„How to” templates and guides...3sCE417P3 Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts „How to”...

3sCE417P3

Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

„How to” templates and guides Regional Energy Demand

Task 3.4.2

publicity November 2014

public internet print non public

This project is implemented through the CENTRAL EUROPE Programme co-financed by the ERDF

The sole responsibility for the content of this [webpage, publication etc.] lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that maybe made of the information contained therein.

3sCE417P3 3.4.2 „How to template” – Energy Demand Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts 2

CONTENT OF THE DOCUMENT: „How to” – Energy Demand

1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 4

2. ENERGY OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS ............................................................................ 5

2.1 Energy Consumption Targets ...................................................................................... 6

2.2 Energy Consumption Trends ....................................................................................... 7

2.3 The Policy Background to Energy Efficiency ................................................................ 8

2.4 Assessment of Energy Efficiency and Savings ........................................................... 10

3. METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................................... 11

3.1 Statistics Sources ....................................................................................................... 13

3.2 Present Energy Demand Assessment ........................................................................ 13

3.3 Energy Transfer Potential .......................................................................................... 14

3.4 Potential of Energy Savings ....................................................................................... 15

4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES ............................................................................... 16

4.1 Residential Sector ...................................................................................................... 16

4.2 Transport Sector ........................................................................................................ 16

4.3 Industrial Sector ......................................................................................................... 17

5. EXAMPLES OF INCREASING OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY .................................................. 18

5.1 Thermal Insulation of Buildings ................................................................................. 18

5.2 Smart Grid .................................................................................................................. 18

6. SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... 20

LIST OF REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 21


LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 – Evaluation of total energy consumption (1993-2010) ........................................... 7

Figure 2.2 – Final energy consumption by energy sources (1993-2010) ................................... 8

Figure 2.3 – Index of energy efficiency progress – ODEX ........................................................ 10

Figure 3.1 – Flow chart for the elaboration of the Regional Energy Demand Plan ................. 12

Figure 3.2 – Electricity transmission system of the Slovak Republic ....................................... 14

Figure 5.1 – Concept of Smart Region ...................................................................................... 19

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 - Expected gross final energy consumption of the Slovak Republic in heating and cooling, electricity and transport up to 2020 taking into account the effects of energy efficiency and energy saving measures 2010-2020 (ktoe) .......................... 5

Table 2.2 - Energy savings targets up to 2020 in Slovak republic .............................................. 6

Table 2.3 -Summary overview of energy savings planned for measures in the 2011–2013 period ...................................................................................................................... 7


1. Introduction

In Slovakia, energy policy measures aimed at increased energy efficiency, rational energy use and

wider exploitation of renewable energy sources are based mostly on energy legislation. Any concept

region within Slovak republic should follow the same objectives established by measures applied at

national level. The goal of the action is to create energy aware regions that can also work with energy

utilities, private energy companies and all the energy consumers to promote and develop energy

efficiency measures. In our future homeowners, local and regional decision makers, investors and

developers will have access to information and capital opportunities to take advantages of

sustainability, autonomy and long term cost savings.

The aim of this document is to prepare one uniform template for Slovak republic. Based on the

previous activities common format guide will be elaborated for the energy demand reports. This

document is meant to be a practical tool with clear guides for any other region to assess their energy

demand. As each region has its own characteristics, these templates do integrate these differences

within Slovak republic in order to provide a complex overview for the regions involved and other

regions that will use these templates in future.

In order to achieve a common region’s vision for energy saving measures and create an integrated

energy management concept, each region has to define its primary energetic aims. The example of

Region’s strategies is described in the Plan for energy efficiency and development of renewable

energy sources in the territory based on an example of Trnava concept region.

The priorities involved are the shifting of dependence to regional energy sources in order to increase

energetic independence of the Region itself, their sustainable development and the security of

energy supply. To reach the mentioned targets, five main actions are needed to be implemented:

Increase energy production efficiency.

Achieve a properly functioning single internal market for gas, heat and electricity.

Promote highly effective renewable energy sources.

Secure energy supplies to Europe and develop international cooperation in the energy

sector.

Improve relations between energy policy and the areas of environment and research.

The following report is intended to establish uniform methodology for the Regional Energy Concept

project. As the regions’ energy character is affected by energy demand and stakeholders, this report

focuses mainly on the evaluation methodology of energy demand within Slovak republic.

It is necessary to define the basic fundamental objectives and targets already at the start because it

limits the renewable energy source utilisation possibilities, the size of sustainable and realisable

energy potentials and influences the adequacy or the need for enhancement of the state of existing

energy transmission and energy distribution systems.


