 30.

195. scI kwr kmwvxI scy nwil ipAwru ] auhI, 34.

196. nyqR sMqoKy eyk ilv qwrw ] ijhvw sUcI hirrs swrw ] auhI, 224.

197. ijnI scu pCwixAw sic rqy BrpUir] auhI, 37.

198. shjy KyqI rwhIAY scu nwmu bIju pwie ] auhI, 35.

199. pRwxI qUM AwieAw lwhw lYix ] lgw ikqu kuPkVy sB mukdI clI rYix ] auhI, 43.

200. auhI, 43.

201. scu Kwxw scu pYnxw tyk nwnk scu kIqu ] auhI, 44.

scu Kwxw scu pYnxw scy scw nwau ] auhI, 53.

202. auhI, 50.

203. squ sMqoKu dieAw kmwvY eyh krxI swru ] auhI, 51.

ihrdY scu eyh krxI swru] auhI, 1343.

204. ijau kUkru hrkwieAw DwvY dhids jwie ] loBI jMqu n jwxeI BKu ABKu sB Kwie ] auhI, 50.

205. srpr auTI clxw Cif jwsI lK kroiV ] auhI.206. squ sMqoK dieAw kmwvY eyh krxI swru ] auhI, 51.

207. duikRq suikRq mMDy sMswru sglwxw ] auhI.

44 45

QW huMdI hY[208 sc dy vKr ivc lwB hI lwB hY[209

auproN BwvyN koeI vys hovy, pr ijnHW dy mnW ivc 'jUT' hY; hrwm dI KwDKwDI hY, aunHW dw qn-mn jUTw ho jWdw hY qy iksy kImq 'qy vI auh sucy nhINbxdy[210 scu dI vIcwr nw buJx vwly Aijhy jUTy lok 'An kau' qW qrHW-qrHW dIAW mqW idMdy rihMdy hn, pr Kud auh mwieAw dw vwpwr hI krdyhn [211 Aijhy lokW dy jp, qp, qIrQ, puMn, dwn sB PzUl hn, ijMnHW dIikrq dw AwDwr 'scu' nhIN [212 Asl scy nwl rc ky hI sc pRwpq hMudwhY [213

ijhVy gurmuiK gurmiq dy cwnx ivc kwr kmwauNdy hn, aunHW dw dIrGrog (haumY) kt jWdw hY qy kwm, kRoD… ivkwrW qoN pwk ho ky auh inrmlho jWdy hn[214 mnuK iek vpwrI dI qrHW ieQy sc dw vxj krn AwieAwhY, ijhVw 'kwr kmwvih sc kI' auh jIvn dw, vwihgurU dI rzw Anuswrlwhw lY jWdw hY[215

jIvn dy scy Awcwr (jIvn-jwc) ƒ gurmiq ny sB qoN aupr drjw dyky216 ieh qQ sUrj vq rOSn kr idqw hY ik suK jIvn iqs ƒ AwiKAwjwvygw, ijnHW dw Awcwr gurmiq AnuswrI hovygw217 qy gurmiq AnuswrjIvn dI iek vfI Srq swcI kwr kmwauxI hY[218

sMswrI lok bhuqw Dn, mwl ies krky iekTw krdy hn, qW ik suK dI

pRwpqI kIqI jwvy, Aijhw krn leI auh keI qrHW dy 'pwp' (vl-Cl,TgIAW) krdy hn, ikauNik pwpW bwJoN qW mwieAw 'kTI ho hI nhINskdI[219 pr gurmiq ny DnwiF aus 'AwcwrvMq suhwgx' ƒ mMinAw hY,ijsdI inrml rIiq hY, scw krm kmwauNdI hY[220 pwpW dI kmweI suKnhIN dy skdI, jy Drm dw vwpwr nw kIqw jwvy221 qW pRwpq Asl ivc kuJvI nhIN huMdw, isrP mwl iekTw ho jWdw hY[ scI g`l ieh hY ik scu'pCwxn' nwl hI scu dI pRwpqI kIqI jw skdI hY222 qy gurmiq dy cwnxivc scy guxW dy BMfwry Brn nwl hI 'suK' pRwpq kIqw jw skdw hY[223

phirAW ivc224 mnuKI jIvn dy cwr pihrW ƒ rwq dy cwr pihrW nwlqulnwauNidAW gurU swihb dsdy hn ik qIjw-cOQw pihr Aijhw hY ijs ivcmnuK ,Dn, pdwrQW ƒ DoKy DVIAW dy nwl 'kTw krky 'ibKu ivhwJdw'225 qurjWdw hY[226

Awm mnuK leI pRoRV@ AvsQw Gr-pirvwrW dIAW izMmyvwrIAW, iPkrW dIAvsQw hY[ ies AvsQw ivc mnuK dw kImqI smW ivArQ dy inrwrQkDMidAW , socW-iPkrW ivc hI bIq jWdw hY[ ieho vkq hY, jdoN aumr dyilhwj nwl mnuK ny gMBIr hoxw huMdw hY, pr gw&l pRwxI ieh smW vI 'haumY'krm kmwvdw hI guzwrdw hY[227 Asl ieh srIr, ieh smW qd hI s&lhY jy swrIAW ieMdrIAW scu kmwaux[228 qq ieh hY ik mnuK auhI SRyST(pRDwn) hY ijhVw AwcwrvMq hY[229 AwcwrvMqI audm kridAW mn inrmlhuMdw hY [230 JUTI kwr nwl JUTw mMgx vwilAW ƒ qW mirAW brwbr smJxwcwhIdw hY[231 prmwqmw dy dr (ksvtI) 'qy hox vwly 'lyKy' ivc scu

208. iqqu qin mYlu n lgeI sc Gir ijsu Eqwku ] auhI, 55.

209. swcau vKru lwdIAY lwBu sdw scu rwis ] auhI.210. min jUTY qin jUT hY… ikau kir sUcw hoie ] auhI, 55- 6.

211. Ankau mqI dy clih mwieAw kw vwpwru ] auhI, 56.

212. jpu qpu sMjmu swDIAY qIriQ kIcY vwsu ] puMn dwn cMigAweIAw ibnu swcy ikAw qwsu ] jyhw rwDy qyhw luxY ibnu gux jnmu ivxwsuu ] auhI, 56.

213. scy syqI riqAw sco plY pwie ] auhI, 56- 7.

214. hau gur pUCau Awpxy gur puiC kwr kmwau ] …haumY duKu jil jwau ]… sbid rqy sy inrmly qij kwm kRoDu AhMkwru ] auhI, 58.

215. vwpwrI vxjwirAw… kwr kmwvih sc kI lwhw imlY rjwie ] auhI, 59.

216. schu ErY sBu ko aupir scu Awcwru ] auhI, 62.

217. suK jIvnu iqsu AwKIAY ijsu gurmuiK visAw soie ] auhI, 63.

mn ry gur kI kwr kmwie ] auhI, 66.

218. shjy hirnwmu min visAw scIkwr kmwie ] auhI, 68.

219. pwpw bwJhu hovY nwhI muieAw swiQ n jweI ] auhI, 417.

220. bhuqu DnwiF AcwrvMqu soBw inrml rIiq ] auhI, 70.

221. Drmu syqI vwpwru n kIqo krmu n kIqy imqu ] auhI, 75.

222. ijnw nwnk scu pCwixAw sy sic rlyqu ] auhI, 84.

223. siqguru syiv suKu pwieAw scu nwmu guxqwsu ] auhI, 85- 6.

224. auhI, 74.

225. qIjY phrY…ibKu sMcY AMDu AigAwnu ] auhI, 77.

226. 'mwJ kI vwr' (pMnw 137) qy 'quKwrI rwgu dy dUsry CMq' (pMnw 1110) auqy vI jIvn dIAW aukq AvsQwvW dw nvyN qrIky nwl vrxn hY [227. ivic haumY krm kmwvdy…] gurU gRMQ swihb, 82.

228. nwnk ht ptx ivic kWieAw hir lYdy gurmuiK saudw jIau ] auhI, 95.

229. AcwrvMiq sweI prDwny ] auhI, 97.

230. audmu krq mnu inrmlu hoAw ] auhI, 99.

231. JUTw mMgxu jy koeI mwgY ]iqs kau mrqy GVI n lwgY ] auhI, 109.

46 47

kmwaux vwly hI Cutdy (mukq huMdy) hn[232 ijhVy 'sc' nwl lgy hoey hn,aunHW dI idn rwq (hmySW) SoBw huMdI hY[233 ijnW dy ply scu hY auh scukmwauNdy, boldy qy qoldy hn,234 Bwv ijnHW dI ikrq scI hY, aunHW dw swrwjIvn-ibauhwr hI scw hY[235

mnuK ƒ mnuKI-jIvn iek vwr imilAw Aijhw sunihrI mOkw hY, ijsdIvwrI iPr pRwpq nhIN huMdI[ ies leI 'ieQy' vI qy 'auQy' vI ,scw kMm kIqwhI siQr rihMdw hY[236 lbu loB…dI kUiV kmweI qW suAwh dy smwn hY[237

mnuK 'sonw rUpw' cwhuMdw hY qy pwp krky kmw vI ilAwauNdw hY,238 pr mnuKieh nhIN socdw ik ies dw Pwiedw kI hY? isvwey icMqw qoN ? mwieAw ,icMqw, rogW qoN mukq ho ky 'kuSl' hox dw shI qrIkw haumY kwr iqAwgxIhY[239 jdoN ikrq scI hovy qW gurU swry BY nwS kr idMdw hY[240 sMqoKmeIjIvn nwl vYsy hI BY Kqm ho jWdw hY[241 ies leI ijhVI vsqU siQr hovy,ibnsy nw, auhI sMicq krnI cwhIdI hY[242 PzUl cIjW leI Gwlxw GwldyqW hzwrW Qk gey hn[243 so BlI krnI hI soBw dyx vwlI qy DnvMqbxwaux vwlI hY[244

BlI sukrxI nwl jdoN guxW dw sMgRih hMudw jwvygw qW Aaugx Awpxy AwpKqm hMudy jwxgyy245 qy gur kI kwr(Drm dI kwr) kmwaux nwl ijauNidAWhI lwhw imldw jwvygw[246

gurU swihb Anuswr Drm dI ikrq jW KrI ikrq koeI rIq nhIN; ijhVI

ik idn ivc iek vwr247 kIqI jwvy ,ieh qW hmySW rihx qy vrqx vwlwsaudw hY,248 ijs rwhIN mn sq , sMqoK ijhy gux pRwpq krky sMjm ivcAwauNdw hY[249 Asl ivc scI kwr kmw hI auh skdy hn,ijnHW dy mn ivcsc visAw hY,250 aus qrHW kwƒn jW pwbMdIAW iksy ƒ ieh rwh nhIN qorskdIAW[ so qq ieh hY ik jy srb suK loVINdy hn qW scu kmwieAw jwvy:

ijsu srb suKw Pl loVIAih so scu kmwvau ]251

aukq ivcwrW dy ivvrx qoN spSt hMudw hY ik krm BUmI ivc ijho ijhwkmwieAw jwvygw iqho ijhw Pl pRwpq hovygw[ ikrq kmweI Drm dI ; dsWnhMuAW dI hovygI qW suK, sihj, AnMd pRwpq hovygw, pr jykr iehbyeImwnI dI hovygI qW duK pRwpq hovygw252, ijhw ik sMswr ivc AsIN inqvrqdw vyKdy hW[ vfy-vfy AlISwn mihlW mwVIAW,kMpnIAW vwly,aucI qoNaucI ividAw pRwpq krky qy ieQy qk ky (bwhroN) Dwrimk kMm kwrjW ivcruJy hoey mnuK, ikrq ivc iemwn nw krky duK pwauNdy hn[ so zrUrI hY ikAsl suK lYx leI ‘ikrq’ nUM Drm AwDwirq kIqw jwvy[

(e) swDn mwrg

mnuK dI AwcMiBq pRikrqI kwrn sYNkVy ivcwr qy svwl ies dyAsiqqv nwl juVy hoey hn[ iqMn buinAwdI svwlW-mnuK kI hY; jIvnmnorQ kI hY qy jIvn-mnorQ ƒ pRwpq krn dw qrIkw-ivcoN qIjwsvwl swDnw mwrg nwl sMbMiDq hY [ drSn (philosophy) ivc iesivcwr ƒ mnuK dI sMpUrnqw nwl joiVAw igAw hY[ sMswr dy hrsMsQwgq Drm qy drSn-pRxwlI nyy Awpo-Awpxy qrIky nwl ies mslyaupr ivcwr kIqI hY[ gurbwxI ivclI qq-vsqU nwl jIvn-mnorQ qyies dy swDnw-mwrg ƒ gMBIrqw nwl joiVAw igAw hY, ijhw ik AsINpihly AiDAwie ivc vyK Awey hW[

232. sBnw kw dir lyKw … ] auhI, 109.

233. jo sic lwgy sy Anidnu jwgy dir scY soBw pwvixAw] auhI, 110.

234. ijn scu plY scu vKwxih scu ksvtI lwvixAw ] auhI, 112.

235. scu vxMjih scu sMGrih scu vwpwru krwvixAw ] auhI, 115.

236. suikRqu kIqw rhsI myry jIAVy bhuiV n AwvY vwrI] auhI, 154.

237. lbu loBu mucu kUVu kmwvih…ijau Dr aupir Cwro ] auhI.238. kwmix loVY suienw rupw… ] auhI, 155.

239. ikn ibiD kuslu hoq myry BweI ]… haumY mwr smwieAw ] auhI, 175- 76.

240. scu krxI guru Brmu cukwvY ] auhI, 226.

241. swic sMqoKy Brmu cukwieAw ] auhI, 228.

242. AYsI sMic ju ibnsq nwhI ] auhI, 253.

243. Qwky bhu ibiD Gwlqy…] auhI, 257.

244. BlI sukrnI soBw DnvMq ] auhI, 290.

245. gux sMgRhu ivchu Aaugux jwie ] auhI, 361.

246. jIvidAw lwhw imlY gur kwr kmwvY ] auhI, 421.

247. Bwv pihlW saudw Krw dy idqw, iPr swrw idn TgIAW jW pihlw 'pUjw' ipCoN 'TgI'[248. inq inq Krw smwlIAY scu saudw pweIAYYY ] gurU gRMQ swihb, 421.

249. squ sMqoK ieh sMjmI…] auhI, 427.

250. ijn kY min scu visAw scI kwr kmwie ] auhI, 428.

251. auhI, 322.

252. lbu loBu jy kUVu kmwvY] Awpxw kIqw Awpy pwvY] auhI, 1411.

48 49

gurbwxI dy AiDAwqmk srokwrW dw sMdrB smwjkqw ƒ brwbr mwxqwidMdw hY[ ies krky mnuK dy AwdrS pRwpqI dw inSwnw ijQy ivAkqIgqhY, auQy smwijk vI hY qy iesy sMdrB ivc swDnw-mwrg dy qqW ivc ijQyivAkqIgq qqW qy Awcrxqw ƒ pihl hY, auQy smwijkqw vI Swiml hY[scI ikrq dw pRsMg ivAkqIgq qy smwijk, donoN pirpyK rKdw hY[

gurmiq Anuswr mnuKI jIvn dw mnorQ ivcy gRihsQ audws rih kyAwpxy Asly prmwqmw ƒ pRwpq krnw hY qy iPr nwl smwjk kilAwxkrnw hY:

BeI prwpiq mwnuK dyhurIAw]goibMd imlx kI ieh qyrI brIAw ]253

iml jgdIs imlx kI brIAw ]icrMkwl ieh dyh sMjrIAw ]259

ieh lok suKIey prlok suhyly ]255

joiq srUp Awpy dI pCwx jW AwdrS pRwpqI leI vwihgurU/gurU dI imhr,nwm, syvw Awid pRmuK swDnw qq hn,256 pr gurmiq Anuswr ijnw mrjInwm ismrn, BgqI,syvw, pRym Awid kIqw jwvy,jy mnuK dI krxI drusqnhIN ,ikrq-kmweI ivc ikqy Kot hY auh mnuK Awpxy prm lkS dIpRwpqI nhIN kr skdw[ ies pRsMg ivc hk; sc dI jgq ivc kIqI jwrhI kmweI vI nwm hY:

jig suikRqu kIriq nwmu hY myrI ijMdVIeyhir kIriq hir min Dwry rwm]257

pRBU dr dI pRwpqI leI mnuK dI Xogqw ausdy krm (kMMm) hn, ivcwr(Xogqw) kMm 'qy AwDwirq hY[258 jy krm (kMm) cMgy/scy hn qW hI sc dIpRwpqI hovygI:

scI kwrY scu imlY gurmiq plY pwie ]259

gurU nwnk dyv jI kihMdy hn ik 'vsqu' (qq; jIvn-mUl) dI pCwx(pRwpqI) qW hI hovygI jy 'saudw' (vxj-ibauhwr) scw hY[260 scI, iemwndI krxI nwl hI Awqmk pRwpqI ho skdI hY[261 kUiV kpit nwl iksy nyhwly qk Awqimk qrkI nhIN kIqI[262

mnuKI jIvn dI Awqimk aunqI nw qW 'kihx khwvx' nwl huMdI hY qynw hI pusqkW dy Fyr pVHn nwl,263 jIvn dw swr qW krxI aupr inbVnwhY[264 iesy krky 'poQI purwx' jy 'kmwey' jwx qW hI aunHW dw koeI lwBhY[265 ies srIr rUp DrqI ivc krm rwhIN (scy kMm rwhIN) jo bIijAwjwvygw, auhI KwDw, Bwv pRwpq hovygw[

gurbwxI ivc krm Sbd keI ArQW ivc pRwpq hY,266 ijnHW ivc iekArQ kMm jW ikrq vI hY[267 ies pRsMg ivc bwxI ivc AnykW vwr 'krm'rwhIN 'pRwpqI' dsidAW spSt kIqw hY ik ivhly bih ky Kwx vwlw ijvyNiFf nhIN Br skdw, iqvyN audm, imhnq ibnHW nwm vI nhIN jipAw jwskdw qy ikrq vI nhIN ho skdI[ ies qrHW krm (ikrq) jIvn mnorQdI pRwpqI ivc shwiek swDn bxdw hY;

gurprswdI pweIAY krim prwpiq hoie ]268

AwgY (Awqimk AvsQw ivc) dyhI jW jwiq nhIN jWdI, pRwpqI qW scukmweI nwl hI hoxI hY:

dyhI jwiq n AwgY jwey ]ijQY lyKw mMgIAY iqQY CutY scu kmwey ]269

253. auhI, 12.

254. auhI, 176.

255. auhI, 292.

256. ijs no ikRpw krih myry ipAwry soeI quJY pCwxY ] auhI, 1184.

gur imil nwnk pwrbRhm pCwxw] auhI, 52.

Anidnu nwim rqy scu pwieAw Awpy myil imlweI hy] auhI, 1047.

257. auhI, 539.

258. krmI krmI hoie vIcwru ] auhI, 13.

259. auhI, 19.

260. nwnk vsqu pCwxsI scu saudw ijsu pwis ] auhI, 18.

261. scu krxI dy pweIAY dru Gru mhlu ipAwir ] auhI.262. kUiV kpit iknY n pwieE jo bIjY KwvY soie ] auhI, 40.

263. kQnY khix n CutIAY nw piV pusqk Bwr ] auhI, 59.

264. krxI aupir hovig swr ] auhI, 1169 .265. poQI purwx kmweIAY… scu bUJxu Awix jlweIAY ] auhI, 25.

266. fw.gurcrn isMG, (sMpw.) sRI gurU gRMQ koS, Bwg pihlw, pMny 606-07. lgpg 11 ArQW ivc AwieAw hY[267. auhI, 606-07.268. gurU gRMQ swihb, 42.

269. auhI, 112.

50 51

gurU dy Sbd dw swr (qq, incoV) vI iehI hY ik jy krxI scu hY qW hIAkwlpurK dI imhr dw pwqr bixAw jw skdw hY[270 gur pIr dI gvwhI(imhr) vI aunHW nwl hI hY ijhVy murdwr (byeImwn dI kmweI) nhIN KWdy, soglW nwl iBsiq (prmwqmw dI hdUrI) pRwpq nhIN huMdI, sMswrI JmyilAW qoNscu kmw ky hI CuitAw jw skdw hY:

hku prwieAw nwnkw…guru pIru hwmw qw Bry jw murdwr n Kwie ]glI iBsiq n jweIAY CutY scu kmwie ]271

sdIvI rihx vwly prmwqmw dy dIbwix (hzUrI) ivc kUiV dI soie nhINjWdI, auQy Koty bwhr kF idqy jWdy hn qy Kry imlw ley jWdy hn[272 auQy SuBkrm krn vwilAW dy hI imhr dw nIswnu pYNdw hY[273 swr ieh hY ik AwqimkjIvn dI pRwpqI leI krmW dy (scu/JUT Anuswr) aupr inbyVw hovygw:

krmw aupir inbVY jy locY sBu koie ]274

so spSt hY ik krmW dI pRikrqI Anuswr pRwpqI hoxI hY[ scy qy iemwnBry kMm Awqimk jIvn dI pRwpqI ivc swDn hn, ibnHW cMgIAW 'krqUqW' qoNmukqI sMBv nhIN[275 scI kmweI dy swhmxy/brwbr jpu, qpu, sMjm dyDwrimk krm-kWf Awqimk jIvn qoN 'aurY' hI rih jWdy hn[276 rihxI horpRkwr dI qy kmwauxw hor pRkwr dw,277 ieh Awqimk pRwpqI dy rwh ivcsuKWdw nhIN[ ies rwh dy pWDI leI qW sc krxI qy scI rihq zrUrI lCxhY[278 drgwh (hzUrI) ivc swcy vxj ibauhwr dI Kyp hI inBdI hY[279 so jyhwkmwey qyhw hI hoxw hY,280 jy gur kI kwr kmweI jwvy qW 'mhlu' dI pCwxu ho

jWdI hY[281 mwieAw moh dw Kotw vwpwr ies rwh ivc roVw hY,282 scy hirnwmdy vwpwrI auNJ ivrly hn, pr scy dy 'drbwrw' ivc Koty Kry dI prK huMdIhY, ijQy Kry scu ivc smwA jWdy hn :

Koty Kry siB prKIAin iqqu scy kY drbwrw ] 283

AwdrS qy mnorQ

ikrq dw AwdrS rUp ikhVw hY? gurbwxI Anuswr jo kMm prmwqmw nMUcMgw lgy; guruuU nMU Bwvy, auh cMgw; AwdrS hY[ prmwqmw nMU hmySW cMgwkMm/cMgI ikrq qy nwm BwauNdw hY[ aus nMU squ, sMqoK, dieAw, Drm ijhygux cMgy lgdy hn[ iesy qrHW mwieAw,haumY Awid krm aus nUM cMgy nhINlgdy[ iesy qrHW siqgurU nMU vI scu,sMjm dI krxI cMgI lgdI hY[ jqu,squ, sMjm kmwaux vwly pUry Swh, DnvMq, vfBwgI hn qy siqgurU hmySWaunW nMU sukwr kmwaux nMU kihMdy hn[284

ikrq dI sMpUrnqw nwm dy vxj krky hovygI[ vpwrI auhI pUrw hYijhVw hir Dn dw vxj krdw hY[285 mnuK ieQy AMiqm rUp ivc nwmivhwJx AwieAw hY[286 ismrn ibnHW bwkI kMm hyc hn[287 ies leIsdIvI rihx vwly pdwrQ(nwm) hI kmwauxy/sMcxy cwhIdy hn[ Bgq jnwdw jIvn-ibauhwr hI nwm hY[288 so aUqm ikrq, Sbd dI Qwh(nwm) ivcjwxw hY[289 sB qy aucI qy pivqr krnI ieh hY ik nwm nMU idn rwqjipAw jwvy[290 ies qrHW, ikrq dw swr; AwdrS rUp siqgur nMUiDAwauxw hY[291

270. scu krxI sbdu hY swru] pUry guir pweIAY moK duAwru] auhI, 114.

271. auhI, 141.

272. EQY Koty stIAih Kry kIcih swbwis ] auhI, 146.

273. krim pvY nIswnu n clY clwieAw ] auhI, 150.

274. auhI, 157.

275. ibnu krqUqI mukiq n pweIAY ] auhI, 201.

276. jp qp sMjm krm kmwxy ieih ErY mUsy ] auhI, 216.

277. rhq Avr kCu Avr kmwvq ] auhI, 269.

278. scu krxI scu qw kI rhq ] auhI, 283.

279. scu vwpwru krhu vwpwrI ] drgh inbhY Kyp qumwrI ] auhI, 293.

280. qyhw hovY jyhy krm kmwie ] auhI, 362.

j Ysw kr y su qYsw pwvY ] Awip bIij Awpy hI KwvY ] auhI,662.

281. gur kI kwr kmwie mhlu pCwxIAY ] auhI, 420.

282. mwieAw mohu sBu duKu hY Kotw iehu vwpwrw rwm ] auhI, 570.

283. auhI.284. so DnvMqw so vf swhw…] auhI, 130.

syeI swh BgvMq sy scu sMpY hirrwis ] auhI, 250.

siqguru AwKY kwr sukwr kmweIAY ] auhI, 185.

guir kihAw sw kwr kmwvhu ] auhI, 832.

285. hir Dn ko vwpwrI pUrw ] auhI, 194.

286. jw kau Awey soeI ivhwJhu…]auhI, 205.

287. ibnu ismrn iDRgu krm krwn] auhI, 239.

288. Bgq jnw kI brqin nwmu ] auhI, 264.

289. swic visAY swcI sB kwr ] aUqm krxI sbd bIcwr ]auhI, 158.

290. jip jn sdw sdw idnu rYxI ] sB qy aUc inrml ieh krxI ] auhI, 283.

291. siqguru syvy krxI swrI ] auhI, 412.

52 53

auprokq ivcwrW qoN ikrq dw AwdrS rUp nwm dI ikrq krnw spSthMudw hY[ies dw Bwv ieh hY ik dsW nhMuAW dI ikrq, ikrq dy AwdrSrUp qk phMucwauNdI hY[ies leI Drm dI ikrq vI zrUrI hY qy nwm dI(Asl) ikrq vI zrUrI hY[ kyvl nwm jpx nwl AwdrS pRwpq nhINhuMdw, jy Drm dI scI ikrq nhIN,292 iesy qrHW kyvl ikrq hI krIjwxw,DMdw bx jwvygw, jy aus ivc nwm Swiml nhIN[ies leI gurU nwnkjI dw bcn hY ik pihlW audm, sc, eImwn nwl srIr rUp DrqInMU'swD'ilAw jwvy, iPr hI scy nwm dy dwxy (pRgtw) pYdw hoxgy[293

ikrswn dy ibMb rwhIN gurU swihb ies srIr rUp DrqI ivc nwm dw jlisMjx nMU kihMdy hn[ies qrHW eImwn dy kMm nwl nwm pRwpqI hovygI[294

ilvu Dwqu dy do rwhW ivcoN eImwn dy rwh vI qd hI quirAw jwvygw jyhukm dI kwr kmweI jwvy[295 kMm auhI suhyly hoxgy jo pRBU nMU muK rK kykIqy jwxgy[296 nwm ibnHW297 ijMnw vI pihnxw Kwxw jW ijMny vI kMm kIqyjwxgy298, sB insPl hI hoxgy[299 hir nwm ibnHW jgq dw hr kMm ,DMdw hovygw ,ikrq nhIN[300 ies qrHW scI kmweI qy nwm, ikrq dwAwdrS rUp hY[ Asl ivc 'DMDw', 'ikrq'bxdw hI aus smyN hY, jdoNies ivc 'nwm' Swiml ho jwvy[ ies AwdrS rUp dy Aml hI jIvn nMUsPl bxwauNdy hn[ ikrq ƒ kyvl 'kmweI' jwx nwl bixAw 'DMDw'mwieAw 'k`TI krnw hY qy ieh icMqw lwauNdw hY, jdik ivhlV BuKw mrdwhY; pr jo 'ikrq' ivc nwm Swiml kr lYNdw hY auh dohW ivvsQw qoN mukqho jWdw hY[301 ibnHW nwm qoN 'krm' krdw hoieAw 'bMDn' ivc pYNdw hY,ikauNik DMdy bMDn hI hn302, jy kry qW bMDn; jy nhIN krdw qW ivhlV

hox dI lok inMdw krdy hn[303 ies leI nw 'DMDw' qy nw 'ivhlV', dohWAvsQwvW qoN mukq ho ky shjy Ktx; kmwaux nwl koeI qoVw nhIN AwauNdw[304

iesy jIvn-ibauhwr nMU 'Awsw ivc inrwsw' ikhw igAw hY[305 so hirBjn,ikrq dw iek jrUrI qy pUrn kwmw hY:

ibnu hirBjn jyqy kwm krIAih qyqy ibrQy jWih]306

ibnu nwvY ij krm kmwvxy inqu haumY hoie KuAwru]307

nwm ibnHHw kIqI ikrq, kdy vI 'haumY kwr' ivc bdl skdI hY qy haumYkrm, mnuK ƒ r`b dy duAwr qk nhIN iljw skdy,308 ikauNik swrI ikrqkmweI dw somw vI qW auh Awp hI hY,309 ies leI nwmI-ikrq, ikrq dwAwdrS rUp hY[

ijQy gurbwxI ivc 'mn bc kRm'310 jW 'min qin'311 krky nwm /ikrqjpx/krn dw sMdrB pRwpq hY,aus dw swr Bwv iehI inkldw hY ik mnkrky nwm qy qn krky scI ikrq kIqI jwvy,qW hI Awqimk jIvn dIpRwpq hovygI[ kbIr swihb Anuswr:

nwmw khY iqlocnw muK qy rwmu sMm@wil]hwQ pwau kir kwmu sBu cIqu inrMjn nwil]312

so ies qrHW AijhI suikRq dI Gwl krky iPr Awqimk rwh dI pCwx(pRwpqI) ho jWdI hY:

Gwil Kwie ikCu hQhu dyie]nwnk rwhu pCwxih syie]313

292. suikRq krxI swr jpmwlI ] auhI, 1334.

293. pihlw DrqI swiD kY scu nwmu dy dwxu ] auhI, 19.

294. Amlu kir DrqI bIju sbdo kir sc kI Awb inq dyih pwxI ] auhI, 24.

295. ilv Dwqu duie rwh hY hukmI kwr kmwie ] auhI, 87.

296. so kMmu suhylw jo qyrI GwlI ] auhI, 97.

297. nwm ibnw siB kUVu gwlI hoCIAw ]auhI, 761.

298. nwm ibnw jyqw ibauhwr ] auhI, 240.

299. nwm ibnw jo pihrY Kwie ] auhI.300. hir ky nwm ibnw jgu DMDw ] auhI, 358.

301. ijsu igRih bhuqu…duhU ibvsQw qy jo mukqw soeI suhylw BwlIAY ] auhI, 1019.

302. ijnI nwmu ivswirAw …]DMDw mwieAw mohxI …] auhI, 1413.

303. krm krY q bMDw nh krY q inMdw] auhI, 1019.

304. shjy scu Dnu KitAw QoVw kdy n hoie] auhI, 1092.

305. ijin pwieAw guir dyiK idKwieAw ] Awsw mih inrwsu buJwieAw] auhI, 154.

306. auhI, 1222.

307. auhI, 1314.

308. ivic haumY krm kmwvdy sB Drmrwie kY jwhI] auhI, 1418.

309. quDu sMswr aupwieAw] isry isir DMDy lwieAw] auhI, 71.

310. mn bc kRm pRBu Apnw iDAweI] auhI, 200.

min bcin krim ij quDu ArwDih sy Pl pwvhy] auhI, 248.

311. mnu qnu rwqw rMg isau rsnw rsn rswie] auhI, 32.

312. auhI, 1316.

313. auhI, 1245.

