AHMET YÜCEL ODABAŞI

INTRODUCTION TO NAVAL ARCHITECTURE

MARINE ENGINEERING

Mustafa İnselŞebnem Helvacıoğlu

2011-2012 Autumn

MISSION DEFFINITION AND

MISSION ANALYSIS FOR SHIP DESIGN

WHICH SUBJECT WILL YOU STUDY DURING 4 YEARS?I. TERM : Introduction to naval architecture

II. TERM : Technical drawing, Statics

III. TERM : Dynamics, Ship geometry, Material science, Strength of materials I

IV. TERM : Fluid mechanics, Strength of materials II, Manufacturing Methods, Ship construction,

V. TERM : Marine engines I, Ship theory, Shipping economics, Ship hydrodynamics,

VI. TERM : Strength of ships, Marine auxilary machinery, Ship Design, Electrical systems in ships , Methods of ship production,/Elements of machinery

VII. TERM : Project I, Ship motions and maneuvering,

Yacht & Leisure design/Advanced propulsion systems/Ventilation & Air Condition systems for ships

Structural design of ships/computer aided ship design & construction/Marine engines II/Automatic control of ships

Mechanics of marine structures/Engine room design principles/Marine piping systems/Marine powerplant operation

VIII. TERM : Project II, Shipyard Organization ,

Corrosion & Fouling in marine environement/Reliability of ship structures/Refrigeration systems for ships,

Warship design/Hydrodynamic design of ships/Int Maritime Rel. & Safety at sea/Stability theory of ships/Marine power plants Op II

WHY DO WE STUDY ALL THESE SUBJECTS?

WHY DO WE STUDY ALL THESE SUBJECTS?

HISTORY OF MODERN SHIPPING

HISTORY OF MODERN SHIPPING

Naval ArchitectureNaval architecture is an engineering discipline dealing with the design, construction, maintenance and operation of marine vessels and structures.

Naval architecture involves basic and applied research, design, development, design evaluation and calculations during all stages of the life of a marine vehicle. Preliminary design of the vessel, its detailed design, construction, trials, operation and maintenance, launching and dry-docking are the main activities involved.

Ship design calculations are also required for ships being modified (by means of conversion, rebuilding, modernization, or repair).

Naval architecture also involves formulation of safety regulations and damage control rules and the approval and certification of ship designs to meet statutory and non-statutory requirementsWikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_architecture)

NAVAL ARCHITECTURE

Naval architecture is a facinating and demanding discipline.•It is fascinating because of the variety of floating structures and the many compromises necessary to achieve the most effective product. •It is demanding because a ship is a very large capital investment and •because of the need to protect the people on board and the marine environment.-

SHIP TYPES DUE TO FUNCTION

There are variety of forms. This variation is due to different demands and the conditions under which they operate. •Fishing boats raging from the small local boats operating by day, to the ocean going ships with facilities to deep freeze their catches. •There are vessels to harvest the other riches of the deep - for exploitation of energy sources, gas and oil, and extraction of minerals. •There are oil tankers, ranging from small coastal vessels to giant supertankers.

SHIP TYPES DUE TO FUNCTION• Other huge ships carry bulk cargoes such as

grain, coal or ore. • There are ferries for carrying passengers

between ports which may be only a few kilometres or a hundred apart.

• There are the tugs for shepherding ships in port or for trans-ocean towing.

• Then there are the dredgers, lighters and pilot boats without which the port could not function.

• In a naval port, there will be warships from huge aircraft carriers through cruisers and destroyers to frigates, patrol boats, mine countermeasure vessels and submarines.

SHIP TYPES DUE TO HULL FORMS• The majority of ships are single hull and rely upon

their displacement to support their weight. • In some applications multiple hulls are preferred

because they provide large deck areas without excessive length.

• In other cases higher speeds may be achieved by using dynamic forces to support part of the weight when under way. Planing craft, surface effect ships and hydrofoil craft are examples.

SHIP TYPES DUE TO HULL FORMS

• Air cushion craft enable shallow water to be negotiated and provide an amphibious capability.

• Some craft will be combinations of these specialist forms.