2. Energy Objectives and Targets

Slovak Republic has a long-term goal to reduce energy intensity of the GDP generation down to the

level of other advanced EU countries (EU-15) and respects priorities of the EU in the sphere of energy

policy – to decrease its greenhouse gas emissions by 20 % on 1990 levels by 2020, increase its share

of renewable energy to 20 % by the same deadline and to reduce energy consumption by 20 % by

energy efficiency in comparison with prognosis presented in the Green Book on Energy Efficiency.

Any concept region within Slovak republic should follow the same objectives established by

measures applied at national level. If a chosen concept region of a certain country aims to create an

integrated energy management concept for energy service based on the conditions of energy

demand, it is necessary to define the basic objective in the first place. In our case it is the

introduction, spreading and maintaining of the utilisation of renewable energy sources and

improvements of energy efficiency to the highest possible degree.

Slovakia is committed to reduce GHG emissions to fulfil its Kyoto obligation and also adopted a

domestic CO2 emissions target of further 5 % decrease compared to the year 1990 that means that

Slovakia has set an objective to maintain in the 2008-2012 period the emissions at the level. 87 %

compared to the 1990 level. The total net CO2 emissions decreased by more than 36 % compared

with the reference year 1990, which well exceeds Slovak obligations. A major share of aggregated

emission covers the energy sector by about 64 %. While the energy consumption throughout the

period 200 to 2010 increased by less than 1 % p.a., CO2 emissions decreased by 5 %; in the transport

category, however, the CO2 emissions in the period 2000 to 2010 increased by 36 %.

In Slovakia, energy policy measures aimed at increased energy efficiency, rational energy use and

wider exploitation of renewable energy sources are based mostly on energy legislation; Energy

legislation related to energy efficiency, energy conservation and wider RES utilisation is mainly

implementing related EU directives and consists mainly of Act on the Energy Performance of

Buildings, Act on Regular Inspection of Boilers, Heating Systems and Air-conditioning Systems, Act on

Ecodesign, Energy Efficiency Act, Act on the Promotion of Renewable Energy Sources and high

efficient CHP. Relevant legislation for energy sector consists mainly from Act on Energy, Act on Heat

Energy and Act on Regulation in Network Industries.

2015 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

(1) heating and cooling [ktoe]

6162 5971 5923 5876 5828 5780 5732 5685 5661 5637 5613 5613

(2) electricity [ktoe] 2412 2460 2556 2586 2617 2649 2681 2713 2745 2778 2812 2866

(3) transport [ktoe] 1744 2221 2245 2293 2341 2409 2449 2491 2532 2603 2675 2747

(4) Gross final energy consumption [ktoe]

10318 10652 10724 10755 10786 10838 10862 10889 10938 11018 11100 11226

Table 2.1: Expected gross final energy consumption of the Slovak Republic in heating and cooling,

electricity and transport up to 2020 taking into account the effects of energy efficiency and energy

saving measures 2010-2020 (ktoe)


Under EU Structural Funds were established and implemented different operation programmes with

energy efficiency components for different end-use sectors, e.g. an Operation Programme

“Competitiveness and Economic Growth, priority line Energy” under the Ministry of Economy of the

Slovak Republic.

2.1 Energy Consumption Targets

Directive 2006/32/EC on energy end-use efficiency and energy services was adopted in 2006. Based

on individual national Acts which implement particular EU directives in the field of energy efficiency

and conceptual national strategic documents e. g. the Energy Efficiency Concept of the Slovak

Republic from 2007 were prepared two national energy efficiency action plans for years 2008 – 2010

and 2011 – 2013. The Energy Efficiency Concept of the Slovak Republic, adopted by Government in

2007, defines the overall national indicative energy savings target for 2008–2016 as 9 % of the

average final energy consumption from the 2001–2005 period, i.e. 37 215 TJ including the final

energy consumption of companies involved in the trading of greenhouse gas emission allowances

(“ETS companies”).

Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2011–2013 (the “Second AP” or “Second Action Plan”) has been

prepared in accordance with Act No. 476/2008 Coll. on Energy Efficiency. It is also implementing

measure under the Energy Efficiency Concept of the Slovak Republic. The role of the Second AP is to

establish a second intermediate indicative energy savings target in the Slovak Republic for the three-

year period from 2011 to 2013. It defines measures and financial and legal instruments to achieve

the energy savings target. It builds on the Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2008–2010 (the “First AP”),

approved by Government in 2007. Therefore, the Second AP includes an evaluation of measures

proposed in the First AP. This evaluation proposes a continuation of the measures under the First AP

which have not yet been completed.