54 55

ikrq dy AwdrS rUp 'ikrq qy nwm' ƒ Apxwaux vwly, gurmiqAnuswr sMswr ivc koeI QoVy; ivrly hI hn[314 ijnHW ies AwdrS rUpƒ Awpxw ilAw hY,aunHW pRQwie gurbwxI muK rUp ivc 'gurmuiK' SbdvrqdI hY[ bwxI Anuswr gurmuiK dI kwr AijhI hMudI hY, ijs nwl scuihrdy Git ivc pRgt ho jWdw hY[315 gurmuiK, krm (ikrq) Aijhwkrdw hY ijs nwl hir pRqI bYrwg aupjdw hY[316 gurmuiK scI ikrqrwhIN nwm dI pCwx kr lYNdw hY[317 jwgy hoey gurmuKW (igAwnIAW) dwDn nwm hMudw hY qy aunHW dw ikrq-ibauhwr nw qW ivhly rihx vwlw hMudwhY qy nw hI DMidAW ivc aulJx vwlw, auh sihj vwpwr krdy hn318 qyhmySW scu kmwauNdy hn[319 gurU Amrdws jI Anuswr gurmuiK iekAijhI auc AvsQw (cauQI pauVI) hY, ijQy scw syivAw jWdw hY qy scIhI ikrq kmweI jWdI hY [320

gurmuiK scu dI kwr kmwauNdy hoey, scu ivc smwA jWdy hn; auh scuhI vxMjdy qy sc hI ivhwJdy hn[321 kUV Aqy scu dy do rwhW ivcoNgurmuiK scu dw rwh AKiqAwr krdy hn[322 gurmuiK hI shI Swh;BgvMq hn, ijhVy jIvn-ibauhwr ivc iemwn dI kmweI sMpdy(iekTIkrdy) hn[323 prmwqmw Awpxy Aijhy(gurmuiK) syvk dI ikrq ivcAwp Swiml hMudw hY[324 scI, iemwn vwlI ikrq hox kwrn gurmuKW dIikrq Gwil Qwie pYNdI hY[325 gurmuiK ijhVw vI vwpwr jW KyqI krdyhn jW ijhVw vI kMm krdy hn auh Blw hI hMudw hY ikauNik auh 'sihjy'kIqw igAw huMdw hY[326 gurmuKW dI ikrq dw swr(qqu) scu hI hMudw hY,

ies krky aunHW dI cwl sMswr nwloN vKrI qy inrml hMudI hY[327 gurmuiKvxj rwhIN Awpxw (Awqimk) Gr pCwx lYNdw hY[328

gurmuiK dI sRySt krxI ivc scu, sMjm, dieAw ijhy gux Swiml hn[329

auh kwr BwvyN 'ieQy' kmwauNdw hY, pr ilv ausdI 'auQy' lgI hMudI hY[330 iesqrHW ijnHW dw sMswrI saudw hryk pKoN eImwndwrnw hY; scw hY, aunHW dw hrpRkwr dw pwswr scw hY[331

aukq qoN spSt hY ik scI ikrq dw mnorQ iek sicAwr gurmuiK pYdwkrnw hY; dUjy SbdW ivc gurmuiK dy pRmuK lCxW ivc, iek Aihm lCx hYik ausdI ikrq kmweI eImwn BrI scI hMudI hY[ gurmiq duAwrw swjyAwdrS mnuK , gurmuiK jW isK dI ieh pihcwx hY[ 'gauVI kI vwr' ivccOQy pwqSwh nwm-ikrq nwl BrpUr is`K dy lCxW ivc svyr qoN Swm qkdw pUrw jIvn-ibauhwr dsdy hoey nwm qy ikrq kmweI hI ivSyS Swimlkrdy hn:

gur siqgur kw jo isKu AKweysu Blky auiT hirnwmu iDAwvY ]…iPir cVY idvsu gurbwxI gwvYbhidAw auTidAw* hirnwmu iDAwvY ]332 {*kMm kwr kridAW}

BweI swihb BweI gurdws jI gurisK dI inq ikRAw dsdy hoey aukqivcwr nMU ies qrHW ivAwiKAwauNdy hn:

gurisK Blky auT kir AMimRq vyly sru nwHvMdw[guru kY bcn aucwir kY Drmswl dI suriq krMdw[swDsMgiq ivic jwie kY gurbwxI dy pRIiq suxMdw[sMkw mnhu imtwie kY guru isKW dI syv krMdw[ikrq ivrq kir Drmu dI lY prswd Awix vrqMdw[gurisKW nMU dyie kir ipCoN bicAw Awpu KvMdw[klI kwl prgws kir guru cylw cylw guru sMdw[gurmuK gwfI rwhu clMdw ]333

314. ... ko ivrlw gurmiq clY jIau ] auhI, 94.

iehu vwpwru ivrlw vpwrY] auhI, 283.

315. gurmuiK kwr kmwvxI scu Git prgtu hoie ] auhI, 27.

316. gurmuiK krm kmwvY ibgsY hir bYrwgu AnMdu ] auhI, 29.

317. gurmuiK nwmu pCwxIAY… ] auhI, 38.

318. igAwnIAw dw Dnu nwmu hY shij krih vwpwru ] auhI, 68.

319. nwnk gurmuiK scu kmwvY] auhI, 87.

Awpy lwie… gurmuiK scu kmwvixAw ] auhI, 110.

320. gurmuiK krxI scy syvih swcy jwie smwvixAw ] auhI, 113.

321. gurmuiK kwr scu kmwvih scy sic smwvixAw ] auhI, 117.

322. rwh dovY ieku jwxY soeI isJsI ] auhI, 142.

323. syeI swh BgvMq sy scu sMpY hir rwis ] auhI, 250.

324. jh jh kwj ikriq syvk kI qhw qhw auiT DwvY ] auhI, 403.

325. gurisKw kI Gwil Qwie peI… ] auhI, 450.

326. gurmuiK sBu vwpwru Blw jy shjy kIjY rwm ] auhI, 568.

327. Bgqw kI cwl scI Aiq inrml… ijnI sco scu kmwieAw ] auhI, 768.

328. bUJY krmu su sbdu pCwxY ] auhI, 1040.

329. gurmuiK scu sMjmu krxI swru ] auhI, 1059.

330. gurmuiK kwr krhu ilv lwie ] auhI, 1174.

331. scu vKru ijnI lidAw sy scVy pwswr ] auhI, 1425.

332. auhI, 305.

333. vwr/pauVI 40/11.

56 57

ies pRkwr dy ivcwr BweI swihb ny hor vI AnykW QwvW'qy idqy hn[334

gurmuiK auhI hY ijhVw ikrq kmwauNdw, nwm jpdw hoieAw praupkwrkrdw hY 335 qy hQhu dy ky Blw mnwauNdw hY[336 BweI swihb Aijhy gurmuiKdy kurbwx jWdy hn[337

gurU goibMd isMG jI jdoN Alp Ahwr dI ivcwr idMdy hn qW sMqoK;sIlmeI, iqRgux AqIq S^sIAq, gurmuiK dI ivcwr hI krdy hn[338 gurUswihb Anuswr ibKY rs Cf ky ismrn dw sMgRih krn vwly Drm krmAnurwgI, pwp qij ky kwl-jwl qoN mukq ho jWdy hn[339 Aijhy gurmuiKKwlisAW dI syvw hI BwvdI hY, ijnHW dI ikrpw nwl gurUu-pMQ dI hoNdkwiem hY[340

BweI nMd lwl jI Anuswr mnuK leI eImwn vfI cIz hY qy swfy(is`K)Drm ivc aus dw ismrn hI eImwn dI pMUjI hY Aqy DrmI jW iemwndwrvI auhI hMudw hY jo iCn pl leI vI r`b qoN gw&l nw hovy[341 auh sYNkVy kMminhPl hn,ijnHW ivc r`b Swiml nhI342 qy Kwlsw(gurmuiK) auhI hY ijhVwivkwr iqAwg ky nwm ivc riqAW inrDnW ƒ pwldw hY[343

18 vIN sdI dy muFly dhwikAW dI rcnw pRym sumwrg gRMQ dw krqwgurmuiK dy inq jIvn ibauhwr ivc pihl nwm bwxI ƒ dy ky iPr ikrq

krn dI dI lMmI cOVI jugiq dsdw hoieAw dsW nhMuAW dI Drm ikrq krndI qwgId krdw hY[344 Kwlsy dy Kwj-AKwj dI ivsqwr sihq crcwkrdw hoieAw krqw pRym sumwrg nSy, AmlW qy jUTW ƒ nkwrdw hoieAwisDw-swdw sw& qy iemwn dw Kwxw Kwx dI pRyrnw krdw hY[ies qrHW DrmdI ikrq ƒ mwxqw idMdw hoieAw krqw 'Aby qby kI cwkrI' qoN Kbrdwrkrdw hY qy KyqI, sOdwgrI ƒ qrzIh idMdw hY345 ,pr sB ipCy vrqwvw Drmdw hoxw jrUrI krdw hY[

rihqnwmw BweI caupw isMG, gurU dy is`K leI Drm dI ikrq ivcoN dsvMDkFxw jrUrI krwr dy ky nYiqkqw dy swry gux - squ,sMqoK, DIrjvwn,rihqvwn, sucyq Awid aus ivc hoxw jrUrI mMndw hY[346 pMQ pRvwinq isKrihq mrXwdw ny 'gurmiq rihxI' ivc isK leI scI ikrq-ivrq aus dysihj jIvn dw iek jrUrI AMg mMinAw hY[347

igAwn rqnwvlI ny srIr dIAW swrIAW ieMdrIAW dy kwrj dsdy hoeygurmiq dy pRsMg ivc Drm dI ikrq ƒ iek jisAwsU-isK dw Aihm BwgdsidAW iliKAw hY:

“prmysr ny AKI jo idqIAw hYn] so gurW…dy gRMQ poQIAw dy drsnvwsqy]..krn…bwxIAw dy sRvx vwsqy ] rsnw… bwxIAw ky pTn pwTvwsqy…] hQ… dwn qy .. tihl vwsqy] pYr … siqsMg dy turn vwsqy …]ivvhwr jo disAw hY ] so ikRq Drm dI kir ky vMf Kwvx vwsqy…]348

guriblws pwqSwhI 6 dy krqw Anuswr pRBU vloN idqw srIr qW hI lyKyivc lg skdw hY jy ieh nwm jpy qy praupkwr kry[349 sRI gur soBw dwkrqw ilKdw hY ik durlB jIvn leI jrUrI hY ik auh guxW dw AMimRq pIvyqy ibkwr iqAwgy[350 gur ibl ws 6 Anuswr mnuK pRBU dI KyqI hY,ijho ijhwauh ies ivc bIj idMdw hY, iqho ijhI auh kmweI krdw hY [351 gur ibl ws

pw.10 dw krqw suKw isMG ilKdw hY ik swfw (is`KW dw) jIvn Drm

334. vyKo : vwr/pauVI 1/3, 6/12, 11/6, 18/3, 20/9 Awid[

335. ..praupkwr krY rMg mwxY ] auhI, 12/5.

336. imTw bolx inv clxu hQhu dy kY Blw mnwey ] auhI, 8/24; hor :11/4.

337. kurbwxI iqn@W gurisKW .. ] auhI, 12/2.338. Alp Ahwr sulp sI inMdw dXw iCmw qn pRIiq ] sIl sMqoK sdw inrbwihbo hÍYbo iqRgx AqIq ]

SbdwrQ dsm gRMQ swihb, poQI qIjI,pMnw 1215.

339. kyvl krm Brm sy cInhu Drm krm Anurwgo ] sMgRih kro sdw ismrn ko prm pwp qij Bwgo ] auhI.340. ienhI kI ikRpw ky sjy hm hY…] auhI, 1223.

341. swihib eImW hmW bwSd hmW kU n bwSd Zwi&l Az vY Xk zmW ] (DrmI qy iemwndwr auhI hY jo iCn pl leI vI aus qoN Zwi&l nhIN)

izMdgInwmw ? ? ???????342. sdkwr krdweI ik nXwied bkwir qU… gzl, ? ? ?????

(sYNkVy kMm ikqy kMm nhIN) hsq kwir rUzo Sb dr Dwie aU (ieko kMm idn rwq auhdI Xwd hoxI cwhIdI hY) izMdgInumw ?? ??????343. Kwlsw soie inrDn ko pwlY] qnKwhnwmw, bMd ?? ?

344. ipRQm iDAwau, pMny 5- 15.

345. iDAwau pMcm; CTm, pMny 59;66.

346. rihqnwmy, (sMpw.) ipAwrw isMG pdm, pMny 84;90 Awid[347. 'gurmiq dI rihxI', pMnw 19.348. (sMpw.) fw.jsbIr isMG swbr, pMnw 203.349. AiD./bMd/pMnw 4/439/101.

350. AiD./bMd/pMnw 18/812/171.

351. AiD./bMd/pMnw 17/117- 18/566.

58 59

AwSirq cwhIdw hY[352 krqw Anuswr guruU hukmW dI kwr kmwaux vwlyjIvn sPlw kr lYNdy hn[353

bMswvlInwmy dw krqw BweI kysr isMG iCbr aupdySwqmk SYlI rwhINmnuKI ƒ s`q idnW nwl qulnw ky hryk idn leI swƒ cMgw kMm krn dIpRyrnw krdw hY[ ausny cMgy kMmW ivc Dn qy suAwsW dy dsvMD qoN ielwvwnwm, praupkwr qy Drm dy kMm krny Swiml kIqy hn[354

mihmw pRkwS kivqw dw krqw ilKdw hY ik srIr rUpI nwau(byVI),ijhVw pwpW nwl BirAw hoieAw hY,ikqy hMkwr dy AigAwn swgr ivc fubjwvy, ies leI ies ƒ nwm dw cpU lwauxw jrUrI hY[355 ies jIvn dIsPlqw nwm qy syvw(ikrq) ivc hY [356 mihmw pRkwS vwrqk dy krqwAnuswr lok Dn pdwrQW ivc hI aulJy pey hn, nwm-Dn dI ikrq AslloVINdI vsqU hY[357

auprokq ivsiqRq ivcwr qoN ieh ivcwr spSt rUp ivc swhmxy AwauNdwhY ik gurmiq ivc ikrq krnI jrUr krwr dy ky iesnMU AiDAwqmkpRwpqI dy rwh ivc iek shwiek swDn bxwieAw igAw hY[scI ikrq nwmjpx/ismrn dy brwbr dw hI 'nwm' hY[ jykr kyvl ismrn hY qW pRwpqInhIN , jy kyvl ikrq hY qW 'DMDw' bx jwvygI; ies qrHW ieh sihj dwmwrg hY [ nwm rMg ivc rMgI nwmI-ikrq hI ies dw AwdrS rUp hY qyAijhw ikrqI gurmuiK pYdw krnw hI ies jIvn-ivhwr/jwc dw mnorQhY[ ds gurU swihbwn dw DrqI 'qy pRkwS hox dw iek Aihm audyS AijhI'krm Drm' dI jIvn-jwc isKwauxw hY[ gurU goibMd isMG jI dw drbwrIkvI BweI sYnw isMG gurU qyg bhwdr swihb dy pRsMg ivc aukq qQ dIivAwiKAw kridAW ieauN ilKdw hY:

pRgt Bey gur qyg bhwdr[sgl isRsit pY FwpI cwdr[

krm Drm kI ijin piq rwKI[Atl krI kljug myN swKI ]358

purwqn jnmswKI dy ibrqWq Anuswr jdoN bwbw nwnk jI dw qyprmwqmw dw vyeIN kMFy dYvI-imlx hMudw hY qW prmwqmw, gurU swihb nMU'nwm, dwn iesnwn’ dI 'ikrq' krn dw hukm idMdw hY[359 Bwv ieho gurU-imSn hY ik sMswr ivc 'nwm qy scI ikrq' dw AwdrS QwipAw jwvy[ieho AwdrS dI pUrqI leI gurU sMsQw lgpg 250 swl AwpxI ieiqhwskkrxI ivc ivhwrk rUp nwl inBdI hY qy gurU pMQ dw inSwnw jW audyS hIieho bx jWdw hY[ syvw, praupkwr, gurU-imSn dy pRmuK AMg bxdy hn[Kud gurU swihbwn ijvyN ik Agly pMinAW ’qy ivsqwr sihq vyiKAw jwvygw,DMiDAw ivc nwm Brky kMm nUM ‘ikrq’ dw rUp idMdy hn, ijQy icq lw ky mnnwl cwkrI krn dw ivDwn GiVAw jWdw hY[

gurU nwnk dyv jI jW aunHW dy auqrwiDkwrI 9 gurU swihbwn ny iesAwdrS dI pUrqI leI ijhVI ivhwrk rUp ivc ieiqhwsk jdo-jihdkIqI, cwhy aunHW Awpxy jIvn nUM mwfl bxwieAw jW sMsQwvW dw inrmwxkrky lwgU kIqw, aus sB dw ivSlySx AsIN Agly pMinAW auqy krn jwrhy hW[

352. AiD./bMd/pMnw 2/73/22;13/123/195.

353. auhI, 13/3/186.

354. crx/bMd/pMnw 10/692- 95/122;10/698/122;10/706/122;10/705- 12/122- 23.

355. Bwg 1, gurU/swKI/pMnw 1/33/267.

356. auhI, Bwg II, 4/121/304;5/128/330.

357. swKI/pMnw 20/44;53/95.

358. sRI gur soBw, AiD/bMd/pMnw 1/14/65.

359. swKI/pMnw 10/40.

60 61

AiDAwie qIjwsuikRq : ieiqhwsk AiDAYn

ies AiDAwie ivc AsIN ipCly pMinAW auqy ivSlyiSq kIqy isDWqk pKdw ivhwrk rUp, ieiqhwsk sMdrB ivc vyKx dw jqn kr rhy hW[ iessMbMDI ieiqhwsk phuMc-ivDI (historical approach) nUM ivAkqIgq AqysMsQwgq pKW dy kyvl aunHW srokwrW qk sIimq rKx dI koiSS hovygI,ijnHW dw isDw sMbMD scI ikrq dy gurmiq isDWq/ivhwr nwl hY[ muK rUpivc ies AiDAwey nUM cwr BwgW ivc vMf ky ivcwirAw jw irhw hY, ijs ivcsMn-sMmqW dI QoVI KulH lY leI geI hY[ ieh Bwg hn :

(1) gurU-kwl (1469-1708)(2) bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr/is`K imsl-kwl (1708-1800)(3) rxjIq-kwl (1799/1800-1849/50)(4) is`K lihrW-kwl (1850-1947)

(1) gurU-kwl

is`K Drm dy sMsQwpk gurU nwnk dyv jI, ijs pirvwr ivc pYdw hoey,auh mD-vrgI qy kMm-kwr krn vwlw pirvwr sI[ bicqR nwtk1 dIsUcnw Anuswr gurU swihb dy vfyry dwdw isaurwm2 Awid KyqIbwVI krdy snAqy keI ipMfW dy mwilk sn[ gurU swihb dy ipqw, pMjwb dy gvrnr dOlqKW loDI dy nyiVE irSqydwr rwie bulwr jI dy kwrdwr qy muKqwr sn[3 iehptvwrI qW sn hI, nwl hI Anwj dw vpwr vI krdy sn4[ iDAwn rhyik sulqwn kwl ivc 'milk' vDyry BuieN mwilk nUM qy 'mihqw' QoVI zmIndy mwilk nUM ikhw jWdw sI5, iesy krky Awp jI dy ipqw jI nUM mihqw kwlU

hI s`idAw jWdw hY[

bcpn dI aumr ivc, ijQy gurU swihb nUM 'scw sOdw' (Drm dw vpwr/scIikrq) krn leI ByijAw igAw6, auQy Awp mJIAW dy pwlI vI rhy[7

smkwlI smwj ivc pSU cwrnw iek mhqwpUrn kMm sI Aqy ieh vI sMBvhY ik gurU jI dy vfyry KyqIbwVI nwl pSUAW dw vpwr krdy hox[8 bicqRnwtk 9 dw hvwlw ieh vI isD krdw hY ik ies mhwn Kwndwn dI lMmyrIivdvqw-prMprw rhI[ 'bydI' vyidk-prMprw dy mwihr ivdvwnW dI hI rUVHI(motif) hY[10

sulqwnpur jw ik modIKwnw sMBwlxw jW jIvn dy AwKrI smyN krqwrpurrih ky KyqIbwVI krnw, gurU nwnk dyv jI dy hQI ikrq krn dIAW horauGIAW audwhrxW hn[11 jdoN BweI lihxw (gurU AMgd) jI Awp dy pwsAwauNdy hn qW Awp Awpxy KyqW ivcoN ndIn (Gwh) kF rhy sn[12

gurU nwnk dyv jI Awpxy lMmy pRcwr dOirAW (audwsIAW) dOrwn, ijs vI'sjx' nUM imly aus nUM Drm dI scI ikrq krn dw aupdyS idqw[ keI'Tg', 'sjx' bx ky nw kyvl hQIN ikrq krn lgy, blik is`KI dypRcwrk vI bxy[ purwqn jnmswKI Anuswr 'sjx Tg' dw insqwrw krnqoN bwAd pihlI Drmswlw auQy (qulMBy) bDI geI[13 BweI lwlo dI scIikrq (duD) pRvwn krky mlk Bwgo dI hrwm; lhU iBjI ikrq/rotIApRvwn kIqI[14 AijhIAW AnykW GtnwvW Awp jI dy jIvn ivcoN pyS

1. bIs gwv iqn ky rih gey[ ijn mo krq ikRswnI Bey] AiD.5, bMd 3.

2. bwlw jnmswKI, swKI/pMnw 18/241.

3. pRo. krqwr isMG, jIvn kQw gurU nwnk dyv, pMnw 36.4. Mir Ghulam Hussain Khan, Siyar-ul-Mutakherin, (tr.), vol.1, p. 110.5. ivAwiKAw leI : A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes, vol. III, p. 49.

6. bwlw jnmswKI, swKI/pMnw 4/179.

7. purwqn jnmswKI, swKI/pMnw 4/26.

8. KyqIbwVI qy pSUAW dw vpwr purwxy simAW dy pRmuK ik`qy sn; See : A.R.Desai(ed.), Peasant Struggle in India, p. indro.9. AiD.5, bMd 1- 3; “they were not only great rulers, but also profound scholars and exponents of the Vedas”, Dr. Trilochan Singh, Guru Nanak: Founder of Sikhism (A Biography) , p. 1.10. goivMd isMG inrml audwsI, ieiqhws gurU Kwlsw, Bwg 1, pMnw 15.11. soFI hir jI ricq jnmswKI gurU jI dy krqwrpur invws qy aukq kMmW nwl hI sMbMiDq vyrvy drswauNdI hY[ “in oldage after several years spent in trevelling and preaching. He (Guru Sahib) settled down at Kartarpur as a farmer,” Dr. Ganda Singh, Teja Singh, A short History of the Sikhs, p. 15.12. purwqn jnmswKI, swKI/pMnw 53/194- 96.

13. swKI/pMnw 13/53.

14. bwlw jnmswKI , swKI/pMnw 15;16/235- 36.

62 63

kIqIAW jw skdIAW hn[15

gurU nwnk jI dy ipAwry is`K BweI mrdwnw imrwsI sn, BweI lwloqrKwx qy BweI iDM|, nweI sn[16 ieh jwqW 'kMmI-kmIxW'17 dIAW sn,ijhVy hQIN ikrq krky guzwrw krdy sn[

gurU swihb dI mwqw iqRpqw, BYx nwnkI Aqy supqnI (mwqw) sulKxI, iqMnohI GrbwrI kMmkwj krn vwlIAW sn[ mwqw iqRpqw swrw kMmkwj hQIN krdIAqy Awey gey AiqQI dI syvw sMBwl vI[ mwqw sulKxI ny gurU swihb dyaudwsIAW auqy cly jwx ipCoN gRihsQ dw swrw Bwr auTwieAw[ BYx nwnkI,ijs dy Awpxy Gr koeI AOlwd nhIN sI, dw gurU nwnk-imSn ivc Xogdwniksy pKoN vI BulwauxXog nhIN[ BYx nwnkI ny lgpg qyrW vrHy Awpxy vIr dIsulqwnpur ivKy syvw-sMBwl kIqI[ ieiqhws qoN pRwpq sMkyqW muqwibk gurUswihb kol, ies vfy ngr sulqwnpur, ijhVw Swh-rwh auqy pYNdw sI, ivcAnykW igAwnI, iDAwnI, pIr, AOlIey Awid 'gunIjn' AwauNdy rihMdy sn[18

ienHW dy rihx-sihx, Kwx-pIx dI izMmyvwrI dw vfw kMm (ikrq) AwKrmwqw sulKxI qy BYx nwnkI hI qW krdIAW sn?19

dUsry pwqSwh iqRhx (qRyhx) KqRI sn qy qIjy pwqSwh gurU Amrdws jI'B`ly' sn[ iqRhx qy B`ly, SrIx KqRIAW dI iek jwqI hY, ijhVI KwndwnI-prMprw (nsl-prMprw) pKoN ikrq krky Kwx vwlI jwqI hY[20

gurU AMgd/BweI lihxw, purwqn imldy vyrivAW dy AwDwr 'qy, keIiksm dw kMmkwj krdy sn[ ipqw-purKI ik`iqAW ivcoN dukwndwrI,21

SwhUkwrI,22 KyqIbwVI,23 vpwr qy pSU jW GoiVAW nUM pwlx/sWBx24 Awid dIjwxkwrI imldI hY[

gurU nwnk-Srx qoN pihlW Awp ipqw-purKI ikqw krdy rhy Aqy Srn Awky gurU Gr dI syvw sMBwl leI[ lMgr, gurU nwnk dI qy hor keI syvwvW ivcAwp hI pws hoey sn[ guirAweI dI vfI syvw/izMmyvwrI sMBwlx auprMqAwp gurU nwnk-hukmW Anuswr KfUr swihb Aw gey[ guirAweI-kwl(1539-52) ivc ienHW duAwrw kIqy 'kMmW' dI lMmI sUcI ivcoN gurbwxI dIsMBwl25, ieiqhwsk lyKx26, gurmuKI-ilpI 27 Awid bhuq kuJ Swiml hY, joSpSt krdw hY ik gurU swihb ivAkqIgq qy sMsQwgq rUp ivc iek mhwn,audmI, scy ikrqI Aqy AxQk purS hn[

gurU AMgd dyv jI dy KfUr swihb Awaux nwl ieQy vI krqwrpur vWg,ijvyN mihmw pRkwS vwrqk28 ny ieSwrw kIqw hY, BuKy-ipAwisAW dI tihlhox lgI[ ienHW BuKy-ipAwisAW dI syvw ivc 'lMgr' dI dOlq vMfx ivc gurUswihb dI supqnI (mwqw) KIvI jI ny ieiqhwsk rol inBwieAw[ Awp(mwqw KIvI ny) bwbw buFw jI, BweI ikdwrw qy rsoeIAw BweI joD jI dIshwieqw nwl lMgr Aqy hor rsd pwxI dw AYnw vfw 'kMm' sMBwilAw ikiksy iksm dI qot nw rhI[29 igAwnI igAwn isMG jI dy SbdW ivc “gurUAMgd dyv jI Sbd dI crcw krdy Aqy mwqw KIvI lMgr dI sMBwl[”30

knHeIAw lwl Anuswr gurU swihb ijMnI Awpxy-Awp hQW nwl imhnqkrdy, aus ivc mwqw KIvI jI dw ivSyS hQ huMdw[31

15. purwqn jnmswKI, swKI/pMnw 21/68.

16. BweI gurdws, vwr/pauVI 11/13- 4.

Blw rbwb vjwieMdw mjlis mrdwnw mIrwsI[ 11/13.

nweI iDM|u vKwxIAY siqgur syiv kutMbu qrwvY] 11/14.

17. “kMmI-kmIx' smws Aksr nIvIAW jwqW dy aunHW lokW leI pRcilq hY, ijhVy BuieN vwilAW dy kMmI bx ky Awpxw inrbwh qordy hn[”

s. s. vxjwrw bydI, pMjwbI lokDwrw ivSvkoS, ij.4, pMnw 1033.18. soFI hir jI Anuswr “gurU bwby pwis {imlx/goSit leI} igAwnI, iDAwnI, bYrwgI, audwsI, AqIq, Bgvwnu, mufIAw, bYsno, bRhmcwrI, jogI, idgMbru, sMinAwsI, qpsI, dUDwcwrI, BgqIAw, rbwbI, ibrhI, ByKDwrI, isDu, swDU, PkIru, kwmlu, drvysu, swbru, gaus, AaulIAw, aulmwau, KojI, vwdI, pIru, pYgMbru, ihMdU, muslmwnu, gRihsQI, audwsI, rwjw, rMku, jqI, sqI, hTI, qpI, KqRI, bRhmx, sUdu, vYsu, cwry vrnu, pMfq, kivq, kvIsur, gunIjn, ij koeI ssu sBu lgw Awvn[” Bwg II, swKI/pMnw 178/145.

19. kysr isMG mulqwnI, jIvn cirqR bIbI nwnkI, pMny 25-30.20. mhwn koS, pMny 600; 908.

21. BweI kysr isMG iCbr, bMswvlInwmw, cr x/bMd/pMny 2/39; 106/16;20.

22. auhI.23. mihmw pRkwS (kivqw), Bwg 1, gur U/swKI/pMnw 1/5/386.

24. auhI.25. poQI hir jI, Bwg II, swKI/pMnw 208/249; mihmw pRkwS (vwrqk), swKI/pMnw 22/57.

26. sMq ryx kiv pRym isMG, sRI gurpur pRkwS, Bwg 1, mMdr /bMd/pMnw 16/45/405.

27. mihmw pRkwS (k), gur U/swKI/pMnw 1/18- 9/122.

28. swKI/pMnw 17- 8/52- 3.

29. lMgru clY gursbid hir qoit n AwvI KtIAY] gurU gRMQ swihb, 967.

30. qvwrI^ gurU Kwlsw, ij.2, pMny 560- 61.

31. “aunHW dw lMgr svyr Swm jwrI rihMdw sI… gurU jI Awp Awpxy hQW nwl imhnq krdy Aqy ausdI AwmdnI nwl dUjy idn Bojn KWdy[” qwrIK-ie-pMjwb, pMnw 13.

64 65

aukq izMmyvwrI qoN ibn@W gRihsQ dw Bwr vI mwqw jI ny hI auTwieAwhoieAw sI[ iDAwn rhy, mwqw KIvI jI ny bIbI Amro ijhI iek AijhI'ikrqI' bcI nUM jnm idqw sI, ijhVI svyry auT ky 'duD vI irVkdI' qy pwTvI krdI huMdI sI, ijs qoN pwT sux ky 'shury dI QW' (gurU) Amrdws jI gurUcrnW ivc phuMcy sn[32

gurU AMgd dyv jI smyN pMQ ivc Swiml hox vwly gurisK vfyrI igxqI ivcikrqI kwmy hI sn[ gurU jI dw iek is`K BweI mlU, mugl POj ivc nOkrsI[ auh Awp BwvyN ies nOkrI nUM psMd nhIN sI krdw, pr gurU swihb nyiesnUM iemwndwrI nwl nOkrI krn Aqy grIbW, mjlUmW dy h`k ivc lVn;KVn dw aupdyS kIqw[33 BweI ikdwrI, BweI joD, jwq dw lUMbw KqrI, gurUdrbwr dw lWgrI sI[34 iesy qrHW BweI pwro, dIpw, nrwiexw, bUlw, lwlU,durgw, jIvMdw, jgw, mwhIAw, goibMdw, joD, jIvw, gujr Awid swry DrmdI ikrq krky jIvn bsr krn vwly is`K sn[35

gurU Amrdws jI hr roz lUx-qyl qy hor GrylU loVIdIAW vsqW GoVI ’qyld ky Aws-pws ipMfW ivc vycx jWdy sn[ gurU crnW ivc Awaux qoN pihlW,pRwpq sUcnw Anuswr,36 aunHW Gto-Gt vIh vwr gMgw dI jwqrw kIqI qy hrjwqrw auqy auh puMn dwn krdy Aqy Gr KyqIbwVI qy aukq vrixq vxj qoNielwvw ipqw qy Coty BrwvW dy kMm ivc hQ vtwauNdy sn[37 iek purwqn sroqdy hvwly muqwbk,38 gurU swihb dirAweI-rySm dw vpwr jlMDr qy mwJy(lwhOr-AMimRqsr) dy ielwky ivc krdy sn[

gurU crnW ivc phuMcx auprMq, vfyrI aumr huMidAW vI39 Awp jI ny pRBUBgqI dy nwl lMgr, BWfy, pKw Aqy ibAws dirAw qoN inq pwxI nUM FoxwAwid jwrI riKAw, ijs dIAW qW pRisD swKIAW hn[40

guirAweI sMBwlx auprMq Awp vloN 'mMjI sMsQw' dI sQwpnw kIqIgeI[ gurU swihb vloN Qwpy gey 'mMjIdwr' Awm swDwrn lokW ivcoN DrmdI ikrq krky Kwx vwly is`K sn[41 gurU swihb dy hor is`KW dy vyrvy,ijhVy mihmw pRkws kivqw 42 qy vwrqk 43 ny idqy hn, qoN spSt huMdwhY ik ijvyN-ijvyN is`K pMQ dw ivkws huMdw jw irhw sI, iqvyN-iqvyN inmnvrg dy kMm kwjI lok pMQ ivc Aw rhy sn[

cOQy pwqSwh gurU rwmdws jI dy mW-bwp CotI aumr ivc hI Akwl-clwxw kr gey sn, ies krky cUnw mMfI lwhOr qoN Awp dI nwnI Awp nUMbwsrky (nwnky) lY AweI, ijQy lgpg ds vrHy auh GuMgxIAW vycx dIikrq kmweI krdy rhy[44 gurU crnW ivc phuMcx auprMq, goieMdvwl dIho rhI auswrI ivc Awp vloN pwieAw Xogdwn qy kIqI syvw ny Awp nUM gurUnzrW ivc pRvwn cVHwieAw[45 guirAweI dI mhwn izMmyvwrI sMBwlxauprMq, BweI gurdws jI dy kIqy ieSwry muqwibk,46 AMimRqsr (ckrwmdws) srovr dI syvw/ikrq ivc hQIN Xogdwn pwieAw[

pMcm pwqSwh, gurU Arjn dyv jI, gurU rwmdws jI dy sB qoN Cotyspuqr sn[ gurU Arjn dyv jI dw bcpn (nwnw) gurU Amrdws jI dIdyK-ryK ivc hyT goieMdvwl ivKy guzirAw sI[ goieMdvwl aus smyN is`KIdw swry pKW qoN kyNdr sI47 qy ieQy hox vwlI hr pRkwrI ikirAw ivc(gurU) Arjn dyv jI ihsw bxdy sn[ lwhOr ivc krIbn cwr mhInyienHW kwl dy smyN lokW dI syvw krky guzwry sn[

32. ig. igAwn isMG, qvwrI^ gurU Kwlsw, ij.2, pMnw 336.33. isKW dI Bgqmwlw, swKI/pMnw 19/59.

34. joDu rsoeIAw dyvqw gursyvw kir duqru qwrI] BweI gurdws, vwr/pauVI ??????35. vyKo: gurmyl isMG, gurUU AMgd dyv: sRoq pusqk, pMny 463-65.36. BweI sMqoK isMG, sUrj pRkwS, (sMpw.) ikrpwl isMG, Bwg 5, AiD.14, bMd 12, pMnw 227.37. KyqI ikRiq ko suq krihN qyjo suK pwvY…[ kriq bnj Pyro iPrih Drm sijq ikRiq Twin[ huie AdoS ijim jIvkw inrbwhiq gujrwn]

auhI, pMnw 224.38. krY ibvhwru rysm dirAweI… lY jlMDR qy mwJy vycweI]

bwbw ibsn dws, mihmw pRkws sRI gurU Amrdyv, bMd ?, swKI ?.

