Ahmad Rahimian, Ph.D., PE, SE, FASCE...Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 2010 Burj...

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020

The Evolution of Tall Building Structures(A Brief History of Structural Engineering)

Ahmad Rahimian, Ph.D., PE, SE, FASCE



The Evolution of Tall Building Structures

A Brief History of Structural Engineering


Strength of Beam Strength of Column

Thrust of ArchThrust of Soil

The Four Classical 18th Century Civil Engineering Problems


M= S. tS=kbd2

K=1/2 (!)Galileo Dialogue (Two New Sciences), 1638

(1564-1642)Galileo Galilei

Moment Equilibrium

N.A.

P

Fd

L

PL=Fd/2F=bd t


Edme Mariotte (1620-1684) K=1/3N.A.

N.A.K=1/3 !!(Mistake in Computation)

M= S. tS=kbd2

Published Posthumously in 1686

First to considered linear elastic behavior in bending theory


K=1/3 N.A.

N.A.K=1/3 (!)(Mistake in Computation)

M= S. tS=kbd2

Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716)

James Bernoulli (1655-1705)Introduced the concept of proportionality of Moment and Curvature M (1/R)

Paper in 1684


Antoine Parent(1666-1716)

M= S. tS=kbd2

N.A.

N.A.K=1/6Corrected Mariotte’s Mistake

Explained for material with weak tensile behavior the neutral axis migrates to the compression face as tensile fiber fractures N.A.

Published Essais et recherches in 1713He explained the 3 equations of Equilibrium in 2D SpaceHe also introduced the concept shear stress in 1713.


Charles Coulomb (1736-1806)

M= S. tS=kbd2

N.A.

K=1/6

K=1/2

Published Memoire in 1773

For Wood Beam

For Stone BeamN.A.

Galileo’s Theory!


Barre de Saint-Venant

Claude-Louis Navier (1785-1836)

(1797-1886)

M= S. tS=kbd2

N.A.K=1/6

Navier Published Leçons (Book on Strength on Materials) in 1826Saint-Venant extensive commentary in 3rd Edition of Leçons in 1864

Introduced the current form of the Linear Elastic Bending Theory, M=EI/R, M=EI


1700

1800

1900

200016

38

Edm

e M

ario

tte

1680

1705

Jam

es B

erno

ulli

Anto

ine

Pare

nt17

13

1773

Clau

de-L

ouis

Nav

ier-

Theo

ry o

f Ela

stic

ity

1826

1864

Sain

t-Ve

nant

–Sh

ear &

Tor

sion

The

orie

s

1779

1796

Leon

ard

Eule

r -Co

lum

n Bu

cklin

g

Clap

eyro

n –

Thre

e M

omen

t The

orem

1930

Cast

iglia

no –

Reci

proc

al T

heor

em18

79

Char

les C

oulo

mb

-Soi

l Thr

ust

Enric

o Be

tti-

Jam

es M

axw

ell –

Reci

proc

al w

ork

theo

rem

1872

Jam

es M

axw

ell –

Forc

e M

etho

d

1744

1914

1955

1956

1908

Kazin

czy

–Th

eory

or P

last

icity

Har

dy C

ross

-M

omen

t Dis

trib

utio

n

A. W

ilson

–Ca

ntile

ver M

etho

d A.

Sm

ith –

Port

al M

etho

d

1884

Hom

e In

sura

nce

Build

ing,

Chi

cago

1931

Empi

re S

tate

Bui

ldin

g, N

Y

Beam Theory

Wor

ld T

rade

Cen

ter,

NY

Will

is (S

ears

) To

wer

, Chi

cago

John

Han

cock

Bui

ldin

g, B

osto

n

1952

Leve

r Hou

se,

NY

1973

1974

1976

John

Arg

yris

Fini

te E

lem

ent M

etho

dTu

rner

, Cl

ough

, Fin

ite E

lem

ent M

etho

dN

SATR

AN-1

965

Consolidation

Gio

vann

i Pol

eni r

epor

t on

crac

ks in

St.

Pete

r’s D

ome

Ecol

e Po

lyte

chni

que,

179

4

Rens

sela

er P

olyt

echn

ic In

stitu

te-1

824

(F

irst C

ivil

Engi

neer

ing

degr

ee 1

835)

ASCE

, 185

2

Inga

lls B

uild

ing

(Firs

t Con

cret

e Hi

ghris

e),

Cinc

inna

ti, 1

902

Galil

eo (D

ialo

gue)

