HHD Unit 4 AOS2Health and the sustainable development goals

Key knowledge • rationale and objectives of the UN’s SDGs• key features of SDG 3 ‘Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages’• relationships between SDG 3 and SDGs 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 13 that illustrate collaboration between the health sector and other sectors in working towards health-related goals• priorities and work of the WHO• the purpose and characteristics of different types of aid including emergency, bilateral and multilateral• features of Australia’s aid program including its priority areas and the types of partnerships involved• the role of non-government organisations in promoting health and wellbeing, and human development• features of effective aid programs that address the SDGs, and examples of effective implementation, with details of one such program including:– its purpose and the SDG/s addressed– details of implementation and the partnerships involved– contribution to promoting health and wellbeing, and human development• ways in which individuals can engage with communities and/or national and international organisations to take social action that promotes health and wellbeing.

Key skills• describe the objectives of the UN’s SDGs and justify their importance• describe key features of SDG 3 and analyse its relationships with other SDGs in collaborative approaches to improving health and wellbeing, and human development globally• explain the priorities and the work of the WHO and discuss how the WHO priorities are reflected in different scenarios• describe and justify different types of aid• explain and evaluate the role of non-government organisations in promoting health and wellbeing, and human development globally• analyse and evaluate the effectiveness of aid programs in promoting health and wellbeing, and human development• describe and justify ways of taking social action to promote health and wellbeing.

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Chapter 11 – Key Terms

Key Term DefinitionAntenatal care

Caesarean section

Degradation

Food Security

Neonatal period

Indivisible

Interdependent

Millennium development goals

Sustainable agriculture

Social Protection measures

Sustainable development

Tropical diseases

Vector control

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Chapter 11 – Sustainable Development Goals and the World Health Organisation

What are the SDG’s?The Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs), also known as the Global Goals, are a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity.

The SDGs seek to build on the work achieved around the world through the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), including;

halving extreme poverty, halting the spread of HIV/AIDs and providing universal primary education.

What was the rationale (reasons) for creating the SDG’s?

1.

2.

3.

What are the objectives of the SDG’s? (what do they aim to do?)1.

2.

3.

Which goals do I need to know?

No one goal is more important than another, however, good health and wellbeing contributes to the achievement of many of the SDG’s, and the achievement of other SDG’s helps achieve good health and wellbeing.

It is for this reason that SDG 3: Good Health and Wellbeing is a large focus of the study, along with it’s relationship to these other SDG’s;

SDG 1: (new)SDG 2: (Zealands)SDG 3: (good)SDG 4: (Quality)SDG 5: (guys)SDG 6: (cook)SDG 13: (clams)

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1. Identify the organization responsible for developing the SDGs.

____________________________________________

2. What is the timeframe for the Sustainable Development Goals?

______________________________________________

3. Identify and briefly explain the 5 areas of importance according to the SDGs (Hint – the 5 P’s).

Why were they created?

Why are the goals described as being interconnected?

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What role do sectors play in the SDGs?

A ‘sector’ relates to a section of a society. Many sectors overlap (e.g. someone working in a government school is part of the government and education sectors ). The different sectors that exist in our society are the following;

Education Health Transport Agriculture Legal Government Water and sanitation Finance Energy

WHAT YOU NEED TO DO is decide what sector could be used to achieve the SDG you are discussing in your response.

AN EXAMPLE- The water and sanitation sector work to achieve SDG 6 (Clean water & sanitation). They could also assist in addressing an aspect of SDG 3 (reduced rate of preventable child deaths).

If a SAC or EXAM question has the word ‘sector’ in it, then you must include a sector in your response. Below are some examples for you:

SDG 1 (NO POVERTY) – Government / Finance SDG 2 (ZERO HUNGER) – Agriculture SDG 3 (GOOD HEALTH & WELL BEING)– Health / GovernmentSDG 4 (QUALITY EDUCATION)– Education / GovernmentSDG 5 (GENDER EQUALITY) – Legal / GovernmentSDG 6 (CLEAN WATER & SANITATION) – Water and sanitation / GovernmentSDG 13 (CLIMATE ACTION) – Energy / Government

Add a sector into your response….

A key target of SDG5 Gender Equality is to end all forms of violence against women

and girls, including sexual exploitation. This may mean that a women is able to

choose her sexual partner if she is not exploited or trafficked and she will not be

forced to have intercourse with a male who may be infected with HIV, this can lead

to ending the incidence of HIV/AIDS a key target of SDG3 Good health and

wellbeing. This will require the collaboration with the government sector as they will need to impose harsher penalties on sex

trafficking. Women who are able to participate in the decisions that affect their lives and have choices about their sexual

partners are more likely to have positive thought patterns and high levels of confidence (mental health and wellbeing).

Why would it take collaboration between different sectors to achieve the SDG’s?

You will see that the

government sector has a

role to play in pretty much all of them, so that

is a good one for you to have

up your sleeves!

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SDG 3 – Good Health and Wellbeing: ‘ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages’

Which communicable and non-communicable diseases are a specific focus of SDG 3?

Why do you think SDG 3 is important? (link a key target of SDG3 to improvements in h&w or h.d)

A key target of SDG3 Good health and wellbeing is to end the epidemics of diseases such as HIV/Tb and Malaria by 2030, this

can be achieved by access to Universal health coverage. If people have access to health services such as doctors’ appointments

and free clinics it may means they can get treated for diseases and it will not cause them financial distress. If people are able to

fight off diseases this may mean they are able to complete everyday tasks improving pphysical health and wellbeing and they

can live a productive life that enables them to fufill their capabilities.