39. Bt jwlp jI ny guhj Bry FMg nwl ies smyN dI aumr vl ieSwrw kIqw hY : qY piFAau ieku min DirAau ieku kir ieku pCwixE]… qIs ieku Aru pMij isDu pYqIs nw KIxau] gurU gRMQ swihb, 1394.

40. ivsqwr leI : fw. blvIr isMG idl, qIjI pwiqSwhI: sRI gurUU Amrdws jI, pMny 93-135.41. 'mMjI sMsQw' bwry ivsiqRq vyrvw 'sMsQwvW' vwly AiDAwie ivc Awvygw[42. Bwg II, pMny 147-277.43. swKI/pMnw 32- 59/72- 105.

44. History of the Sikhs & Their Religion, (ed.) Kirpal Singh, Kharak Singh, vol.1, p. 132.45. ibid, 133.46. pUrnu qwlu KtwieAw AMimRqsir ivic joiq jgwvY] vwr/pauVI 1/47.

47. The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism, vol.2, p. 28.66 67

ijvyN-ijvyN gurisKI dw pRcwr-pswr vDdw igAw, iqvyN-iqvyN, gurU-Gr(pMQ) ivc vfI igxqI ivc, pihlW kIqy sMkyq muqwibk, inmn vrg dy lokSwiml huMdy gey[ inmn vrg dy lok kMm-kwr krky Kwx vwlIAW jwqW/kOmWivcoN sn[ gurmiq, ikauNik mnuKI brwbrI dy sWJy BweIcwry48 dy isDWqnwl-nwl ikrq dw siqkwr vI krdI sI, ies leI jwqI Aqy lutyry pRbMDqoN Cutkwry (mukqI) dw duAwr kyvl gurU-pMQ hI sI[ iek smkwlI &wrsIdwndy SbdW ivc “ijs iksy dI iksmq mMdI hovy, auh gurU kol Srn lY lYNdwhY[”49 BweI gurdws jI Anuswr cwr vrnW nUM 'gurmuiK pMQ', iek 'siqsMgvrn' ivc kr idMdw sI[50

pMcm pwqSwh vyly smkwlI hkUmq qy sQwpqI dy hk ivc Bugqx vwlIAWiDrW nwl pYdw hoieAw ivroD, gurU hirgoibMd swihb vyly AwKr jMgItkrwA ivc bdl igAw[51 ies smyN gurU swihb dI POj ivc Swiml hoxvwly vfI igxqI ivc is`K-sYink ivcoN, pRwpq iek ivsiqRq srvyKxmuqwibk,52 vDyry ikrswn sn qy kwPI hor kwrobwr krdy sn[ smkwlI&wrsIdwn dy hvwly Anuswr :

“gurU {Arjn dyv jI} dy bhuq swry isK KyqIbwVI, kuJ vpwr Aqy kuJnOkrIAW vI krdy hn[…gurU {hirgoibMd jI} dy qbyly ivc sq sO GoVyhn… auhdy isKW ivcoN bhuq swry vpwr, nOkrIAW Aqy kwrobwr krdyhn[”53

CyvyN qy sqvyN pwqSwh qk is`K pMQ dw ivkws dUr-durwfy ielwikAW qkho cuikAw sI[ audwhrx leI BweI AnMqw, Awpxy ipqw BweI kuko nwl,kwbl dI sMgq nwl muKI vjoN krqwrpur AwieAw sI[ isKW dI BgqmwlwAnuswr gurU swihb ny ausnUM sucI Aqy eImwndwrI dI ikrq krn dw aupdySidqw[54 ies qrHW BweI suBwgw, ipSwvr dw rihx vwlw sI Aqy GoiVAW dw

sOdwgr sI[55

sqvyN pwqSwh dy SrDwlU isK BweI PyrU, BweI BgqU, gorIAw Awid kiQqnIvIAW kMm-kwjI jwqW ivcoN sn[ mwlvw dyS dy rtn smyN kwlw qy krmcMd nW dy is`KW auqy bKiSS krn dw ivSyS kwrn iehI sI ik auh DrmdI ikrq krky KWdy sn[56 gurU swihb duAwrw sQwipq kIqy DUMey qybKiSSW57 vI Drm dI ikrq krn vwly gurmuKW nUM hI sOpIAW geIAW[ gurUswihb Kud vI grIb-guribAW qy kohVIAW Awidk dI hQIN dvw-dwrU krdysn[ ieiqhws dI pRisD Gtnw hY ik jdoN mugl bwdSwh SwhjhW dw vfwpuqr dwrw iSkoh, iksy nwmurwd ibmwrI dw iSkwr ho igAw sI qW aus leIdvweI (hrV, rwjmoqI qy lONg iek Kws iksm)58 dw pRbMD gurU swihb dydvwKwny ivcoN hI pRwpq hoieAw qy dwrw iSkoh iesy vjHw krky gurU Gr dwSrDwlU irhw[59

ATvyN pwqSwh gurU hirikRSn jI iqMn ku swl guirAweI dI mhwnizMmyvwrI 'qy rhy[ ieh sMgq dy svY-inrBr hox dw pVwau hY[ AMbwly nyVypMjoKry dy sQwn 'qy BweI iCjU, ijhVw jwqI dw iJaur sI Aqy ijsnUM ismRqIdI vrxwSrm prMprw ny SUdr hox krky gUMgw, bolw GoiSq kr idqw hoieAwsI, qoN gIqw dy ArQ, pMifq lwl cMd dy kihx 'qy krvwey[60 ieh grIbqy ikrq krky Kwx vwlw is`K sI, ijs rwhIN gurU swihb ny ismRqI ivDwndI mMg KwxI jmwq auqy s`t mwrI[

nOvyN pwqSwh, ijQy bcpn ivc ipqw gurU hirgoibMd swihb dy nwl-nwlkMmW-kwrW ivc rhy, auQy vfy ho ik vDyry smW pRcwr ’qy rhy[ irswlw drAihvwil dw krqw61 ilKdw hY ik lok ausnUM 's`cw pwqSwh' kihMdy sn Aqyausdy lMgr hr Awey-gey leI cldy rihMdy sn[62 gulwm husYn63 BwvyN

48. sBy swJIvwl sdwiein qUM iksY n idsih bwhrw jIau] gurU gRMQ swihb, 97.

49. dwibsqwn-ie-mzwihb, (eng.tr.) Dr. Ganda Singh, p. 49.50. cwr vrn siqsMgu gurmuiK myilAw[… gurmuiK pMQu inpMgu bwrh GyilAw] vwr/pauVI 3/16.

51. hkUmq nwl gurU swihb dy cwr jMg hoey: (1) sqMbr, 1621; (2) AprYl, 1634; (3) dsMbr, 1634; (4) AprYl, 1635.52. blvMq isMG iFloN, pRmuK isK qy isK pMQ, pMnw 141 (AMiqkwvW).53. dwibsqwn-ie-mzwihb, (eng.tr) Dr. Ganda Singh, pp. 47-9.54. swKI/pMnw 100/147.

55. gur ibl ws pwqSwhI 6, AiD./bMd/pMnw 15/17- 8/512.

56. knHeIAw lwl, qwrI^-ie-pMjwb, pMnw 35.57. cwr DUMey : (1) bwlU hsnw; (2) Almsq; (3) PUlSwh; (4) goNdw Cy bKiSSW : (1) suQrySwhI; (2) sMgq swihbIey; (3) jIq mlIey; (4) bKqmlIey;

(5) Bgq BgvwnIey; (6) mIhWSwhIey[58. knHeIAw lwl, pUrv AMkq, pMnw 34.59. auhI.60. iDAwn rhy snwqnI prMprw 'SUdr' qoN Dwrimk pRvcn bolx qy suxn dw hk KoNhdI hY[61. buD isMG AroVw, 'irswlw dr Aihvwil nwnk Swh drvyS', sRI gurU qyg bhwdr (&wrsI sroq), pMnw 60.62. auhI.63. ‘sIArul muqwiKrIn', auhI, pMnw 69.

68 69

AwpxI quAsbI nIqI kwrn kwPI aukweIAW krdw hY, pr aus vloN idqysMkyq ik ausny (gurU ny) SrIP lokW dI kqlogwrd kIqI, 'SrIPW' nUM qMgkIqw,64 Awid SpSt krdy hn ik gurU mhwrwj ny zrUr zmInW (dyg) nUMjPw mwrI bYTy 'SrIPW' nUM soiDAw hovygw[ iDAwn rihxw cwhIdw hY ik jdoNgrIbW jW lokW leI koeI lVdw hY qW hkUmq Aqy iesdI jUT Kwx vwly(SrIP, jgIrdwr, mwieAwDwrI), lokW leI lVn vwly nUM 'cor', 'auckw' hIkihMdy hn Aqy hkUmq dy tukiVAW qy pldIAW klmW hkUmqI mSInrI nUMSrIP hI kihMdIAW huMdIAW hn[65 ies qrHW gurU mhwrwj isDy rUp ivcaunHW lokW leI lVy, ijhVy zmInW ’qy kMm qW krdy sn, pr Awp mwilknhIN sn[

gurU mhwrwj dy is`KW dI vfI igxqI ivcoN pRmuK is`K BweI mqIdws,sqIdws Awid iCbr Grwxy ivcoN sn, ijhVy AiDAYn-AiDAwpn dy ik`qyivc iek pUrI-sUrI prMprw sn[66 BweI mqIdws gurU drbwr ivc 'dIbwn'dw ik`qw/ikrq krdy sn67 Aqy BweI sqIdws, PwrsI dy mhwn ivdvwn,gurU swihb duAwrw aucwrI bwxI nUM PwrsI ivc not krdw Aqy auqwry krdwsI[68 BweI idAwlw jI dy ipqw BweI mweIdws jI iksy smyN bwdSwhSwhjhW dy srkwrI nOkr sI[69 iesy qrHW gurU qyg bhwdr jI dy vxjwryis`KW BweI mKx Swh, lKISwh, ngHweIAw, nwnUM… Awid dI ikrqI izMdgIbwry ieiqhws ivc ieqnI SpStqw pweI jWdI hY ik iksy iksm dy pRmwxdI loV nhIN jwpdI[

gurU goibMd isMG jI dw smW, auh smW hY jdoN gRMQ Aqy pMQ pRbIn cVHdwhY[ mhwrwj nUM sQwpqI iKlwP keI jMgW lVnIAW peIAW[ hukmnwmy70

Aqy hor sroq71 ieh spSt krdy hn ik gurU swihb dI POj ivc AwmgrIb Aqy ikrq krn vwly lok iekTy kIqy gey[

Awm kMmkwjI lokW dI SmUlIAq dw vyrvw idMdw hoieAw kuier isMGilKdw hY ik BMgwxI dI jMg smyN BIKx Kwn nW dw iek pTwx ispwhI, jdoNgurU swihb dI POj dw swQ Cf ky phwVIAW nwl jw rilAw qW rwijAW nypuiCAw ik gurU kol ikMnI ku vfI POj hY Aqy ikho ijhy sUrmy iekTy kIqy hoeyhn? qW auqr ivc Kwn dsdw hY ik gurU kol koeI POj jW sUrmW nhIN,'reIAq lok' sB 'jwqW-snwqW' dy iek QW iekTy kIqy hoey hn:

rwjy bUJI BIKn Kwnw] kyqI sYn guru kI indwnw]BIKn Kwn Bn swihb kw nwauN]rYXq lok imly iek TwauN]jwt gvwr su qylI nwhI] BwtI lbwny cmrweI]bnIey rory Bwt mhwnw] sUdR CIpy jwt iqRKwnw…]72

aukq sUcI kMm-kwjI rXIAq dI sUcI hY, ijs pRQwie rqn isMG BMgUilKdw hY ik smucw is`K pMQ iesdy hk ivc BugiqAw[ BMgU Anuswr KMfy dIpwhul pI ky 'rXIAq' ny 'Awn dI cwkrI' krnI Cf idqI Aqy auh AwpxIhoxI dy Awp mwlk bxy:

Kwlsw hovY Kud Kudw ijm KUbI KUb Kudwie]Awn n mwnY Awn kI iek scy ibn pwqSwih]73

aukq vIcwr qoN ieh svY-isD hY ik ivAkqIgq rUp ivc vI Aqy pMQkrUp ivc vI gurU swihbwn ny hQIN Drm dI ikrq kmweI nUM iek AihmisDWq vjoN mwnqw idqI Aqy Awpxy ivhwr ivc ivhwirk rUp idqw[ijvyN ijvyN pMQ dw ivkws hoieAw, iqvyN iqvyN vfI igxqI ivc lok pMQnwl juVdy gey[ sMsQwvW, SihrW, ngrW dy inrmwx kIqy gey[ iek pwsyijQy gurU swihbwn ny Drm dI ikrq kmweI nUM pRPuilq kIqw, ruzgwrvDwey, auQy smkwlI iBRSt pRbMD, lokW dI ikrq kmweI nUM hVpx vwlypRbMD ivruD lok lihr nUM lwmbMD kIqw Aqy isDWqk qOr ’qy aus pRbMDnUM nkwirAw[ gurU swihb dy smkwlI smwijk, AwriQk pRbMD dw izkr

64. auhI.65. qurk slqnq dw muglW dy ihsy vjoN rwj kr irhw swmrwj lokW dI QW zmInW nUM izmIdwrW dy pRbMD hyT rK ky lgwn pRwpq krdw sI[ 'gulwm husYn' vrgy Aj vI bQyry hn[66. ies Kwndwn ivc kysr isMG iCbr ny lgpg 12 grMQ rcy ; sMq isMG iCbr ny gurU nwnk jI dI jnmswKI 1770 eI. ivc ilKI; kysr isMG dy puqr syvw isMG ny sIhrPIAW ilKIAW; syvw isMG dy puqr imhr isMG dy 6 gRMQ pRwpq huMdy hn, ijnHW c pMjwb rauSn (1859) pRisD rcnw hY[ ies dy dUjy BweI shweI isMG dy iqMn gRMQ pRwpq hn[67. mqIdws gur ky dIvwn[ isKI mo pUrn pRmwn] mihmw pRkwS, Bwg-III, gurU/swKI/pMnw 9/196/649.

68. bwxI jy swihb krn auucwr[ so sqIdws inq kry PwrsI AKrW ivic auqwru] bMswvlInwmw, crn/bMd/pMnw 9/94/71.

69. ShId iblws, bMd 2, pMnw 20.

70. hukmnwmy, (sMpw.) gMfw isMG, nM. 33-65.

71. suKw isMG, guriblws pwqSwhI 10, AiD./bMd/pMnw 6/208- 10/108.

72. kuier isMG, guriblws pwqSwhI 10, AiD./bMd/pMnw 6/85- 8/71.

73. rqn isMG BMgU, sRI gur pMQ pRkwS, swKI/bMd/pMnw 15/37/33.

70 71

swnUM gurbwxI ivcoN sMkyq mwqr pRwpq ho jWdw hY[ smkwlI rwjsI FWcwijhVw duikRq aupr pldw hY, gurU swihbwn ausnUM rddy hn[

gurU swihbwn dy smkwl (1469-1708) rwjsI pRbMD do muK slqnqW dyADIn irhw - pihlI slqnq dw pRbMD-kwl ieiqhws ivc sulqwn kwl(1206-1526) Aqy dUsrI dw mugl kwl (1526-1707) krky pRisD hY[jdoN sulqwn kwl ivc iKljI (1290-1320) qy quglk (1320-1413) vMSWdw rwj hoieAw qW ienHW vMSW dy pRisD bwdSwh Alwau-dIn-iKljI (1296-1316) Aqy muhMmd quglk (1325-1351) dy smyN rwj dIAW sImwvW dUr-dUr qk PYl geIAW[ ies smyN vfy pRwqW dy pRbMD nUM inkIAW iekweIAW ivcvMf idqw igAw, ijnHW nUM 'isk' kihMdy sn[74 isk dw muKI iskdwr ijQyAwpxy ielwky ivc Amn SWqI nUM bxweI rKx dw kMm krdw sI, auQy'lgwn' vsUl krn leI sQwnk mwlIAw APsrW dI shwieqw vI krdwsI[75 gurbwxI ivc iskdwrW dy ies iksm dy AiDkwrW (bwrsUKqw) nUMrKx dy sMkyq iml jWdy hn:

ijqny pwiqswh swh rwjy Kwn aumrwv iskdwr…76

Akbr dy smyN (1556-1605) iskdwrW nUM lgwn vsUlI dy nwl-nwljn-gnxw Aqy lokW sMbMDI hor jwxkwrI rKx dy AiDkwr idqy gey[77

gurbwxI Anuswr ieh iskdwr lokW nwl lgwn vsUlI dy mwmly ivc DkwAqy mwVw ivhwr krdy sn, ikauNik auh vDyry 'loV' nwloN 'lutx' nUM qrjIhidMdy sn:

lbu pwpu duie rwjw mhqw kUVu hoAw iskwdwru]78

eyk kotu pMc iskdwrw pMcy mwgih hwlw]79

hrxW bwjW qY iskdwrW eynw piVAw nwau]80

mugl kwl ivc iek smyN prgxy dw pRbMD krn Aqy mwlIAw augrwhux

dw kMm 'Awiml' nUM sOipAW igAw[81 mwlIAw jmHW krn smyN Kry/KOty mwl/is`ky dI pCwx POqdwr82 (KjwncI) krdw sI[ BweI gurdws jI dy ieSwrymuqwibk Aijhw kMm 'kroVI' nW dy Awhudy vwly APsr kol vI irhw[83

jnmswKIAW Anuswr Aijhy iek 'kroVIey' nwl gurU nwnk jI dI mulwkwqvI hoeI sI[84 gurbwxI hvwly Anuswr ienHW dw swQ ptvwrI vI idMdysn[85 gl kI rwjsI pRbMD dw smucw Aglw PYlw lokW dI 'ikrq' nUM lutdwsI Aqy lut dy mwl auqy pldw pRbMD gurmiq leI nw kdy pRvwn sI Aqy nwkdy ho skdw hY, Aqy ieh ivcwr iblkul SpSt ho jWdw hY ik gurmiq'suikRq' AwDwirq pRbMD nUM pRvwn krdI hY[

smkwlI sroqW86 Aqy gurbwxI ivcly sMkyq87 muqwbk ikswn hwVI AqysauxI dIAW do muK PslW bIijAw krdy sn[ gurU swihb gurU nwnk jIAwp vI jIvn dy AwKrI smyN krqwrpur ivc KyqIbwVI SurU kr idMdy hn88

qy BweI lihxw jI dI pihlI pRIiKAw vI Dwn dy KyqW ivcoN kFy kKW (Gwh)dI pMf qoN hI SurU hoeI sI[89

is`K gurU swihbwn dI AgvweI hyT iekTy hoey lok smUh ipCy BwvyN muKqOr ’qy Dwrimk suqMqrqw dI Bwvnw kMm kr rhI sI, pr ies nwl auhsmwijk qOr ’qy ijQy jwq-pwq ijhIAW cIVHIAW sMsQwvW/prMprwvW qoNmukq ho rhy sn, auQy AwriQk qOr qy ijmINdwrw/jgIrdwrI pRbMD dIAWgulwmIAW qoN vI Cutkwrw pw rhy sn[ ies qQ dI iek KUbsUrq audwhrxbwxI ivc ieMJ imldI hY ik 'scy Ksm' dy dr auqy 'mhdUd' (ptw) ilKvwky Awey ikswn nUM hux ieh fr nhIN ik ausqoN koeI (jgIrdwr, munsP)vDyry lgwn vsUl krygw jW ausdI vwhI hoeI KyqI bwry koeI vwDU puC-

74. Qureshi, The Administration of the Sultanate of Delhi, pp. 201-03.75. R.P. Tripathi, Some aspects of Muslim Administration, p. 276.76. gurU gRMQ swihb, 851.

77. H.P. Srivastava, Policies of the Great Mughals, p. 118.78. gurU gRMQ swihb, 468.

79. auhI, 793.

80. auhI, 1288.

81. Qureshi, op.cit. p. 208.82. gurbwxI ivc 'poqdwrI' (poqh &w. KzwnW; dwrI KzwncI) Sbd qdBv rUp ivc vriqAw igAw hY: iqs kI kir poqdwrI iPir dUKu n lwgY] gurU gRMQ swihb, 1182.

83. kyqiVAw dIvwn hoie krin kroVI mulk FMFolI] vwr/pauVI 8/21.

84. dunIcMd kroVIAw, lwhOr dy ielwky dw mwlIAw A&sr[ purwqn jnmswKI, swKI /pMnw 37/135- 36; imhrbwn jnmswKI, Bwg 1, swKI/pMnw 153/516- 18.

85. hir ky logw mo kau nIiq fsY ptvwrI] gurU gRMQ swihb, 793.

86. BweI gurdws, vwr/pauVI, 18/8; 27/8; 28/20.

87. swvxu rwiq AhwVu idhu kwmu kRoDu duie Kyq] gurU gRMQ swihb, 955.

Psil AhwVI eyku nwmu swvxI scu nwau] auhI, 1286.

88. soFI hir jI, jnmswKI gurU nwnk dyv jI, Bwg II, swKI/pMnw 176/139- 40.

89. auhI, swKI/pMnw 172/68.

72 73

pVqwl krygw,90 ikauNik munsP (mwl APsr) Aksr zmInW dI pYmwieSkrn vyly ikrqI ikswnW koloN vgwr (ibstwlw) ilAw krdy sn Aqy iPrvI pUrI qrHW KyqI dI pYmwieS nhIN krdy sn[91

cOQy pwqSwh duAwrw aucirq iek Sbd qoN sMkyq imldw hY ik qIjy pwqSwhny lokW auqy vwDU lgwn dy Bwr nUM Gt krwaux leI Awp bwdSwhq qk phuMckIqI Aqy Cutkwrw idvwieAw sI[92 1598 eI. ivc jdoN smyN isr vrKw nwhoeI qW ikrswnI sMkt ivc Ps geI sI, pMcm pwqSwh ny Kud Akbr qkphuMc krky ikswnW dw mwlIAw GtvwieAw sI[93

gurU swihbwn dy smyN isMcweI leI pwxI dw muK sroq KUh, qlwb qy ndIAWsn, pr sB qoN vfw sroq vrKw sI[94 gurbwxI ivc ies iksm dy sMkyqpRwpq hn[95 gurU swihbwn ivcoN pMjvyN qy nOvyN pwqSwh ny ivSyS krkyAMimRqsr, Cyhrtw, mwlvy Awid dy keI ielwikAW ivc KUhW dw inrmwxkrvwieAw[96 gurU swihbwn vloN kIqy lok BlweI dy AnykW kMmW ivcoN, ijsrwhIN hzwrW lokW nUM rozI-rotI (ikrq) muheIAw hoeI, ngrW dy inrmwx dwkMm isrmOrqw hwisl krdw hY[

gurU nwnk dyv jI duAwrw rwvI kMFy krqwrpur vswaux auprMq bwkI gurUswihbwn duAwrw goieMdvwl, AMimRqsr, qrnqwrn, krqwrpur (jlMDr),hirgoibMdpur, kIrqpur, AwnMdpur swihb Awid ngrW dI sQwpnw kIqIgeI[ ies ngr Xojnw ipCy gurU swihbwn dw Kws mksd kMm kr irhw sI[

ienHW mksdW ivc pRmuK mksd ies isDWq 'qy AwDwirq sI ik ‘pMQ’ hyTiekTI ho rhI 'rXIAq' nUM zmwny dIAW rIqW-rUVHIAW qoN dUr riKAw jwvy

qy auh nvIN iPzw ivc iek nvW BweIcwrw qy sWJ sQwipq kr skx, ijsivc vK-vK kOmW, ik`iqAW qy jwqW dy lok vsdy sn[

aupr kIqy sMkyq muqwibk sQwipq ngrW ivc vK-vK ik`iqAW, jwqW,vrgW Awid dy lok vswey gey[ iek hvwly muqwibk97 cOQy pwqSwh nyAMimRqsr (ck gurU rwmdws) ivKy 52 iksm dy ik`iqAW vwly lok vswey[AwriQk, smwijk qy BweIcwrk pKoN ngrW ny sWJ Aqy Awdwn-pRdwn ivciek Drwql muheIAw krvweI[ ieh iek nvW qzrbw sI, ijs qihqvKo-vK jwqW, ik`iqAW dy lok iek BweIcwrk sWJ ivc bMnHy gey[

ngrW dI BweIcwrk sWJ ny pYdwvwr ivc vwDw kIqw qy Kpqkwr vI auQy hImuheIAW hox kwrn AwriQk sMgTn nUM ADwriSlw imlI[ ngrW dw nWAiDAwqmk-sdwcwrk sMklpW98 AwDwirq rKxw spSt krdw hY ik bwhrIhmlwvrW qy snwqnI bOx ivcwrDwrwvW kwrn Awcrx igrwvt dy ql CUhrhI siBAqw99 ivc nvIN jwn PUkxI zrUrI sI[

BoieN-aupXog FMg nUM muK rK ky sQwipq kIqy ngrW nwl ik`iqAW ivcijkr-Xog qbdIlIAW vwprIAW[ keI shwiek kMm, ijvyN pwxI pRbMD leIKUh, qlwb, baulIAW dw inrmwx Awid SurU hoieAw[ ies nwl hzwrW lokWnUM ruzgwr muheIAw hoey[ ngr SwhrwhW auqy pYNdy hox kwrn, vpwrk pKoN bhuqshwiek isD hoey[ vpwr ivc dirAwvW rwhIN Fo-FuAweI ny vI vfI shwieqwkIqI, ikauNik bhuqy ngr dirAwvW kMFy hI sQwipq kIqy gey[ POjI idRStI,POjI-sMgTn qy suriKAq pKoN AwnMdpur vrgy ngr, ijhVy phwVW ivc vsweygey, bhuq shweI isD hoey[

gurU swihbwn duAwrw ngr-vwsIAW dI AwriQk nINh mzbUq krn leIijQy hr pRkwr dy ikqy nUM auqSwihq kIqw igAw, auQy keI ivSyS ik`iqAWivc ies krky vD idlcspI leI, ikauNik auh smkwlI loV vjoN zrUrqbx rhy sI[ audwhrx leI gurU Amrdws jI duAwrw iemwrqI lkVI dyik`qy qQw vwpwr nUM goieMdvwl ivKy AYnw auqSwihq kIqw igAw ik bwAdivc bxn vwly ngrW, ijvyN AMimRqsr, qrnqwrn Awid nUM loVINdI lkVIieQoN hI ByjI geI[100 ies qoN ibnHW lUx, guV Awid mMfIAW sQwipq hoeIAW,

90. mY mhdUdu ilKwieAw KsmY ky dir jwie]… gurU gRMQ swihb, 1288 .91. nau fwfI ds muMsP Dwvih reIAq bsn n dyhI] forI pUrI mwpih nwhI bhu ibstwlw lyhI] auhI, 793.

92. nwvxu purbu ABIcu gur siqgur drsu BieAw]… duqIAw jmun gey… jwgwqI imly dy Byt gur ipCY lMGwie dIAw] sB CutI siqgur ipCY… iknY AwFu q dwmu lieAw] AwFu dwmu ikCu pieAw n bolk...] auhI, 1116.

93. Abu-l -Fazl, The Akbar Nama, (tr.), H.Beveridge, vol.3, p.1115; sujwn rwey BMfwrI, Kulwsquq qvwrIK (pMjwbI Anu.), pMnw 436.94. R.C. Majumdar, The Mughal Empire, p. 713.95. vyKo: 368, 1178.

96. swKI poQI, swKI/pMnw 2/5.

97. ig. igAwn isMG, qvwrI^ gurU Kwlsw, Bwg pihlw, pMnw 368.98. ijvyN krqwrpur; qrnqwrn; goieMdvwl; AMimRqsr kRmvwr krqwr (krqwpurK) dI purI, sQwn; goibMd (pRBU) dI QW; AMimRq dw srovr Awid[99. ies dw sMkyq lwhOr Sihr pRqI itpxI qoN imldw hY : lwhOr shru jhru khru svw phru] gurU gRMQ swihb, 1412.

100. ivsqwr leI : surjIq isMG, 'gurU swihbwn dI ngr auswrI dI qrqIb', pMjwb dy SihrW dw ivkws, pMnw 45.

74 75

ijQoN vpwr lwhOr, mulqwn, id`lI qk hox ligAw[101 gurU Arjn swihbjI ny jdoN drbwr swihb srovr dI auswrI krvweI qW kcIAW pkIAWietW dw B`Tw Kud hI lvwieAw, ijhVw AnykW ngr-iemwrqW dy kMMmAwieAw[102

dsm pwqSwh vloN qIrW, bMdUkW dy inpuMn kwrIgr isKW nUM pyRirAw igAw[ies kwrj leI vxjwry, isklIgr, lubwxy Awid isKW dw Xogdwn ieiqhwsdw iek vfw AiDAwie hY[103

pihlW kIqy sMkyq muqwibk gurU swihb vloN sQwipq ngrW ivc kyvlhQIN ikrq kmweI krn vwly ik`qwkwr hI sQwipq nhIN hoey blik ienHWivc bhuq swry kvI, klwkwr, Bt, nklIey, BMf, ivdvwn vI Awpxw ik`qwkrky ruzgwr dy nwl-nwl swihq, siBAwcwr nUM pRPulq krdy rhy[ gurUgoibMd isMG jI dy drbwrI ivdvwn/kvI ies qQ dw pRmwx hn[104

aukq ivcwr spSt krdy hn ik gurU swihbwn ny ivAkqIgq qy pMQkjIvn ivc ik`iqAW nUM ruzgwr qy nwm nwl joV ky scI-sucI ikrq krnvwlw iek vfw BweIcwrw kwiem kIqw qy aunHW vloN kIqy gey swry kwrj iesyisDWq duAwly kyNdirq rhy[

(2) bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr/isK imsl-kwl

gurU goibMd isMG jI dy joqI-joiq smwaux auprMq pMQ dI AgvweI sRI gurUgRMQ Aqy pMQ kol Aw geI qy is`K lIfriSp dI vwgfor bwbw bMdw isMG nysMBwlI[ bwbw jI ny vwhIXog zmInW, rwjsI qwkq hQ AwauNidAW hI,jgIrdwrI pRbMD smwpq krky, scI sucI ikrq kmweI krn vwly lokW dyhvwly kr idqIAW sn[ fw. gMfw isMG jI smkwlI gvwhIAW dy AwDwr 'qyilKdy hn ik “dIn Aqy duKI lokW dI riKAw ivc ausnUM (bMdw isMG nUM)auhnW lokW dIAW AsIsW pRwpq hoeIAW, ijnHW dI pukwr sdIAW qoN koeInhIN sI suxdw[ ausny Awpxy rwj-pRbMD ivc nIivAW qoN nIvyN lokW nUMaucIAW pdvIAW qk phuMcw idqw[ ACUqW Aqy nIcW, cUhVy Aqy cmwrW nUMausny hwkm bxw idqw[”105 “cUhVy Aqy cmwr leI, jo ik ihMdosqwnIAW

ivc nIcW qoN BI nIc igixAw jWdw hY, kyvl bMdy pws hwzr hoxw huMdw sI,auh AwpxI jnm-BUmI dw hwkm bxky Aw jWdw[”106

Asrwir smdI dw krqw bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr dI Swn dy iKlwP sqhIpDr qk dw aUl-jlUl boldw hoieAw vI ies mhW sc dI hwmI Brdw hYik “ausny 'ivhlV Aqy inkMmy' AwdmIAW nUM, jo guMmnwmI dy pVdy ipCy lukyhoey sn, iPr Awpxy AslI rUp ivc lY AWdw[”107 Bwv jwq-pwqI qyikrq-lutyry pRbMD ny ijnHW nUM hwSIey ’qy DikAw hoieAw sI, auh muV zmInWdy mwilk qy imhnqI bxy[

bMdw isMG ny jgIrdwrI pRbMD, ijs rwhIN mujHwry kMm krdy sn, pr zmInWdy mwilk mwieAwDwrI jgIrdwr sn, iek qrHW Awpxy pRbMD hyTly ielwikAWivc smwpq kr idqw sI qy ieh suDwr bwbw jI dI lwswnI Shwdq (jUn,1716 eI.) qoN bwAd 18vIN qy 19vIN sdI qk vI jwrI rhy[108

bwbw jI dI Shwdq auprMq is`K pMQ leI AMDkwr dw lMmw Xug SurU huMdwhY, ijs ivc hkUmq qy sQwpqI dy hk ivc hkUmq dy tukiVAW qy pldIAWiDrW dw julm, ieMqhw dI hd qk phuMcdw hY[109 iek lMmy AMqrwl bwAd1748 eI. nUM is`K, dl Kwlsw dy jQybMdk rUp ivc iekTy ho ky AwKr bwrWimslW rwhIN hMny hMny mIrI'110 pRwpq krdy hn[

imsl kwl (1750-1800) dy lgpg ADy dhwky ivc, pihlW kIqy sMkyqmuqwibk, ijQy rwjsI pRbMD ivc QoVHI suriKAw dy nwl SWqI vrqdI hY, auQy

101. auhI.102. sUrj pRkwS, ij. 6, pMnw 1804.

103. see. Sher Singh Sher, The Sikligars of Punjab (A Gypsy Tribe), p. 14.104. vyKo : ipAwrw isMG pdm, sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI dy drbwrI rqn, pitAwlw, 1976; Bwrq BUÃxw cODrI, gu{ goibNd isNG k y drbwrI k iv, id¬l I, 197 9.105. bMdw isMG bhwdr, pMnw 146.