The First AP set a medium-term target of 3 % of the average final energy consumption (FEC) in 2001–

2005 (12 405 TJ) and a long-term target of 9 % of the average FEC in 2001–2005 (37 215 TJ). The

values of national targets for individual periods were adjusted by separation and subtraction of FEC

of ETS companies (Table 2.2).

Table 2.2 – Energy savings targets up to 2020 in Slovak republic

The approach to measures proposed in the First Action Plan can be characterized in particular as an

effort to apply mainly low-cost organisational and technical measures including partially the

supporting financial mechanisms. Most of the proposed measures from the First Action Plan


continue to offer high potential for energy savings. This applies in particular to measures financed by

the EU Structural Funds, where resources have been specifically allocated. In addition to the ongoing

measures, the Second AP includes proposals for new measures concerning the buildings, industry

and transport sectors in particular. Table 2.3 contains an overview of the energy savings planned for

the period 2011-2013.

Table 2.3 – Summary overview of energy savings planned for measures in the 2011–2013 period

EU directive on energy efficiency has not been published yet (September 2012), it is therefore not in

force. Concerning that, there has not been defined exact way of its implementation. At present days,

there were created national working groups to prepare the transposition and implementation of the

directive. In accordance with its cross-cutting nature, it is supposed to be necessary to complement

or amend existing national legislative framework in the field of energy efficiency and to consider

creation of new measures or instruments and financial support mechanisms.

2.2 Energy Consumption Trends

Development of the total primary and final consumption since the year 1993 is presented in Fig. 2.1.

The consumption values are almost constant. By contrast to the high GDP growth in the monitored

period from 1993 to 2010 (increase by almost 116 %), primary consumption rose only by 1,2 % and

final consumption by 4,5 %. This shows a significant drop in energy intensity of the Slovak economy.

Figure 2.1 – Evaluation of total energy consumption (1993-2010)


For the period 1993-2010, the composition of final consumption has significantly changed also in

terms of energy resources, as illustrated in Fig. 2.2. The most significant is the decline of coal in final

consumption from 27,8 % share in 1993 to 14,7 % in 2010, mainly due to strict environmental

legislation. Over the same period, consumption of liquid fuels significantly increased (from 14,1 % to

20,6 %), especially due to the growth in passenger car traffic and road freight transport at the

expense of rail freight transport. The decline of gas consumption, though not very strong, is probably

related to an increase of its prices as well as a gradual decrease in specific consumption of heat in

dwellings. For the monitored period the share of final consumption of renewable energy sources

increased from unimportant value in 1993, to 5,2 % of the total final energy consumption in 2010.

Figure 2.2 – Final energy consumption by energy sources (1993-2010)

2.3 The Policy Background to Energy Efficiency

In Slovak Republic there are several initiations to promote the energy efficiency by legislation in

accordance with EU directives. The most relevant documents in terms of energy and environment

are the followings:

Energy Policy of the Slovak Republic (01/2006)

Energy Efficiency Concept of the Slovak Republic (07/2007)

Act on the Energy Performance of Buildings (Act No. 555/2005 Coll.)

Act on Regular Inspection of Boilers, Heating Systems and Air-conditioning Systems (Act No.

17/2007 Coll.)

Act on Ecodesign (Act No. 529/2010 Coll.)

Energy Efficiency Act (Act No. 476/2008 Coll.)

The Act on the Promotion of Renewable Energy Sources and high efficient CHP (Act No.

309/2009 Coll.)

National Energy Efficiency Action Plan for the years 2008 – 2010

National Energy Efficiency Action Plan for the years 2011 – 2013


The Energy Policy of the Slovak Republic defines targets in gross inland consumption, final energy

consumption, and energy intensity in national economy, share of renewable energy sources in

primary energy consumption and CO2 emissions for the years 2010, 2020 and intentions for 2030.

Energy policy put emphasis on supply side. Demand side activities are very limited.

The Energy Efficiency Concept of the Slovak Republic is a strategic programme document with an

outlook for activities and measures until 2020 prepared by the Ministry of Economy of the Slovak

Republic in cooperation with the Slovak Innovation and Energy Agency and selected national

government bodies, public administration bodies and other relevant subjects. It is compatible with

similar concepts adopted in other European Union member countries. The concept supports the

implementation of EU directives as well as other EU documents dealing with energy efficiency into

practice in the Slovak Republic. The key goal of the Energy Efficiency Concept is to have the energy

intensity gradually reduced to the EU level, to create stimulating environment for energy awareness

of the citizens and legal entities.

The Act on the Energy Performance of Buildings (Act No. 555/2005 Coll.) implements partially the

EU Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings 2002/91/EC (EPBD). This act will be replaced by

new Act on the Energy Performance of Buildings which implements recast of the EPBD 2010/31/EU in

following months.