Your turn…

The targets of SDG 3

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Outcomes (what do we want)Improve maternal and child health Reduce maternal mortality End preventable newborn and child deathsEnd diseases and causes of disease End the epidemics of HIV, TB, malaria and neglected tropical diseases (NTD) and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases

and other communicable diseases. Reduce mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCD) and promote mental health and wellbeing. Reduce the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents. Reduce the number of deaths from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination.Inputs (how we get there)Provide universal healthcare Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services, including family planning, information and

education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programmes. Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to essential healthcare services and access to

safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all.Treat substance Control Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all

countries, as appropriate.Provide medicines and Vaccines Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for the communicable and non-communicable diseases

that primarily affect low- and middle-income countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of low- and middle-income countries to use to the full provisions in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines for all.

Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment, development, training and retention of the health workforce in low- and middle-income countries, especially in low-income countries and small island developing states.

Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular low- and middle-income countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks.

Explain what needs to be done for each target of SDG3 Outcomes of SDG 3 (what do we want to happen)

Maternal and Child HealthReduce maternal mortality Reduce maternal mortality to less than 70 per 100 000 live births–

Most maternal deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries as a result of five main causes:■ haemorrhage (excessive bleeding)■ sepsis (an infection that affects the whole body)■ obstructed labour (i.e. when the baby cannot pass through the birth canal, either due to the

mother’s small pelvis or the position of the baby in the uterus)■ unsafe abortion■ hypertensive disease (heart conditions caused by high blood pressure).■ Malnutrition is another major cause of maternal mortality, particularly in low-and middle-income

countries. Iron-deficiency anaemia contributes to 20 per cent of all maternal deaths. The number of mothers who survive childbirth has improved significantly since 1990

End preventable newborn and child deaths

-Many deaths of children under 5 are due to preventable causes such as malnutrition, malaria, diahorrea, measles and pneumonia- Can be achieved by ensuring mother has access to safe childbirth practices, breastfeeding, access to safe water, vaccines, antibiotics

Disease Groups and causes of burden of disease

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End the epidemics of HIV, TB, malaria and neglected tropical diseases (NTD) and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases and other communicable diseases.

Reduce mortality from non-communicable diseases (NCD) and promote mental health and wellbeing.

Reduce the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents.

Reduce the number of deaths from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination.

Inputs of SDG 3 (how do we get there)

Universal health careAchieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential healthcare services, medicines and vaccines for all.

-Ensuring all people obtain access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines health services they need without suffering financial hardship when paying for them. -Universal health coverage is a critical component of sustainable development and poverty reduction, and a key element of any effort to reduce social inequities.

Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services

Substance Control Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse

Strengthen the implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control

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Medicines and VaccinesProvide access to, and support development of medicines and vaccines for all

Increase health financing and health workforce in research and development

Strengthen capacity for early warning, risk reduction and management of health and wellbeing risks

1- What is meant by universal healthcare?

2- What are the five main causes of maternal mortality?

3- Describe how access to sexual and reproductive health and wellbeing services can help reduce maternal and child mortality

4- Why would children born into poverty be almost twice as likely to die before the age of 5 than those from wealthier families?

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5- How is HIV transmitted?

6- What factors have contributed to the reduction in new cases and deaths from AIDS?

7- What is malaria and how can it be prevented?

8- What factors have led to a reduction in malaria deaths?

9- How can TB be prevented?

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10- What are neglected tropical diseases? Explain how they can be reduced through vector control

11. Which neglected tropical diseases cause the most morbidity and mortality? Why?

12. Climate change is a barrier to reducing NTD’s. Explain why

13. Describe 3 actions that need to be taken to meet the SDG target for Malaria

14. What are the four major risk factors that account for most of the burden of disease associated with non-communicable diseases worldwide?

15. Outline 3 ways that premature mortality from non-communicable diseases could be reduced globally

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16. Why do those suffering from mental disorders often experience higher rates of morbidity and mortality?

17. What factors are responsible for road traffic accidents?

18. Which type of environmental contamination is responsible for the largest burden of disease worldwide?

19. What diseases come from environmental contamination?

20. Explain how reducing drug and alcohol misuse could positively affect 3 other non-communicable diseases (that are part of SDG 3)

Practise SAC question

Explain what is meant by universal health coverage and how it could be used to achieve two key targets of SDG 3

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Relationships between SDG 3 and other goals

How to structure a collaborative SDG response;

Justify why collaborative action between SDG 5 and SDG 3 is necessary to promote

health and wellbeing and human development

Standard level response;

A key target of SDG5 Gender equality is to provide access to universal sexual and

reproductive healthcare which will enable women to plan and space their births which

will reduce the amount of maternal mortality felt which is a key target of SDG3 Good health and wellbeing. This will mean

women are less stressed and anxious (mental health and wellbeing) and able to participate in the community.(HD)

High level response;

A key target of SDG5 Gender Equality is to end all forms of violence against women and girls, including sexual exploitation. This

may mean that a women is able to choose her sexual partner if she is not exploited or trafficked and she will not be forced to

have intercourse with a male who may be infected with HIV, this can lead to ending the epidemics of HIV/AIDS a key target of

SDG3 Good health and wellbeing. Women who are able to participate in the decisions that affect their lives and have choices

about their sexual partners are more likely to have positive thought patterns and high levels of confidence (mental health and

wellbeing).

Extend yourself;

Add a sector into your response….

A key target of SDG5 Gender Equality is to end all forms of violence against women and girls, including sexual exploitation. This

may mean that a women is able to choose her sexual partner if she is not exploited or trafficked and she will not be forced to

have intercourse with a male who may be infected with HIV, this can lead to ending the incidence of HIV/AIDS a key target of

SDG3 Good health and wellbeing. This will require the collaboration with the government sector as they will need to impose

harsher penalties on sex trafficking. Women who are able to participate in the decisions that affect their lives and have choices 13

about their sexual partners are more likely to have positive thought patterns and high levels of confidence

(mental health and wellbeing).

Goal 1 – No Poverty: End Poverty in all its forms everywhereExplain what is meant by poverty and how is it measured?