106. ierivMn dy hvwly nwl, auhI. not : ierivMn ny 'bMdy' dI QW aukweI nwl 'gurU' pd vriqAw hY[107. Asrwir smdI, (pMjwbI Anu.) pMnw 7.108. Dr. Bhagat Singh, A History of The Sikh Misals, p.418.109. s. rqn isMG BMgU ny ies hwlwq nUM bVI EzmeI SYlI ivc ies qrHW ibAwn kIqw hY :

nvwb nwdr qy nmoSI AweI[ qXoN qXoN lwgo krn burweI[tol tol isMGn ko mwry[ jYsy mwry tol iSkwry[jo isMGn ko Awn bqwvY[ qurq Anwm su qwihN idvwvY[jo isMGn ko dsy gRwm[ qWko dyvY bhuq Anwm[lwlc ieq isMGn pkVwvYN[ luk luk isMG su jwn bcwvYN[…keI isMG rihN JwVn mWhI[ keI isMG jw jMgl lukwhIN[KyqI krYN keI isr nIvyN[ ikqnk ibc bV Kfn jIvyN]

sRI gur pMQ pRkwS, swKI/bMd/pMnw 91/2- 7/224- 5.

110. auhI, 152/113/394.

76 77

Awm jnqw dI ikrq AwDwirq lut, ijhVI do qrIikAW nwl huMdI sI-ieksrkwrI lgwn dy rUp ivc Aqy dUjI dySI/ivdySI hmlwvrW rwhIN-vI bMdhuMdI hY[ ikrq AwDwirq lut dy bMd hox ipCy do kwrn muK rUp ivckwrjSIl nzr AwauNdy hn-pihlw gurU swihb duAwrw sQwipq isDWq‘ikrq krn Aqy vMf Ckx dw’ is`K imsldwrW/srdwrW leI tyk sI qydUsrw lgpg swry is`K imsldwr AwgU, ijvyN ik AsIN Agly pMinAW ’qyvyKWgy, ikrswxI jIvn ivcoN sn Aqy Awm Kws dIAW muSiklW smJdy qQwmihsUsdy sn[

SurU SurU ivc isK srdwrW ny Awpxy ADIn ielwikAW ivc 'rwKI pRbMD'111

ADIn vK-vK pRkwr dw lgwn vsUl krnw SurU kIqw[ ieh Awm qOr qykul aupj dw 1/3 jW Anwj dy rUp ivc huMdw sI[ kinMGm ny AOsqn 1/5disAw hY[112 ikqy ikqy ieh aupj dw AD vI huMdw sI, pr mYlkm dI sUcnwAnuswr pRwpq lgwn kdy vI imsl srdwr swrw Awp nhIN sI rKdw, sgoNbwkI srdwrW/POjW ivc vMf idqw jWdw sI[ iksy vI mulk ivc rXIAqnwl Aijhw ilhwjI vrqwau vyKx ivc nhIN AwieAw[113

smkwlI lyKk sohx lwl sUrI, s. mhW isMG (ipqw, mhwrwjw rxjIqisMG) dy duAwrw ruhqws ikly dI ijq bwAd pRwpq lgwn nUM POjW Aqy lokWivc vMfx dw lMmw cOVw ibrqWq idMdw hY[114

jymz brwaUn ny lgwn pRwpqI dy FMg bwry ivsqwr nwl iliKAw hY[ auhilKdw hY ik is`K imslW dy cI& kdy vI lgwn pRwpq krdy smyN DkySwhInhIN sI krdy qy nw hI aunHW dy ispwhI ikswnW dw aujwVw, sgoN idAwlUqrIky nwl pyS AwauNdy[115 ieQoN qk ik kwrdwr (lgwn dyx vwly ikswn)

Kud Anwj iekTw krn ivc aunHW dI shwieqw krdy sn[116

ipAwrw isMG pdm dy SbdW ivc “imslW dI hkUmq ipMfW dI hkUmq sI[imsldwr Awm ikrqI ikswnW ivcoN bxy hox kwrn aunHW nUM Awpxy {BweIcwry,ikrswnW dy} duKW-suKW dw pUrw iKAwl sI[ ies smyN vfy ijmIdwrW hQoNzmInW inkl ky vwhkW Aqy ikrqIAW dy kbjy ivc AweIAW; ies krky prjwdI KuShwlI vDI, jdoN ik {dyS dy} bwkI pRWqw (states) ivc izmIdwrI inzwmdI ibmwrI lokW dw lhU cUs rhI sI[”117

“isKW ny srhMd, lwhOr qoN mulqwn qk, fyrw iesmweIl qk kbjy jmweyhoey sn qy aunHW qoN ibn@W iksy rukwvt dy iesdw mwlIAw augrwauNdy sn[”118

ienHW dI hkUmq ivc KyqIbwVI hI sI, ijhVI sB qoN cMgI huMdI[

polIAr ilKdw hY ik isK Kud hI iek cMgy KyqIbwVI krn vwly sn, iesleI auh kMm krn vwilAW dIAW BwvnwvW nUM smJdy sn[119 pUry dyS ivcoNieh rwj (pMjwb) pwxIAW (dirAwvW) dI vjHw krky vDyry Anwj pYdwkrdw sI[ iesdI vjHw lokW dw imhnqI hoxw qy is`K srdwrW dI idAwlqwsI[120 hYnrI ipRMisp ny ies smyN dy KyqI pRbMD ivc ptIdwrI, imsldwrI,qwbydwrI qy jgIrdwrI prMprwvW dI g`l kIqI hY, ijs ivc j`t lokKyqIbwVI krdy sn qy auh imsldwrI pRbMD ADIn sn[121

ijvyN ik pihlW izkr Aw cukw hY, imsl cIP vDyry ikrswn jW hor kMm-kwj krn vwly pirvwrk ipCokVW ivcoN sn, ies krky ikrq dw siqkwrkwiem irhw[

AwhlUvwlIAw imsl dy muKI s. j`sw isMG jI dy ipqw dI mOq (1722)auprMq jdoN ausnUM mwqw suMdrI (gurU goibMd isMG jI dI Drm-supqnI) pwsphuMcwieAw igAw qW mwqw suMdrI jI ny jsw isMG ivc lIfriSp dy gux vyK

111. ATwrvIN sdI dy AD ivc dl-Kwlsw vloN mwJy;duAwby dy ielwikAW ivc grIb qy ikrqI ikrswn lokW dI jwn-mwl ihPwzq leI ivksq kIqw pRbMD, ijhVw aupj dw Aksr pMjvW Bwg huMdw sI[ lok Kud Kwlsy dI 'rwKI' ivc Awauxw psMd krdy sI, ikauNik imsldwrW dy Awcwr qy krm SuD qQw swqivk sn[

see : Encyclopedia of Sikhism, vol .3, p. 445.112. Cunningham, A History of the Sikhs, p.95 (f. no.1).113. Sketch of the Sikhs, p. 126.114. aumdw-auq-qvwrIK, dPqr dUjw (pMjwbI Anu.), pMny 18-9.115. James Brown, ‘India tracts’, reprinted in Dr. Ganda Singh's Early Europeon Accounts of the Sikhs, as 'History of Origin and Progress', pp. 15-6.

116. Jhelum District Gazetteer, p. 136.117. sMKyp is`K ieiqhws, pMny 136-37.118. Qazi Nur Muhammad's, JangNama (1764-65), (ed.) Ganda Sigh, XLII, pp. 59-60.119. 'An Account of the Sikhs', reprinted in Dr. Ganda Singh' s Early Europeon Accounts of the Sikhs, p.61.120. William Francklin, 'Military memories of George Thomas', reprinted in Dr. Ganda Singh's Early Europeon Accounts of the Sikhs, p.101.121. Henry Prinsep, Origin of the Sikh Power in the Punjab and Political Life of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, pp. 27-9.

78 79

ky ausdy cwcw s. Bwg isMG qk ausnUM phuMcw idqw, ijhVw (cwcw) bhuq swryizmINdwrW qoN lgwn /pYsw vsUl krdw sI[122 cwcy rwhIN s. jsw isMG AwKrnvwb kpUr isMG kol phuMc igAw, ijsny s. j`sw isMG nUM Anwj vMfx qyGoiVAW nUM Gwh crwaux dI syvw (ikrq) lgweI, ijsnUM ienHW qndyhI nwlinBwieAw[123

Kud nvwb kpUr isMG (1697-1753), PYzlpurIAw imsl dw srdwr sI,ijhVw PYzlpur dy cODrI s. dlIp isMG dw puqr sI[ s. kpUr isMG bwbwbMdw isMG bhwdr dy sMprk ivc vI irhw[ ieh cMgw inSwncI, qyj dOVwkAqy Aiq drjy dw PurqIlw nOjvwn sI[ ipqw nwl ieh pihlW KyqIbwVIkrvwauNdw huMdw sI qy ikrqIAW dI pRqIinD SRyxI ivc ieh j`t BweIcwrynwl sMbMiDq sI[124

s. CjU isMG, ijhVw BMgI imsl dw sMsQwpk sI, vI KyqIbwVI krn vwlypirvwr ivc ipMf pMjvr (AMimRqsr) ivc pYdw hoieAw[125 iesny gurU goibMdisMG jI qoN AMimRq CikAw qy bwbw bMdw isMG jI dy nwl irhw[ iesy imsl dyAgly srdwr BImw isMG vI ikrq krky rotI Kwx vwly iFloN pirvwr ivcoNsn[ ies srdwr ny nwdrSwh dy hmly (1839) dw mUMh qoV auqr idqw qy CotyGlUGwry (1746) ivc ShId hoieAw[ BMgI imsl dw auGw srdwr hrI isMGvI KyqI krn vwly srdwr dw puqr sI[126

rwmgVHIAw imsl dw auGw srdwr j`sw isMG, s. Bgvwn dw puqr sI,ijhVw jlMDr dy POjdwr AdInw byg Kwn dI POj ivc nOkrI krdw sI[iesnUM srkwr v`loN pMj ipMf vI ienwm ivc imly hoey sn[127 j`sw isMG iekAPsr vjoN vI ies POj ivc irhw Aqy qihsIldwr dy Ahudy qk dI ikrqkmweI krdw irhw[128 j`sw isMG dw dwdw hrnwm isMG l`kV dw kMm(carpenter) krdw sI[129 iDAwn rhy ik rwmgVHIAw imsl dw sMsQwpk s.KuSwl isMG sI qy ieh vI iek swDwrn pirvwr ivcoN sI[ bwbw bMdw isMG qoN

pwhul lY ky ieh Awpxy 'AslI rUp' ivc Aw igAw sI[130

knHeIAw imsl dw muKI srdwr jY isMG, lwhOr qoN 15 mIl dUr d`Kx dyipMf knwr ivc ipqw s. KuSwl isMG, iek KyqIbwVI krn vwly ikrswn dyGr pYdw hoieAw[131

SukrckIAw imsl, ijs imsl ivcoN Syr-ey-pMjwb mhwrwjw rxjIq isMGpYdw hoey, dy moFI BweI buD isMG iek ikswn sn[ ienHW dI 25 eykV AwpxIpYlI sI qy iek KUh sI[132 ies kol Awpxy bld, GoVy qy hor KyqI dw smwnvI sI[133 ies dw bytw nOD isMG soky dy smyN bldW rwhIN Anwj mwJy dyielwky ivc phuMcwauNdw sI[134 ies dw puqr cVq isMG, ijhVw shI ArQWivc ies (SukrckIAw) imsl dw AwgU sI, ny shI ArQW ivc 'rwKI pRbMD'clwieAw, iesy dw puqr s. mhW isMG sI, ijs dy Gr mhWblI rxjIq isMGpYdw hoieAw[

flyvwlIAw imsl dw sMsQwpk s. gulwb isMG, SrDw rwm KqrI dw puqrsI, ijsdI sbjIAW, BwjIAW dI dukwn huMdI sI qy ieh Awpxy ipqw nwlAksr hQ vtwauNdw sI[135

ShId jW inhMg imsl dy muKI bwbw dIp isMG jI ShId ijQy sUrmy sMqispwhI sn, auQy ivdvwn vI bhuq vfy sn[ ienHW ny lgpg 4 kwpIAW sRIgurU gRMQ swihb jI dIAW hQ-ilKqW iqAwr kIqIAW[ lMmw icr ieh kQwiviKAwn dI syvw inBwauNdy rhy[136

nkeI imsl dw sMsQwpk s. hIrw isMG, hym rwj vwsI bwhrvwl (cuMnIAw,lwhOr) dw puqr sI qy GoiVAW dw bhuq SokIn sI[ ieh 1731 eI. nUM pMQ ivcSwiml hoieAw qy sqluj rwvI dy ivckwr keI ielwikAW ’qy kbjy kIqy[ iehAwpxI 'drgwh' ivc hmySW lMgr lweI rKdw sI[137

122. sohn lwl sUrI, aumdw-au-qvwrIK, dPqr dUjw, pMnw 25.123. rqn isMG BMgU, sRI gur pMQ pRkwS, swKI/bMd/pMnw 84.2/12- 3/209.

124. W.L. M'Greffor, The History of the Sikhs, p. 128.125. Muhammad Latif, History of the Punjab, p. 296.126. Lepel Griffin, The Punjab Chiefs, pp. 385-86.127. Hari Ram Gupta, History of The Sikhs, vol.4, p.276.128. knHeIAw lwl, qwrIK-ey-pMjwb, (pMjwbI Anu.), pMny 87-8.129. ig. igAwn isMG, qvwrIK gurU Kwlsw, Bwg dUjw, pMny 233-34.

130. M' Gregor, A History of the Sikhs, vol.1, p. 130.131. Lepal Griffin, The Punjab Chiefs, p. 271.132. Carmichael Smyth, A History of refning Family of Lahore, p. 141.133. ibid.134. ibid.135. ig. igAwn isMG, qvwrIK gurU Kwlsw, Bwg dUjw, pMnw 250.136. Bhagat Lakshman Singh, Sikh Martyrs, pp. 195-98.137. Khazan Singh, History and Philosophy of the Sikh Religion, (ed.), Prithipal Singh Kapur, part 1, p. 261.

80 81

inSwnvwlIAw imsl dw srdwr, s. dsONDw isMG ipMf surdyv, kot eIsyKW qoN 5 koh dKx vl vwikAw, dw rihx vwlw sI Aqy dl Kwlsw ivc rlxqoN pihlW Awpxy ipqw cODrI swihb rwie nwl AwpxI zmIn ’qy ikrswnIkrdw sI[138 ipCoN ieh qruxw dl dw muKI vI bixAw[

kroV isMGIAw imsl dw s. Swm isMG, nwrlI ipMf dy rihx vwlw sI qys. rqn isMG BMgU Anuswr ieh ACUqW ivc lMgr Kud vrqwauNdw qy aunHW dyGrIN qk dyx jWdw sI[139 Awp ieh hmySW ipCoN lMgr Ckdw[140 iesy imsldw iek hor auGw imsldwr AwgU, s. bGyl isMG, ijsny mwrc 1783 eI.ivc id`lI Pqih krky lwl ikly qy kysrI inSwn swihb JulwieAw qy gurUswihbwn dIAW XwdgwrW dI inSwndyhI kIqI sI, Jbwl ipMf AwpxI BYxsuKn dy kol rihMdw sI[141 s. kpUr isMG dy fyry Awaux qoN pihlW ieh AwpxyBrwvW nwl KyqIbwVI krdw sI[ ipCoN ieh lMmw icr s. kroV isMG dwgVveI bixAw irhw[

PUlkIAw imsl dy vfyry cODrI PUl Awid pihlW KyqI krdy sn[ ienHW dyvfyry BweI rUp cMd hurIN vI KyqIbwVI hI krdy sn[142 s. Awlw isMG(1695-1765), jo ies imsl dw Asl vwirs bixAw, dy dwnI Aqy ikrqIsuBwA dIAW Anyk khwxIAW lokDwrw ivc pRisD hn[143

aukq ivSlySx qoN spSt huMdw hY ik lgpg swry imsldwr srdwrikrqI ikrswn pirvwrW ivcoN sn qy aus smyN dw muK ikqw KyqIbwVI krdysn[ imsldwr bxn auprMq vI ienHW Awpxy dwnI qy ikrqI suBwA nhINiqAwgy sn, sgoN syvwdwr bxn ivc mwx smJdy sn[ imsldwrI pRbMD dIbxqr vI prjwqMqrI sI, ijhVI isKI AsUlW auqy ausrI hoeI sI[144 iehjgIrdwrI pRxwlI vwlw sMGI pRbMD nhIN sI, ijvyN kinMGm aukweI krdwilKdw hY,145 sgoN smkwlI hwlwqW ivc jgIrdwrI dy pRBwv zrUr pY rhysn[ gorfn ilKdw hY ik “srdwr qwnSwhW vWg nhIN ivcr skdy sn,

imslW prjwqMqrI AsUlW auqy ausrIAW hoeIAW sn[”146 ieh lok rwjInIhW auqy ausirAw Aijhw 'AlpqMqr'147 sI, ijQy swry srdwr qy auhdyAihlkwr ieko pMgq ivc bih ky ieko lMgr Ckdy sn[148

imsldwrI pRbMD smyN AOrqW dw Xogdwn vI swfy ivcwrDIn ivSy (ikrq)pKoN iksy qrHW Gt nhIN[ ies pRbMD ivc ijQy auh Gr, lMgr-pwxI Awiddy pRbMD ivc AwpxI ikrq kmweI krdIAW, auQy pRbMD, hwkm jW slwhkwrdy nwl-nwl sYink bx ky vI ivcrIAW[ fw. hrI rwm gupqw, 1798-99eI. dy Swh jmwn dy AMiqm h`ly dy pRsMg ivc s. imlKw isMG (rwvlipMfI)dI isMGxI; ijsny APgwnI POj dw dlyrI nwl twkrw kIqw, dw hvwlw idMdyhoey ilKdy hn ik inrsMdyh kyvl is`K kOm hI AijhI ieko iek kOm hYijsny iek sdI dy ieiqhws (1700-1800) ivc Gto-Gt iek drjnAijhIAW AOrqW nUM jnm idqw jo AiqAMq idmwgI SkqI, dlyrI qy aucXogqw vwlIAW sn[149 pRbMDk, swlhkwr jW hwkm dI hYsIAq ivc AsINs. gurbKS isMG knHeIAw dI isMGxI sdw kOr, cVHq isMG SukrckIAw dIpqnI mweI suKW, dl isMG AkwlgVH dI ivDvw Drm kOr, Awlw isMG dIrwxI POq, nwBw dI rwxI dysW, AMbwlw dI rwxI idAw kOr… Awid ikMnIAWhI nwmwvr AOrqW qy nW igx skdy hW,150 jo BlIBWq scI ikrq kmweInUM pRxweIAW hoeIAW sn[

(3) rxjIq-kwl

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw rwj Kwlsw rwj sI, BwvyN smkwlI pRsiQqIAWivc ausnUM Kud-muKiqAwrI PYsly vI lYxy pYNdy rhy[ fw. isnhw Anuswr “auhkul muKiqAwr hwkm dy qOr qy vI kMm kr jWdw sI, pr auh sdw Kwlsydy nW auqy hukm clwauNdw sI[”151

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy Swsn kwl ivc pihlI vwr sdIAW bwAdrwjsI gVbV Kqm hoeI qy AnykW nvyN ik`iqAW dw ivkws hoieAw[mhwrwjw Kud vI ikrq psMd hwkm sI[ ausny GrylU dsqkwrI ivc injI138. Hari Ram Gupta, History of the Sikhs, vol.1, p. 29.

139. sRI gur pMQ pRkwS, swKI/bMd/pMnw 156/9- 10/405.

140. auhI, 156/12- 3/405.

141. s. rqn isMG BMgU iesnUM JubwlIAw (Jubwlo) hI dsdw hY, auhI, ??? ????? ?142. Lepel Griffin, Punjab Chiefs, p. 6.143. vyKo: qzrbw-ie PulkIAw (aurdU) ivc AijhIAW AnykW khwxIAW[144. A.C. Banrjee, Anglo Sikh Relation, p. LXVII.145. A History of the Sikhs, p.94.

146. The Sikhs, p.72.147. ibid, p.76.148. Ibbisten, Gllosary of Casts and Tribes, vol.1, p. 704.149. History of the Sikhs, vol.3, pp. 93-4.150. hor vyKo: ismrn kOr, pRisD isK bIbIAW, pMny 140-47.151. mwhwrwjw rxjIq isMG, (pMjwbI Anu.), pMnw 100.

82 83

idlcspI lYx dy nwl-nwl KyqIbwVI, ijhVI ik aus smyN dw muK ik`qw qysrkwrI Awmdn/AwriQkqw dw muK sroq sI, dy ivkws qQw sMBwl vlivSyS qvkoN idqI[ auh ikrqI ikrswnW dI hf-BMnvIN imhnq dI kdrvI krdw sI qy ienHW dIAW PslW dI sMBwl dw iKAwl vI, injI qOr auqyidlcspI lY ky rKdw sI[ audwhrx vjoN mhwrwjy vloN vKo-vK smyN ByjySwhI pRvwny, ijnHW dI igxqI 450 dy krIb hY, ivcoN 9 poh, 1890 ib. (21dsMbr, 1833) dw pyS kIqw jw skdw hY, ijhVw lwhOr qoN jgIrdwrW nUMqwVnw ihq jwrI kIqw igAw ik AwpxIAW (injI) POjW dy mwrc smyN kMm-kwjI lokW dy ik`iqAW qy jmInW dw ivSyS iDAwn rKx[ Purmwn Anuswr“rsqy ivc, PslW dI, KUhW dI, KUhW dy lkVI dy swjo-smwn dI AqyrwhIAW dIAW cIjW dI ihPwzq quhwfw {jgIrdwrW dw} izMmw hY[ iksy nUMiksy iksm dI qklIP nw phuMcy[”152 iesy qrHW hor PurmwnW ivc zmInW jWKUhW ivc dKlAMdwzI krn vwilAW nUM ihPwzq dI sKq qwVnw qy hdwieqkIqI geI hY[153

ijvyN ik pihlW sMkyq kIqw igAw hY, ies smyN AnykW ik`iqAW dwivkws hoieAw[ lKSwh nW dy iek ik`swkwr ny 1247 ihzrI (1831eI.)ivc ilKy Awpxy ik`sy ssI-punUM ivc lgpg 150 Aijhy ik`iqAW dwvrxn kIqw hY, ijhVy aus smyN lwhOr dy lokW ivc ivkisq hoey[154 iesyqrHW swvx Xwr sIhrPI srkwr kI (1830 eI.) ivc AOrqW duAwrwKyqIbwVI jW hor GrylU kMm-kwjW ivc izkrXog ih`sw pwaux dw keIvwr vyrvw idMdw hY[155 lgpg 1831eI. dI hI AlYkjYNfr brns dIirport Anuswr Awm lokW ivc keI lK dy krIb is`K sn ijhVy vDyryipMfW ivc rihMdy qy KyqIbwVI dI muK rUp ivc ikrq krdy sn[156

iebstn ny AwpxI irport ivc kul vsoN dw 8 PIsdI ihsw SihrW ivc

vsdw drswA ky iliKAw hY ik swry pirvwr lgpg hQIN kMm-kwjkrky rotI KWdy sn[157

gxySw dws ny rxjIq-kwlI 'ikrq' ivc iqMn vfy pySy mMny hn- KyqIbwVI,vwpwr qy srkwrI nOkrIAW[158 gxySw dws ny vDyry iDAwn KqrIAW auqykyNdirq kIqw hY, ienHW dy ik`iqAW ivc auh SwhUkwrI, kwnUMgo, vwpwr qysrkwrI nOkrIAW nUM igxdw hY[159

auh pMjwb dy vfy SihrW ivc ihkmq dy kMm, GoiVAW; ihrnW dy vwpwr,swl (Kys), qlvwrW, lUx Awid dy kMmW dw ivsqwr sihq vyrvw idMdw hY[auh ilKdw hY ik hzwrW lok qoVydwr bMdUkW bxwauNdy hn qy jblpur {huxpwiksqwn} ies ik`qy leI pRisD hY[160 isAwlkot kwgz dw kwrKwnw hYqy kuMjh ivc dsqwrW bxdIAW hn[161

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM ies qQ dw igAwn sI ik KyqIbwVI jW iksyiksm dy hor ikiqAW nUM krn vwilAW dI sMBwl, suriKAw qy KuShwlI ivchI irAwsq/rwj dI qwkq hY[ KyqIbwVI jW hor DMidAW dy ivkws/ivnwSdw Bwv irAwsq dw ivkws/ivnwS hY[ mhwrwjw ny mwmly dI dr ieMnI aucInhIN rKI ik lok aujV hI jwx[162 ies smyN zmIn dI mMfI nhIN sI bxI,pr ijhVy kMm nhIN krdy sI, aunHW qoN zmInW Koh ky kMm krn vwilAW nUMjrUr idqIAW geIAW[163 cODrIAW, kwrdwrW, nwzmW Awid nUM hdwieqWsn ik auh vDyry zmInW hl Qly ilAwaux[164

KyqIbwVI ik`qy dy ivkws leI mhwrwjy ny KUhW, nihrW vl ivSyS iDAwnidqw[ mulqwn dw sUbydwr swvx ml nihrW kFx qy KUh luAwaux ivc sBqoN pRisD sI[

152. dsqwvyj nM.46, (&wrsI qoN pMjwbI), vyKo: jy.AYs. gryvwl qy ieMdU bWgw, mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG: isvl qy imltrI mwmly, pMnw 46.153. dsqwvyj nM. 123;129, auhI, pMnw 124.154. prK, (Koj piqRkw), ij.2, 1971, pMny 9-12.155. ipAwrw isMG pdm, (sMpw.) pMjwbI mhwrwjw, pMny 70-72; hor vyKo: Dr. Hari Ram Gupta, ‘Life and Manners of The Common People in Ranjit Singh's Punjab', (1799- 1839), in Maharaja Ranjit Singh; Politics, Society and Economy, (ed.) Fauja Singh, A.C. Arora, p.227.156. Col. Sir Alexander Burnes, Cabool: A personal Narrative of A Journey to, and Residence in that city (1836-38), pp 99-117; also appendix 1, pp 283-304.

157. Punjab Casts, pp. 1; 97-9 etc.158. cwr-bwg-ey-pMjwb, (PwrsI qoN pMjwbI), muFlI aunIvIN sdI dw pMjwb, pMnw 10.159. auhI.160. auhI. pMnw 15.161. auhI.162. kMnkUt jmWbMdI, btweI Awid mwmlI-pRxwlIAW sn, ijnHW dI AOsq dr lok-pDr Anuswr huMdI sI[163. Indu Banga, Agrarian system of the Sikhs (Late eighteenth and early nineteenth century), pp.1-11.164. Ibid, pp.118-47.

84 85

kyvl mulqwn dy ielwky ivc 23 dy krIb nihrW qy isK rwj dy AMq qksmucy rwj ivc fyF lK (1,42,506) dy krIb KUh sn Aqy rwjy dI swrIAwmdn dw AwDwr KyqIbwVI sI, ijs ADIn vwhIXog BUmI ku`l 528 l`KeykV ivcoN 118 lK eykV rkbw ikRSI-ADIn sI[165

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG bwry lok-kQwvW ivc pRisD hY ik ausny kMmkwjkrn vwly AnykW lokW dy tYks mwP kIqy qy ikMny Aijhy lokW dI kdrkIqI[ iek audwhrx vjoN jdoN kSmIr Pqih krn leI guzrwq (huxpwiksqwn) qoN iBMbr qk jwx vwly Swh-rwh auqy SwhI POjW smyq mhwrwjswihb jw rhy sn qW rsqy ivc pV@wA krn leI iek ipMf bzurgvwl kolTihrw kIqw igAw[ srkwrI jwsUsW rwhIN pqw cilAw ik ieQoN dy lok KfIbuxdy hn qy tYks AYnw Brdy hn ik aunHW kol Kwx jogw kuJ nhIN bcdw[qurMq pVqwl krvweI geI qy ieh g`l TIk hox ’qy KfIAW dw swrw tYksmwP kr idqw igAw166 Aqy hukm suxwieAw igAw ik “jo kMm vI iksy koloNkrvwieAw jwvy ausdI vwjb mzdUrI idqI jwvy, vgwr bMd kIqI jwvy[”167

AMimRqsr isK AwriQkqw qy dsqkwrI ikiqAW dw kyNdr sI[ mhwrwjwDwrimk idRStI qoN vI ies Sihr nUM ivSyS qvkoN idMdw sI[ ieQy mhwrwjwswihb jdoN vI AwauNdy qW grIb kMmI kmIxW dI idl KolH ky mdd krdy[

smkwlI sUcnwvW ivcoN iek 1820 eI. dI sUcnw/Kbr Anuswr “auc-pdsrkwr ny sRI AMimRqsr jI ivc mQw tyk ky… AiqAMq imhrbwnI nwlgrIbW dI hwlq auqy iDAwn idqw Aqy bVw inAW kIqw… pIVqW dy murdyidlW ny ies grIb invwz bwdSwh dy inAW dy AMimRq nwl nvyN isry qoNjIvn pRwpq kIqw[”168

aukq ivcwrW qoN spSt ho jWdw hY ik rxjIq-kwl ivc ikrq suriKAwleI ivSyS iDAwn idqw igAw qy mhwrwjw swihb ies ivc injI idlcspI

lYNdy rhy[ kvI Amr isMG kSmIr bMdobsq ivc Kwlsw rwj dI GrylUdsqkwrI dy hoey ivkws dw ivsiqRq vyrvw dy ky isD krdw hY ik swry lokAwpxy-Awpxy ksb nwl Awpxw inrbwh cMgI qrHW qor rhy sn[169

(4) isK lihrW-kwl

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG jI dy Akwl clwxy auprMq ds swl dy krIb(1839-49) pMjwb ivc bdAmnI rhI[ ies auprMq AMgryz pMjwb auqykwbz ho gey qy aunHW AwpxIAW nvINAW nIqIAW lwgU kIqIAW, ijs dyPlsrUp keI iksm dy sMkt pYdw ho gey[ ienHW sMktW qy hor kwrnW ny keIlihrW nUM jnm idqw[ dyS dI AzwdI, Bwv '47 qk dy sO swl dw smW, jykriDAwn nwl vyiKAw jwvy qW pMjwb dy ieiqhws ivc lihrW dy auQwn,ivkws, pqn Awid dw hI smW hY[ ies smyN (1850-1947) pMjwb ivcCotIAW-vfIAW Dwrimk, smwijk, rwjnIiqk, suDwrk Awid clIAW lihrWdI motI ijhI igxqI 20 ku dy krIb bxdI hY[170 ieQy AsIN isrP isK pMQnwl sMbMiDq isDy rUp ivc sMbMD rKdIAW kuJ pRmuK lihrW dy ikrq sMbMDIivcwrW jW ivhwrW qk sImq rhWgy Aqy vyKWgy ik ikvyN lihrW ny gurmiqdy ikrq isDWq nUM Amlwaux leI ivhwrk jqn kIqy[

isMG sBw lihr : ieh ivcwrwDIn smyN dI sB qoN muK lihr hY[ ies lihrdw jnm 1873 eI. ivc hoieAw qy ies dw audyS isK pMQ ivc PYlIAW AnykpRkwr dIAW kurIqIAW nUM dUr krky ies dI pihl qwzgI nUM muV bhwlkrnw sI[ ies lihr ivc ijhVy vI pRmuK AwgU jW mYNbr bxy, auh lgpgswry Drm dI ikrq kmweI krky Kwx vwly swDwrn pirvwrW ivcoN sn[ieQy AsIN kuJ ku dw ijkr krWgy:

pRo. gurmuK isMG (1849-1898), ies lihr dy moFIAW Aqy sMsQwpkWivcoN iek sn[ ienHW dy ipqw BweI bswvw isMG kpUrQlw irAwsq dyrwjw inhwl isMG dy SwhI lWgrI dI ikrq krdy sn[ pRo. gurmuK isMGisMG jI ny BwvyN bhuqI aucyrI ividAw pRwpq nhIN kIqI, pr s. j`swisMG AwhlUvwlIAw dy jIvn-ieiqhws nUM pVH ky ienHW dw iek dmjIvn-idRStIkox bdl igAw qy aunHW Coty, ividAwrQI jIvn ivc hI

165. surjIq hWs, 'mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG smyN pMjwb dI AwriQkqw', ieiqhws dw gOrv, (sMpw.) siqMdr isMG nUr, pMnw 69.166. joigMdr isMG kYroN, bwqW Syry pMjwb dIAW, pMnw 32.167. lYP. gulcrn isMG, ‘mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG lok kQwvW', mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG : jIvn dy kuJ pK, pMnw 125; ivsqwr vyKo: PkIr sXd vhId-audIn, rxjIq isMG dw AslI rUp, (aurdU qoN pMjwbI), pitAwlw 2001.168. AmrnwQ, j&rnwmw-ie-rxjIq isMG (PwrsI qoN pMjwbI), AiD.23, pMnw 120.

169. hQ-ilKq nM. 2852, sYNtrl pbilk lwiebRyrI, pitAwlw[170. vyKo: pMjwb dIAW lok lihrW, (sMpw.) ey.sI.AroVw, pMny 14-33.