The Act on Regular Inspection of Boilers, Heating Systems and Air-conditioning Systems (Act No.

17/2007 Coll.) covers also the tertiary and household sectors. This act will be replaced by new Act on

Regular Inspection of Heating Systems and Air-conditioning Systems which implements recast of the

EPBD 2010/31/EU in following months.

The Energy Efficiency Act (Act No. 476/2008 Coll.) is implementing the EU Directive 2006/32/EC on

energy end-use efficiency and energy services into the Slovak legislation system. The Act is

supplementing missing legislation in the sphere of rational energy use. The Energy Efficiency Act has

come into force on 1st January 2009.

The Renewable Energy Sources Promotion Act (Act. No. 309/2009) defines the mode of promotion

and its condition for RES promotion and for the promotion of highly efficient CHP units, and the

rights and obligations of relevant RES and CHP electricity producers as well as the rights and

obligations of other participants of the electricity and gas markets. The promotion of electricity

production from RES and CHP production is implemented by the preferential access and

transfer/distribution in the distribution and transfer grids, electricity take-off by the distribution net

operator for the pre-defined feed-in price.

The Energy Efficiency Action Plan for the years 2008 – 2010 was approved by the Government. in

October 2007 as document used for implementation of the Directive 2006/32/EC. The plan is the

implementation tool of the Energy Efficiency Concept for Slovakia (Govt Decree 576/2007).

The task of the Energy Efficiency Action Plan is to set goals, define energy conservation measures, to

ensure their implementation and monitoring. As Slovakia currently lacks some important tools to


provide the environment suitable for the achievement of energy savings, measures in this first plan

will provide a basic legislative environment and suitable conditions to ensure marked improvement

of energy efficiency and long-term achievement of energy conservation.

2.4 Assessment of Energy Efficiency and Savings

Index of energy efficiency progress, called „ODEX“, is defined at the level of sectors (industry,

transport, households) or of the whole economy (all final consumers). This index is obtained by

aggregating the unit consumption changes at detailed levels, by sub-sector or end-use, observed

over a given period. The unit consumption variation is measured in terms of index, which enables the

use of various units for the detailed indicator (kWh/appliance, toe/m2...). Using relevant physical

parameters, the ODEX indicator provides a good „proxy“ of the energy efficiency progress from a

policy evaluation viewpoint. ODEX is an alternative to the aggregate monetary energy intensities and

includes many factors that are not directly linked to the energy efficiency.

Figure 2.3 – Index of energy efficiency progress - ODEX

During the period 2000-2010, the overall index of energy efficiency in Slovakia decreased by 4 %. This

index is an approximation due to the lack of data available. As can be seen from the Fig. 2.3,

compared with values of ODEX EU27 in terms of the monitored period, the values are worse on

average by about 4 percentage points.


3. Methodology

The analysis of the existing situation concerning the energy demand and potentials for energy

savings in the concept region can be summarized in a planning template. The template is based on

the previous assessments elaborated, and the aim is to connect all these in a simple scheme

representing an overview of the Concept Region. The structure is intended to be a flow-chart

scheme, where highlighting the connection between the components of the Analysis.

The planning template should contain:

Assessment of the recent energy demand,

Assessment of the structural distribution of the direct energy consumption (by main

sectors),

Assessment of the structural consumption of the different energy sources (primary or

secondary),

The demand study shall be based on veracious theoretical model as well as on thoroughly collected

information on current energy demand in Concept Region.

The elaboration of the rule-based methods is for the purposes of executing a comprehensive study. A

baseline will have to be set of characteristics related to the indicators such as socio-economic

criteria, profile and typology of CR in order to be able to do the comparative analysis.

1) The information on current energy demand shall be collected via individual questionnaires

and interviews. Minimum number of municipalities/industries assessed: 300 municipalities

and 70 industries.

2) The assessment of inter-regional energy opportunities alias cross-bordering energy transport

capacity of Concept Regions that could be consider for the planning of RES energy transfers

of mind map tool for evaluation of the overall demand-driven energy potentials.

3) The output shall be compression study of the Concept Region. The aim of compression study

is to put the elaborated Regional Energy Demand Plans within European context and draft

conclusions. It may provide the analysis of the potential and possibilities of further energy

saves.

In the Figure 3.1 is depicted the flow chart of work phase of the development of Regional Energy

Demand Plan of Concept Region in order to achieve the outlined energy objectives. There are also

shown results of the so far prepared reports and their relations.