Targets of goal 1 Explain what is meant by ‘social protection

measures’ or ‘social protection floors’.

eradicating extreme poverty (currently measured as people living on less than US $1.90 a day)

reducing by half the proportion of men, women and children living in poverty

implementing social protection systems ensuring equal rights and access to essential resources, services,

ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance

building the resilience of those in vulnerable situations and reducing exposure to environmental disasters that result in poverty

Why is goal 1 important? (i.e-How does poverty affect health and wellbeing and human development)

Example - Poverty can arise due to discrimination and social exclusion. In many countries, women, youth, the elderly, migrants and those with a disability are often poor because of discrimination. This could lead to a decrease in sense of belonging decreasing spiritual health and wellbeing.

How does this goal relate to SDG 3Examples – link a target of one goal, to the target of a second goal.A key target of SDG 1 no poverty is ensuring that basic social protection measures are implemented which provides an income to vulnerable people, enhancing their ability to access resources such as healthcare which can reduce mortality rates from preventable diseases, particularly infectious diseases such as Malaria, HIV/AIDS, Tb, Hepatitis NTD’s which is a target of SDG3 good health and wellbeing.

A target of SDG 3 Good health and wellbeing allows people to be in good health through universal healthcare so that they can work and earn an income and pay tax, this will mean governments have more money to spend on economic development and

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implementing social protection measures which is a target of SDG1 no poverty.

Questions to complete1. Apart from income, what are two other causes of poverty and who is most at risk of poverty?2. Why would goal 1 focus on strengthening community resilience and reducing exposure to environmental disasters3. Discuss why collaboration between sectors is required to achieve SDG 14. Be able to list and discuss at least 2 targets of SDG 1

Goal 2 – Zero Hunger: end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and

promote sustainable agriculture Targets of the goal Outline three reasons for hunger / food

insecurity. end hunger and ensure access for all people, in particular the poor and

people in vulnerable situations, such as infants, to safe, nutritious and

sufficient food

end all forms of malnutrition

double agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food

producers, and ensure equal access to land and resources

ensure sustainable food production systems and resilient agricultural

practices that increase productivity and production, maintain

ecosystems, and adapt to climate change and extreme weather, are

implemented

maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, plants and animals and ensure

access for all

increase investment in agriculture infrastructure, research and

technology

address trade restrictions that disadvantage farmers, particularly in low-

and middle-income countries

Why is the goal important? (health and wellbeing and human development links)Children who are hungry and malnourished will not be able to attend school and so will not have the opportunity to develop the skills and knowledge needed to get decent work and to participate in the social and political lives of their communities.

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Relationship to SDG 3:

The target of SDG 2 (zero hunger) which aims to improve access to nutritious food to the vulnerable means that with improved

nutrition, children will be at reduced risk of contracting and dying from communicable diseases such as malaria and hepatitis, and

vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles and tuberculosis which is a key target of SDG 3 good health and wellbeing.

Questions

1. Justify why collaboration of SDG 2 and SDG 3 is needed to promote health and wellbeing and human development

2. What sectors are integral to the achievement of SDG2?

3. List and explain 2 key targets of SDG 2

Goal 4 – Quality Education: ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote

lifelong learning opportunities for all.Explain how education can break the poverty cycle (you will not find this in the text, use your own knowledge)

Targets of the goal Why are girls are often disadvantaged in

relation to education?

ensure all children complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education

ensure all children have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education

ensure all adults have equal access to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education

increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills for employment

eliminate all disparities in education and vocational training, including people with disabilities, indigenous people and vulnerable children

ensure all youth and adults have adequate literacy and numeracy skills ensure all learners are taught curriculum that promotes sustainable

development build and upgrade education facilities expand the number of scholarships available to low- and middle-income

countries for essential skills training increase the number of qualified teachers

Why is SDG4 important?16

Educated girls are more likely to marry later and then are less likely to experience sexual violence, and more likely to be able

to protect themselves from HIV/AIDS and other diseases. This contributes to improved physical health and wellbeing through

the absence of disease and injury.

Relationship to SDG 3:

A target of SDG 4 quality education is ensuring children complete free, quality education. If opportunities to attend school are

reduced this reduces opportunities for employment and to receive an income. An income provides the capacity to purchase

clean water and sanitation which can contribute to ending the epidemics of communicable diseases such as water borne

diseases which is a key feature of SDG 3 Good Health and wellbeing.

Questions to complete:

Describe key features of SDG 4 and analyse its relationship with other SDGs in collaborative approaches to improving health

and wellbeing globally.

Sample answer –

SDG4 – SDG 1- SDG3 – Mental h&w globally

A key target of SDG4 quality education is that children receive a free, equitable, quality education which gives them the ability

to gain paid employment due to an increase in skills. This leads to a skilled workforce which brings about greater economic

growth and provides more resources for governments to invest in social protection measures (SDG1 No poverty). These social

protection measures can ensure that citizens can access emergency finances when in hardship, and can mean that they can

access safe and protective shelters which may reduce communicable diseases in a country such as malaria, a key feature of

SDG3 Good health and wellbeing. This may reduce the rates of stress and anxiety felt globally as there is a reduction in

communicable diseases in the community (Mental health and wellbeing).

Now you try…….

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Goal 5 – Gender Equality: achieve gender equality and empower all women

and girls.

Targets of the goal What ways are women disadvantaged

around the world?

end all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere end all forms of violence against women and girls, including human

trafficking and sexual exploitation eliminate harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and

female genital mutilation recognise and value unpaid domestic work ensure women’s full and effective participation and equal opportunities

for leadership at all levels of decision making in political, economic and public life

ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health ensure women have equal rights to economic resources, access to

ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources

improve the use of ICT to support equality and empower women adopt policies and legislation that support gender equality and

empowerment of all women.

