Aid for Gender Equality: What Works and Examples from ......What Works and Examples from the World...
Transcript of Aid for Gender Equality: What Works and Examples from ......What Works and Examples from the World...
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Aid for Gender Equality: What Works and Examples from the World
Bank Adolescent Girls Initiative
Caren Grown
Senior Director for Gender
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Presentation Based on Two Recent Reports
Paper Prepared for UNU-WIDER, ReCom, June 2014 World Bank, 2014
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Aid Effectiveness
• Aidscape has witnessed a paradigm shift in last decade
• Growing pressure on donors and recipient governments to demonstrate effectiveness of aid
• Criticisms on the impact of aid on economic development – analysts and activists on both sides…
– Three analytical camps: aid works; does not work; works conditionally
• Murky empirical evidence at the macro level; more encouraging at the micro level (micro-macro paradox)
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Aid and Gender Equality
…investing in women is not only the right thing to do. It is the smart thing to do. I am deeply convinced that, in women, the world has at its disposal, the most significant and yet largely untapped potential for development and peace. Ban Ki Moon, UN Secretary General, 8 March 2008
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Motivation for Donor Investments in Gender Equality
FAO
World Bank
Gender Equality ↔ Economic Growth
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Donor Approaches
• A “twin-track” approach
– Women-focused projects/interventions
– “Gender Mainstreaming,” notably in
• Health
• Education
• Microfinance
• Agriculture (to a lesser extent)
• Governance (to a lesser extent except in fragile states)
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Gender-Focused Aid as a Share of Total Aid, Constant 2011 US$
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Overall Donors Commitment Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment (Millions in Constant 2011 US$)
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2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Gender-focused education aid as a percent of total education aid (constant 2011 US$)
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Evidence for Aid Effectiveness and Gender Equality: Macro Studies
– Aid generally has a positive (but modest) impact on gender equality.
– Is aid for gender equality need-based or performance based?
• Dreher et al. (2013): Gender gaps in education and health affect the allocation of aid overall and in the relevant sectors.
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What works and could work? (No one size fits all)
Education
• Conditional cash transfers
• Scholarships for girls
Health
• Maternal mortality: skilled attendants, emergency, obstetric care, functional referral system
• Reproductive Health: contraceptives; sexuality education, safe abortion services
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What works and could work, cont.
Economic
• Microcredit/microenterprise – Mixed effects at level of
individual (hh decision-making) and enterprise (profits, growth)
• Microsavings is most promising
• Wage Employment
• Asset Transfers
Political
• Quotas/reservations for entry
• Gender-budgeting
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What works and could work, cont.
Preventing/responding to Gender-Based Violence
• Prevention: Women’s advocacy; community-based interventions; male leader campaigns
• Response: One stop shops that combine multi-sectoral interventions (judicial and health)
• Community-based interventions
In Fragile States
• Conflict prevention: early warning
• Post-conflict: Organizing/training for participation in donor conferences
• Interventions for political participation
• Livelihood programs
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The World Bank’s Adolescent Girls Initiative
• Large youth populations, high overall unemployment - young women less likely to be employed despite gains in education
• Young women face multi-barriers to labor market entry
• Adolescence a critical stage in life to intervene
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The Approach
• Global set of pilots for young women - what works best in programming to help adolescent girls and young women succeed in the labor market?
• Each program is individually tailored to the country context, with varying emphasis on vocational training and empowerment/life skills
• 6 out of 8 have rigorous impact evaluations
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Two Basic Project Models
1. “TVET” Classroom-based training. Training for employment or entrepreneurship, complemented with life skills training. Pilots included placement services and outreach with the private sector.
– Liberia, Nepal, Afghanistan, Haiti, Rwanda
2. Girls clubs. Provides girls with a ‘safe space’ in the community to socialize and learn. Emphasize life skills, which are complemented with vocational and/or entrepreneurship training, as well as access to financial services.
– South Sudan, Uganda*, and Tanzania*
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Did it work?
• Large impacts on employment and earnings (Liberia, Nepal, and Uganda)
• Mixed empowerment impacts – Liberia no impact on SRH; positive impact
on self-confidence
– Nepal: no impact on fertility or self-confidence
– Uganda: large impacts SRH
• Combination of life and vocational skills works– getting the right mix depends on context
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Capstone and Toolkit Objectives
Capstone: to provide evidence to support the expansion of skills training programs that facilitate the economic empowerment of young women. Toolkit: to improve the design and implementation of youth employment projects based on lessons learned from the AGI.
Collaboration opportunity: Dissemination scheduled for Spring 2015