Figure 3.1 – Flow chart for the elaboration of the Regional Energy Demand Plan


3.1 Statistics Sources

Each assessment follows a precise methodology in terms of data bothering and evaluation. In the

matter of data bothering process, one source worth mentioning is Eurostat, the database through

which The European Commission provides statistics. Data related to population, education, economy

and finance, etc. are available online.

However, not all information is available at regional level. In most cases only national data on

migration, households, unemployment etc. can be found. In order to elaborate all the assessment

upon Concept Region it is therefore necessary to gather information through additional channels.

Besides the Eurostat’s database, another important and useful source is the Statistical Office of the

Slovak Republic. It is the central body of state administration of the Slovak Republic for the branch of

statistics. Tasks of state statistics are ensured by the central office in Bratislava and eight regional

offices. On the website there are 3 main databases of statistics:

Slovstat - contains time series of economic and social development indicators for the

whole of the Slovak Republic;

RegData - Regional statistics database contains time series of indicators of economic and

social-economic development in regions of the Slovak Republic;

Urban and Municipal Statistics - provides users with statistical information on every

municipality and town of the Slovak Republic.

Although the data available for free are sometimes insufficient in the matter of the analysis, it is

possible to combine them and obtaining good evaluations.

Another source worth mentioning for collecting energy data is IEA, International Energy Agency,

which provide Statistics and publication through its website. The statistics concern energy balance

flows, energy indicators and statistics for each member country. Scientific sources and data provided

by the energy companies are needed as well in order to integrate the description of the present

energies supply and demand.

3.2 Present Energy Demand Assessment

Energy demand is a derived demand that arises for satisfying some needs which are met through use

of appliances. Hence, demand for energy then depends on the demand for energy services and the

choice of energy using processes or devices. End-use service demand is affected by the cost of energy

but also by other factors such as climatic conditions, affordability (or income of the decision-maker),

preference for the end-use service, etc. Similarly, demand for end-use appliances depends on the

relative prices of the appliances, relative cost of operation, availability of appliances, etc.

Present structure of energy demand in Concept Region is very important for the planning of future

development of energy production as well as for future improvement of energy efficiency. It is

necessary to know the present distribution of different types of consumed energy carriers

(electricity, heat, natural gas, coal, wood biomass, biogas, etc.) as well as the geographic distribution


of individual consumptions. Therefore the Energy Demand Assessment is the first of three main

components included in the flow chart of the Regional Energy Concept (see Figure 3.1).

A primary research of the Energy Demand Assessment is to collect original primary data on the

energy demand side and execute the analysis. This can be accomplished through a questionnaire

sent to the relevant stakeholders. However, the collected territorial data on energy consumption

including electricity, gas, and heat might not be entirely sufficient for a comprehensive analysis.

Nevertheless, residential energy demand can be deeply analyzed using a top down approach, but in

the case of regions of the Slovak Republic, providing particular data for industrial-commercial and

public sectors is not possible since the existing databases do not operate with this kind of categories.

In order to overcome this issue, an estimate of the household and public sector energy consumption

is provided in the Energy Transfer Potential Assessment.

The Energy Demand Assessment for Trnava Region was elaborated within the regional energy

demand report “3.1.3 Analysis on the energy demand of Trnava Region”.

3.3 Energy Transfer Potential

The Energy Transfer Potential is the second of three main components included in the flow chart of

the Regional Energy Demand Plan (see Figure 3.1).

Because of the previously mentioned lack of data (in the matter of the demand) a deeper evaluation

of the energy demand is needed. This evaluation takes into account the regional share of national

level economic and demographic data. The consumption data can be estimate by dividing the energy

national data per the mentioned share.

Figure 3.2 – Electricity transmission system of the Slovak Republic


The Energy Transfer Potential of the Concept Regions also places the region in a broader regional

context by identifying the crucial role of energy transfer for the Concept Region in the current

situation and for the future. To assess the transfer potential, the broader regional context is an

important element. The analysis of possibilities for planning RES energy transferability provides

valuable inputs for policy-makers and stakeholders for the future. The reports define the regional

priorities in terms of RES and facilitate the cooperation with other regions.

Basic part of energy transfer potential is description of power systems of the Concept Region. It is

important to describe the electricity, gas and possibly also heat network of Concept Region.

The Energy Transfer Potential of Trnava Region was elaborated within the “3.3.2 Energy Transfer

Potential Assessment”.

3.4 Potential of Energy Savings

The Potential of Energy Sources is the last of three main components included in the flow chart of

the Regional Energy Demand Plan (see Figure 3.1). It can also be considered as an integration of the

Energy Demand Analysis focused on the potential of energy savings.