Why is the goal important?Unpaid work includes housework such as preparing meals, fetching firewood, collecting water and caring for children, the sick and elderly in the home and community. Women are expected to complete more of this unpaid work compared to men and

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therefore carry a higher mental stress (mental health and wellbeing)

Relationship to SDG 3: A target of SDG 5 gender equality is to adopt policies and legislation that supports gender equality and empowerment of all women. Achieving gender equality means girls can access education and build their health literacy on pregnancy and sexual and reproductive health. This may mean that a women is slower to have kids and is more likely to have a baby when their body is ready leading to a reduction in maternal mortality which is a key target of SDG3 Good health and wellbeing.

Questions:

1. Why do women have less time for paid work and education?

2. Why is access to mobile phones important for gender equality?

3. Explain the relationship between girls education and fertility rates

4. Justify why collaborative action between a sector, SDG 5 and SDG 3 is necessary to promote health and wellbeing

and human development

A key target of SDG5 Gender Equality is to end all forms of violence against women and girls, including sexual exploitation.

This may mean that a women is able to choose her sexual partner if she is not exploited or trafficked and she will not be

forced to have intercourse with a male who may be infected with HIV, this can lead to ending the incidence of HIV/AIDS a key

target of SDG3 Good health and wellbeing. This will require the collaboration with the government sector as they will need to

impose harsher penalties on sex trafficking. Women who are able to participate in the decisions that affect their lives and

have choices about their sexual partners are more likely to have positive thought patterns and high levels of confidence

(mental health and wellbeing).

You try…..

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Goal 6 – Clean Water and Sanitation: ensure availability and sustainable management of

water and sanitation for allDescription of the goal Which diseases are caused by lack of safe

water and sanitation?

achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking

water

enable access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all

improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and

minimising the release of hazardous chemicals and materials

increase the efficient use of water and ensure sustainable access to

clean water

implement integrated water resources management at all levels,

including across borders

protect and restore water-related ecosystems

expand international cooperation and capacity to support low- and

middle-income countries to achieve their targets

support the participation of local communities in water and sanitation

management.

Why is the goal important?Water contamination from industrial and agricultural waste, such as pesticides, arsenic and other chemicals, also causes

water to become unsafe which can lead to indiviudals getting sick often, meaning they lack opportunities for education as

they have to stay home from school.

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Relationship to SDG 3:

A target of SDG6 clean water and sanitation is better management of water resources which can increase economic growth and contribute

to poverty reduction if more people are able to use water properly for agriculture. These economic gains provide greater capacity for

countries to invest resources into providing universal health coverage, sexual and reproductive health services, and access to essential and

affordable medicines and vaccines which are key targets of SDG3 Good health and wellbeing.

Questions

1. What is needed to ensure everyone has access to safe water and sanitation by 2030?

2. Justify why collaborative action between programs addressing SDG 6nad SDG 3 is necessary to promote health and

wellbeing and human development

A key target of SDG 6 clean water and sanitation is to improve water quality by eliminating dumping into natural waterways which are used by lower income families to wash food and clothes. If young children reduce the amount of chemicals they are ingesting through their water they are likely to reduce the rates of non-communicable diseases such as cancer which is a key feature of SDG3 Good health and wellbeing. Without safe water free of chemicals they are unlikely to live a long and healthy life and be free of anxiety and stress (mental h&w) which impacts human development.

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Goal 13 – Climate Change: Take urgent action to combat climate change

and it’s impacts

Description of the goal What are some examples of climate change?

strengthen the resilience and capacity of all countries to adapt to climate-related hazards and natural disasters

integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning

improve education, awareness-raising and the capacity of people and organisations to take actions that reduce or prevent environmental degradation

implement the commitment by high-income countries to frameworks developed by the United Nations to take action to reduce climate change and to provide funds to support low-and middle-income countries to implement strategies to reduce climate change

promote ways of raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in low-income countries and small island developing states, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalised communities.

Why is the goal important?Climate change increases the amount of infectious diseases due to increased humidity and heat from droughts, flood and heat waves. This increase in heat and humidity will provide ideal breeding grounds for vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever and other neglected tropical diseases meaning people aren’t living long and healthy lives and living to their full potential as they are constantly sick.

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Relationship to SDG 3:

A key target of SDG14 Climate Action is to integrate climate change into national policies, strategies and planning. Policies have the

potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve health and wellbeing of countries through cleaner energy systems, energy

efficient public transport and alternatives to driving such as cycling or walking which could reduce carbon emissions and air pollution. This

would help reduce current morbidity and mortality rates due to a range of non-communicable diseases such as lung cancer which is a key

target of SDG3 Good Health and wellbeing.

Questions:

1. What diseases are expected to increase through climate change?

2. Explain how SDG 13 and SDG 4 are interrelated with SDG 3

A target of SDG13 Climate action is to strengthen the resilience and capacity of countries to adapt to climate-related hazards and natural disasters. If a community is able to adapt and be resilient to climate change such as extreme weather events this may mean they are able to protect the incomes of the people that work in agriculture. More money means income for the government in providing access to primary education and the provision of universal healthcare system which is a target of SDG4 and 3.

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Priorities and work of the WHO (World Health Organisation) Chapter 11.13

The WHO brings together the world’s top health experts to provide leadership in supporting countries to respond to a range of global health issues to improve the health and wellbeing of all people. Its work is relevant to all countries — low, middle and high income and is based on achieving all health-related SDG targets.

The overall goal of these priorities is to provide a vision for a world in which all people attain the highest possible standard of health and wellbeing.

Each of the three strategic priorities are accompanied by ambitious goals to be achieved by 2023. These goals are referred to as the ‘triple billion’ goals, as they aim to help 1 billion or more people.

Here are the WHO’s three strategic priorities and their ‘triple billion’ goals:

1. Achieving universal health coverage2. Address health emergencies3. Promote healthier populations

HE-HC-HP-

The priorities are looked at as interconnected- For example, strengthening health systems (universal health coverage) also makes them more resilient, and better able to detect and control outbreaks before they spread (health emergencies)

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The Priorities of the WHOPriority of the WHO

Explanation Example

Achieving universal health coverage

1 billion people benefitting from universal health coverage

Universal health coverage is providing access to essential health care services, including medicines and vaccines at a cost that is affordable for all.