86 87

kMvr ibkRm isMG pws iek injI Kq rWhI171 Awpxy jIvn dy iehAwdrS AYlwn kIqy:

- pMjwbI bolI ivc kOmI swihq pYdw krnw- isKW ivc pihlW Dwrimk, iPr ivhwrk ividAw dyxw- pky (nwmI/ikrqI/vMf Ckx vwly) isK pYdw krny Awid

Awp 1876-77 ivc pMjwb XUnIvristI, lwhOr (oriental college) ivcpMjwbI pRoPYsr dI syvw-ikrq auqy inXukq hoey[ ienHW keI hor kMm vI kIqyijvyN pihlw 'gurmuKI AKbwr' vI jwrI kIqw[

iesy qrHW isMG sBw lihr dy dUjy mhWrQI igAwnI idq isMG jI rylvy ivcmulwzm sn[ jdoN AMimRqsr sBw qoN vK ho ky Kwlsw dIvwn, lwhOr bixAw,ijhVw bwAd ivc isMG sBw dw Asl rUp bixAw, qW ies dy pRmuK inXmWivc 'nyk cln ho' bkwiedw Swiml kIqw igAw[172 kmytI ny Aijhy shwiekrKxy mnzUr kIqy, ijhVy iksy nw iksy kMm nUM jwxdy hox[173

inrMkwrI lihr: is`K smwj ivc pYdw hoeIAW smwijk burweIAW nUM dUrkrn leI pYdw hoeI ies lihr dy moFI bwbw idAwl (1783-1855) jI,BweI rwm shwie qy (mwqw) liCkI jI ipSOr vwsI dy Gr pYdw hoey[ bwbwidAwl jI dy mwqw-ipqw dovyN hI p`ky gurduAwry dy inqnymI sn qy auQy BWfymWjx, syvw krn auprMq iPr dukwn auqy Awpxw kwrobwr krdy sn[ bwbwidAwl jI, mwqw ipqw dy ivCoVy auprMq lMmw icr ieho 'ikrq' krdy rhy[174

nwmDwrI lihr : ies dy bwnI bwbw rwm isMG (1816-85), BweI jsw isMGdy Gr BYxI swihb ArweIAW pYdw hoey[ bwbw jI qrKwxI ik`qw krdy sn,kuJ icr Awp POj dI nOkrI vI krdy rhy[175 ies lihr dy vfyry bwbwbwlk isMG (1799-1862), ipMf hzroN (mrdwn) ivKy dukwn auqy bih kyikrq krdy sn[176 ivSyS iDAwn dyx Xog g`l ieh hY ik dyS dI AzwdIleI lV rhIAW lihrW ivcoN ieh ieko-iek lihr sI, ijsny dysI sMsikRqI

dy nwm hyT hQIN ikrq krn, dysI pihrwvw (K`dr) pihxn qy dysIvsqUAW vrqx dI jordwr vkwlq kIqI[177 ies lihr ny smwijk kMmWqy swdw rihx-sihx ivc ivSyS rucI leI[178

bbr AkwlI lihr : ieh lihr dyS jW Awm lokW dI AzwdI leI kIqygey sMgrwm dy bhurMgy ieiqhws dw iek AnUTw kWf hY[ ieh lihr grm-iKAwlI lihr sI[ ies lihr dy lgpg swry kwrkun dirimAwny pirvwrWivcoN sn qy swry AwpxI ikrq kmweI krky rozI-rotI kmwauNdy sn[ ienHWdy AzwdI inSwinAW ivc grIb lokW nUM rotI dy hk vI idvwauxy muK sn['b`br mrXwdw' ivc ijQy hr b`br AkwlI nUM svyry-Swm gurbwxI pVHxIzrUrI sI, auQy corI, XwrI, TgI jW hor bdgunwhI qoN iblkul mukq rihxdI sKq hdwieq sI[ iDAwndyx Xog nukqw hY ik bbrW ny vDyry krky aunHWsrkwrI JolIcukW, ijnHW ivc jgIrdwr, lMbVdwr, ptvwrI Awid Swimlsn, nUM soiDAw, ijhVy grIb kMmkwjI lokW dI ikrq kmweI auqy fwkw mwrIbYTy sn[ ieh (ipTU) lok, “puils nwl iml ky lokW ivruD isDy-puTy, JUTyqy mnGVq kys bxw ky AwpsI ij`dW kF ky mwieAw iekTI krdy sn, ijsnwl hzwrW hI grIb lokW dw KUn pIqw jWdw sI[”179

ies lihr dw sMsQwpk mwstr moqw isMG (1881-1961), ikqy vjoN iekmwstr sI qy SurU ivc b`brW nUM swry hiQAwr ipMfI Gyb (ijlHw Atk,pwiksqwn) qoN, ijQy ieh pVwauNdw sI, pRwpq krwauNdw sI[180 ies lihrdy dUjy vfy srgrmI b`br ikSn isMG gVgj, ijsdy dwdw s. gMfw isMGlwhOr drbwr ivc kMm krdy sn, AwpxI jwiedwd auqy KyqIbwVI krdysn[ srdwr gVgj p`kw nymI gurisK sI qy AMgryj srkwr dI POj ivcoNht ky 1921 nUM b`brW nwl rl igAw sI[181

nvW Sihr qoN cMfIgV sVk auqy vwikAw ipMf dOlqpur dy swry mShUrbbr (ijvyN krm isMG, bMqw isMG, Twkr isMG, hrI isMG, virAwm isMG,gurcrn isMG Awid) KyqI krn vwly ikswn pirvwrW ivcoN sn[ ieh swry

171. SmSyr isMG ASok, pMjwb dIAW lihrW, pMnw 170.172. auhI, pMnw 199.173. auhI.174. auhI, pMny 26-7.175. suirMdr kOr Krl, nwmDwrI ShId, pMnw 43.176. ig.igAwn isMG, sRI gur pMQ pRkwS, Bwg pMjvW, pMnw ?? ??.

177. Fauja Singh, Kuka Movement, pp. 19-38.178. inhwl isMG Awlm, jug pltwaU siqgurU, pMnw 72.179. bKSIS isMG inJr, b`br AkwlIAW dw ieiqhws, pMnw 9.180. auhI, pMnw 295.181. auhI.

88 89

AwpxI kmweI dw kuJ Bwg lihr dy sMgTn jW kwrj-kRm qy lwauNdysn[182 b`brW ny swP mnHW kIqw sI ik ikswn lok SwhUkwrW jW srkwrnUM koeI kr (tax) nw dyx[ imswl vjoN BweI ikSn isMG dI ingrwnI hyT'jMgl ivclI aufwrU pRYs' qoN Cpdy 'b`br AkwlI duAwbw' ivc iek vyrAYlwn kIqw igAw ik ijlHw huiSAwrpur dy nwl lgdIAW aUnw, BrvweI,jvwlw Awid dIAW sVkW auqy huMdy bySumwr AMb, jwmx Awid isr& lokWleI hn[ AYlwn Anuswr “sVkW Awm lokW dIAW hn qy Awm lokW nUM hkhY ik kudrq dI ies {AMb/jwmx Awid} dyx nUM sB Ckx… srkwr nUMkoeI hk nhIN ik grIbW dy isr auqy gulSry aufwaux Aqy grIbW dy b`cyienHW AmIrW dIAW jUTIAW igtkW leI vI qrsx[”183 iDAwn rhy ikaukq AYlwn dy Asr vjoN srkwr ieQy lihr dy jor smyN Kotw pYsw vIvsUl nhIN kr skI sI[184

gdr lihr vI b`br AkwlI lihr dy smkwl (1913-16) hI c`lI lihrsI, ijs dy ipCokV ivc 'Drm dI ikrq dw hk' kMm krdw nzr AwauNdwhY[ pMjwb dy kyNdrI ijilHAW/ielwikAW ivcoN rozI rotI kmwaux AmrIkw/kYnyfw gey isKW185 ny AwpxI ihMmq Aqy imhnq nwl ijQy vfIAW jwiedwdWbxweIAW, auQy dyS nUM AMgryz gulwmI qoN Cufvwaux dy nwl-nwl lokW dIrozI-rotI dy pRbMD krn dw bIVw vI cuikAw[186 smyN nwl ies lihr/pwrtIdIAW keI SwKwvW ho geIAW, ijnHW ivcoN ikrqI ikswn pwrtI ivSyS rUpivc ikrq dy hkW leI jUJdI rhI[187 iesy qrHW irAwsqI lihrW ivcprjw mMfl dI irAwsqI lihr, ijs dy kOmI AwgU s. syvw isMGTIkrIvwl vrgy inSkwm gurisK sn, vI ikrq dy hkW nwl jUJx vwlI

lihr hI sI[188 ies auprMq pMjwb ivc pYdw hoeIAW nkslvwVI,kimaUinst Awid lihrW, ijn @W ivc vDyry igxqI isK ikrswnW dI sI,ikrq dy hkW leI lVn-mrx vwlIAW lihrW sn[189

ienHW lihrW dy smkwl hI Drm pRcwr jW smwj dy suDwr ivc jutIAWkeI vfIAW sMq SKsIAqW ny gurmiq dy ikrq isDWq nUM kyNdrI-ivhwr dIpDr 'qy ilAwaux ivc vfw Xogdwn pwieAw[ audwhrx mwqr leI sMqAqr isMG jI msqUAwxy swihb vwilAW nUM pyS kIqw jw skdw hY[ iehiDAwn dyx Xog hY ik sMq Aqr isMG jI jW ienHW dy smkwlI sMq kyhrisMG, BweI rxDIr isMG, sMq Bolw isMG Awid swry ipCokV vjoN pMjwb dyikswn pirvwrW nwl sMbMiDq sn[191 ienHW ivcoN ijQy sMq Aqr isMG nybcpn ivc fMgr cwry, Gr dI KyqIbwVI Aqy srkwrI POj ivc nOkrIkIqI, auQy ienHW mzdUrI vI kIqI[192 sMq Aqr isMG jI (msqUAwxyvwilAW) dw ivcwr sI ik AslI pwqSwh izmINdwr hY, iehdy Agy swry hQkrdy hn[ jy ikqy izmINdwr Awps ivc ieq&wk kr lYx qW ieh sB nUMAwpxy ADIn kr skdy hn[193 'svrwj ’qy itpxI krdy hoey sMq AqrisMG jI ny ikrq dI mhwnqw nUM ies qrHW idRV krwieAw :

“iek AKbwr ivcoN jdoN sMqW nUM ihMdusqwn dy svrwj dw izkr pVH kysuxwieAw igAw qW Awp ny PurmwieAw, 'BweI! ieh kwhdw svrwj hY? jyihMdusqwnI pRymI vfIAW-vfIAW qnKwhW lY ky kursIAW qy bYh jwx[ iekpwsy AYS dI ijMdgI guzwrn qy dUjy pwsy ivcwry izmINdwr BuKy hI rihx[ jdqIkr grIb j`tW dw hwlw mwP nhIN huMdw, qd qIkr koeI svrwj nhIN[hW swirAW koloN skUlW, sVkW qy hor irAwieAW dy Bly vwsqy tYks ilAwjwvy... A&srW dI izMdgI swdI hovy qy qnKwh Gt[ ies qrHW dunIAW suKI182. auhI.

183. imlKw isMG inJr, b`br AkwlI lihr dw ieiqhws, pMnw 133.184. auhI.185. 1932 dy AMq qk aukq dysW ivc 20,000 dy krIb BwrqI gey, ijnHW ivc 98% pMjwbI is`K sn qy, ienHW ivcoN 75% POjI sn[186. igAwnI lwl isMG, pMjwb dI vIr prMprw, pMnw 193.187. ivsqwr vyKo : R.S.Saini, The Social and Economic History of the Punjab (1903-39), Delhi, 1975.

188. ivsqwr : Mohinder Singh, Peasant Movement in Pepsu Punjab, New Delhi, 1991; ig. kyhr isMG, prjw mlyrkotly dI drd khwxI, AMimRqsr, imqIhIx[189. ienHW ivc prjwmMfl dIAW irAwsqI lihrW vI Swiml hn[191. Joginder Singh, The Sikh Resurgence, pp. 154-55.192. ig. blvMq isMG koTwgurU, Agm AgwD purK, pMnw 92.193. qyjw isMG (sMq), jIvn kQw : gurmuK ipAwry sMq Aqr isMG jI mhwrwj, Bwg pihlw, pMnw 312.

90 91

ho skdI hY[... hux {1900-30} qW kichrI qoN bwhr AwpxI AmIrI qySUkw-SwkI ivc Psy hoey Aihlkwr iksy nwl isDy mUMh g`l vI nhINkrdy[”194

swfy smkwl dI izkrXog lihr isK KwVkU lihr ny vI is`KI dy DrmdI ikrq AwDwirq kIqy jwx vwly kwrjW dI hlwSyrI ivc bxdw XogdwnpwieAw[ smkwl dI vfI pwrtI 'SRomxI AkwlI dl' ny vI Awpxy mnorQivc ies isDWq nUM ivhwr dI pDr qk iljwx dI leI keI vwr vcnbDqwduhrweI hY[195 dySW-ivdySW ivc is`KW duAwrw gurU dy scI ikrq dy isDWqnUM smripq ho ky imhnq duAwrw kIqy kwrjW dI lMmI khwxI hY, ijs dwizkr krn dI ieQy nw zrUrq hY qy nwhI smW qy sQwn[

AiDAwie cOQwsuikRq : sMsQwgq AiDAYn

ies AiDAwie ivc AsIN is`K pMQ dIAW izkrXog sMsQwvW qy sMprdwvWnUM ieiqhwsk pRsMg ivc, isDWqk idRStI qoN ivcwrwDIn ilAw rhy hW[

sMsQwvW

is`K pMQ dIAW buinAwdI sMsQwvW gurU sMsQw qy pMQ sMsQw hn, ijnHW dyAwDwr ’qy sMgq, pMgq, lMgr, dsvMD, Akwlq^q, gurmqw/srbq Kwlsw,gurduAwrw/DrmSwl Awid dI auswrI hoeI hY[ ienHW ivcoN bhuqIAW sMsQwvWdI auswrI gurU swihbwn ny Awp kIqI qy kuJ-iek dI gurU pMQ ny[ ienHW dymnorQ gihry rUp ivc AMqr-sMbMiDq hn qy iek dUsry 'qy AwDwirq hn[ieQy smgr rUp ivc aukq sMsQwvW dy ikrq nwl sMbMiDq AMqr-sMbMiDqpirpyK nUM smJx dI koiSS kIqI jw rhI hY[

ieiqhwsk kwl-kRm ivc sB qoN pihlW hoNd ivc Awaux vwlIAW sMsQwvWsMgq, pMgq, DrmSwlw, lMgr Awid hn[ gurU nwnk dyv jI AwpxIAWaudwsIAW dOrwn ijQy vI gey auQy 'sMgqW' sQwipq krdy rhy[

gurU nwnk dyv jI dy smyN hI sMgqW dw dyS-ivAwpI pRswr ho cuikAw sI[BweI gurdws jI ny Gir Gir AMdir Drmswl1 ilK ky aukq qQ vl spStieSwrw kIqw hY[ purwqn jnmswKI Anuswr pihlI sMgq/Drmswl qulMBy(BweI sjx 'Tg' dy ielwky) bDI[2 ipRM. qyjw isMG ny Aijhy sMgq kyNdrWivc jgnwQ, kwmrUp (Aswm), sUrq, ktk, ibhwr, nwnkmqw, kwTmMfUAwid nUM Swiml kIqw hY[3 CyvyN pwqSwh qk sMgqW dy kyNdr mD-eySIAwqk phuMc gey qy dsvyN pwqSwh qk ienHW dI igxqI ivc hYrwnIkun vwDy

194. auhI, pMnw 376.195. 17 AkqUbr, 1973 nUM pws kIqy miqAW ivcoN kuJ dI iebwrq:

1. pyNfU Aqy SihrI KyqrW ivc AmIr Aqy grIb ivc AMqr Kqm krnw2. buinAwdI audXog pbilk sYktr (jnqw dyy mYdwn) ivc ilAwauxw3. ikrq dw siqkwr krnw qy smwj dy d`by kucly lokW nUM aucw cukxw4. gurU nwnk jI dy 'Gwil Kwie' mhWvwk dI pUrqI krnw…

jy. AYs. gryvwl, AkwlIAW dy 75 swl, pMny 187-200. (AnubMd)

not: ieiqhws ivc 'AkwlI' aukq isDWq, ivhwr 'c nw ilAw sky, ieh ivfMmxw hI AKI jw skdI hY[

1. Gir Gir AMdir Drmswl hovY kIrqnu sdw ivsoAw] vwr/pauVI 1/27.

2. swKI/pMnw ?? ??? ?

“qb drsn kw sdkw {sjx kau} buiD AweI… nwau DrIk isK hoAw[ pihlI Drmswl EQy bDI...]”3. Sikhism: Its Ideals and Institutions, p. 36.

92 93

hoey[4 bhuq swry sMgq-kyNdr ipCoN DrmSwlwvW ivc qbdIl ho gey qy iehoipCoN gurduAwry bxy[ DrmSwl jW gurduAwry dy audyS bwbq bIj rUp qWgurbwxI ivcoN hI pRwpq ho jWdy hn, pr sMsQwgq pKoN ies sMsQw dw AihmBwg sMgq, pMgq Aqy lMgr sMsQwvW bxIAW, ijnHW ivcoN sMgq dy srUp qyaudyS bwry gurbwxI ivc ivsiqRq vrxn kIqw igAw hY[5

gurbwxI dI isDWqk syD Anuswr vwihgurU ny pUrI DrqI nUM hI DrmswlbxwieAw hY, ijQy Drm kmwieAw jw sky[6 Awpxw mnorQ spSt krdyhoey gurU swihb kihMdy hn ik mYN sc dI Drmswl gurisKW leI sQwipqkIqI hY, ijQy syvw rwhIN inmrqw dw sbk isKwieAw jWdw hY :

mY bDI scu Drmswl hY]gurisKw lhdw Bwl kY]pYr Dovw pKw Pyrdw iqs iniv iniv lgw pwie jIau]7

BweI gurdws jI Anuswr Drmswl Aijhw mwnsrovr hY, ijQoN gurSbddy rqn pRwpq huMdy hn[8 ies ctswl ivc syvw isKI/isKweI jWdI hY[9

sMsQwgq qOr ’qy jdoN sMgqW sQwipq hoeIAW qW auQy hI DrmSwlwvW bxIAWqy ienHW dy muKI keI auc jIvn vwly gurisK hoey, ijnHW ivcoN keIAW dy nWBweI gurdws jI ny idqy hn[10 audyS dI idRStI qoN DrmSwlw qy ies dy nwlsMgq-pMgq, lMgr Awid sMsQwvW ny is`KI dy pMQk ivkws qy bxqr nUMmzbUq bxwieAw[ ieh sMsQwvW is`KI dy hryk pK dw kyNdr bxIAW[ pihlypVwA ivc krqwrpur dy sQwipq hox nwl ies dy bwkI pRbMD, ijs ivcnwm ismrn; gurbwxI kIrqn; sMgq-pMgq; lMgr dI ivvsQw Swiml sI,

ivc ivDIbDqw bx geI[ iesdy AwriQk AwDwr nUM mjbUq krn leIikrq kmweI dw pRbMD vI nwl hI kIqw igAw[ imhrbwn jnmswKI AnuswrjdoN “auis {krqwrpur dI} DrqI kw ju pUrvlw koeI Blw AMkuru Qw so Awieprgtu BieAw[…”11 qW gurU swihb ny krqwrpur dI sQwpnw kIqI qy vwhuxXog zmIn vyK ky syvkW nUM AwiKAw “vwh hu gwh hu qusI hI AqY jy ikCu AMnupYdw hovY su gurU bwby dI Drmswlw bwhhu[”12 BweI gurdws jI vI AijhwieSwrw krdy hn[13

ies qrHW hQIN ikrq kmweI krky krqwrpur dI DrmSwwl dw pRbMDqoirAw igAw qy ieQy gurU bwby pws Awaux vwly “ihMdU, muslmwnu, jogI,sMinAwsI, bRhmcwrI, qpsI, idgMbru, bYsnau, audwsI, iknhI, bYrwgI,Kwnu-pvInu, aumrwau, kroVIAw, BUmIAw {Awid} ij koeI sI prmysur kwpYdw kIAw… su sMqoiKAw jwie…inhwlu hovih]”14

ieh sMqoK jW inhwl ijQy gurSbd nwl huMdw, auQy lMgr nwl vI huMdw[Awid swKIAW Anuswr “duie vKqu isKo no rsoeI huMdI[” gurU swihb lMgrdw pRbMD Kud dyKdy “qw bwbw rsoeI ivc bih kir AwigAw krY jwih bcwjyvhu] isAwl hoie qw iKcVI rotI] jy aunwl (grmI) hoie qw dwl rotI]ijqnw Awhwru iksY dw hovY so lY aUTY… jyhI ijns dw koeI sMswrI isK AwvYqyhw qyhw pRswdu imldw]”15 Awid swKIAW dI gvwhI Anuswr gurU swihbny zmIn nUM vwhux svwrx dy sMdW dw pRbMD vI krky idqw qW ik hQIN ikrqkmweI krky lMgrW ivc myry isK CqIh AMimRq Ckx[16

lMgr, Drmswlw ivc smUihk qOr ’qy ’kTy hoey lok ieko pMgq ivc bYTky Ckdy, ijs nwl CUq-Cwq, suc-iBt qy jwqI pRQw nwl juVy kUVy krmW;vihmW BrmW qy prMprwgq Dwrimk ivcwrW dIAW jVHW ihl geIAW[ smyNdy ivkws nwl aukq sMsQwvW is`K pMQ dI buinAwdI bxqr bx ik huxieiqhws dy keI pVwA pwr kr cukIAW hn, pr ienHW dy buinAwdI mnorQW

4. vyKo : hukmnwimAw ivc dys ivdyS dIAW sMgqW dy izkr : (sMpw.) gMfw isMG, pMny 77-8; 135; 189 Awid[5. ijvyN : ibsir geI sB qwiq prweI] jb qy swDsMgiq moih pweI]

nw ko bYrI nhI ibgwnw] sgl sMig hm kau bin AweI] gurU gRMQ swihb, 1299.

6. Driq aupwie krI Drmswlw] auhI, 1033.

7. auhI, 73.

8. Drmswl hY mwnsru hMsu gurisK vwhu] rqn pdwrQ gursbdu kir kIrqnu Kwhu] vwr/pauVI 9/14.

9. pihly guir aupdys dy isK pYrI pwey] swDsMgiq kir Drmswl isK syvw lwey] auhI 9/17.

10. gMgw, shglu, sUrmw, hrvMs qpy, thl Drmswlw] auhI 11/27.

11. Bwg 1, swKI/pMnw 13/516.

12. auhI, 153/518.

13. Drmswl krqwrpuru… vwr/pauVI 24/1.

14. imhrbwn jnmswKI, Bwg 1, swKI/pMnw 153/517.

15. swKI/pMnw 24/272- 78.

16. auhI, 25/191.

94 95

ivc hwly vI koeI kmI nhIN AweI[ suc-iBt, jwq-pwq dy kUVy klcr qoNmukq ienHW sMsQwvW ny scI ikrq qy dsW nhuMAW nwl kmweI rotI dy ivcwr nUMivhwr ivc bdilAw qy nwl hI grIb-gurby, AiqQI dw iFf BirAw[ kysrisMG iCbr ATwrvIN sdI ivc drbwr swihb AMimRqsr dy lMgr-pMgq dI iekAKIN vyKI gvwhI pyS krdw hoieAw ilKdw hY :

sdw ibRq jo koeI swD sMq isK PkIr prdysI AwvY]…sUrdws (AMnw) lMgw buFw hIxw ArQI…horu mweI buFI TyrI…soeI Bojn mwqR drbwro lyvY[ies Krc qy dy lY vDy jo mwieAw[mhIny kwimAw musMdIAw dro igAw ey TihrwieAw]17

iCbr ieh vI gvwhI idMdw hY ik jo vI Awtw, iGau, dwl Awid gurU ky lMgrWivc AwauNdw sI, auh ikrqI isK nhIN sI lYNdy, ikauNik auh qW kmw ky KWdy sn,auh Aksr AnwQW nUM idqw jWdw sI[18 iesy qrHW hI cwrls ivliknz iekAMgryz APsr, 1781 eI. dI ptnw PyrI smyN q^q swihb auqy vrqwey jWdylMgr, auQy dI sMgq qy pMgq dw ivsiqRq vyrvw idMdw hoieAw spSt krdw hY ikswry ieko pMgq ivc bih ky ibn@W iksy Byd-Bwv dy hQIN bxwieAw cMgw Bojn Ckdyhn[19

sRI gur soBw dw krqw BweI sYnw isMG ilKdw hY is`K dy smucy jIvn dwAwsrw (Taur) hI sMgqW bxINAW[20 guriblws ? dy hvwly AnuswrsMgq-pMgq ivc ByK jW pwKMf bwhr rih jWdy, kyvl inmrqw nwlhuMdI[21 krqw Anuswr gurU GrW dI qW Et hI sMgq, pMgq hY qy ieQycldw lMgr chuM vrnw ivc sWJw hY, ijQy rwjy qoN lY ik iBKwrI qk

AwauNdy hn[22 gurU swihb Awp vI chuM vrnW dIAW sMgqW ivc bYT ky Ckdyhn[23 mihmw pRkwS kivqw Anuswr pMgq Asl ivc vrxwSrm prMprw dwinSyD sI[ ieQy cwry vrnW dy hr vfy-Coty, ibn@W Byd-Bwv dy, imtI dybrqnW ivc Ckdy[24 krqw mihmw pRkwS ny iliKAw hY ik lMgr, pMgq,sMgq Awid sMsQwvW nUM gurU swihb ny AiDAwqmk aunqI dw iek swDnbxwieAw[25 lMgr sMsQw dI mhwnqw dw AMdwzw ies qQ qoN vI lgwieAwjw skdw hY ik jy gurU swihb idAwl ho ik iksy nUM syvw bKSdy qW lMgrdI syvw b^Sdy[26 sqvyN pwqSwh jI ny bcn kIqw ik ijQy loVvMd pRsMnhox, auho Bwau-BgqI vwlI lMgr-syvw gurU Gr ivc pRvwn hovygI[27 krqwAnuswr lMgr ivc suAwdlw Bojn dsW nhuMAW dI DrmI ikrq vwly is`KWdI ikrq krky bxdw[28

mihmw pRkwS Anuswr loVvMd, AiqQI jW grIb nUM lMgr Ckwauxw, gurUnUM lMgr Ckwaux dy qul smiJAw jWdw sI[29 gurU Amrdws jI dw qW iehzrUrI hukm sI ik pihlW pMgq ipCoN sMgq, ieQoN qk ieh hukm bwdSwhAkbr nUM vI mMnxw ipAw[30 srdwr rqn isMG BMgU ny ienHW sMsQwvW(lMgr, pMgq, sMgq) ivc duSmxW dy Awaux qy pRsMn hox dy vyrvy vI idqyhn[31

aukq ivcwr/hvwly Drmswlw, lMgr, pMgq, sMgq Awid sMsQwvW dImhwnqw qy audyS nUM spSt krn leI kwPI hn[ swfy ivSy dy iDAwnXogqQ isrP ieh hY ik ieh vfy pRbMD ikrqI isKW dI imhnq nwl cldy sn[

ijvyN-ijvyN pMQ dw ivkws huMdw igAw iqvyN-iqvyN hor nvyN pRbMDW, sMsQwvWdw audY huMdw igAw[ smyN nwl dsvMD,msMd, mMjI Awid sMsQwvW ny jnmilAw, ijnHW dw sMbMD dsW nhuMAW dI ikrq kmweI (suikRq) nwl gMBIr rUpivc juiVAw hoieAw hY[

17. bMswvlInwmw, crx/bMd/pMnw 13/16- 8/143.

18. ikrqI isK nhI lYix grIb AnwQ sIDw lyvn[ auhI, 13/34/144.

19. Charles Wilkins, 'The Sikhs and Their College at Patna' reprinted in Early Europeon Accounts of the Sikhs, pp. 69-74.20. AiD./bMd/pMnw 6/210/90.

21. AiD./bMd/pMnw 1/125/14.

22. auhI, 9/907/396; 21/388/769; 1/104/12 Awid[23. auhI, 9/816/384.

24. Bwg II, gurU/swKI/pMnw 2/68/84; 3/83/153.

25. vyKo: 'BweI scnsc dI swKI', auhI, ? ?? ??????26. auhI, 5/127/328; Bwg III, 7/175/547.

27. auhI, Bwg III, 7/176/551.

28. auhI, 7/167/518.

29. mihmw pRkwS vwrqk, swKI/pMnw 35/78.

30. auhI, 42/86.

31. sRI gur pMQ pRkwS, swKI/bMd/pMnw 78/4- 6/179.

96 97

mMjI pRbMD dI sQwpnw smkwlI loV ivc pYdw hoeI sI qy ieh gurU AmrdwsjI dy QwauN-QweIN sQwipq kIqy isKI dy pRcwr kyNdr sn, ijnHW dI igxqI bweI(22) sI[32 ieh iek qrHW dw Ahudw sI qy AiDkwr pKoN isK pMQ ivc gurU(Amrdws jI) vloN isKW nUM bKiSAw jwx vwlw sB qoN vfw siqkwrq snmwnsI[33 ieQy iek qQ iDAwn gocrw hY ik mihmw pRkwS gurU Amrdyv ivc'bweI sUby'34 dy vwkMS qoN pRBwivq ho ky prMprw ivc ieh pRcilq ho igAw ikAkbr dy bweI sUibAW qoN pRBwivq/smwnWqr gurU swihb ny bweI sUby-numwpRcwr kyNdr bxwey[35 ieiqhwsk qOr qy ieh ivcwr drusq nhIN, ikauNikAkbr smyN mugl swmwrwj dy 12 sUby sn[36 vYsy vI gurU swihb nUM Akbr dyiksy pRbMD qoN pRBwivq jW smwnWqr hox dI loV nhIN sI[ ieh gurU swihb dwAwpxw DrmI-rwj sI[

mMjI bKiSS pRwpq gurisK bVy aucy-sucy jIvn vwly sn, ijhVy qkrIbnswry hI dsW nhuMAW dI ikrq kmweI krky Kwx vwly pirvwrW ivcoN sn[37

audwhrx mwqr leI AlwXwr, ipMf f`lw (sulqwnpur) dw iek pTwxmuslmwn sI, ijhVw GoiVAW dw vpwr krdw sI[38 ieh BweI pwro rwhINgurU drbwr ivc phuMc ky gurU crnW dw BOrw bixAw qy gurU jI ny iesnUM mMjIbKiSS kIqI[39 BweI scnsc ipMf mMd (lwhOr) dw rihx vwlw sI, ijhVwlMgr leI lkVW ilAwauNdw huMdw sI[40 ies dw ivAwh vI gurU swihb nykrvwieAw qy iPr joVI ny mMjI syvw nUM swrI aumr inBwieAw[41 BweI

swDwrn, goieMdvwl dw ihMdU lohwr, lkVI dw kMm krdw sI qy baulIinrmwx ivc lkVI dy kMm (ikrq) dI izMmyvwrI iesy dI sI[42 mMjIpRwpqI auprMq gurU hukmW Anuswr ieh ipMf (Gr) rih ky pRcwr krdwirhw[43 iesy qrHW BweI swvx ml ny dUr-dUr jw ky pMQ dy AnykW kMm/kwrj kIqy, ijvyN baulI inrmwx qy goieMdvwl ngr dI auswrI smyN phwVIirAwsq hrIpur qoN lkVIAW dw pRbMD kIqw[44 purwqn sUcnw Anuswr45

sB qoN pihlI mMjI iesy nUM imlI sI[

iesy qrHW BweI suKx, kydwrI, Kyfw, hMdwl46, gMgSwh, drbwrI, pwro(prmhMs), Pyrw, bUAw, byxI mwDo, mhysw, mweIdws, mwxk cMd, mQomurwrI47,rwjw rwm, BweI lwl/lwlo/lwlU Awid swry hI Drm dI ikrq kmweI krkyKwx vwly, auc-jIvnIey isK sn[48

ijs qrHW pihlW sMkyq Aw cuikAw hY, mMjIdwrW dw muK kMm Drm dw pRcwrsI, pr ieh inrwpurw pRcwr hI nhIN sI krdy blik Awpxy-Awpxy ielwkydy lokW dy Dwrmk/rwjsI msly vI nijTdy sn[ auh Awpxy ielwky ivciek AwgU dI qrHW sn qy gurU vloN aunHW nUM swry AiDkwr (bKiSSW) imly hoeysn[49 iesy sMdrB ivc hI Swied swfy kuJ lyKk50 iesnUM mugl hkUmq dysmwnWqr iek pRbMD smJdy hn, jo ik ies pRsMg ivc TIk jwpdw hY[

mMjIdwrW dw ivSyS kMm, ijsdw isDw sMbMD swfy hQly kwrj nwl qlukwqrKdw hY, is`K sMgqW vloN Byt 'dsvMD' dy rUp ivc ByNt kIqI mwieAw, gurUdrbwr qk phuMcwaux dw sI[ ieh mwieAw ngdI, Anwj jW smwn dy rUp

32. qolw isMG Blw, gurrqnwvlI, bMd ??, swKI mhlw ?, pMnw 87; gxySw isMG bydI, sRI gurU bMs ibnod, pMny 50- 2.

33. fw. gopwl isMG ny iesnUM seats of spiritual authority ikhw hY, vyKo : A History of the Sikh People, p.162.34. swKI/bMd ?? ??.35. ieh pwqSwhI dwAvy dI pRqIk ‘rUV@I’ hY, vyKo: sRI gur pMQ pRkwS, AiD./bMd/pMnw 12/3/22.

36. R.P. Tripathi, Rise and Fall of Mughal Empire, p.259.37. ienHW dw vyrvw (nW/QW/jwq/goq/ielwkw Awid) swnUM hyT ilKy pRmuK sRoqW qoN QoVHw-iBMnqw sihq pRwpq huMdw hY :

· gxySw isMG bydI, sRI gurU bMs ibnod (1884)· pMifq qwrw isMG nroqm, sRI gur qIrQ sMgRih (1884)· goieMdvwl gurdvwrw hvylI swihb dw sunihrI pqrw (is`K rwj)· BweI kwnH isMG nwBw, mhwn koS (1930)

38. qwrw isMG nroqm, sRI gur qIrQ sMgRih, pMnw 273.

39. gxySw isMG bydI, sRI gurU bMs ibnod, pMnw 52.

40. BweI sMqoK isMG, sUrj pRkwS, ij ?, pMnw 1457.

41. auhI.