The factors driving energy demand differ across economic agents and sectors. Households consume

energy is to satisfy certain needs. Industries and commercial users demand energy as an input of

production and their objective is to minimize the total cost of production. Therefore the motivation

is not same for the households and the productive users of energy and any analysis of energy

demand should treat these categories separately. The main sectors in which desired savings can be

obtained are:

Private households,

Industrial and commercial energy demand,

Transport energy demand,

Public energy demand.

The private sector is funded directly from budget of the government. Energy savings in public sector

can be gained by direct action of government. Government can make a decision to thermally insulate

public buildings or to replace used devices for those with higher energy efficiency.

Whereas the energy efficiency of public sector can be increased directly by the decision of the

government, in case of private or commercial sector the appropriate motivational means are

necessary. It is necessary to find appropriate motivational means that force consumer to consider

own energy efficiency.

The time of the electricity consumption is as important as the energy efficiency of appliances. By the

moving of consumption in daily diagram the consumption peaks can be decreased, which may

increase energy transfer potential and decrease transmission losses. Therefore also measures in field

of consumer awareness of the temporal distribution of energy intake are very important.

The Potential of Energy Savings in the Trnava Region is part of the elaborated document “5.4.2

Regional energy strategy & action plan”.


4. Energy Efficiency Measures

Most of the energy efficiency measures are based on legislative activities of the Ministry of Economy

of the Slovak Republic or Ministry of Transport, Construction and Regional Development. Financial

measures are mostly covered by sources based on utilization of EU structural funds and private

investment.

If a chosen concept region of a certain country aims to create an integrated energy management

efficiency concept based on the conditions of energy demand, it is necessary to select and utilize

proper measures within the country. The presented measures reflect most relevant measures in

Slovak republic. The measures below are specified by the sign and relevant sector. Some of the

measures are related to more sectors (e.g. Residential/Household and Transport etc.).

4.1 Residential Sector

Recent fundamental measures in this sector follow the Act No. 555/2006 on Energy Performance of

Buildings” (SK3 Households) and the Decree No 311/2009 (SK3 Households), which implements the

Act No. 555/2006. These documents define the procedures and measures aiming at the

improvement of the energy performance of buildings, declare the minimum requirements on energy

performance of new buildings and major renovated buildings, introduce the process and obligations

linked with the Energy Certification of Buildings (SK3 Household), set the state supervision over the

Act observation by those responsible (above all over the building owners). The obligation to adhere

to relevant technical standards is declared.

Regular check-up of boilers, heating systems and air condition systems in non-industrial buildings

(SK12 Tertiary) – Act No. 17/2006 is compatible with the Directive 2002/91/EC on Energy Efficiency of

Buildings. The Act defines procedures and intervals of regular inspection of boilers, heating systems

and air-conditioning systems installed in buildings, which do not serve for industrial production,

however consume energy. Regular inspection is ordered by the owner of the relevant building or the

owner of the relevant technical equipment (boiler). The owner is obliged to keep the records of the

inspection, hand them over to the eventual tenant or new owner. The measure is oriented not only

at tertiary sector, but also on residential/household sector, by the scope of rated output of the

boilers to undergo the check-up (starting by 20 kW upwards) it covers also small gas boilers installed

in single family houses.

4.2 Transport Sector

Minimum Quantity of Automotive Fuels Produced from Renewables (SK1 – Transport) introduced by

Government Decree in 2006. The Decree No 246/2006 as amended defines following obligatory

minimum quantity of automotive fuels produced from renewable energy sources:

Up to Dec. 31st 2009 in the reference value of 2 % of the energy content of the total amount of

automotive petrol and Diesel oil introduced to the market, After Jan. 1st 2010 up to Dec. 31st 2010 in

the reference value of 3,7 % of the energy content of the total amount of automotive petrol and


Diesel oil introduced to the market. In the year 2010 was also approved the Act No. 492/2010 which

amended Act No. 309/2009 Coll. on the promotion of renewable energy sources and high-efficiency

cogeneration. This law, among other things, set reference values for the introduction of fuel blends

on the market until 2020 (e.g. 8,5 % in 2020).

4.3 Industrial Sector

Mandatory Energy Manager in Heat Delivery Branch (SK8 – Industry) introduced by Act No 657/2004

on Heat Energy deals with enterpreneuring in heat production and delivery branch. The Act states

that enterpreneuring in heat production and delivery branch must be licensed by the State, and the

license is granted under specified conditions. One of these conditions is the mandatory function of

the so called “Responsible Representative” which in fact is energy manager. Among his main

responsibilities is the monitoring of energy consumption and energy economy in the business of

producing or/and delivering heat. The task of training and organization of the final examination is

implemented by the Slovak Innovation and Energy Agency.