Universal health coverage refers to every country having a strong and resilient people-centred health system based on primary care, health promotion and disease prevention.

There are many countries around the world that do not provide affordable health services, and people are either unable to access the healthcare they need or face poverty because they have to pay large amounts of money to receive medical assistance.

Universal health coverage is important in reducing poverty, achieving equity in health and wellbeing outcomes and promoting a stable and secure society.

Addressing health emergencies

1 billion more people better protected from health emergencies

Early detection, risk assessment, information sharing and a quick response to emergencies are important to avoid illness, injury, death and economic loss on a large scale.

Work that will achieve this goal means all countries will be better prepared for health emergencies by building resilient health systems.

In many countries, health systems collapse during times of emergencies, conflict and crises which limits the ability to both respond to and recover from such situations.

-Build capacity to keep the world safe from epidemics and other health emergencies.The WHO has developed the International Health Regulations (2005) that recommend actions to reduce the spread of diseases. These measures include airport control, quarantine and ensuring resources are readily available to treat disease outbreaks.

-All people have quick access to essential health services during health emergencies – Meaning essential life-saving health services reach the most vulnerable people in fragile and conflict-affected countries. Services such as; health promotion and disease prevention mental health and psychosocial support nutrition services including support for exclusive

breastfeeding.Promote healthier populations

I billion more people enjoying better health and wellbeing

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The work of the WHOFunction / work Explanation (in your own words) Example that represents this element of work

Provide leadership and partnership

The WHO is known as the top source of information and policy making in regards to health issues. The WHO works with partners (member states and agencies) to make international policies and regulations for times of disaster to try to positively impact health and wellbeing.

Conduct research and provide information

The WHO works with others to ensure the most up-to-date research is available to help inform decisions that promote health and wellbeing; prevent and control diseases, improve health systems; and help achieve universal access to healthcare. The WHO provides expertise in research and development to improve the way in which diseases can be prevented, diagnosed, managed and treated.

Set norms and standards and monitor their implementation

The WHO works with other agencies and governments to standardise the way research is carried out, the use of common indicators for the collection of data and the health and wellbeing terminology that is used. This makes it more effective and efficient to share information, monitor the impact of disease and evaluate the effectiveness of programs and initiatives.

Develop policies to help countries take action

Policies help governments and the global community implement action that is known to be effective in bringing about improvements in health and wellbeing. The WHO helps countries adapt these policies to meet their local context and helps governments implement them.

Provide technical support and help build sustainable health systems

The WHO provides advice and support to countries to implement changes in areas such as the provision of universal healthcare, health financing and a trained workforce. They help countries strengthen their capacity for early warning, risk reduction and the management of health and wellbeing risks.

Monitor health and wellbeing trends

The WHO has developed a Global Health Observatory which stores and shares health related data. It helps countries identify who is getting ill, from which diseases and how and where they are getting ill so resources can be targeted to where they are needed most.

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1. When was the WHO established?

2. What is the WHO’s mission?

3. What are the three principals that underpin the work of the WHO?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Identify and explain two ways in which the WHO works

5. Using the WHO’s strategic priorities as the basis for your response, explain how the WHO may work to reduce a disease such as tuberculosis (Tb)

Achieve Universal Health coverage (HC)- The WHO aims to achieve universal health coverage and works towards providing technical support for tuberculosis by assisting countries in accessing medicines, vaccines and health products such as appropriate antibiotics to treat and test for Tb.

Address health emergencies (HE) - The WHO monitors health and wellbeing trends and works towards addressing health emergencies by storing health related data. This may assist with reducing tuberculosis through medicines or antibiotics.

Promote healthier populations- (HP) - WHO works to provide leadership and partnership with member states on how to cooridinate outbreaks of Tb, this aims to work towards promoting healthier populations by driving prevention, control and elimination efforts.

Using the WHO’s strategic priorities as the basis for your response, explain how the WHO may reduce a disease such as COVID19

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Chapter 12 – Australian Aid and Non–Government Organisations (NGO’s)

Key Term DefinitionAid

Bilateral Aid

Emergency Aid

Epidemic

Governance

Humanitarian assistance

Multilateral Aid

Non-Government Organisation (NGO) aid

Official Development Assistance

Private Sector

Secular

Transnational

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Types of Aid and Examples of Australia’s aid – Chapter 12.2There are many factors that contribute to in-equalities in health status around the world. The main types of aid provided by Australia, alongside many other countries and organisations around the world, are emergency, bilateral and multilateral aid.

Describe the type of aid The purpose of this type of aid EmergencyImmediate assistance given to countries or people in distress to relieve suffering during and after emergencies such as conflict or national disasters

Emergency aid has the focus on being short term, to keep people alive

Provide an example of this aid and connect to health and wellbeing or human development

Bilateral Provided from the government of one country, to another

Provide an example of this aid and connect to health and wellbeing or human development

Multilateral • Multilateral Aid - refers to aid that is provided by multiple donor countries and delivered through an international organisation such as World Bank, the WHO or the UN.

Provide an example of this aid and connect to health and wellbeing or human development

NGO aid • Non- profit organisation working separately from the government

• Can access areas that governments and companies can’t reach

• Some well known NGO’s include World Vision, CARE International, Oxfam, Red Cross

Type of aid Advantages LimitationsEmergency Helps relieve suffering during and after emergencies

Seeks to keep people alive Helps improve short-term health and wellbeing

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Bilateral Sometimes the goods and services are provided by companies from the donating country, thereby favouring the economy and political interests of the donor country.

If the government of the country receiving aid is corrupt, the aid funds may not be spent on their intended purpose.