The variety is not limited to appearance and function

MATERIALS

The variety is not limited to appearance and function. Different materials are used – •steel, •wood,•aluminium•Composites of various types (GRP, FRP etc).

PROPULSION SYSTEMThe propulsion system used to drive the craft through the water may be •the wind, •but for most large craft is some form of mechanical propulsion.

POWER GENERATION

The driving power may be generated by• diesels, • steam turbine, • gas turbine, • some form of fuel cell or• a combination of these.

POWER TRANSMITION TYPE

The power will be transmitted to the propulsiondevice through •mechanical or hydraulic gearing or •by using electric generators and motors as intermediaries.

PROPULSOR TYPE

The propulsor itself will usually be some form of •propeller,•perhaps ducted, •but may be water or•air jet.

SYSTEMS

There will be many other systems on board - means of •manoeuvring the ship, •electric power generation, •hydraulic power for winches and other cargo handling systems.

FACILITIES IN A PASSENGER SHIPA ship can be a passenger ship whit several thousand people on board and remaining at sea for several weeks. It needs•electrics, •air conditioning, •sewage treatment plant, •galleys, bakeries, •shops, •restaurants, •cinemas, •dance halls, •concert halls and •Swimming pools.

SHIP TYPES DUE TO HULL FORMS

All these, and the general layout must be Arranged so that the ship can carry out its intended tasks efficiently and economically.

NAVAL ARCHITECTUREThe naval architect has not only the problems ofthe building and town designer but a ship must •float, •move, •be capable of surviving in a very rough environment and •withstand a reasonable level of accident.

NAVAL ARCHITECTUREIt is the naval architect who 'orchestrates' the design, calling upon the expertise of many other professions in achieving the best compromisebetween many, often conflicting, requirements.

NAVAL ARCHITECTUREThe profesion of a naval architecture is a blend of science and art :•Science is called upon to make surethe ship goes at the

• intended speed• stable,• Strong enough to withstand the harsh

environment

NAVAL ARCHITECTURE

The art is in getting a judicious blend of the many factors involved so as to produce a product that is not only aesthetically pleasing but is able to carry out its function with maximum effectiveness, efficiency and economy.Naval architecture is a demanding profession

Ships are industrial structures. They are designed and produced to fullfill some duties

Why is it needed to design and produce new ships?

To renew the old ships or the ships that complited economical life with produced with old tecnologies,

To make the fleet bigger or capital more with renewign ships,

To have bigger market share by having new trading lines and any other cargo type,

To open new markets according to new economical conditions,

To use sources at open seas and make industrial activities,

To support commercial and industrial ships,

To fullfill defence demand of the country.

WHY DO WE NEED TO DESIGN AND PRODUCE NEW SHIPS?

MISSION DEFFINITION AND MISSION ANALYSIS FOR SHIP DESIGN

Ships can be divided to 4 categories according their duties:

1. Conventional ships: Mainly carries cargo and passengers.

2. Industrial ships: Usually aims to examines and make use of sources in sea.

3. Service ships: Supports conventional and industrial ships as well as to make safety of life and goods at.

4. Navy ships: They are armed ships and used to keep piece of the nation.

 

Ticaret Gemileri

 

Endüstriyel Gemiler 

Servis Gemileri 

Savaş Gemileri

●Genel yük gemileri (General cargo ship)●Konteyner gemileri (Container ship)●Ham petrol tankerleri

(Crude oil carrier)●OBO taşıyıcı gemiler (Cevher/Dökme/Petrol)

(Oil/Bulk/Oil)●Feriler

(Ferry)●Roll-on Roll-off gemiler (Ro-Ro)●Yolcu gemileri

(Passenger ship)●LNG/LPG tankerleri

(LPG/LNG tanker)●Yük şatları (barge) ve entegre şat-itici sistemler

(Integrated tug-barge system)

● Kimyasal tankerler (Chemical tankers) 

●      Tarak gemileri (Dredger)●   Sondaj gemileri (Drill ship)●    Incinirator gemileri (Incinerator ship)● Balıkçı fabrika gemileri (Fish factory trawler)●   Araştırma gemileri (Research vessel)●   Balıkçılık (Fishing)●   Oseonografik (Oceanograpic)●   Hidrografik (Hydrographic)●   Sismik (Sysmic) 