Mandatory Energy Audits in Industry and Agriculture (SK10 – Industry) are defined in the Act No.

476/2008 on Energy Efficiency. Defined energy consumers in industry and agriculture with energy

consumption over defined threshold are obliged to perform an assessment of energy intensity of

production by energy audit till certain date. This assessment shall be performed periodically every 5

years according to procedure set by Decree of Ministry of Economy No. 429/2009.

Operational Programme “Competitiveness and Economic Growth”, priority line Energy (SK9 –

Industry) was established by the Government Decree No 407/2007 in May 2007 linked up with the

Govt. Decree No 1026/2006 of 6th December 2006. The Programme in its priority line “Energy”

declares the primary goal to increase energy efficiency and wider use of renewable energy sources

(RES). To fulfil this goal the following activities are being be implemented: Electricity production using

RES and its exploitation for the production of heat for space heating and hot water, promotion of

high efficiency CHP, increased energy efficiency both on the energy demand as well as on the supply

sides, introduction of progressive technologies leading towards energy conservation in the energy

sector, coordination of the energy efficiency increase in Slovakia. The support of the State is granted

to the private enterprising sector, mainly to SMEs, and to the municipalities, Support provider is the

Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic; Slovak Innovation and Energy Agency acts as an

administrator of the support.


5. Examples of Increasing of Energy Efficiency

5.1 Thermal Insulation of Buildings

Basic measure to increase energy efficiency of buildings is the thermal insulation. The Concept of

Municipal Development in Heat Energy, once approved by the municipal assembly, becomes a

municipal sectoral concept and is used in the production of the municipality’s spatial planning

documentation. This measure could be divided into two main groups:

Measures for the thermal insulation of private buildings;

Measures for the thermal insulation of public buildings.

The first group of measures is mainly formed by measures managed at national level. The most

important of them is funding of State Housing Development Fund (ŠFRB – Štátny Fond Rozvoja

Bývania). The Fund provides to applicants highly advantageous loans for reconstruction and thermal

insulation of private buildings. The criteria for assignment of loan are calculated amount of energy

savings for heating of 20%. Unfortunately the total energy savings gained by funding were not

monitored.

The second group of measures shall be mainly managed by regional authorities, since regional

authorities have direct impact on the conditions of public buildings.

The thermal insulation of buildings is the basic part of improving of thermal performance of

buildings. The improving in thermal and technical parameters of buildings is the main way of

improving energy efficiency chosen by National Energy Efficiency Action Plan of Slovak Republic.

5.2 Smart Grid

Smart Region or Smart Grid is a good tool to increase the energy efficiency of Concept Region.

Unfortunately there is no example of designed or operated Smart Region in Slovak Republic. But

social, economic, political and weather conditions in Czech Republic are very similar to those in

Slovak Republic. Therefore as an example of Smart Region, the Smart Region Vrchlabí in the north of

Czech Republic is presented.

Smart Region Vrchlabí is a pilot project of ČEZ Group started within European initiative

“FUTURE/E/MOTION”. Within the pilot project shall be connected and tested such technologies like

e-mobility, Smart Metering and high penetration of distributed sources (on low voltage and medium

voltage level). As distributed sources of electricity will be used new installations of RES and CHP

(Combined Heat and Power units). The diagram of Smart Region and used technologies is shown in

the Figure 5.1.

The region of Vrchlabí was chosen for the realization of pilot project from more reasons:

Appropriate size for the realization of pilot project,

Existence of connected renewable energy sources (small waterpower),

Availability of more renewable energy sources,

National park is in the neighborhood,


Support of the town.

Figure 5.1 – Concept of Smart Region

The project is divided into 2 localities of the town. Redevelopment is ongoing in these localities

parallel. The first locality is area “Líščí Kopec” with 1900 delivery points and with 9 distributing

transformer stations. In this area the higher level of monitoring and automation will be created. In

this locality also concept of protecting and offgrid operation shall be realized.

The second locality is remaining part of the town Vrchlabí. This area includes 21 distributing

transformer stations and 3000 delivery points. Here the lower level of monitoring and automation

will be created. The rationalization of Smart Grid concept will be realized in this part of Smart Region.

Also this part of network shall be capable of the offgrid operation. In the field of e-mobility few e-

mobiles were delivered to the management of the town and to the management of national park.

Until now two charging stations were built.

A smart grid in such region may warn all individual consumption points to reduce the load

temporarily (to allow time to start up a larger generator) or continuously (in the case of limited

resources). Using mathematical prediction algorithms it is possible to predict how many standby

generators need to be used, to reach a certain failure rate. In the traditional grid, the failure rate can

only be reduced at the cost of more standby generators. In a smart grid, the load reduction by even a

small portion of the clients may eliminate the problem.