Multilateral Often used to address global issues (e.g. global warming and control of disease) and to fund major infrastructure projects (e.g. building roads)

Contributes to the achievement of equity in health and wellbeing and to promote human development

Questions

Fill in the blanks in the table below, outlining two positives and negative of each type of aid

In July 2016, around 820 000 people were affected by floods in Bangladesh. Dangerously high river levels forced thousands of people from their homes and many families had to live out in the open. There were shortages of clean water, food, medicine and fuel. The flooding wiped out entire villages and crops, and plunged farmers deeper into debt.

Examine the three examples of aid below and answer the questions

- Local companies work with the government of Bangladesh to build new schools or classrooms and repair those that are damaged.

- Each household affected by flooding was provided with 40 packets of fortified biscuits to provide a source of food.- Funds provided by the Australian government were used by the government of Bangladesh to fund the building and

repair of roads washed away by the floods.

Identify two types of aid represented in the examples.

Select one example above that represents the most appropriate response to the situation in Bangladesh. Justify your choice.

The features of Australia’s AID program Chapter 12.3

Name the government department responsible for managing Australia’s aid program

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The features of australia’s aid program are quite diverse. Our aid program ultimately works to further our own interests. Australia aims to improve the human development and private sector development in Indo-Pacific regions close to Australia

Why do you think this is the case?

What is the purpose of Australia’s aid program?

What percentage of GNI did Australia allocate to overseas aid in 2018–19 and how does that compare with other countries?

Why is it important for Australia to develop partnerships for the delivery of our aid program?

Type of partnership Description

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Other government departments

DFAT also works with other government departments and agencies that are involved in providing assistance to other countries. Departments such as the AFP and the centre for agricultural research.

Bilateral partnership

Multilateral organization

Non-government organisations

Private sector partnership

Case Study – Regional humanitarian strategy for Afhanistan and Pakistan

1. Identify the different types of aid in the case study

2. What are the benefits of this program?

3. How does this program reflect the key features of australia’s aid program?

Priorities of Australia’s aid program - Chapter 12.4

A BEIGE32

1. Agriculture -fisheries and water2. Building Resilience –humanitarian assistance, disaster risk reduction3. Education and health 4. Infrastructure – trade facilitation, international competitiveness5. Gender Equality – empowering women and girls6. Effective Governance – policies, institutions and functioning economies

Agriculture -fisheries and water

ExampleIn Cambodia, the aust. Gov increased agricultural production and reduced rural poverty through the Cambodia Agricultural Value Chain (CAVC) which enabled hectares of land to be irrigated allowing families to grow more rice crops.

Building Resilience –humanitarian assistance, disaster risk reduction

ExampleA draft social security policy developed by the government of Bangladesh drew from economic analysis funded by Australia and a study tour to south Africa showed the Bangladeshi officials the benefits of social welfare systems.

Education and health

ExampleIn 2011-12 Australia’s assistance focussed on maternal and child health in east Africa. It supported health workforce development through midwifery training and improving obstetric care and family planning.

Infrastructure – trade facilitation, international competitiveness

ExampleIn Samoa, the aust. Gov trained 264 farmers in new farming practices and distributed more than 30 000 seedlings which improved food security, crops and trade.

Gender Equality – empowering women and girls

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ExampleIn 2012-13 Aust. Helped 25,000 women survivors of violence access critical services such as emergency shelters, counselling and legal advice. Areas such as Nepal, Sri Lanka, Timor-leste and PNG, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and Fiji were helped.

Effective Governance – policies, institutions and functioning economies

ExampleAust. Supported the Papua New Guinea election in 2012 with logistics, training and security. They enabled the country to run a full election.

What are the benefits of international trade with Indo-pacific for Australia?

How does a focus on infrastructure and trade facilitation promote gender equality?

Provide reasons why the private sector is essential for bringing about economic development

Using figure 12.24 on pg 561 identify two Australian government aid priority areas evident, and justify your choice

The role of NGO’s in promoting health and wellbeing and human development - Chapter 12.5

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Many non-government organisations (NGOs) around the world provide assistance to those in need. NGOs are not-for-profit groups that are organised on local, national or international levels. Two NGO examples we will look at are; Red Cross World Vision

What types of projects does NGO aid generally focus on?

List some examples below of the types of aid provided by NGO’s

NGO Example – World Vision

World Vision is an NGO that works with children, families and communities around the world to overcome poverty and injustice.

What is the main aim of World Vision?

List some examples of projects that World Vision delivers

How does World Vision promote health and wellbeing and human development globally?

Example - World Vision works with communities to promote maternal and child health and wellbeing through training local health workers to ensure that more births are attended by skilled personal. This reduces the risk of death for mothers and ensures that all women are able to livea long and healthy life around the world. This ensures they have a high level of peace in their lives, increasing spiritual health and wellbeing globally.

NGO Example – Red Cross

World Vision is an NGO that works with children, families and communities around the world to overcome poverty and injustice.

What are the main 3 areas in which the red cross works? 35

List some examples of projects that Red Cross delivers

How does Red Cross promote health and wellbeing and human development globally?

Example - The Red Cross trains local people in installing sanitation facilities in low-income countries. This means that people are less likely to contract infectious diseases such as cholera, promoting physical health and wellbeing. This also provides more facilities for females at school which increases their attendance and enhances their choices and capabilities in relation to employment.

Chapter 13 – Key Terms

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Key Term Definition

Boycott

Civil society

Collateral

Cooperatives

Crowdfunding campaign

Microfinance

Obstetric fistula

Outreach

Stakeholders

Subsistence

Features of effective aid programs – Chapter 13.2

For programs to be effective, they must be sustainable and address the needs of the most vulnerable.

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Four key features of aid programs to be effective;

Effective aid Explanation – why does a successful program need to include this?Ownership Communities should be involved in the planning and implementation of programs. This provides a sense of

ownership which makes people more likely to engage in the program. It also provides people with the skills required to continue the program once outside funding and assistance ceases

Programs need to consider the sociocultural aspects of the community, such as considering that females are less likely to attend school in the region the program operates. So to be successful the program would need to encourage families to send daughters to school, or provide visual information for girls who can’t read.