42. mihmw pRkwS (vwrqk), swKI/pMnw ???? ??43. sMq ryix pRym isMG, sRI gurpur pRkwS, Bwg pihlw, pMnw 460.44. BweI sMqoK isMG, sUrj pRkwS, ij. ?, pMnw ????.45. sMq ryix pRym isMG, sRI gurpur pRkwS, Bwg pihlw, pMnw 420.46. hMdwl gurU swihb dw scw is`K sI, pr iesdI mOq auprMq ies dw puqr ibDIAw Btk igAw qy is`K swihq ivc imlwvt pwaux lg ipAw[ ies dw 'inrMjnI pMQ' hmySW is`K lihr dy ivroD ivc Bugqdw irhw[ ATwrvIN sdI ivc jMifAwlIey, isKW dy sB qoN vfy duSmx bxy, vyKo: Dr. Ganda Singh, Ahmed Shah Durrani, p.275.47. ienHW ivcoN murwrI dI supqnI dw nW mQo hY[ ieh joVI gur-syvw nUM smripq sI[48. ivsqwr leI vyKo: BweI sMqoK isMG, sUrj pRkwS, ij.?, pMny ??????? ?.49. gokl cMd nwrMg, isK mq dw pirvrqn (pMjwbI Anu.), pMny 21-2.50. ig. igAwn isMG, sRI gur pMQ pRkwS, Bwg pihlw , pMnw 592.

98 99

ivc ho skdI sI qy sMgq muKI (mMjIdwr) pUry iemwn sihq swl ivc do vwrgurU Gr ivc phuMcw idMdw sI, ijs nwl lMgr, irhwieS, iemwrqW qy horAnykW pRkwr dw pRbMD cldw sI[

iesy qrHW hI mMjI pRbMD vWg pIhVy vI sQwipq kIqy gey, ijnHW dI igxqI52 jW ies qoN vDyry (72) pRwpq huMdI hY[ ienHW auqy Awm krky is`K AOrqWnUM pRcwrk bxwieAw igAw[ bIbIAW ivcoN mweI syvW, mweI mwlw, bIbIBwgI Awid nW pRisD hn[ ieh Asl ivc mMjIdwrW qoN A`gy Coty ielwikAWivc pRcwr dy Coty kyNdr sn[ ienHW rwhIN pRcwr krn vwly vI Awm kMmkwzIis`K AOrq-mrd sn[

smyN dy nwl is`K pMQ dw ivkws bhuq vfy pDr 'qy ho igAw qy bhuq swrynvyN kyNdrW (qrnqwrn, AMimRqsr Awid) dI sQwpnw SurU ho geI[ iesqrHW pMQ ivc grIb Aqy pCVIAW jwqW dy ikrqI ikswn lok vfy pDr ’qySwiml hoxy surU ho gey[ GoiVAW Awid dw vpwr dUr durwfy ielwikAW ivchoxw SurU ho igAw qW pMcm pwqSwh ny mMjI pRbMD dw punrgTn krky msMdpRbMD cwlU kIqw qy AwriQkqw nUM auswrU rUp dyx leI 'dsvMD' dw Tos rUpbxwieAw[

msMd dI cox ivc pivqrqw, v&wdwrI, iemwndwrI qy auc Awcrn AwidmuK XogqwvW sn[51 ienHW nUM 'sMgqIAw' kihx dy pRmwx vI pRwpq huMdy hn[52

msMd, aucI SrDw dw pRqIk sI, iesy krky BweI gurdws jI ienHW leI'gurmuiK' Sbd vrqdy hn[53

msMdW dw muK kwrj gurisKI pRcwr qy sMgqW qoN dsvMD iekTw krky,mMjIdwrW vWg idvwlI qy ivswKI mOky gurU-drbwr ivc phuMcwauxw huMdw sI[smkwlI mugl styt ivc bwdSwh drbwr lgw ky Awpxy AihlkwrW qoNnzrwny ByNt lYdw sI[ ies pRbMD qoN pRBwivq keI ivdvwn gurU Gr ivcphuMcwieAw jwx vwlw Dn-pdwrQ vI ausy mgl pRbMD dy pRsMg ivc dyKdyhoey ies nUM sMgqW auqy ligAw kr (tax) smJdy hn[54 keI Axjwx iesnUM

dwn smJdy sn[55 Asl ieh 'dsvMD' nw 'kr' sI qy nw 'dwn', sgoN iehis`K sMgqW dI Drm dI scI kmweI dw ihsw sI, ijhVw ik Awm qOr auqykul aupj dw dsvW Bwg huMdw, pr ieiqhws ivcoN iek vI hvwlw pRwpqnhIN ijQy gurU Gr ny ies bwry iksy nUM mzbUr kIqw hovy[ ieh Asl ivcaupj dw kuJ; mrjI jW mn dI KuSI nwl idqw igAw ihsw huMdw sI qy msMdiesnUM gurU Gr qk phuMcwauNdy sn[ ieh gurmiq PlsPy dy Gwil Kw ky kuJhQoN dyx dw iek pRbMD Sudw ivhwr sI[56

ies qQ dw iDAwn rhy ik msMd gurU qy sMgqW ivckwr iek kVI snqy auh kyvl pRcwr jW dsvMD hI iekTw nhIN sI krdy, blik sQwinkJgVy vI inbyVdy sn qy gurU Gr ivc loVINdI hr vsq dw, sQwink jWsmkwlI loV muqwibk, pRbMD vI krdy sn, ijvyN ik sMkt mOky hiQAwr,golI-is`kw jW GoVy Awid Byjxy[ hukmnwmy ies qQ dI vfy pDr 'qygvwhI Brdy hn[57

ieiqhwsk sroqW dIAW sUcnwvW58 Anuswr msMd qnKwhdwr nhIN sn[ieh sMgq BytwvW ivcoN hI guzwry jogw rKdy sn[59 dwibsqwn dI sUcnwmuqwibk ruzgwr vwlw msMd kyvl syvw krdw sI, qnKwh nhIN sI lYNdw[60

gurU swihb siqkwr vjoN gurU Gr phuMcx vyly ienHW nUM 'sropw' (isrpwau) idMdysn[ smyN nwl ies pRbMD ivc igrwvt AwauxI SurU ho geI[ igrwvt dyAnykW kwrnW ivc kuJ-iek dw vrnx zrUrI jwpdw hY[

gurmiq ny ikauNik iemwn dI ikrq krky rotI Kwx jW guzrwn krndw isDWqk qy ivhwrk AsUl disAw hoieAw hY, ies leI ijMnHW icr msMdiemwn nwl ikrq krdy rhy qy is`KW dI ikrq 'kTI krdy rhy, qd qkqW TIk irhw, pr jd 'pUjw dw Dwn'61 Kwxw SurU kr idqw, qd aunHW dI

51. gokl cMd nwrMg, isK mq dw pirvrqn, (pMjwbI Anu.), pMnw 34.52. Hari Ram Gupta, History of Sikhs, vol.I, p.278.53. gurmuiK vifAw vfy msMdw] vwr/pauVI ?????.54. J.D. Cunnigham, A History of the Sikhs, p.52; gokl cMd nwrMg, isK mq dw pirvrqn (pMjwbI Anu.), pMnw 36.

55. ieMdU BUSx bYnrjI, Kwlsy dI auqpqI (pMjwbI Anu.), ij.I, pMnw 195.56. Gwil Kwie ikCu hQhu dyie] gurU gRMQ swihb, 1245.

57. vyKo: hukmnwmw 'BweI imhr cMd ipSwvr Xog' 6 PrvrI, 1702 dw ; “isqwbI huMfI krwie ByjxI… Aru hQIAwr bMnH ky drsin Awvnw…” hukmnwmy, pMnw 169.

58. ivsqwr leI : Hari Ram Gupta, History of the Sikhs, vol.I, p.130.59. msMdW nUM hukm sI ik auh AwpxI rozI, ikrq krky Kwx[60. 'nwnk pMQI', fw. gMfw isMG dI is`K ieiqhws sroq pusqk, (sMpw.) hrcMd isMG bydI, pMnw 157.61. 'pUjw dy Dwn' bwry ivsqwr leI vyKo : BweI gurdws vwr/pauVI 35/12- 16;

kibq 384- 85, 505,517 Awid[

100 101

mq mwrI geI[ is`K pMQ dI do PrMtW qy jdo-jihd SurU hoeI -iek lokW 'qyzulm kr rhI (mugl) styt iKlw& qy iek bOxvwdI ivcwrDwrwvW(bRwhmxvwd) nwl[ bRhmxIkl swizSI iDrW ny pMQ dIAW jVHW nUM kmzorkrn leI pYdw kIqy rwmrweIAW, DIrmlIAW Awid rwhIN kuJ kcy-iplymsMdW nUM nwl gMiFAw qy kuJ nklI msMd lokW ivc vwV idqy[ ies qrHWdsm pwqSwh ny ieh pRbMD 'Kwlsw swjnw smyN' mukMbl rUp ivc smwpqkr idqw[62

aukq qoN spSt hoieAw ik mMjI, msMd, dsvMD Awid sMsQwvW dw pUrw-pUrwAwDwr scI ikrq kmweI 'qy itikAw hoieAw sI[ jdoN msMd vrgI sMsQw'ikrq' dI QW 'pUjw' qy plx lgI qW gurU swihb ny qurMq smwpq kr idqI[

pMQ ivc CyvyN pwqSwh smyN sRI AkwlqKq qy mIrI-pIrI dIAW pYdwhoeIAW sMsQwvW dw ivSyS QW hY[ ieh sMsQwvW ivhwrk loV ivc pYdwhoeIAW mMjI, msMd, dsvMD vWg nhIN, ieh gurmiq dy buinAwdI AsUlW dwivhwrk qy sdIvI rUp hn[ ienHW sMsQwvW dy bIj rUp gurU nwnk jI qoN SurUho jWdy hn63, pr ibrK, gurU hirgoibMd swihb smyN bxdy hn[ gurUhirgoibMd swihb duAwrw pRgt kIqIAW ien@W sMsQWvw dy srUp qy audySbwbq keI vfy qy kihMdy khwauNdy ivdvwnW64 ny vI aukweI KwDI hY qy keIies smyN nUM 'pirvrqn' (transformation) dy rUp ivc vyKdy hn[65 swfwaudyS ienHW sMsQwvW dy 'ikrq' sMbMDW qoN hY[

gurU Arjn swihb jI ny Awpxy AMiqm smyN ivc is`KW nUM, is`KI ivkwsdy BivKq smyN ivc Awaux vwlIAW AOkVW nUM vyKidAW bcn kIqw ik “AsWjo ssqr pkVny hYin so gurU hirgoibMd dw rUp Dwrky pkVny hYin…ssqrWdI ividAw kir mIr dI mIrI iKc lYxI qy sbd dI pRIq smJ kr pIr dI

pIrI lY lYxI hY[”66 BweI gurdws jI ilKdy hn ik Awm lokW nUM gurU dIAWrIqW pihly gurU swihbwn qoN iBMn jwpIAW, pr gurU (hirgoibMd jI) dImwnisk AvsQw nUM smJxw Awm Kws dy vs nhIN[ cMdn kol ijvyN s`p, bUhyAgy kuqw jW jMdrw, KyqI A`gy vwV, bwg duAwly kMfy Awid ijvyN rwKI krdyhn, iqvyN gurU ny (ienHW sMsQwvW: Akwlq^q; mIrI-pIrI rwhIN) sMgq qypMQ nUM 'vwV' kIqI hY[67

mrwTw sMq rwmdws dy aukq msly pur svwl dy jvwb ivc gurU hirgoibMdjI ny disAw ik bwqn PkIrI jwihr AmIrI'68, Bwv ieh sMsQwvW swfI(is`KI dI) AmIrI dw 'Bwv' hn[

guriblws pwqSwhI 6 dw krqw ienHW sMsQwvW nUM dYvI qq nwl joVdwspSt krdw hY ik AkwlpurK ny Awp gurU swihb nUM hukm kIqw hY ikienHW sMsQwvW nUM bxwieAw jwvy[69 krqw Anuswr grIbW dy riKAkgurU ny ies Aibcl q^q dI nINh Kud rKI qy Awpxy hQW nwl iehjhwz rUpI AYsw qKq bxwieAw, ijhVw jgq nUM gulwmIAW qy frW dyBvswgr qoN pwr lY ky jwvygw[70 ieQy duinAwvI fr, BY Kqm ho jWdyhn[71 kysr isMG iCbr ny mIrI-pIrI nUM rwj-jog dy ArQW ivc ilAwhY[72

gurU hirgoibMd swihb ny ivcwrwDIn sMsQwvW Asl ivc, auprokq sMdrBqoN spSt huMdw hY ik, pMQ dI vwV dy rUp ivc rwKI krn leI bxweIAW[ieh smkwlI bwdSwhq nUM is`Dw cYilMj sn ik pMQ hux grIb-gurby qyikrqI dI ihPwzq krygw[ ieh AwpxI eykqw dy hk ivc KVHIAW kIqIAWAijhIAW 'iDrW' sn, ijnHW gurU kwl qoN lY ky swfy smkwl qk sQwipqAqy AwkI iDrW nwl keI vwr hiQAwrbMd jdo-jihd lVI hY[73 ieh

62. jo kir syv msMdn kI khY Awin pRswid sbY moih dIjY] gurU goibMd isMG, qyqI svYXy, bMd 29 ;

BweI sYnw isMG, sRI gur soBw, AiD./bMd/pMnw 5/131/79; 5/148/81; 5/190/87.

63. vyKo: gurU gRMQ swihb, pMny 122, 143, 350, 1039, 1088 Awid[

64. ijvyN PrYfirk ipnkot (H.Frederic Pincot) Anuswr gurU nwnk dw s`cw audyS gurU hirgoibMd dy rwjsI suBwA krky isry nw cVH sikAw; See. Thomas Patric Hughes (ed.), Dictionary of Islam, p. 592.; twienbI (Arnold Tynbee) ienHW sMsQwvW nUM gurU nwnk dy 'AiDAwqmk mwrg' qoN Btkxw dsdw hY, See. An Historians' Approach to Religion, p. 113.; jwdU nwQ srkwr Anuswr ieh Dwrimk ivcwrW dw iqAwg sI, See : History of Aurangzeb, p.206 Awid[65. ijvyN : Gocal Chand Narang ny AwpxI pusqk dw nW hI Trans formation of Sikhism

(Calcutta, 1912) riKAw[

66. isKW dI Bgqmwlw, swKI/pMnw 93/140; BweI sMqoK isMG jI gur-bcnW nUM ieauN pRgtwauNdy hn :sw XuD hoie qKq pr rwjhu]…neI rIq iek rx kI kIjih] sUrj pRkwS, ????????????? ? ??? ??

67. vwr/pauVI 26/24.25; 34/13 Awid[68. Dr. Ganda Singh, 'Guru Hargobind and Samrath Ram Das', Punjab Past and Present, april 1, 1979, p.241.69. AiD./bMd/pMnw ? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??

70. auhI, ? ??? ?????? ?

71. auhI, ? ??? ?? ??? ??

72. bMswvlInwmw, crx/bMd/pMnw ?? ???? ????? ??

73. AihmdSwh AbdwlI (1710); '84 Awid smyN...

102 103

grIbW, loVvMdW qy ikrqIAW 'qy fwky mwrdIAW iDrW ivruD mzlUmW nwlvPwdwrI pwlx dw pRqIk bx ik ieiqhws ivc pRgt hoeIAW[

sRI Akwlq^q qy mIrI-pIrI dIAW sMsQwvW dy ivhwrk rUp ny aus isDWqnUM pRgt kr idqw, ijhVw gurU nwnk jI ny sMklipAw sI[ ieh isDWq auswryjwx vwly pMQ dy AnunweIAW dI jIvn-jwc sI, ijhVy gRihsQ ivc rih kyaudws jW inrbwx rih skdy sn; AwpxI AwpxI aupjIvkw kmwauNdy,loVbMdW nUM idMdy (vMf Ckxw) qy Kohx vwilAW nwl dsq-pMjw lYNdy sn[gurbwxI Anuswr vwihgurU ny Anwj dI aupj 'dyg' DrqI auqy iek vwr vrqwidqI, pr corW ny aus ’qy j`Pw mwr ilAw; BMfwrI ny BMfwr krnw SurU kridqw[74 ienHW BMfwrIAW (jwgIrdwrW, mwieAwDwrIAW) dy j`Py kwrn hIhzwrW lok BuKy sONdy qy nMgy pYNdy hn, vrnW nw AMn-pwxI (Kurwk) dI kmI hYqy nw DrqI (QW) dI[ AwkIAW qy sQwipq iDrW dy j`iPAW 'coN 'ikrq',ikrqIAW qk lYjwx leI aukq sMsQwvW ny ijhVw rol inBwieAw, auh swfyieiqhws dw gOrvmeI AiDAwie hY[

auprokq ivcwrW qoN spSt huMdw hY ik gurU-kwl ivc ausrIAW pMQ dIswrIAW sMsQwvW isDy jW AisDy rUp ivc gurmiq dy scI ikrq dy isDWqnwl juVIAW hoeIAW hn[ ieh is`K ieiqhwsk AnuBv qy isK icMqn dy QMBhn[

ATwrvIN sdI dI iBAwnk jdo-jihd smyN pYdw hoeI Aihm sMsQw'gurmqw' sI, ijhVI Awm krky sRI Akwlq^q swihb dI Cqr CwieAw hyT'srbq Kwlsy' dy iekT ivc nypry cVHdI sI[ ies sMsQw ny Kwlsw pMQ dIsrbsWJI rwey nUM jQybMdk rUp ivc pRgt krky kOm nUM iek muT riKAw[

swJIN rwey pRgtwaux dy bIj ivcwr qW gurbwxI ivc hI pey hn,75 prjQybMdk rUp ivc pRgt hox leI aunHW nUM iek ieiqhwsk Aml ivcoNguzrnw ipAw[ vYsy vI gurU swihbwn smyN sWJI rwie dI loV nhIN auBrI,ikauNik gurU swihbwn dw hukm hI sWJI rwie huMdw sI[ bwbw bMdw isMGbhwdr dI Shwdq (1716) qoN bwAd pMQ dI lIfriSp Kqm hox kwrn,kOmI pDr dy PYsly lYx leI ies sMsQw ny jnm ilAw, BwvyN ik suKwisMG76, mYlkm77 (Malcolm) Awid ivdvwn ies nUM gurU goibMd isMG jI

smyN qoN hoxw hI ilKdy hn[ ieh Asl ivc gurU swihb dw 'dIvwn' huMdwsI, ijhVw ivswKI, idvwlI nUM vDyry sjdw[ sujwn rwey BMfwrI ny 1696eI. (jdoN hwly Kwlsw nhIN sI swijAw igAw) nUM AMimRqsr ivKy hox vwlyvfy iekTW dw ijkr kIqw hY[78

BweI kwnH isMG nwBw Anuswr gurmqw, gurmiq Anuswr kIqw kMm hY…purwxy isMG, sMswrI Aqy Drm dy kMMm nUM AwrMB krn qoN pihlW dIbwn ivcslwh krdy sn, jo gurinXmW Anuswr swry dIvwn dI sMmqI huMdI aus dwnwauN gurmqw ikhw jWdw[79 gurmqy nUM smkwlI ieiqhwskwrW/lyKkW nynational council,80 diet; grand diet; grand convention,81 assembly ofchiefs82 Awid ikhw hY[

gurmqw krn leI srbq Kwlsy dw iekT, sRI Akwlq^q swihb ivKyhuMdw, ijQy ivAkqIgq msly Aqy ieqrwj Bulky pMQk jW kOmI PYsly leyjWdy[ smkwlI pRsiQqIAW Anuswr, s. rqn isMG BMgU muqwibk ijMny vImhqwpUrn PYsly hoey, auh swry gurmqy rwhIN hoey, BwvyN ksUr lutxw sI83,ibsMBr dws nUM soDxw sI84, nvwb jYn Kwn nUM mwrnw sI85, jW hor koeI kOmIkMm sI[

smyN dIAW pRsiQqIAW kwrn ieh sMsQw BwvyN lupq ho geI qy swnUMieiqhws ivc koeI PYslw vI 'ikrq' dy sMdrB ivc isDw pRwpq nhIN, prswfy ivcwrnXog mudw isr& ieh hY ik pMQ kol iehI ieko-iek sMsQw hY,ijs rwhIN pMQ nUM muV ikrqI bxwieAw jw skdw hY qy ikrq dy hk ley jwskdy hn[ ies qrHW scI ikrq dw isDWq, ivhwr ivc lwgU krn leIsmwjk jW rwjsI idRStIkox qoN gurmqw sMsQw hI kwrgr sMsQw hY, ijhVIvfw rol Adw kr skdI hY[

74. DrqI dyg imlY iek vyrw Bwgu qyrw BMfwrI] gur U gRMQ swihb, 1190.

75. hoie iekqR imlhu myry BweI duibDw dUir krhu ilv lwie] auhI, 1185.

76. gur ibl ws pw.10, AiD.bMd/pMnw 19/10/278.

77. Sketch of the Sikhs, p.123.

78. Kulwsquq-qvwrIK, (pMjwbI Anu.), pMny 77- 8.

79. mhwn koS, pMnw 315.

80. J.H.Gordon, The Sikhs, p.53; C.H.Pane, A Short History of The Sikhs, p.63.81. George Foster ‘Observation on the Sikhs', in Early Europeon Accounts of the Sikhs, pp.77-87.82. Cunnigham, A History of Sikhs, p.132.83. sRI gur pMQ pRkwS, AiD./bMd/pMnw 138/48/363.

84. auhI, 141/7/371.

85. auhI, 146/5/377.

104 105

sMprdwvW

is`K Drm rUpI vfy ibrK dIAW, ieiqhwsk qy kudrqI hkIkqAnuswr, smyN nwl dyS, kwl, BUgol Awid pRBwvW kwrn keI SwKwvW bxgeIAW[ ienHW SKwvW nUM hI sMprdwvW ikhw jWdw hY[ igxwqmk pKoNienHW dI igxqI jy aup-vMf qk kr leI jwvy qW ieh AD sYNkVy(50)dynyVy hn, pr guxwqmk qQw ieiqhwsk mhqv pKoN pMj-cwr sMprdwvWhI ivSyS mhqv dIAW DwrnIAW hn, ijnHW ivcoN audwsI, inrmly,syvwpMQI Awid dw izkr kIqw jw skdw hY[ ieQy AsIN aukq iqMnW dyieiqhwsk ipCokV nUM sMKyp ivc jwxky, ikrq sMbMDI ivcwr qy ivhwrnUM smJx dy jqn ivc hW[

audwsI: ieiqhwsk qOr 'qy ies sMprdw dy moFI pihly pwqSwh gurUnwnk dyv jI dy spuqr bwbw sRI cMd (1494-1630) jI hn[ ieh swrIaumr gurU nwnk dyv jI dy aupdyS dw hI dUr-dUr qk pRcwr krdy rhy,BwvyN ik injI suBwA qy pihrwvy dw pRBwv vI ienHW dy pRBwv hyT AwauNdyswDUAW ’qy pYNdw irhw[ kwPI swry audwsI ivdvwnW ny86 gurU nwnk jIdI bwxI87 qy BweI gurdws jI dy hvwly88 nwl ieh isD krn dI koiSSkIqI hY ik 'audwsI miq' hI bwby nwnk dw Asl miq sI, pr iDAwndyx vwlw nukqw ieh hY ik bwxI hvwlw89 spSt krdw hY ik sQwnkloV Anuswr audwsI 'ByK' qy 'swDn', gurU jI ny zrUr ApxwieAw, prieh aunHW dw audyS nhIN sI[

CyvyN qy sqvyN pwqSwh dy smyN qk audwsI sMprdw gurU Gr dI muK Dwrwdy kwPI nyVy Aw cukI sI qy pRcwr ihq gurU swihbwn ny cwr DUeyN (BweI

Almsq, bwlU hsnw, BweI PUl, goibMdw Awid) Aqy Cy bKiSSW (suQrySwhI,Bgq BgvwnIey, sMgiq swihbIey, mIhW ShIey, bKq mlIey qy jIq mlIey)sQwipq kIqIAW[90 ienHW sQwpnwvW rwhIN dKxI Bwrq dy Dur qk is`KIdw vfy pDr 'qy pRcwr hoieAw[91 auqr ivc rUs qk phuMcx dy hvwly vIpRwpq huMdy hn[92

audwsI swDU gurU nwnk jI nUM Awpxw ieSt mMn ky ismrdy sn qy hrfyry ivc sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI dw pRkwS huMdw sI[ smyN nwl jdoN pMQ ’qyibKVy hwlwq bxy qW Awm is`K jgq nUM Dwrimk rhu-rIq qy shwrw dyxvwly iehI swDU sn[93 AMgryj kutlnIqI qy kuJ is`K lIfriSp dI byvsIkwrn ieh pMQ dI mUl Dwrw 'coN hux bhuq dUr cly gey hn[

audwsI swDUAW ny pRcwr sMswr ivc hI kIqw, pr sMswr qoN Ailpq rihky[ieh swDU pRcwr nwl grIb-guribAW dI syvw qy qn dy rog hrn dIdvw dwrU vI nwl-nwl kirAw krdy sn[ ikrq krky Kwxw ienHW dw muKinXm sI qy ienHW dI mrXwdw dw Aihm ihsw[ ATwrvIN sdI dy iekpRmuK audwsI AcwrIAw sMq ryx jI Awpxy pRisD gRMQ audwsI boD ivcaudwsI swDU nUM sMboDn ho ky ilKdy hn :

syvw sMqin kI kry[ ikrq kmwie ju Kwie]Gr bYTy ko hir imly iqsko Awp su Awie]94

sMq ryx jI ilKdy hn ik gurU nwnk jI dw 'Bv swgr' qoN qrn dw qrIkwhI ikrq kmweI krnw qy vMf Ckx dw hY :

86. sRI mwn mhMq gxySw isMG, Bwrq mq drpx, pMnw 9; pMifq bRhmwnMd, gurU audwsIn mq drpx, pMnw 318.87. iksu kwrix igRhu qijE audwsI]… gurmuiK Kojq Bey audwsI] gurU gRMQ swihb, 939.88. pihlw bwby pwXw bKsudir… bwby ByK bxwieAw audwsI kI rIiq clweI] vwr /pauVI 1/24.

89. iksu kwrix ieh 'ByKu' invwsI] gur U gRMQ swihb, 939.

BweI gurdws jI vI spSt krdy hn :bwby 'ByK' bxwieAw…] ?????

jdoN audyS pUrw hoieAw, iPr : iPir bwbw AwieAw krqwrpur 'ByK' ayudwsI sgl auqwrw] ??? ?.

90. mhMq gxySw isMG, Bwrq mq drpx, pMny 9-15.91. bnwrs rihx vwly pRkWf audwsI ivdvwn iqRipitkwcwrIAw dy bcnW rwhIN “ibhwr dy lKW pVHy qy AnpVH lokW idAW idlW qy idmwgW auqy nwnk nW dI eynI pkI muhr lgI hoeI hY, qW ies ipCy quhwfy (is`K pRcwrkW) lokW dI jwnmwrI kMm nhIN sI kr rhI[ ies dy ipCy audwsI swDUAW dI krVI Gwl kwrjSIl sI[ iehI lok sn jo Gr Gwt dw suK iqAwg ky bwxI dw dyS, pRdyS ivc FMforw iptdy iPry…” pRo. pRIqm isMG, 'audwsI sMpRdwie dw BUq qy BivK', dsvW gurU nwnk qy hor lyK, pMnw 141.92. 1850 dy krIb swDU rwmdws audwsI ny rUs dI rwjDwnI pRItrzbrg (lYnn gwrf) ivc DrmSwlw bxweI qy iksy hor swDU ny bwkU Sihr ivc fyrw bxwieAw[ vyKo: BweI rxDIr isMG, audwsI is`KW dI iviQAw, pMnw 573.93. gurU swihbwn nwl ieh jMgW juDW 'c vI shwieqw krdy rhy, ijvyN mhMq ikrpwl dws audwsI, BMgwxI dI jMg, gurU jI vloN ho ky liVAw[ vyKo: kuier isMG, gur ibl ws pwqSwhI 10, AiD.bMd/pMnw ?????? ??94. audwsI boD, hQ ilKq, 1858 eI.,pqrw 9a.

106 107

Bv qrny kw Xyh aupwvy jwinXy[gur nwnk ieh BwiKau Awp mhwnXIey[dIn grIbn ko hQ* qy kC* dIjIXy[ {*kMm qy kpVw}ho sMq ryx ieh jnm sPl kr lIjIXy]95

krqw jI ilKdy hn, ijhVy prwieAw mwl (byeImwnI dI kmweI) curwauNdyhn, aunHW dI Aolwd ivkwrW ivc gl jWdI hY qy auh ijauNdy hI (Awqimk mOq)mr jWdy hn[96

audwsI mhwqmw ny bhuq swrI ilKqI syvw (ikrq) vI kIqI[ ienHW bwxInUM BwrqI prMprw dy pRsMg ivc ArQwieAw qy vDyry krky tIky ilKy[ pRisDaudwsI swDU AnMdGx jI dy tIky, is`K ivdvqw jgq ivc pRisD hn[97

AwnMdGx jI pihly audwsI swDU hn ijMnHW gurbwxI tIkw pDqI ivc BwrqIqulwqmk idRStI ApxweI, BwvyN auh TIk sMdrB gRihx nhIN kr sky[

inrmlw: 1686 eI. nUM jdoN dsvyN pwqSwh pauNty phuMcy qW auQy SSqrividAw dy nwl, is`KW nUM SwSqr ividAw, ivSyS krky sMsikRq ividAwisKwaux leI pMifq rGUnwQ nUM inXukq kIqw igAw[kuJ Arsy bwAd jdrGUnwQ nUM Awpxy ividAwrQIAW dI jwq-goq pqw ligAw qW ausny Awpxy'Drm SwSqr' dy inXmW muqwibk pVHwaux qoN ienkwr kr idqw, ikauNikausdw 'vrxwSrm Drm' 'ikrqIAW' qy 'nIvyN' lokW nUM pVHx dI iezwqj nhINidMdw sI[ gurU swihb dy smJwaux 'qy vI jd koeI cwrw nw irhw qd coxvyNpMj ividAwrQI BweI rwm isMG, bIr isMG, krm isMG, gMfw isMG qy sYnisMG bnwrs ividAw lYx leI Byjy gey[ ienHW ny snwqn ByK ivc vydWq,ivAwkrx qy hor AnykW ividAwvW pMifq scwnMd vrigAW qoN keI vrHypV@@IAW qy vwps AwnMdpur Aw ky pVHx-pVHwaux dI syvw (ikrq) ivc lggey[ ienHW qoN is`K pMQ ivc pVHn-pVHwaux qy gMBIr ivdvqw dI iektkswl (hux dy SbdW ivc XUnIvristI) kwiem hoeI, ijs qihq iehinrmly swDU 'ivdvwnW dI mMflI' nW krky hI pRisD ho gey[ ien@W nUMivdvwnW dI sBw krky vI bulwieAw jWdw hY[

inrmly ivdvwnW ny is`K ivdvqw dy Kyqr ivc ijnHW swihq ricAw,AnuvwidAw jW ivAwiKAwieAw, ies dI Qwh lYxI sYNkVy QIissW qoN vI vsoNbwhrI gl hY[ pRcwr dy nwl-nwl ienHW dw muK 'kMm' gurbwxI dy koS, tIky,pirXwie Awid iqAwr krnw irhw[

hr kihMdy khwauNdy inrmly ivdvwn ny jpu jI dw tIkw zrUr kIqw[98

sYNkiVAW dI igxqI ivc imldIAW tIkwvW ienHW inrmly ivdvwnW dI hIikrq hn[99

1805 eI. ivc 'inrml pMcwieqI AKwVy' dI hirduAwr ivKy sQwpnw qy1861 eI. nUM pitAwly 'Drm Dujw' dI sQwpnw nwl inrmly swDUAW dwpRcwr qy AiDAYn-AiDAwpn iek sMgTq rUp ivc Aw igAw[ ieh swDUmuK qOr ‘qy iqMn pRkwr dI syvw krdy sn - pihlI gurmiq isDWqW dIivAwiKAw, dUjI qn dy rog invwrn leI dvw dwrU qy qIjw tIkwkwrI jWdwrSink gRMQW dy BwS[100 ivdvqw isKwaux leI ienHW Awm isiKAwrQIAW,ikrqI qy grIb b`icAW nUM cuxn ivc ivSyS idlcspI leI[ qur iPr kymMflIAW ivc pRcwr krdy hoey swDU Awpxy nwl AnykW ividAwrQI rKdy[101

ies qrHW inrml swDU smwj dI sB qoN vfI ikrq, ivdvwn Aqy ivdvqwgRMQ pYdw krny rhI[ pMQ dy smkwlI hwlwqW ny dwnSmMdW dI iesdwnSgwh (XUnIvristI) nUM vI hOlI-hOlI muKDwrw qoN dUr kr idqw[

syvw pMQ: syvw pMQI sMprdwie is`KI dI iek mhqwpUrn SwKw qQwsMprdwie hY ijhVI ikrq ƒ Asl ivc ivhwrW ivc ilAweI[ iessMprdwie dy AnuXweI swDUAW ny is`K pMQ dy juJwrU Aqy rwjsI isDWqWnUM nhIN ApxwieAw, pr ieh inrol mTvwdI vI nhIN bxy[ ienHW nynivrqI mwrg nUM Apxw ky Awpxw jIvn pUrI mnuK jwqI nUM smrpxkIqw[

ies syvw pMQ dw AwrMB BweI GnHeIAw jI qoN hoieAw, ijhVy ik dsmipqw gurU goibMd isMG jI dy AinMn SrDwlU is`K sn[102 ies sMprdwiedw nW 'syvw' ivc ivSyS rucI qy iesy nUM Awqimk aunqI dw 'swDn' mMnx

95. auhI, pqrw 176 A.96. auhI, pqry 72A; 78 a.97. vyKo: gurbwxI tIky AnMdGx, (sMpw.) fw. rqn isMG j`gI, pitAwlw, 1970.