Demand response support allows generators and loads to interact in an automated fashion in real

time, coordinating demand to flatten spikes. Eliminating the fraction of demand that occurs in these

spikes eliminates the cost of adding reserve generators, cuts wear and tear and extends the life of


equipment, and allows users to cut their energy bills by telling low priority devices to use energy only

when it is cheapest.

6. Summary

Slovak Republic has a long-term goal to reduce energy intensity of the GDP generation down to the

level of other advanced EU countries (EU-15) and respects priorities of the EU in the sphere of energy

policy – to decrease its greenhouse gas emissions by 20 % on 1990 levels by 2020, increase its share

of renewable energy to 20 % by the same deadline and to reduce energy consumption by 20 % by

energy efficiency in comparison with prognosis presented in the Green Book on Energy Efficiency.

This document is a practical tool with clear guides for any region within Slovak republic to assess its

energy demand. As each region has its own characteristics, these guides do integrate these

differences within Slovak republic in order to provide a complex overview for the regions involved

and other regions that will use these templates in future.

This document creates an integrated energy management concept for energy service based on the

conditions of energy demand. The goal of the action is to create energy aware regions that can also

work with energy utilities, private energy companies and all the energy consumers to promote and

develop energy efficiency investments.


List of References

[1] STRAKA M.: Power System of Slovak Republic; SEPS 2013; Available on

http://www.sepsas.sk/seps/images/schemasiete/ESS_2013_12_31.png.

[2] KARDOŠ P. et al.: Energetická politika Trnavského samosprávneho kraja; VUPEX;

Bratislava 2008.

[3] Komparatívna štúdia energetickej bezpečnosti Burgenlandu a TTSK (Comparative

study of energy security in Burgenland and TTSK (Trnavský samosprávny kraj - Trnava

Region) http://lp.ncdownloader.com/actx/?q=R1%20Komparativna%20studia%20pdf.

[4] Regional Energy Strategy and Action Plan, Trnava Region – CEP REC Document,

5.4.2, 2014.

[5] National Renewable Energy Action Plano f Slovak Republic; Ministry of Economy and

Construction of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava 2010.

[6] Službyt and Comeron Group: report written by Jozef Smolka

http://www.managenergy.net/instruments/3?casestudy=1474&pagename=usecases#.VA

4cdvl_uSo.

[7] Akčný plán energetickej efektívnosti na roky 2014 – 2016 s výhľadom do roku 2020;

Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic, Bratislava 2014.

[8] JANÍČEK F. et al.: Renewable Energy Sources 1 Technologies fort a sustainable future;

ISBN 978-80-89402-05-2; Bratislava 2009.

[9] JANÍČEK F. et al.: Renewable Energy Sources 2 Prospective conversions and

technologies; ISBN 978-80-89402-13-7; Bratislava 2012.

[10] Energy Efficiency Policies and Measures in Slovakia in 2012, Monitoring of EU and

national energy efficiency targets, Slovak Innovation and Energy Agency, Bratislava,

September, 2012.

[11] FÁBER A. et al.: Atlas využívania obnoviteľných zdrojov na Slovensku; ISBN 978-80-

969646-2-8; Bratislava 2012.

[12] Energy Demand in CEPREC Concept Regions, Action No. 3.1.1 Guidelines to assess

the baseline for the energy demand reports.

[13] Guidelines for Energy Transfer Potential Assessment and Planning Report, CEP-REC

Action No. 3.3.1, 2014.

[14] ZANE B. E. et al.: Integration of electricity from renewables to the electricity grid and

to the electricity market – RES INTEGRATION; Berlin 2012; Available on

http://www.eclareon.eu/sites/default/files/res_integration_final_report.pdf.

[15] Guideline on Documentation of intended mid-term investments in energy, CEP-REC

Action No. 4.4.1, 2014.

[16] Guidelines to prepare report 4.4.2 Identification of potential investors, CEP-REC Action

No. 4.4.2, 2014.

http://www.sepsas.sk/seps/images/schemasiete/ESS_2013_12_31.png

http://lp.ncdownloader.com/actx/?q=R1%20Komparativna%20studia%20pdf

http://www.managenergy.net/instruments/3?casestudy=1474&pagename=usecases#.VA4cdvl_uSo

http://www.managenergy.net/instruments/3?casestudy=1474&pagename=usecases#.VA4cdvl_uSo

http://www.eclareon.eu/sites/default/files/res_integration_final_report.pdf

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