Partnership

Focus on Results

Transparency and accountability

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What are the outcomes of delivering effective aid?

In Kenya’s Nyanza province, a safe water and hygiene program supplied 45 public primary schools with clay pots for safe water storage. The schools were also provided with a year’s supply of water disinfectant, 200-litre plastic water tanks with taps for hand-washing, and soap. Two teachers from each school received educational materials on water treatment, safe storage and good hand-washing practices for use in the classroom. They formed safe water clubs with students, who were encouraged to share the information with their parents. An evaluation of the program in nine schools found that student hand-washing in Grades 4–8 improved and increased. Absenteeism declined by 35%, while absences in neighbouring schools without the intervention increased by 5%. Effects in the surrounding community included: household soap ownership increased from 74% to 90%, and 25% of parents and guardians reported changing their hand-washing behaviour because of what they learned from their child. In addition, parents of children in the safe water clubs were almost twice as likely to report using the water treatment than parents whose child was not a club member.

Identify two key features of an effective aid program and outline how each is evident in the safe water and hygiene program.

Aid programs to address the SDGsThere are many programs that have been implemented in low- and middle-income countries to help achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

You are required to select one aid program for a detailed study and analyse and evaluate the effectiveness of the program by

taking into account:

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its purpose

the SDG/s being addressed

details of its implementation, particularly in relation to the features of effective aid and relevant partnerships in place

how the program will promote health and wellbeing and human development.

Example - Case Study – Soul Buddyz

Soul Buddyz after-school program inspires children to live healthier livesAll children have the right to safe activities after school, especially when they offer support for some of life’s hardest issues, including HIV/AIDS prevention and gender-based violence. Soul Buddyz, an NGO in South Africa, is working with schools, teachers, and children to provide a rich after-school program.

The Soul Buddyz Club program is based on the popular children’s TV drama, Soul Buddyz. On the show, the Buddyz are friends who spend time together after school. Children from around the country wrote to Soul City asking how they can start a program at their school just like the one on TV.

Through the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), CDC-South Africa partners with the Soul City Institute for Health and Development Communication to bring the vibrant after-school program to schools across South Africa. Soul Buddyz is a ‘club’ that provides children with an outlet where they can talk about difficult issues and learn positive life skills, while also working on community service projects like serving the elderly and families in need. CDC-South Africa and PEPFAR support Soul Buddyz to develop HIV-prevention curriculum that drives club discussions and activities. The curriculum includes lessons for the facilitators as well as projects for the children to complete.

Ivory Park Primary School, outside of Johannesburg, is one of 8000 schools in South Africa that has embraced the Soul Buddyz program. The children at Ivory Park appreciate that their Soul Buddyz Club has given them the opportunity to have a safe place to talk about health issues, and in turn, give back to their community. There are three individual clubs — Youngsters, Little Friends and Super Stars. Each is led by a teacher at the school who volunteers their time. Soul City has training for facilitators at the district, provincial, and national level, but every school can tailor programming to best suit their community.

Case study review1. Explain the purpose of the program and identify the SDG’s addressed.

The purpose of the program is to create a group that gives children a safe outlet where they can talk about difficult issues and learn positive life skills while working on community service projects like serving the elderly and families in need. The SDG/s addressed in this program are SDG 3: Good health and wellbeing, SDG 4: Quality education, and SDG 5: Gender equality.

2. Discuss whether the Soul Buddyz program is an example of an effective aid program.

This program reflects some of the features needed for an effective aid program. Ownership — Soul Buddyz is an NGO in South Africa working with schools, teachers, and children to provide this after-

school program. Children themselves initiated the program by writing to Soul City and asking how they could start a program at their school. In this way, it is owned by the community and would therefore be delivered in a way that is socioculturally appropriate. Each ‘club’ is led by a teacher at the school who volunteers their time. Soul City has training for facilitators at the district, provincial, and national level, but every school can tailor programming to best suit their community. It is therefore owned by the community. The curriculum that is developed for the program includes lessons for the facilitators as well as projects for the students to complete. This is important to ensure it is socioculturally appropriate.

Partnerships — this program partners with Soul Buddyz, a non-government organisation, the US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), Center for Disease Control (CDC)–South Africa and the Soul City Institute for Health and Development Communication.

Focus on results — this program focuses on children and has three individual ‘clubs’ based on the age of the children. The program was requested by the children, indicating that it focuses on an area of need for the community. The program aims to provide education and support for girls on sensitive issues identified by them as being important, including HIV/AIDS prevention and gender-based violence.

Transparency and accountability — while this program was supported by Soul Buddyz and other partnerships, it is unclear how the program has been evaluated to ensure its aims were met.

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3. Discuss how the Soul Buddyz program improves health and wellbeing and human development

Program addressing SDG 2 – Women in South Sudan plow forward in their fieldsAn Oxfam program supplies female farmers in South Sudan with the tools to manage their crops and to redistribute power in their households.

“When our leaders told us that Oxfam was coming to train us to use oxen to plow our fields, we protested,” says Lucia, a farmer from Wau County, South Sudan. “Our tribe does not know cows and even so, it is a man’s work to train them and lead them through the fields. This is not for us women at all!”

Yet, 12 months later, she’s changed her tune. Lucia grins from ear to ear as she shows off Malual — the young bull that tills her land. Women in Lucia’s community — as in most parts of South Sudan — typically shoulder a huge workload. They do all the domestic work and much of the agricultural tasks. For many, this means waking up early to collect water, light a fire, make tea, and cook lunch, all before heading to a small plot of land to cultivate crops.

Farming often takes from morning to evening, and even then, doesn't always provide enough food to feed the family. This was Lucia’s experience until last year. That’s where Malual come in.