98. fw. joigMdr isMG, jpu jI dy tIky : smIiKAwqmk AiDAn, pMnw BUimkw[99. Kirpal Singh, Guru Nanak Jap ji : A Descriptive Bibliography, pp. 327-34.100. pRo. pRIqm isMG, 'inrml sMpRdwie dw BivK', dsvW gurU nwnk qy hor lyK, pMnw 151.101. inrml sMpRdwie, (sMpw.) pRo. pRIqm isMG, pMny 39-70.102. 1648 ivc pYdw hoey BweI GnHeIAw jI, pihlW nOvyN gurU jI dy drbwr ivc Awey sn[

108 109

kwrn ipAw, BwvyN ik iesy sMprdwie dy iek ivdvwn swDU ilKwrI BweIlwl cMd jI ny sMprdwie dy nW nUM BweI GnHeIAw jI dy prm iSS BweIsyvw rwm qoN ipAw dsdy hn[103 ies sMprdwie ivc BweI syvw rwm,BweI Afx Swh, BweI jgqw jI Awid vfy krnI vwly mhWpurK hoey[BweI Afx Swh dy fyry ivc FweI sO dy krIb Aijhy hor swDU sn[ BweIlwl cMd jI dy SbdW ivc “AFweI sY swD BweI Afx jI pws rihqy Armwno mwnsrovr mY hMs iekqR Bey hY, kyqy qq vyqy hY, kyqy mhw hTI,jpI, qpI, jigAwsI hY[ …sB kIrqn sunqy hY {Ar}smwiD prwiexjYsy jogI bYTqy hY[”104 BweI Afx Swh jI dy 36 cyilAW105 ny dUr-dUrqk gurmiq dI qn, mn qy hQIN syvw qoN ielwvw bhuq swrI swihqk syvwkIqI[106 iesy qrHW BweI duK BMjn, BweI blU, BweI AmIr isMG qy ienHWdy sYNkVy iSSW107 ny dUr-durwfy QwvW 'qy is`KI-syvw dw pRvwh clwieAw[

ijvyN ik pihlW sMkyq kr Awey hW, ieh swDU BwvyN is`KI dy keIisDwqW, ijvyN juJwrU ibrqI, gRihsQ jIvn ivhwr Awid108 qoN dUr rhy,pr ieh mTvwdI nhIN bxy[ ienHW inrol syvw-ismrn qy hQIN ikrq nUMAwpxw inSwnw bxwieAw[ ies sMprdwie dy swDU ds gurU swihbwn dyaupwSk qy sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI nUM Awpxw prm ieSt mMndy rhy hn[jIvW dI syvw krky prmwqmw dI pRsMnqw pRwpq krnI qy nwm jp kymukqI hwisl krnI, ienHW dI jIvn-swDnw dw prm-mnorQ irhw, ieskrky ieh dwrSink icMqn vl ruicq nhIN hoey[ ieh “sRI gurU gRMQ nUMSbd jW sUKm rUp ivc hI nhIN, pRqK qy sQUl rUp ivc, swDwrn is`KnwloN ikqy vD SrDw nwl pUjdy hn[”109

syvwpMQI sMprdwie dI pCwx qy audyS syvw qy hQIN ikrq krnw hY[BweI lwl cMd jI duAwrw drswey, ies sMprdwie dy, muK inXmW ivc

syvw qy hQIN ikrq nUM ivSyS qOr qy Swiml kIqw igAw hY[110 pRo. pRIqmisMG dy SbdW ivc “ienHW dw prm Drm syvw hY[ ieh syvw ivc rMg,ilMg, jwq, Drm jW CUq dw koeI ivqkrw nhIN krdy[ hr pRwxI mwqrpSU, pMCI qy hor jIA-jMq, syvw dw pwqr bxn dy Xog hY[”111 syvwkwrjW nUM muK rK ky hI syvwpMQI swDUAW AnykW DrmSwlwvW bxvweIAW,KUh lgvwey, pul bxvwey qy AnykW ividAk Adwry KolHy[

ikrq dy sMbMD ivc, syvw pMQIAW ny ijQy gurmiq dy 'Gwil Kwx' dy audySnUM AmlI rUp ivc ApxwieAw, auQy nwl-nwl pRcwirAw vI[ ihMdosqwnivc ijMny vI iqAwgI miq aupjy112, aunHW ivc ies miq dy iqAwgI suBwAhox dy bwvjUd, ivlKxqw qy vfqxqw iehI rhI ik ieh miq mMg Kwx jWiBiKAw mMgx 'qy inrBr nhIN hoieAw[ BweI soBw rwm dy SbdW ivc jdoNBweI GnHeIAw jI nUM gurU goibMd isMG jI ny aupdyS idqw qW nwl nwl 'dsWnKW' dI ikrq krky vMf Ckx dw aupdyS vI kIqw :

dsW nKW kI ikriq kmwvo]vMf kru Kwvnu sBn isKwvo… ]113

iehI aupdyS BweI GnHeIAw jI ny BweI syvw rwm nUM kIqw qy BweI syvwrwm ny AgoN kIqw :

inj hwQn kI kwr krIjY]…dsW nKW kI kro kmweI]114

syvwpMQI swDUAW ny hQIN ikrq ivc ivSyS qOr qy muMj vtx nUMcuixAw, ijhVw ies qQ dw pRqIk hY ik koeI vI ikrq nIvIN jW mwVInhIN huMdI, dUsrw ikrq AijhI hovy, ijhVI nwm ismrn dw swDn bxjwvy, ijvyN muMj vtidAW nwm ismrn ivc koeI AOiKAweI nhIN AwauNdI[

ieQy iek ivSyS iDAwnXog ivcwr ieh hY ik ijQy syvw pMQ dy iehswDU Awp muMj kutky, vwx vt ky jW hor AijhI suikRq krky115, Awp

103. syvw pMQI AfxSwhI[… syvw rwm ibcr suK Kwn]… syvw pMQI pMQ bqwhI] sRI sMq rqnmwlw, (sMpw.) mhMq hIrw isMG, pMny 598-99.104. auhI, 32.105. 36 mhWpurSW dI sUcI leI vyKo : mhMq ikRpwl isMG, sRI AmIr isDWq, Bwg dUjw, pMnw 3.106. vyKo: fw. gurmuK isMG, syvw pMQIAW dI pMjwbI swihq nUM dyx, pMny 76-312.107. BweI duK BMjn jI dy muK cyly 21 Aqy blU jI dy 8 muK cyly hoey[ nwvW dI sUcI leI vyKo : mhMq ikRpwl isMG, pUrv AMikq, pMnw m-X (BUimkw)[108. smkwlI (21 vIN sdI) smyN ieh pMQ AMimRqDwrI qy gRihsQI bxdw jw irhw hY[109. pwrs Bwg, (sMpw.) pRo. pRIqm isMG, pMnw 31 (BUimkw)[

110. sRI sMq rqnmwlw, pUrn AMkq, pMny 5-8.111. pUrn AMkq, pMnw 33.112. vyKo: bl dyv apwÎXwX, Bwgvq sNpRdwX, k wSI, 1953’

113. sMq mwl, pqrw 33/a (hQ ilKq)[114. auhI, pqrw 58/a.115. swDUAW dI ikrq ivc gurbwxI dIAW poQIAW ilKxw vI jrUrI ihsw sI; ivsqwr vyKo: fw. blbIr isMG (sMpw.), sRI crx hir ivsQwr, ij.1 ,pMnw 128.

110 111

vycky, AwpxI rotI leI zqnSIl rhy, auQy iksy swDU ny vI AwpxI ikrqnUM DMdw jW jMjwl nhIN bxwieAw[ iek swKI Anuswr jdoN iksy srdwrny BweI Afx Swh jI nUM zmIn dw iek vfw ptw dyx dI pySkS kIqIqW BweI jI ny ieh kih ky pySkS Tukrw idqI ik ies nwl swDU AwlsIho jwxgy qy ikrq dI QW jMjwl vs pY jwxgy[116 iesy qrHW jdoN BweI Blwrwm jI ny vpwr krnw cwihAw qW BweI AwieAw rwm jI ny aupdyS idqwik muM\ dI ikrq ibn HW hor vpwr krogy qW TIk nhIN hovygw[117 ikrqivc eImwndwrI hovy qy Drm dI ikrq hovy, ieh syvw pMQI swDUAW dwmuK krm irhw[

ikrq dI sImw bwry swDUAW dw ivcwr sI ik ijMnHy nwl sOKw guzwrwcly, ikrq aunHI hI krnI cwhIdI hY[ jmHW nw krnw qy ivsqwr qoNguMjwieS krnw ies ikrq dy muK lCx rhy[ BweI lwl cMd jI dy SbdWivc :

“BweI jI bcn kIAw[ jO sB swD jYsy rihqy hY qYsy rho[ so sBAwpnI rotI kI gujrwn kr lYqy hY iksI ikirAw duAwry[ qYsy kweIikrq jyhVI hoie Awvy sweI krky pihr ky Gt vD kweI GVI lgwiekygujwrn kr lYxI[ Ar kQw kIrqn ky smyN swDsMgiq mY hwjr rhxw[”118

BweI Afx jI dw bcn sI ik “eIhW {ies pMQ ivc} vhu rhy jo mwXwkI cqurweI qoN ielwvw hovy”119, aunHW Anuswr jykr mwieAw vDyry KtleIey qW jMjwl hI psrdw hY[120

auprokq qoN spSt hY ik syvw pMQI swDUAW ny ikrq nUM Drm smJ kyApxwieAw qy ies dI kmweI ivc sImw rKky ies nUM mwieAw dw DMdwhox qoN bcweI riKAw Aqy Awqimk jIvn dw swDn bxw ky ikrq nUMsuikRq bxweI riKAw[ iesy pRsMg ivc hI bwkI sMprdwvW vI iesisDWq qoN pr @y nhIN geIAW, BwvyN vrqmwn siQqI hor ho geI hY[

AiDAwie pMjvWqulnwqmk AiDAYn

jIvn dy ivhwrk qy jIvMq msilAW nwl juiVAw sMswr dw koeI vI AslDrm jW iPlwsPI, ikrq dy isDWq jW ivhwr qoN tuitAw hoieAw nhIN, prsB dw idRStIkox ies pRqI Awpxy pRsMg qy ipCokV vwlw hY[ ieQy vydI qykqybI prMprw dy kuJ muK DrmW dy ikrq sMbMDI ivcwr gurmiq dy qulnwqmksMdrB ivc jwxn dI swDwrn koiSS kIqI jw rhI hY[

vydI prMprw dw sB qoN muFlw qy pRmuK miq vyidk miq hY, ijs dw smkwlIrUp ihMdU miq hY[ muFly ihMdU miq ivc Drm qy sMswr prspr ivroDI qqsn, ies krky 'ikrq' dw koeI isDw qwlmyl hoNd ivc Aauxw suBwivk nhINsI[ ieQy AiDAwqmk pRwpqI leI inivrqI mwrg ApxwieAw igAw[1

ies iqAwgI mwrg ivc kMmkwj dI koeI QW nw hox kwrn hzwrW 'ivhlV'(sMinAwsI) vrg pYdw ho gey[

ihMdU miq dIAW cIV@IAW sMsQwvW jwqI qy vrx ny nIvIAW jwqW nUM iksymukwm 'qy vI Agy nhIN Awaux idqw, ies krky ikrqI ikswn lok 'aucjwqI’ dy lokW dy ieiqhws dw ihsw nhIN bx sky[ ies qrHW Bwrq dy muFlyswihq , sMsikRq/pwlI ivc auc-jwq, auc-vrg , auc-pirvwr jW auc-vMS dw hI izkr imldw hY, hIxy lokW dw nhIN[2

bRhmx vrg, ijnHW Awpxy Awp nUM aucy qy pivqr (dyvqy) GoiSq kIqw,AYny SkqISwlI bx gey ik rwjy vI aunHW dw BY mMndy sn[ ies nUM jnm isDAiDkwr GoSq kr idqw igAw[ auprMq AwpxI aucqmW nUM idb nwljoiVAw, ikhw ik irgvyd ivc iliKAw hY[3

116. BweI lwl cMd, sRI sMq rqnmwlw, pUrv AMikq, pMnw 74.117. auhI, 395.118. auhI, 152.119. auhI[120. auhI[

1. prSurwm cqurvydI, sMq swihqX k y pRyrxw sRoq, p¡. 158 .2. The Book of Middle Length Sayings (tr. from Pali The Majjhima Nikaya) , (tr.) I.B. Horner, vol.2, p.103.3. ivsqwr leI vyKo: gurnwm isMG mukqsr, BwrqI lok nIc ikvyN bxy, bhujn smwj pRkwSk, jlMDr, 2005 (sqvIN vwr)[

112 113

purS, inSwd, vyx, cMfwl Awid (kbIlw) lok ijhVy Asl ivc ikrqIlok sn, auh kIVy-mkOiVAW qoN vDyry AihmIAq nhIN sn rKdy[4 aukqivcwrW qoN istw kiFAw jw skdw hY ik vyidk miq ivc scI ikrq kmweIbwry swnUM koeI inrxyjnk mUl hvwlw auplbD nhIN, ijs dy AwDwr qyivhwrk ieiqhws jwixAw jw sky, pr aus mOky dy ikiqAW dy vyrvy zrUrauplbD ho jWdy hn[5 Awm qOr ‘qy ikrq kmweI qy ikrqIAW nUM ies miqny koeI mwxXog QW nhIN idqI[ bRhmx ny Xg krny/krwauxy, dwn puMn,blIAW Awid krmkWfW nUM hI Awpxy Kwqy ivc riKAw qy bhuq swry pyiSAWnUM ASuD GoiSq kr idqw igAw[6

ihMdU purSwrQ pRxwlI ivc Drm, ArQ, kwm, mokS ivcoN 'ArQ' dOlqjW AwriQk KuShwlI qy ikrq nwl sMbMiDq pRbMD nUM sMkyqk hY[ vrxwSrmprMprw ny 'ArQ' nUM vI hornW pRbMDW vWg 'Drm' rwhIN pRIBwSq qy inScqkIqw[ cwr AwSrmW-bRhmcwrI, gRihsq, bwxpRsq qy sMinAws ivcoNgRihsq; dUjw AwSrm, irx lwhux vwlw AwSrm hY, ijs ivc gRihsQIGrylU jIvn ijauNdw hoieAw keI pRkwr dI ikrq krdw hY[7 pr ies'vrxwSrm' pRbMD ny iksy iksm dy kMm krn dy aunHW FMgW qy ivcwr nhINidqy, ijnHW dw sMbMD eImwn jW byeImwnI dI ikrq nwl hovy[ auNJ loV qoNvDyry Dn iekTw krnw glq smiJAw igAw qy vwDU Dn nUM XgW AwidkjW dwn auqy lw dyxw TIk mMinAw igAw[8

gIqw qk phuMicAw 'krm' dw PlsPw swhmxy AwieAw qy krm/kMm nUMies gRMQ ny vDyry inSkwm krm dy ArQW ivc ilAw[ Pl Aqy bMDn nUMiqAwg ky pRBU igAwn Anuswr krm krnw, krn Xog kMm mMinAw igAw[9

gIqw ivc krm/kMm nUM muK qOr qy iqMn BwgW - swqivk; rwjsI; qwmsIivc vMifAw igAw qy swqivk kMmW nUM auqm mMinAw[10

vydI prMprw dy nwsiqk mqW ivc pihlw qy Aihm Drm, jYn Drm hY,

ijs ivc krm jW ikrq nUM SuD igAwn nwl hI sMbMiDq kIqw igAw[ jYnDrm dy iqMn sdguxW (rqnW)- SuD igAwn; SuD ivsvwS; SuD Awcrx ivcSuD kMm (scI ikrq) Swiml nhIN, pr jYn sUqrW ivc d`sy vRqW ivc iesnUM Swiml kIqw igAw hY, ijvyN qqvwrQ sUqr ivc disAw hY ik ihMsw, corI,mYQun qy prigRh (dUjy dw mwl curwx) duAwrw mnuK dw ivGtn ho jWdw hY[11

Bwv aukq kMm/kwrj mwVy hn[

buD Drm, Bwrq dw pihlw Aijhw Drm hY ijsny inmn lokW dI bWh PVIqy ijs nwl ikrq nUM mhqv imilAw[ mhwqmw buD, jo ies miq dysMsQwpk qy mhWmwnv sn, ny bRhmxI klcr dI hTDrmI nUM rd ky AwmlokW dI gl kIqI[ aunHW 'jwq' nwl joVy gey pRbMD nUM rd ky spSt kIqwik smwj ivc mnuK dI siQqI dw AwDwr ausdw krm (kMm) bxdw hY,ausdw rveIAw ausnUM aucw-nIvW bxwauNdw hY[ aunHW ikhw “nYiqk qOr qyaucqm rveIAw (kwrj ikRAw) Dwrn vwlw mnuK SRyST hY”[12 krm-Plivc jwq dI koeI BUimkw nhIN[ AsulXnsuq ivc aunHW ikhw ik cwry jwqWsdgux dw pwlx kr skdIAW qy SuDqw (cquvixM suiDM) pRwpq kr skdIAWhn[13

bOD drSn dI idRStI ivc jo vI kMm kIqw jWdw hY ausdw koeI jwqIgqjW vMSwgq mhqw nhIN[14 iesy ivcwr dy AwDwr ’qy aunHW (mhwqmw buD) nysMG (buD pMQ/sMgq)leI hr iksm dy kMmkwjI lokW leI drvwjy KulHy rKy,cwhy auh iksy vI jwq dy hox[ sMG ny ivhwr ivc pRgt kIqw ik cMgy krm(kMm) krky AwpxI dSw suDwrI jw skdI hY[ ASvGoS kihMdy hn ik“cwry vrxW vwlw isDWq glq hY, mnuKW dI ieko jmwq hY[”15 smkwlI jWmUl gRMQW auqy AwDwirq kIqy ivSlySx16 spSt krdy hn ik BwvyN QoVw hIshI, pr sMG ivc inmn jwqIAW qy inmn ikrq krn vwly lokW dw dwKlwvD irhw sI[

swmI prMprw dy pRmuK iqMn DrmW -XhUdI, iesweI qy ieslwm ivc ikrq4. See: R.S.Sharma, Sudras in Ancient India, pp 140-45; The Book of Gradual Sayings (tr. from pali), tr. E.L.Woodward, vol.2, p.85.5. R.C.Dutt, A History of Civilization in Ancient India, pp. 105-07.6. G.S.Ghurye, Castes and Class in India, p.159.7. P.H.Prabhu, Hindu Social Organization, pp. 80-90.8. jI.AYs.Btnwgr, BwrqI smwj, pMnw 25.9. AiD. III, sl ok 3.

10. AiD.14, sl ok 5- 18.

11. vwck amwÆvwiqivqicq, qœvwQí sUZ, (ivvyck ) suK l wl sNDvI, (sNpw.) sohnl wl myhqw, AiD/bNd 7 /1, p. 166.

12. Dialogues of the Buddha (tr. from pali), T.W.J.C.A.F, vol.I, p.99.13. The Book o f Middle Length Sayings (tr. from origine pali), by I.B.Horner, vol.II, p.147.14. M.E.Spiro, Budhism and Society, pp. intro.15. H.H.Wilson, Indian Caste, p.202 (f.n.)16. vyKo: krmqyj isMG srwE, pRwcIn BwrqI buD Drm, pMnw 139.

114 115

dy keI sMdrB pRwpq huMdy hn[ swmI prMprw dy sB qoN muFly Drm, XhUdIdI Drm pusqk purwxw Aihdnwmw (old testament) ivc srIrk qymwnisk ikrq dy kuJ sMkyqW qoN ibnHW kuJ Purmwx-numw isDWq vI pRwpq huMdyhn[

pusqk 'kUc' (exodus) ivc ikhw igAw hY ik prmwqmw ny sq idnWivcoN, Cy idn kMm, kwj, imhnq krn leI idqy hn qy sqvW idn AwpxyleI (Bwv bMdgI) leI rwKvW kIqw hY[17 iliKAw hY ik Xwhovw (XhUdIprmwqmw) Awp ikrqI hY, auh AYny kMm krdw hY ik DrqI ausdI rcnwnwl BrI peI hY, mnuK svyry qoN Swm qk imhnq mzdUrI ausy dI rcnw ivckrdw hY[18 'aupdySk poQI' (ecclesiastes) Anuswr imhnq; buiD jW jwiedwdivArQ hn jy r`b vl iDAwn nhIN lY ky jWdy,19 Bwv ijhVy kMm r`b nwlnhIN joVdy, auh swry vykwr hn[ ijhVw r`b (Xwhovw) dy rwh cldw hY, auhAwpxy hQW dI kmweI zrUr KWdw hY[20

swmI prMprw dw dUsrw vfw Drm eIsweI Drm hY, ijsdy sMsQwpk eIswmsIh (XIsU msIh) hoey hn[ ies Drm dI Dwrimk pusqk nUM nvW Aihdnwmw(new testament) kihMdy hn[ bweIbl dI nvIN poQI (new testament)ivc mkdUinX dy lokW nUM aupdyS idMdy hoey ikhw igAw hY ik “qusIN vDdyjwE…Awpo Awpxy kMm DMdy krn Aqy Awpxy hQIN imhnq krn dI DwrnwBro”21 XUhMnw dI poQI dsdI hY ik swnUM nwS hox vwly Bojn/kMm leI imhnqkrn dI loV nhIN[22 hryk koeI AwpxI-AwpxI imhnq dw Pl pwvygw, AsINprmySr dI KyqI hW23, ies krky swfw Kwxw-pIxw prmySr dI vifAweI leIhoxw cwhIdw hY[24 corI Awidk kMmW qoN prhyz krky 'inhcw dw kMm qy pRym dIimhnq'25 nwl BgqI vrgI swDnw ho jWdI hY[26

swmI prMprw dw AwKrI qy vfw Drm ieslwm hY, ijsdy bwnI hzrq muhMmd

swihb hn[ ieslwm dI pivqr Dwrimk pusqk kurAwn mjId ivc nykI dIikrq bwry ivsqwr sihq vrxn imldw hY[ sUrw 'Ar-rm' (ar-rum)Anuswr ijnHW lokW ny SuB krm (kMm) kIqw hY, auh Awpxy leI s&lqw dwrwh lB lYNdy hn qy Aijhy Bly kMmW vwilAW nUM Alwh idAwlqw idMdw hY[27

kurAwn Anuswr ijhVw vI BlweI krygw auh Asl Awpxy leI hI BlweIkrygw; jo burweI krygw, ausdw doS ausy 'qy hovygw[28 Bwv cMgw-mwVw jo mnuKkrdw hY, ausdw Pl auh Awp Bugqdw hY[

aupdyS Anuswr swfw Kwx-pIxw Aijhw hovy, ijs ivc rb Swiml hovy,29

Bwv ikrq-kmweI qy Kwx-pwx nwl r`b nhIN Bulxw cwhIdw[ mnuK nUMBulyKw hY ik ausdy gunwh ikhVw koeI vyKdw hY[ swnUM lukvyN jW KulHy donoNpRkwr dy gunwhW (mwVy kMmW) qoN bcxw cwhIdw hY[ijhVy lok pwp Ktdy hn,auh ies (pwp) kmweI dw bdlw zrUr pwauxgy[30 ijnHW ny 'kuPr' (JUT) dwrwh PiVAw hY Alwh aunHW nUM szw dyvygw qy ijnHW eImwn qy nyk Aml DwryaunHW nUM Alwh bdl qy 'pRym' dyvygw[31

kurAwn ivc spSt kIqw igAw hY ik nykI dw Bwv kI hY? nykI dw Bwvshwieqw leI hQ Afx vwilAW dI shwieqw krnw hY,32 Bwv zrUrqmMdlokW dI shwieqw kIqI jwvy[ nwl hI spSt kIqw igAw hY ik ies rwhauqy clx vwly ivrly hI hn[33

eImwn dy rwh 'qy qurn vwilAW leI spSt hukm hn, "hy eImwnilAwaux vwilE! Awpo ivc iek dUsry dy Dn-pdwrQ Axhky FMgW nwl nwKwieE... mwl nzwiej FMg nwl nw KwE qy nw hI mOkw Bwlo[”34

auprokq sMKyp ivvrx qoN spSt hY ik vydI-kqybI prMprwvW dy muKDrmW ivcoN smwijk jIvn nwl juVy DrmW ivc (cMgI-mwVI) ikrq dysMdrB pRwpq ho jWdy hn[ ienHW mqW ivcoN buD Drm dw sMdrB jwqI-ikqy

17. ds hukm, AiD.20, bMd 9.18. zbUrW dI poQI (psalms), AiD. 104, bMd 23.19. AiD.2, bMd 11.20. zbUrW dI poQI (psalms), AiD. 128, bMd 2.21. polus rsUl dI pihlI pqRI, QslunIkIAw (thessalonians) nUM, AiD. 4, bMd 11.22. jOhn, AiD. 6, bMd 27.23. kuirMQIAw, pihlI pqRI (first corintnnians), AiD. 3, bMd 9.24. auhI, AiD. 10.25. polus rsUl dI pihlI pqRI (QslunIkIAW nUM, thessalonians), AiD.1, bMd 3.26. iqmoiQaus (timothy first), AiD. 4, bMd 7.

27. sUrw 30, Awieq 44, pwrw (part) 21.28. sUrw 'PusIlq' (fussilat) 41, Awieq 46, pwrw 24.29. sUrw 'Al-AnAwm' (al-anam) 6, Awieq 118, pwrw 8.30. auhI, Awieq 120-21.31. sUrw 'Awly-iemrwn' (âl-imrân) 3, Awieq 57, pwrw 3.32. sUrw 'Al-bkrh' (al-baqarah) 2, Awieq 177, pwrw 2.33. sUrw 'Awly-iemrwn' (âl-imrân) 3, Awieq 115, pwrw 4.34. sUrw 'An-insw' (an-nisâ) 4, Awieq 29, pwrw 5; 'Al bkrh' (al-baqarah) 2, Awieq 188, pwrw 2.

116 117

dI rUVHI nUM qoVdw hY jdik ieslwm ivc muK sMdrB 'eImwn' ilAwauxvwilAW leI hY[ bwkI mqW dy pRvcn vDyry AiDAwqmkqw nUM sMboDq hIjwpdy hn[ vyidk jW ihMdU mq dw pRvcn jwqI dI cIVHI drzbMdI qoN bwhrkoeI mhqv jW hoNd nhIN rKdw[ aukq sB dy ault gurmiq ny scI ikrqkmweI nUM AiDAwqmk qy smwijk pRsMg ivc riKAw hY[ ies sMklp ivcgurmiq dw AwriQk, rwjnIiqk Aqy smwijk drSn CuipAw hoieAw hY[

gurmiq ny ikrq dy sMdrB nUM srv-ivAwpk bxwieAw hY, jdik XhUdI Aqyieslwm ivc ieh jmwqI lCxW dw AnuswrI hY[ nyk Aml qW hn,pr pDrjmwqI hox kwrn ieh sImwvW ivc hY[ iesy qrHW boD drSn ivc isrPgRihsQI ikrqI hn, iBKSU nhIN, auh 'mMgx' auqy inrBr hn[ ASt mwrg35

ivc krm qy aupjIivkw Swiml ho ky vI iek ivSyS jmwq qk sIimq rihxkwrn AiDAwqmkqw, smwijk pRsMg gRihx nhIN krdI[ swmI prMprw dyDrmW ivcly lok-ihqYSI kwrj 'Drm pRcwr' dy imSn qoN pRyirq huMdy hn, ieh'srbq dy Bly' qk nhIN pujdy[

ikrq, gurmiq dw sdwcwrk ihsw bxky ieh pUry ikrq siBAwcwr nUMauswrdI hY[ ieh sdwcwr XUnwnI soi&stW vWg kyvl (ivAkqIvwdI)AMdrly AnuBv 'qy AwDwrq nhIN, ijhVw (XUnwnI soi&stk sdwcwr)ivAkqI dIAW AwpxIAW Awpy (self) nwl hI sIimq BwvnwvW joVdw hY[36

gurmiq dy ies ikrqI rwh qy qurn leI qW 'puMn-pwp' dI swr jwxnI pYNdIhY37, ijs dw vrqwrw jgq ivc hY[

gurmiq jmwqI vrg sMGrS nUM vI svIkwr nhIN krdI[ mwrks jdoNswry ieiqhws nUM 'vrg sMGrS' dy sMklp hyT ivAwiKAwauNdw hY qW auhiek svY-kyNdrn qoV ky vfw svY-kyNdrn hI pYdw krdw hY[ 'lutINdy' jW'lutyyry' vrgW dw AwDwr gurmiq ny ivAkqIgq Awcrx qy idRStI qQwjIvn ivhwr AwDwirq kIqw hY, vyidk miq vWg jwqI qy mwrks vWgAwriQkqw AwDwirq nhIN[

smkwlI AnykW hor icMqn pRxwlIAW jogI, bYrwgI, isD, jMgm… ijnHW

dw izkr poQI hir jI ny ivsqwr sihq kIqw hY38, dy inSyDwqmk pRbMDnUM pUrI qrHW AsvIkwr krky gurmiq ny, fw. Avqwr isMG dy sbdW ivcisK nYqikqw dy siBAwcwrk krqbW ivc hryk is`K nUM nyk ikrq kmweIdI pRyrxw idqI hY[39

ieh siBAwcwr krqb dI pRyrxw hY qy aus dw AmlI rUp hI is`KDrm dI horW DrmW/mqW dy mukwbly, ivlKx rUp ivc swhmxy AwieAw,ijs dy AwDwr ’qy pMQ dy ieiqhwsk qy sMsQwgq vrqwry vrqy[

35. Budhism, (ed.) L.M.Joshi, p.49.36. Stace, A Critical History of Greek Philosophy, p.118.37. idsit ibkwrI bMDin bwDY hau iqs kY bil jweI] pwp puMn kI swr n jwxY BUlw iPrY AjweI] sRI gurU gRMQ swihb, 1329.

38. swKI/pMnw ?? ? ?????39. Ethics of the Sikhs, pp.195-96.