   Romorkörler (Tugs)

  Dalış destek gemileri (Diving suppont ships)

   Yangın gemileri (Fire – fighters)

    Pilot botları (Pilot boats)

    Mürettebat taşıma gemileri

(Crew Tenders)

Temin edici gemiler (Supply boats)

Deniz ambulansları (Sea ambulance)

Kaçakçı takip botları (Drug interdiction patrol

boats) Denizde yağ toplama

gemileri (Oil skimmer)

   Avcı botları (Patrol boat)

  Hücüm botları (Fast attack boat)

  Firkateynler (Frigate)

  Destroyerler (Destroyer)

  Denizaltılar (Submarine)

  Mayın gemileri (Mine counter measures or mine hunter)  Çıkarma gemileri (Landing craft)

Çıkarma destek gemileri (Landing support ships)

Akaryakıt destek gemileri (Naval oiler ship)

Cephane destek gemileri (Naval Supply ships)

  Özel harekat botları (Special operation boats)

 

MISSION ANALYSIS

BASE OF DUTY ANALYSIS:1. Requirements of customer/ship owner2. Restrictions. These two are analysed according to technical and

economical factors.There are two main group of factors to design a conventional ship:A - Economical facts:● Structure of the fleetand number of ships that are planned to

design, ● Aimed route and tonnage, ● Aimed speed, ● Characteristics of cargo and capacity definitions, ● Alternatives for cargo handling, looading and unloading● Examining and choosign propulsion systems,● Decide the automation level of engine room, ● Use of the ship with other aimes and type of cargo, ● Investment and capital cost amount, ● Forecasting of freight and changes of it, ● Finance agreement conditions.

B - Constraints:

> Phisical conditions of ports and canals> Loading and unloading systems and their capasities, speed and heights,

> Dock dimensions, > Tide conditions of ports,

> Seakeeping conditions and sea conditions.> Loyds rules to be applied,

> Porth autority rules, Inrenational rules and conditions:

- Tonnage and freeboard,- Stability standards,

- Requirements for damage stability and floaded length,- Noise and vibration requirements,

- Preventing sea polutions,- Regulations of dangerous goods,

- Communication at sea,- Rules of crew and passenger living areas.

MISSION ANALYSIS

SEVERAL SHIP TYPES

Figure : Bulk Carrier

Figure : 18000 DWT capacity bulk carrier.

Figure : Crude oil tanker.

Figure : Crude oil tanker.

Figure : Oil Product tanker.

Figure : LNG (liqufied natural gas) tanker.

Figure : Container ship.

Figure : High speed containership.

Figure : Zehra Kıran container ship.

Figure : Tanker built in Turkey

Figure : Ro-Ro ship.

Figure : Barge carrying ship.

Figure : General cargo ship.

Figure : The RMS Queen Mary 2 passenger ship

Şekil 9

Figure : M/S Freedom of the Seas passenger ship

Figure : Passenger ship.

Figure : SWATH – Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull ship .

Figure : PGM 71 type gunboat

Figure : Planing patrol boat

Figure : Surface effect ship (SES)

Figure : 50 passenger capacity 35 knot hover craft

Figure : USS John C. Stenis CVN-74 aircraft carrier and Typhoon submarine

Figure : Tug.

Figure : Ice class tug

Figure : Barge tug.

Figure : Barge tug train in river.

Figure : 143 m. Long drilling ship. Drill tower 61.5 m high

Figure : Discoverer Enterprise drilling ship

Figure : Petrobras-08 offshore platform

Figure : Offshore supply vessel.

Figure : Offsore supply vessel

Figure : Catamaran research vessel

Figure : Sismic reseach vessel.

Figure : High speed planing boat.

Figure : A sailing yacht

Figure : Zehra Kıran navigation bridge

Figure : 18000 DWT’ capacity bulk carrier.

Figure 39: 3000 TEU capacity containership generl arrangement plan .

Figure : 3000 TEU capacity containership midship section .

Figure : Contrallable pitch propeller

Figure : Main propulsion drive: Main engine, gearbox, shaft/bearings, propeller.