Traditionally, people in Lucia's community use malodas — small tools with a sickle-shaped head — to till the land, but because the tools are so small, it takes a long time to work the land. Using oxen and employing techniques like planting in rows means women can cultivate much larger plots of land in less time.

“I am growing sorghum, okra, and peanuts, and I have been able to increase the size of the land I plow from half a fedan [half an acre] to more than two fedans [two acres],” she says. “Some of the food I eat as soon as I harvest; some I save for the lean season to eat or to sell. I’m also saving some for planting later this year.”

In the past, Lucia and her family skipped lunch because they only had enough food to stretch between breakfast and dinner. “My children are much happier and I can see they are looking well,” she says.

Lucia is earning enough money to pay some bills, and the time she's saved using oxen is going into a side business selling cakes — all of which has earned her the deep respect of her husband.

As part of the same project, she and her husband took part in workshops focused on women’s rights. “Now he respects me so much more,” she says with a grin. “The way we are together is completely different. Now we share all the tasks in the household. He is cleaning more, mopping, bringing water, and washing clothes. I am able to rest a bit more now.”

Case study review

what is the purpose of the program?

What SDG’s are being addressed?

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Discuss whether this program represents effective aid, by describing features of effective aid and partnerships

how the program will promote health and wellbeing and human development of participants

Taking Social Action – Chapter 13.10

Explain why people take social action

Social Action For each, provide a real life example

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Volunteering Assist in raising funds or be part of a volunteer program designed to help improve the lives of others and their communities. Example - Volunteering to collect money as part of the Red Shield Appeal for the Red Cross.

Donate Money To non-government organisations such as World Vision, Oxfam, Tabitha Foundation, Red Cross and others to help them continue the work they do in low- and middle-income countries. Example-

Conduct fund raising events

Conduct fund-raising events in the school or community to support a social change projectExample -

Signing online petitions

Show support for a social change campaign by signing online petitions, being involved in online competitions and other social media activities. Example-

Implement an awareness campaign

Find out more about social issues and implement an awareness campaign locally or through social media outletsExample-

Purchasing power Use their purchasing power to buy products that support actions to promote social change. Many non-government organisations provide online shopping where the profits from selling goods is given back to communities or used to bring about social change.Example-

Lobby Governments

lobby governments or decision makers by organising a group of people to write letters to newspapers, send emails to politicians and invite politicians to attend a community gathering to answer questionsExample-

Boycott companies or products

organise a boycott, which means people collectively decide not to buy particular products because of how they are made, how the workers are treated or the impact they have on the environmentExample-

Start a social enterprise

start a social enterprise activity. A social enterprise activity is based on identifying and researching a problem, planning a solution, developing an action plan and then taking action to solve the problem.Example-

Explain why the SDG Action App has been developed.

3 parts to this skill;

1 - Understand and describe the types of social action.2- Justify why people might take social action in this scenario3- Explain how social action could promote health and wellbeing.

Example –

Afghanistan is a landlocked country situated in central and southern Asia. According to the Human Development Index, Afghanistan is one of the poorest countries in the world. The average life expectancy is estimated to be around 60 years for both

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sexes. Despite significant improvements in the coverage and quality of health services, Afghan health and wellbeing indicators remain below average for low-income countries. It has one of the highest maternal mortality rates, as well as the highest infant mortality rate, in the world. Afghanistan has one of the highest levels of child malnutrition in the world, with about 40.9 per cent of children under five suffering from chronic malnutrition while both women and children suffer from high levels of vitamin and mineral deficiencies.

a. Describe two examples of social action that could be taken to reduce the level of child malnutrition in Afghanistan.  Donate money to non-government organisations to support projects that have been introduced in Afghanistan to reduce

child malnutrition. Conduct fundraising events in the school or community to raise awareness of the situation that is being faced in Afghanistan

and then donate the funds to support a social change project.

b. Justify why taking social action is important. Taking social action is important because it is effective in bringing about change. Social action can be used to influence the decisions of those who have the power to make changes, or actions can be taken to directly address a problem and effect change.

c. Discuss how social action could promote health and wellbeing.  Well-nourished mothers are more likely to give birth to healthy babies. Babies who are well fed and adequately nourished

have strong immune systems. They are less likely to suffer from diseases such as pneumonia, measles, malaria and diarrhoea. If they do contract these diseases, well-nourished children are more likely to recover.

When people have access to the required quantity and quality of food, they can attend school or work. This provides opportunities to develop relationships, which promotes social health and wellbeing. A sense of pride and achievement at school or work also promotes emotional health and wellbeing.

Your Turn…..

The Story of Hey Tiger chocolate

I had been working in a start up since I was 25, and while a growing company always comes with new challenges, I missed that special kind of challenge that comes with creating something that wasn’t in the world before, and I wanted to feel that again.

At the same time I had been supporting The Hunger Project’s work in Burkina Faso in West

Africa. In the course of educating myself about the challenges for women and children in that 44

region, I learned that children are routinely taken from their families and put in forced labour in cocoa farms in the Ivory Coast

and Ghana. It occurred to me that something that I LOVED and brought me and every woman I knew so much pleasure was in

fact a broken and destructive industry for many cocoa farmers, families and children.

This was particularly alarming to me because I’d been obsessed with chocolate for a long time. We set up Hey Tiger as a

company owned by a charitable trust and I dived into learning how to create positive impact in the communities where over

60% of the world’s cocoa is grown - West Africa. Cocoa sourcing is notoriously opaque so we take the extra step of enlisting

our charitable partner, The Hunger Project Ghana, to conduct an additional review of any proposed partners. Our

total donation to The Hunger Project is over $400,000, supporting cocoa farming communities in Ghana. These funds help

support everything from micro-loans to women farmers to childhood education programs and HIV prevention (all of which

impact these communities and are important components to changing the industry).

a. List the type of social action that Hey Tiger represents (2 marks)

b. Justify why this form of social action would be effective in bringing about change. (3 marks)

c. Outline how this example of social action could promote health and wellbeing. (4 marks)

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