118 119

swr

scI Gwl kmweI gurmiq dw AiDAwqmk qy smwijk drSn hY qy iehsWJIvwlqw dw zzbw pYdw krdw hY[ ieh gurmiq dw AwriQk Awcwr qyAwdrS hY[ hQly kwrj dy sMBv AiDAYn auprMq swfy swhmxy suikRq dyisDWqk qy ivhwrk pKW dy jo swr/isty swhmxy AwauNdy hn, ieQy sMKyp ivcaunHW dw vrxn kIqw jw irhw hY:

1. ikrq Sbd iksy kMm dy hox jW krn dI ikirAw nUM sMkyqk hY[ iesAgy 'su' Agyqr nwl ieh scy jW cMgy kMm vl sMkyqk ho jWdw hY[ pMjwbIivc suikRq Aqy suikrq dovyN Sbd-joV pRcilq hn, pr gurbwxI ivc'suikRq' Sbd-joV hI pRwpq hY[

2. suikRq Bwv iemwndwrI nwl kIqw jwx vwlw kMm hY[ nyk nIAq nwlkIqw kMm Cotw-vfw; aucw nIvW nhIN huMdw[ scI ikrq leI Drm dIikrq; eImwn dI ikrq; dsW nhuMAW dI ikrq Awid muhwvry pRcilq hnAqy ies dw ivSyS; muK lCx idbqw (divineness) hY[

3. gurbwxI ivc ikrq nUM iek pRbMD vjoN nhIN icqirAw igAw qy nw hIgurbwxI ny koeI kMm-DMidAW dI sUcI pyS kIqI hY, gurbwxI ivc lok jIvndy icqrn smyN jdoN aunHW dy ikiqAW dw vrxn imldw hY qW aus smyN 'ikrq'dw sMbMD ausdI 'vsqU', ‘iksm' jW ‘pDr’ nwl nhIN; sgoN pRikirAw dIidRStI, nIAq, FMg jW suBwA nwl hY[

4. gurbwxI ivc 'ikrq' dy sMdrB, icMnH, pRqIk, ibMb jW sMcwr-jugqWvjoN vDyry Awey hn[ ienHW dy ipCy iek ivSyS audyS kMm kr irhw hY[ iehaudyS sucjI jIvn-jwc isKwaux/smJx dw hY[ ijvyN gurU swihb ikrswxIjIvn nwl sMbMiDq sMkyq vrq ky mnuK nUM SuB AmlW dI KyqI krn dwaupdyS idMdy hn, pr ieh qQ iDAwn ivc rhy ik iesnUM isr& rUpk-rcnwqk hI sIimq nhIN smJxw cwhIdw[ rUpk-rcnW dy aupmwn, sMbMiDq kOmWdIAW rIJ jW supnw huMdw hY[ bwxI ivc ieh 'AwdrS' dw pDr hY qy ijsnUMAmlI jIvn ivc kmwieAw igAw[

5. gurmiq iksy ikqy dy iKlwP jW hk ivc nhIN[ ijvyN pihlW sMkyq kIqwhY, ieh kMm krn dy 'FMg' auqy izAwdw kyNdirq hY[ ieh FMg iemwndwrI

vwlw hoxw cwhIdw hY[ Aijhw hox leI aus ivc 'nwm' Swiml hoxw jrUrIhY[ koeI vI 'kMm' jd qk kyvl 'kMm' hY qW ieh 'DMDw'; Awl jMjwl bxskdw hY, pr jy ies ivc 'nwm' Swiml ho jwvy qW auh 'DMDw'; 'suikRq' bxjwvygw[ iesy nUM hI sihj dw mwrg ikhw igAw hY[ gurmiq ny swnUM Ktx-kmwaux jW moqI mMdrW qoN vrijq nhIN kIqw, blik pwpW dI kmweI nwlmwieAw'kTI krky bxn vwly 'moqI mMdrW' qoN vrijAw hY Aqy nwl hI jymoqI mMdr Awpxy Asly,mUl dI Xwd Bulw idMdy hn qW ieh mwieAw hn[ies qrHW ijhVy kMm/ikrq r`b nwl vI joVI rKx; dUjy SbdW ivc kMm/ikrq nwl r`b vI Xwd rhy; mnuK 'c squ, sMqoK, inmrqw, grIbW, loVvMdWdI BlweI…Awid gux Swiml hox qW hI ikrq, 'suikRq' bxdI hY[

6. ies ivcwr nUM gurbwxI ivc vwr-vwr pRmuKqw idqI geI hY ik ijhoijhw koeI-kMm kwj krdw hY, iqho ijhw &l pRwpq krdw hY[ ies isDWqdy ivhwrk rUp nUM ieiqhws ivc vI Aqy swfy smwj ivc vI bwKUbI dyiKAwjw skdw hY[ hrwm dI jW byeImwnIAW dI 'kTI kIqI kmweI (Dn pdwrQ)kdy vI iksy nUM nw qW suK idMdI hY qy nw hI koeI iezqdwr ruqbw[ ArbWpqIAwdmI ijhVy mihMgy qoN mihMgy ielwj krvw skdy hn, hspqwlW jWpwglKwinAW ivc hrwm dI kmweI dw hI Pl Bugq rhy huMdy hn[ iesy qrHWbyeImwnIAW nwl plx vwiLAW dI AOlwd Aksr ivgV jWdI hY[ dUjy pwsyeImwn dI rotI mwnisk suK dy nwl qn dy suK vI idMdI hY[ hQIN ikrq krnvwilAW dI ishq Aksr hI qMdrusq rihMdI hY[

7. AiDAwqmk aucqw dI pRwpqI leI gurmiq ny scIkwr nUM iek swDnmwrg vjoN pRIBwSq kIqw hY[ scI kwr kmweI vwly hI 'scu' nUM pRwpq krskdy hn[ jpu, qpu, sMjmu qy hor ikMny vI Dwrimk krm-kWf (AwKMf pwT,Xg; ngr kIrqn; qIrQ ieSnwn; koqrIAW; pwT-lVIAW, hT, suc…)kIqy jwx, jy krxI ivc sc jW iemwn nhIN, qW sB ivArQ hY[ 'pUjw dwDwn' vI mq iBRSt krdw hY[ fyrwvwd ivc pYdw hoey ivgwVW dw iek mUlkwrn ieh vI hY ik auyh lokW dI ikrq-kmweI 'qy pldy hn, Awp isrPDwrimk krm-kWf krdy hn, pUjw dw Dwn Kw ky aunHW dI mq mwrI jWdIhY[ pUry sMswr dy DrmW ivc 'pujwrIvwd' nUM 'pUjw dy Dwn' ny hI ivgwiVAwhY[ so gurbwxI dw swr qq ieh hY ik Awqimk aucqw dI pRwpqI leI scIkmweI, eImwn dI ikrq zrUrI qq hY[

8. gurmiq ny scI ikrq dy srUp nUM iek nYiqk kImq vjoN pRIBwSq kIqw120 121

hY[ ieh iek nYiqk kdr hY, mnuKI jIvn dw aucqm mul (value) hY[nYqikqw, ijs SuB kdrW dw cirqr huMdI hY, aunHW kdrW ivcoN iek, eImwn dIikrq kmweI hY[ ies dI koeI XQwrQ hoNd nhIN, ieh mnuKI cirqr dw hIihsw hY jW kho ieh ivAkiqqv dw AMdrUnI suBwA hY[ cMgI sMgq qy nwmkmweI vwilAW dy jIvn dw ieh sihj ihsw bx jWdI hY[

9. ieiqhwsk idRStI qoN gurU swihbwn Kud hQIN ikrq kmweI krn vwlypirvwr-ipCokVW ivcoN hn qy Kud Awp ikrq kmweI krdy rhy hn[ aunHWdw AiqAMq aucw-sucw jIvn hI lokW leI ADwr-mwfl bixAw qy gurUswihbwn grIbW, kMmI-kmIxW leI msIhw bx ky Awey[

10. pMQ ivc Swiml hox vwlIAW vfIAW iDrW Awm qOr 'qy nIvyN iDrkwrygey kMmI-kMmIxI ivcoN sn[ bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr vyly ikrqI lokW dy hQisDw rwj-Bwg sONp idqw igAw[ pihlW gurU swihbwn dIAW sMgqW dy auhmuKI rhy[ Kwlsw sjx vyly Swiml lok kMm kwr krky rotI Kwx vwly sn[imsl srdwr lgpg swry ikrswxI pirvwrW ivcoN sn[ isMG sBw lihrivc Swiml hox vwilAW dI iek Srq hI aunHW dw ikrqI hoxw imiQAwigAw sI[

11. is`KI dIAW swrIAW sMsQwvW (lMgr; sMgq; mMjI; AkwlqKq;gurmqw…) isDy-AisDy rUp ivc dsW nhuMAW dI ikrq kmweI krky Kwxdy ivcwr qy ivhwr nwl juVIAW hoeIAW hn qy pMQ ivclIAW pRmuK sMprdwvWvI gurisKI dy ies krmn qoN mukq nhIN hoeIAW[ syvwpMQI sMprdw qW hYhI DrmI ikrq-kmweI dI lihr[

12. dunIAW dy bwkI DrmW/PlsiPAW ivc vI BwvyN dsW nhuMAW dI ikrqjW eImwn dI ikrq dy aupdyS jW ivcwr iml jWdy hn, ieQoN qk ik iekivcwr vjoN ieh nIvyN qoN nIvyN Awid kbIlw ivSvwSW ivc vI iml jWdy hn,pr vyKxw ieh huMdw hY ik koeI ivcwrDwrw ausdw 'mul' iks qrHW inSicqkrdI hY[ gurmiq vWg eImwn dI ikrq nUM Awpxy jIvn audyS dy ‘swDnWmwrg’ vjoN iksy miq ny pRvwinAw hovy, Aijhw ieiqhws jW ivhwr ivcnhIN AwieAw[

13. aukq ivcwrW dy swr vjoN ikhw jw skdw hY ik isK Drm, dsW nhuMAWdI, Drm dI ikrq krky, vMf Ck ky Kwx/Kvwaux vwlw igRhsQI Drm hY qyiesdy AsUlW dw swr ikrq kro, nwm jpo qy vMf Cko ivc hY[

vrqmwn dOr dy tut rhy mwnvI-mulW nUM muV izMdw krn leI zrUrI hY ikhr koeI AwpxI ikrq kmweI krky Awp Kwvy[ iemwn dI ikrq krkyKwx vwilAW leI iksy iksm dy pRbMD bxwaux dI loV nhIN pYNdI[ nOkrIkrn vwlw jy AwpxI ikrq pRqI v&wdwr hY qW aus nUM cYk krn leI 'Cwpy','ingrwn' jW 'gupq kYmirAW' dI loV nhIN[ AiDAwpk jy b`icAW jWAiDAwpn pRqI iemndwr hY qW ey.sI. skUlW/kmirAW dI vDyry loV nhIN,ivdvwn ipplW dIAW CwvW hyT vI pYdw kIqy jw skdy hn[ Anwj pYdwkrn vwly jy 'DrmI' hn qW 'tYstW' dI loV nhIN[ A`Dw smwj qW qn dyrogW qoN vYsy hI mukq ho jwvygw[

byruzgwrI dI ivkrwl smisAw; pRdUSq ho rhy vwqwvrx; ibmwrIAW;mwnisk iKJ-Kp qy hor ikMnw kuJ dw ielwj hQIN eImwn Bry kMm krnivc ipAw hY[ swfw ivrsw imhnqI qy eImwn nwl jIvn-bsr krn vwlymhWpurKW nwl BirAw ipAw hY[ is`KI ivc ivhlV jmwqW pYdw nhINhoeIAW[ vrqmwn ivc jy Aijhw hoieAw jW ho irhw hY qW AnykW kwrnWivcoN iek kwrn ivrsy dI nw-smJI vI hY[ niSAW dI lwhxq qoN bcxleI; ro rhy vwqwvrx dI pukwr sux ky swnUM swirAW nUM 'ivhly mn dISYqwnI' dUr krn leI gurU dy dsy mwrg scI ikrq kmweI; dsW nhuMAWdI ikrq-suikRq -dw rwh muV Apxw lYxw cwhIdw hY qW ik jIvn qy smwjnUM Asl suK dI pRwpqI ho sky[

122 123

AMiqkwvW

(1) suikRq : auqr-AwDuink pirpyK

swfw smkwl, auqr-AwDuink smkwl vjoN inSwndyh kIqw igAw jughY[ ieh iek Aijhw ruJwn hY, ijsdy hW-muK qy nWh-muK vrqwry ny pUryivSv dI ivdvqw (scholarship) nUM pRmuK do ihisAW ivc vMf idqw hY[iek Aijhy hn ijhVy ies nUM bhukOmI kwrporySnW dI mMfI mwniskqw ivcoNpYdw hoeI lut Ksut jW 'SwizS' dy rUp ivc vyK rhy hn qy dUjy auh hn, ijhVy'AwDuinkqw' dy swmrwj jW styt pKI ikrdwr nUM nMgw kIqw jwxw, ies dwmuK lCx qsvr krdy hn[ ies vfI bihs dy pRmuK sMklpW ivc ilMg,aumr, BwSwvW, dilq, Gt igxqI kOmW, pRvws, hwSIAwikRq siBAwcwr,dyh, ivcwr, Asl/nkl, inSicqqw qy bdlxXog, sQwnk qy ivSv,kudrq, mUlvwd jW ivSvvwd Awid keI kuJ Swiml hY[ ies pYdw hoey vfyruJwn dy pRmuK lCxW dI Aiq-sMKyp inSwndyhI krky 'suikRq' dI mhqwpCwxnw, iPlhwl swfw muK srokwr hY[

auqr-AwDuinkqw koeI 'vwd' (ism; system) nhIN hY qy nw hI koeIdwrSink, rwjsI pDqI jW ivcwrDwrw hY[ iesdw koeI iek isDWq, smW,sQwn jW icMqk nhIN, ies krky koeI srv-pRvwinq pRIBwSw nhIN[ iehAwDuinkqw dy pRqI-auqr, ivroD qy ausdI kuKoN pYdw hoieAw iek AijhwruJwn hY, ijhVw iek pwsy bhurMgy sMswr dy bhurUpW nUM ijQy pCwxdw hY, auQyieh swry ivSv nUM qyjI nwl iekrUpqw vl iljw ky sQwnk pCwxW, BwSwvW,Gt igxqIAW Awid nUM Kqm kr irhw hY[ ies ipCy ivigAwn (science)qy qknIk (technology) dI qrkI nwl pYdw hoey sMcwr-swDnW dI bhuqwqAihm rol Adw kr rhI hY[ iek pwsy ieh 'mwieAwDwrIAW' dy ihq qy sqwnwl juiVAw hY, qy dUjy pwsy ieh sQwink siBAwcwrW, BwSwvW, kOmW AwidnUM vI zubwn dy irhw hY qy ienHW dy ihqW ivc KV irhw hY[ auqr-AwDuinkSbdwvlI ivc kihxw hovy qW ikhw jwvygw ik ieh ruJwn Alp-ibrqWqwdI pYrvI krky mhW-ibrqWqW dI pYrvI vI krdw hY[ iesy pRsMg ivc hIsMswr dIAW cyqMn kOmW Awpxy Dwrimk, BwSweI qy kOmI 'ihqW' leI mukqIdy mwrg vI AKiqAwr kr cukIAW hn[

dupKI ruJwnW ivc ‘glob’ (globe) qy 'mUlvwd' dw smwnWqr auBwr,auqr-AwDuinkqw dw iek pRmuK pCwx-icMnH hY[ iek pwsy jy Alp-ibrqWq (Gt igxqIAW, Awid-vwsI, sQwnk BSwvW, dilq Awid) Kqmhox jw rhy hn, ijs ivc is`K kOm ijhI Gt igxqI vI hY qy iesdI mW-bolI pMjwbI dw mslw vI Aiq-Aihm hY, qW dUjy pwsy mnuK dy sQwnkpirvwr, ielwkw, BwSw, Drm, rwStr, jwqI, nsl, siBAwcwr vImhqwpUrn qy mwxXog hn qy Awpxy 'mUl' nwl juVnw mnuK dw kudrqI qyknUMnI hk hY qy iesy 'mUl' nwl juVnw hI ausdy 'ihq' ivc hY[

inScqqw dw ivroD krky qbdIlI dw zordwr smrQn krn vwlwivcwrwDIn ruJwn, mUlvwdI idRStI qoN sQwnk siBAwcwrW dI ibnHW pCwxKoey, AinScqqw nUM buinAwdI Srq mMndw hY[ iDAwn rihxw cwhIdw hY ikpirvrqn dw vrqwrw sMswr dy vK-vK BUgoilk iKiqAW ivc ieko smyN qyieko gqI nwl nhIN vwpr irhw qy nw hI ies dI pRikrqI qy pRBwv iekohY[ hwlwq dI isqm jrI&I qW ieh hY ik ieko smyN ivc hI ijQy ieh iekleI nWh-muK hY qW dUjy pwsy hW-muK hY[ audwhrx vjoN BwrqI bhuigxqIBweIcwrw ijQy kOmWqrI pDr qy hwSIAwikRq qy Alp-ibrqWq hY, auQysQwnk siBAwcwrW leI mhW-ibrqWq jW ifktytriSp hY[

ies 'jug' dw iek Aihm pCwx ibMdU mwnisk SkqI vDwaux vl hY[ huxiksy smwj, BweIcwry, dyS jW kOm dw ivkisq-imAwr kudrqI somy, Dn,POjW jW DrqI dy ivSwl zKIry nhIN, sgoN igAwn dy soimAW dw ivSwl qyivkisq hoxw hY[ ies igAwn soimAW ivc jy iek pwsy ivigAwn, qknwljI(kudrqI ivigAwn) hn qW dUjy pwsy sQwnk BwSwvW jW mnuKI ivigAwn(siBAwcwrk qy smwijk ivigAwn) hn[

aukq qoN ibnHW vwqwvrx auqr-AwDuinkqw dw Swied sB qoN BKdw mslwhY[ snAqW ny kudrq dI ijs qrHW brbwdI kIqI hY, aus bwry iksy audwhrxdI loV mihsUs nhIN huMdI, iesy krky hI ijQy mnuK,ivkws dI Awid-AvsQwivc kudrq qoN fr ky ausdI 'pUjw' krdw sI, auQy 'jwigRqI' ny aus nUM kudrqivruD ‘sMGrS’ ivc lw idqw[ hux auh kudrq dy 'sihXog' pwsy ipAw hY[iekwlojI (ecology; cuigrdw boD) dI idRStI qoN mnuK -pUjw, sMGrS qysihXog -dy rwh auqy qur irhw hY[ iesy qrHW hI AOrq, Gt igxqIAW, dilqqy hor hwSIey 'qy Dky msly kyNdr ivc Aw rhy hn[ nSy, iBRStwcwr, irSiqAWdI iqVkxbwjI, BwvnwvW; zzibAW dI durgqI, ibmwrIAW, dUiSq pwxI;

124 125

hvw, mwnisk icMqwvW, ivAkqIvwd, DoKw-DVIAW Awid AnykW AlwmqWAwpxI crn sImw ’qy hn[ mnuKI hkW dw Gwx qW swfy sQwnk vrqwry ivcsmkwl dI iek duKdI rg hY[

auprokq vrqwry dy hW-nWh pKI ruJwnW ivc scI ikrq kmweI, ijs ivchQIN qy mwnisk kmweI Swiml hY, dw ivSyS mhqv hY[ isK Drm ivc qW,ijvyN ipCy vyiKAw jw cukw hY, ies dI mhqw srv pRvwinq hY hI, pr vrqmwnruJwnW ny 'suikRq' dI mhqw dy bhu pKI rUpW nUM hor auzwgr kIqw hY[

ijvyN ik AsIN ipCy sMkyq kr Awey hW hux dy ruJwnW ivc mnuK kudrq dy'sihXog' vl ruicq ho irhw hY[ ieh 'sihXog' ijQy kudrqI KyqI (or-ganic) nUM bVwvw dy rhy hn, auQy mSInW, KwdW Awid dI QW, hQIN vD qoNvD ikrq kmweI krn dI qwgId kIqI jw rhI hY[ mwnisk ibmwrIAW jWsrIrk rogW dw iek vfw kwrn ivhlV qy ivlws jIvn dIAW dyxW kwrxhY[ QW-QW KulHy 'ijMm','Xogw kyNdr' jW 'ksrq-Gr' duKW dy Cutkwry dw iekswDn mwqr hI qW hn[ smwijk/AwriQk Asmwnqw, ijhVI aukq vrqwrydw pRmuK pCwx icMnH hY qW hI smwnWqr kIqI jw skdI hY, jykr scI ikrqkrn dI prMprw nUM spSt rUp ivc ApxwieAw jwvy[ ishq, smwnqw,rozI sB ikrq nwl juVy vrqwry hn[

'pRbMD' dI pRbMDkwrI ivc ikMnw smW, Dn qy aUrjw nSt ho irhw hY? iehlyKy joKy qoN bwhrI dwsqW hY[ iemwn BrI ikrq kmweI ivc pRbMD dI loVqW hovygI, pr pRbMDkwrI 'qy nSt ho irhw smW, Dn qy aUrjw Awid dI loVnhIN hovygI[

Alp-ibrqWq ivc jIA rhIAW swfy vrgIAW kOmW leI auqr-AwDuinkqwdy hW-pKI ruJwnW nUM TIk pRsMg ivc inSwndyh krky jIx-QIx dy rwh lBlYxy cwhIdy hn; ienHW rwhW ivcoN iek Swh-rwh scI sucI ikrq kmweI'suikRq' dw rwh hY[

(2) suikRq trst

jwx-pCwxsuikRq ie`k sMsQw vjoN AwrMB krn dw ivcwr sMn 2003 qoN SurU

hoieAw[ fw. srbjIq isMG (ryxukw) Anuswr ie`k nOjvwn ividAwrQIhrpRIq isMG bwr-bwr nOkrI dI Bwl leI auhnW kol AwauNdw sI[ keIQwvW qy au~dm krn dy bwvjUd ausdI nOkrI nhIN l`gI[

10 mwrc, 2003 nMU rwq 8.30 vjy, Awpxy ipqw nwl srbjIqisMG jI dy Gr AwieAw[ ipqw jI ny d`isAw ik auhnW nUM kwrobwr iv`cv`fw Gwtw ipAw hY[ hux auh hrpRIq isMG dI pVHweI vI jwrI nhIN r`Kskdy[ 1 jnvrI, 2003 qoN aunHW dy Gr ie`k nvyN pYsy dI Awmdn nhINhoeI[ KWdy-KWdy KUh vI KwlI ho jWdy hn[ Gr dIAW hor vI keIpRySwnIAW hn……

g`lW krdy-krdy rwq dy 11 v`j gey[ auh jwx dw nwm hI nhINsI lY rhy[ vIr srbjIq isMG jI ny EVk sihjy hI kih id`qw –“qusIN jwE, hux Awrwm kro qy hrpRIq pVHweI vI nw C`fy qy aus dInOkrI vI l`g geI smJo[ iehnMU svyry 10 vjy myry kol Byj idE[ G`to-G`t 3500 rupey qnKwh iesnMU jrUr imlygI[”

ipqw-pu`qr hYrwn sn – “kI nOkrI l`gI ? ik`Qy l`gI ? kIkrnw hovygw?” jvwb imilAw - “bs hrpRIq isMG ny imhnq krnIhovygI[” A`Dy mn nwl, ibnHW iksy ivSvwS dy auh auT ky Gr cly gey[

AglI svyr hrpRIq isMG hwzr sI[ kI kMm krIey ? ausnMU‘AwE rozwnw sihj pwT krIey qy vIcwrIey’ dy pIly borf dy mwrkItqoN Awfr lYx leI Byj id`qw[ pihly 4 idn koeI Awfr nhIN imilAwpr roz Swm hrpRIq isMG AwauNdw qy pUrI g`l d`sdw, iks dukwndwrny kI ikhw qy ausny kI juAwb id`qw[ vIr jI ausnUM hor tryinMg idMdy,smJWdy[ EVk 5vyN idn 100 pIs dw Awfr iml igAw[

bs iPr kI sI! hrpRIq isMG dI imhnq qy AkwlpurK dI

126 127

bKiSS nwl pihly mhIny hI 5000 borfW dy Awfr iml gey[ hrmhIny ieh kwrj vDdw hI igAw[iPr nwl ivzitMg kwrf Cwpxy vISurU kr id`qy[ g`l kI Cy mhIinAW iv`c hrpRIq isMG Awpxy kwrobwriv`c sYt ho igAw[ iPr pRweIvyt bYNk iv`c nOkrI l`g geI[ keI horkMpnIAW bdldw-bdldw hrpRIq isMG A`j-k`lH ie`k v`fI mltI-nYSnl kMpnI iv`c tryinMg hYf hY qy 35000 rupey kmw irhw hY[ ie`kAMdwjy muqwibk sihj pwT vwly auh pIly borf 4 l`K qoN v`D igxqIiv`c Cpy sn[

hrpRIq isMG dI sPlqw dI Gtnw qoN ielwvw ie`k hor AihmGtnw vwprI[ sMn 2004 iv`c jgdIp isMG qy jgqwr isMG ny sihjpwT mukwbly iv`c Pir`j ij`iqAw[ auprMq sMn 2005 iv`c jgqwr isMGie`k idn sweIkl qy jWidAW vIr srbjIq isMG nMU imilAw[ auhbwrvIN qoN bwAd pVHweI C`f cu`kw sI qy hux eyvn sweIkl kMpnI iv`c1800 rupey mhInw dI nOkrI krdw sI[ kul 10 GMty dI ifaUtI, GMtwjwx qy GMtw Awaux nMU, kdy svyr dI ifaUtI qy kdy rwq dI[ vIr jIny aus dy ipqw jI nMU bulw ky ikhw ies dI nOkrI Cufvw idE – “iehieMJ 5 swlW iv`c vI 5 hzwr q`k nhIN pu`j skygw[”

“iPr kI krweIey jI b`cy nMU? msW-msW qW nOkrI l`gI hY –Cufvw ky Gr dw Krcw ikvyN c`lygw ?” auhnW idnW iv`c igAwnI sMqisMG jI mskIn cVHweI kr gey sn[ vIr jI ny isMG bRdrz, AMimRqsrqoN 10,000 rupey dIAW mskIn jI dIAW ikqwbW mMgvw ky jgqwr isMGnMU ikhw ik iehnW dI mwrkIitMg kro, quhwfy G`to-G`t 2500 rupey bxjwxgy qy jy Gty qW auh Awpxy koloN pwauxgy[ AYsI klw vrqI ikjgqwr isMG ny pihly mhIny hI 5000 qoN v`D dw kMm kr ilAw[ CymhIny ieh islislw cldw irhw, nwl hI jgqwr isMG ny kIrqnis`Kxw, kMipaUtr is`Kxw qy ieMgilS dIAW klwsW vI lgwauxIAWAwrMB kr id`qIAW[ frweIivMg vI is`K leI[ nwl hI bI.ey. iv`c vIpRweIvyt dwKlw lY ilAw[ A`j jgqwr isMG hr p`KoN keI guxW (Skills)nwl BrpUr Awqm ivSvwsI nOjvwn hY[

AijhIAW sPlqw dIAW GtnwvW (Success Stories) ny suikRqlihr nMU nvW sMklp (Vision) id`qw[ sMn 2006, 31 Agsq nMU rsmINqOr qy suikRq rijstrf ho igAw[

smwj ivc 'suikRq' Bwv cMgI ikrq dw suBwA sMcwirq krn ihq'suikRq tr`st' 24 sqMbr, 2006 ƒ hoNd ivc AwieAw[ pMQ rqn BweIswihb BweI jsbIr isMG jI Kwlsw (KMny vwilAW) ny Ardws krky iesdI AwrMBqw kIqI sI qy ikhw sI, “Gbrwauxw nhIN- suikRq idn dugxI rwqcOguxI qr`kI krygw Aqy quhwfy qoN kMm sWiBAw nhIN jwvygw, eynI brkqpvygI[”

gurisKI dy iqMn muFly AsUl hn : ikrq kro, nwm jpo Aqy vMfCko[ A`j bhuq swrIAW sMsQwvW nwm jpx qy vMf Ckx dw kwrj qW krrhIAW hn, pr ikrq kro dy sMklp nUM lgpg Bulw hI idqw igAw hY, ijskwrn Ajoky smwj ivc Awls, ivhlVpuxw qy nIrspuxw Aw igAw hY[smwj ivc AweIAW ienHW burweIAW nUM dUr krn ihq suikRq nW dI lihrAwrMBI geI, ijs vloN ikrq kro dy suBwA nUM pRPuilq krn ihq pMj muKkwrj kIqy jw rhy hn :

1. krIAr syD

2. koicMg

3. ikqw muKI isKlweI

4. svY-syvI-pRwjYkt

5. ruzgwr syvwvW

auprokq qoN ibnHW Awpxy gOrvmeI ivrsy nUM sMBwlx ihq 'AiDAwqmkpunr jwigRqI dhwkw' (2008-2018) mnwieAw jw irhw hY, ijs qihqGr-Gr sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI dy drSn Awp krn (sihj pwT) dI pRyrxwkIqI jw rhI hY[ ies lihr rwhIN hux qk 20,000 qoN vDyry b`cy/v`fy sRIgurU gRMQ swihb jI dy crnI l`g ky Awpxw sihj pwT Awp kr rhy hn[

hor gqIivDIAW:

1. pMjwb Br ivc v`K-v`K QwvW 'qy sihj pwT kYNp AwXoijq kIqy jWdyhn, ijnHW qihq ividAwrQIAW nwl gurmiq ivcwrW kIqIAW jWdIAW hnqy sihj pwT lihr dI pRPulqw leI 'Awp jphu Avrh nwmu jpwvhu' dyPurmwn qihq horW nUM sihj pwT AwrMB krvwaux dI pRyrxw kIqI jWdI hY[

128 129

2. tr`st vloN 2 suikRq ieMtrnYSnl pbilk skUl (p`tI, zIrw); 12kIrqn AkYfmIAW (mulWpur, jrg, gurdwspur, kpUrQlw, AMimRqsr,pitAwlw Awid); 12 sYNtr (id`lI, jMmU, AMimRqsr, pitAwlw, cMfIgVHAwid) kwrjSIl hn Aqy hor vI bhuq swry kwrj kIqy jw rhy hn[ suikRqtr`st v`loN hyT ilKIAW pRkwSnwvW pRkwiSq kIqIAW jw cu`kIAW hn :

1. ie`k auqSwh hr roz 2. jpu prgwis

3. rhrwis prgwis 4. inq nvW inroAw

5. Koj Sbd mih lyih 6. sdw min cwau

7. jpu jI swihb suAwl jvwb 8. rhrwis swihb suAwl jvwb

9. suKmnI swihb suAwl jvwb 10. bwxI kMT - sdw bYkuMT

11. suikRq not buk 12. sihj pwT fwierI

13. pwkyt pYf 14. ie`k is`K XUnwn iv`c

15. sv`r smuMd 16. iesweI pRcwrk nwl g`lbwq

17. suikRq-sMklp qy ivhwr 18. gurmuK soc

19. min cwau BieAw 20. ic`TI ilKI - is`K b`cy nUM

21. bqIh sulKxI 22. ikrq kYlMfr

ihMdI

1. Ek pRyrx w pRiq idn 2. j pu j I swihb- svwl j vwb

3. rhrwis swihb- svwl j vwb 4. bwx I k NT - sdw bYk uNT

5. Ek is#K XUnwn myN 6. sdw min cwau

7 . suKoN k I mx I

AMgryjI

1. Gurbani Class 2. A Sikh in Greece

3. The Sikh Faith 4. Divine Pills

5. Book Marks 6. A Letter to Sikh Children

6. Jap Ji Sahib-Questions Answers

coxvIN shwiek sUcIsMdrB qy AwDwrsRI gurU gRMQ swihb

pusqkW(pMjwbI)

AnMdGn, swDU, gurbwxI tIky AnMdGn (1885), (sMpw.)fw. rqn isMG jgI,pitAwlw,1970.

sMq ryx kiv pRym isMG, sRI gurpur pRkwS gRMQ (1903), Bwg pihlw, AMimRqsr,450 nw.Sw. 1918 eI.

sMqoK isMG, BweI, gurpRqwp sUrj gRMQ (1848), 5 Bwg, (sMpw.) fw. ikrpwlisMG, sRI AMimRqsr, 2007.

...gurpRqwp sUrj gRMQ (1848), 14 Bwg, (sMpw.), BweI vIr isMG, sRI AMimRqsr,1929.

SbdwrQ dsm gRMQ swihb, 3 Bwg, (sMpw.) BweI rxDIr isMG, pitAwlw,1995 (qIjI vwr)[

sMBU nwQ vwlI jnm pqRI bwby nwnk jI kI pRisD nW Awid swKIAW (1701),(sMpw.) fw. ipAwr isMG, luiDAwxw, 1972 (dUjI vwr)[

SmSyr isMG ASok, pMjwb dIAW lihrW, inAwmqpurI,1954.

srUp dws Blw, mihmw pRkwS kivqw (1776), 3 Bwg, (sMpw.) fw. auqm isMG,pitAwlw, 1999(qIjI vwr)[

swKI poQI (1848), (sMpw.) BweI vIr isMG, sRI AMimRqsr, 1950.

is`K rihq mrXwdw, sRI AMimRqsr, 2008 (pihlI vwr 1948)[

suKw isMG, BweI, guriblws pwqSwhI ?? (1797), (sMpw.) fw. gurSrn kOrj`gI, pitAwlw,1989 (dUjI vwr)[

syvw isMG, kvI, ShId iblws (BweI mnI isMG) (1761), (sMpw.) ig. grjw isMG, luiDAwxw,1961.

130 131

132 133

sYnwpiq, kvI, sRI gur soBw (1711), (sMpw.) fw. gMfw isMG, pitAwlw,1996(dUjI vwr)[

sÍrUp isMG kOiSs, gurU kIAW swKIAW (1765),(sMpw.) ig. grjw isMG, AMimRqsr,1995 (dUjI vwr)[

hir jI (poQI) qy cqurBuj (poQI ) jnmswKI gurU nwnk dyv jI (1540-1651),(sYNcI dUjI),(sMpw.) ikrpwl isMG, SmSyr isMG ASok, AMimRqsr, 1969.

hukmnwmy (1640-1730), (sMpw.) fw. gMfw isMG, pitAwlw, 1999 (qIjI vwr)[

kibq svYXy BweI gurdws: pwT, quk-qqkrw, AnukRmixkw qy koS, (sMpw.)EAMkwr isMG, pitAwlw, 1993.

kuier isMG, guriblws pwqSwhI ?? (1751), (sMpw.) SmSyr isMG ASok, pitAwlw, 1999 (qIjI vwr)[

kysr isMG iCbr, BweI,bMswvlInwmw dsW pwqSwhIAW kw: sMpwdn qy ieiqhwsk AiDAYn (1769), (sMpw.) fw.rweyjsbIr isMG, AMimRqsr,

2001.

gMfw isMG, fw., bMdw isMG bhwdr, pitAwlw, 1990.

gwVU jI, BweI,pwrs Bwg (1734-44),(sMpw.) pRuo.pRIqm isMG, luiDAwxw, 1952.

igAwn isMG, ig., sRI gur pMQ pRkwS (1884), 5 Bwg, (sMpw.) ig. ikrpwlisMG, AMimRqsr, 1970.

...qvwrI^ gurU Kwlsw (1887), 2 Bwg, pitAwlw, 1999 (qIjI vwr)[

...inrml pMQ pRdIpkw (1891), (sMpw.) sMq ieMdr isMG ckRvrqI, knKl,1962.

igAwnrqnwvlI jnmswKI sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI (1734-70), (sMpw.) jsbIrisMG swbr, AMimRqsr,1993.

gurBgq isMG, kOmI AwjwdI v`l: pMjwb qy pMjwbI siBAwcwr dw BivK, skrOdI (sMgrUr), 1993.

goibMd isMG inrml audwsI, ieiqhws gurU Kwlsw,(Anu., sMpw.) ipRQIpwl isMG kpUr, AMimRqsr, 2003.

jgjIq isMG, is`K ienklwb, srihMd, 1987.

jnmswKI BweI bwlw (1651),(sMpw.), fw. suirMdr isMG kohlI, cMfIgVH,1975.

jnmswKI BweI bwlw dw pwTpRmwxIkrn qy Awlocnwqmk sMpwdn, (sMpw.)fw. gurbcn kOr, pitAwlw,1987.

qwrw isMG nroqm,pMifq, sRI gur qIrQ sMgRih, pitAwlw,1884.

qolw isMG Blw, gurrqnwvlI (1776), (sMpw.), mnivMdr isMG, AMimRqsr,1995.

nMd lwl, BweI, BweI nMd lwl gRMQwvlI (1682-1705), (sMpw.) fw. gMfw isMG,pitAwlw, 1989 (qIjI vwr)[

purwqn jnmswKI (1588), (sMpw.) BweI vIr isMG, nvIN id`lI, 1996 (sqvINvwr)[

pUrn isMG, pRo.,KulyH lyK, luiDAwxw, 1971 (dUjI vwr)[

pUrn isMG, Bgq(ipMglvwVw), pvx gurU pwxI ipqw (lyK sMgRih), AMimRqsr,2008.

pRIqm isMG, pRo. (sMpw.), inrml sMprdwie, AMimqsr, 1981.

pRym sumwrg (1850), (sMpw.), rxDIr isMG (irsrc skwlr), AMimRqsr,sMmq 484 gu.nw.

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blvIr isMG, fw., sRI crx hir ivsQwr (sYNcI pihlI), AMimRqsr, 1945.

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(aurdU/&wrsI)

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soBw rwm, BweI, sMq mwl, itkwxw BweI rwm ikSn, pitAwlw[

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136