1794

1852

1902

1965

1748

Met

Life

Bui

ldin

g, N

Y 1

908

Rolle

d St

eel B

eam

-188

4

Firs

t Sus

pens

ion

Brid

ge, P

A

Firs

t Cas

t-iro

n Br

idge

, UK

ACI,

1905

Discipline-formation

EnlightenmentEngineering Institutions

T h

e o

r ie

sP

r a c

t ic

e

P-De

lta e

ffect

Win

d Tu

nnel

Tes

ting

Auxi

liary

Dam

ping

Sys

tem

s

Numerical Methods

Tall buildings

Structural Theories

Écol

e de

s Pon

ts e

t Cha

ussé

es 1

747

Preparatory Period Integration Period


A Brief History of Structural Engineering

The Evolution of Tall Building Structures


Burj

Khal

ifa, U

AE20

10

2020

Jedd

ah T

ower

, KSA

1884

Hom

e In

sura

nce

Build

ing,

Chi

cago

138 ft19

31

1974 2004

Taip

ei 1

01

1909

Met

Life

Bui

ldin

g, N

Y

World Tallest Buildings

Curtain wall SystemMasonry FaçadeAuxiliary Damping Systems

197319

00

2000


World Tallest Residential Buildings

1884

Home Insurance Building, Chicago

138 ft

2001

Trump World Tower, NY

861 ft

1964

1000 Lake shore Tower, Chicago

590 ft

Curtain wall SystemMasonry FacadeAdvance Damping Systems

2015

432 Park, NY

1396 ft

1550 ft

CPT, NY

2020

http://legacy.skyscrapercenter.com/class-image.php/userpics/10002/?width=1000&height=800&image=/images/albums/userpics/10002/1000LSD_overall1_MG.jpghttp://legacy.skyscrapercenter.com/class-image.php/userpics/10002/?width=1000&height=800&image=/images/albums/userpics/10002/432ParkAve_UCT1_MG.jpg


CONCRETE STRUCTURE

STEEL STRUCTURE

COMPOSITE STRUCTURE

Source: CTBUH


Main Design Objectives

Safety (Structure to remain stable under all environmental loadings)

(Gravitational loads, Snow, Wind, Earthquake, Temperature, Foundation settlements,…)

Serviceability(Structure to remain functional)

(Building movement, vibration to be within acceptable threshold)


Classification of Tall building Structural Systems by Fazlur Khan


Classification of Tall building Structural Systems by Ali, M.M., Moon, K.S.


Credit: Maxim Fedorov , CC BY-SA 3.0,

Shabolovka Radio Tower, Moscow , 1919 Vladimir Shukhov Swiss Re Tower, London, 2003

Foster + Partners & ArupHearst Tower, New York, 2006Foster + Partners & WSP

MOMA Tower, New York, 2019Jean Nouvel & WSP


Source: CTBUH


Source: “Forecasting the Urban Skyline with Extreme Value Theory”, J. Auerbach, P. Wan, Columbia University, 2018


More than 90 buildings 300m and taller

18%30%

36%

Source: CTBUH

Another 150 more in planning stages

Source: “Forecasting the Urban Skyline with Extreme Value Theory”, J. Auerbach, P. Wan, Columbia University, 2018


……, Slender, Super Slender?


B

Slenderness Ratio = H/B > 6 Slender Structures

H


Source: Google Book


1:5 1:10 1:201:0.6

Slenderness Ratio

1:15 1:251:271:12

432

Park

, NY

1:1184

5 U

nite

d N

atio

n Pl

aza,

NY

High

cliff

, HK

111

Wes

t 57,

NY

1:6.8

1WTC

, N

Y

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kheops-Pyramid.jpg


Necessityor

Excess?


Hong Kong

New York

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=&url=http://www.discoverhongkong.com/us/see-do/highlight-attractions/top-10/the-peak.jsp&psig=AFQjCNGyCd8JrHtWUkFDnMp-LLjVKCSsvg&ust=1447205606245955


Driven by Luxury Residential Market

Innovation in Construction Technology

Advancement in Structural Engineering, Material, Computing, and IT

Innovation in Wind Engineering, Auxiliary Damping Devices

Market Demand

60 ft - 90 ft

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCJ2MibLt98gCFcXoJgodeF0Dhg&url=http://footage.framepool.com/ja/search/%E5%9C%B0%E5%B9%B3%E7%B7%9A/&psig=AFQjCNH1Wnf5tEMTAs9nZ9bc6QuldLzwgg&ust=1446763780108038


Challenges in Tall Building Design

Wind Force and Building Motion


Across Wind Response and Vortex Shedding

Across-wind vibrations are usually greater than along-wind vibrations for buildings of heights greater than 100m (300 feet)

Overall wind loading and dynamic response

Along-wind

Across-wind

Wind

Source: RWDI


Vortex shedding

Wind

Source: RWDI

S = Strouhal number, U = wind speed, b = building width

Shedding frequency Ns is given by: Ns=1/Ts=S.U/b


-4.0E+09

-2.0E+09

0.0E+00

2.0E+09

4.0E+09

Base

Ove

rturn

ing M

omen

t (N-

m)

10 60 110 160 210 260 310 360 Wind Direction (degrees)

Mx

Structural Response to Wind

Peak Maximum

MeanPeak Minimum

Along-wind response

Y

X

Across-wind response

Source: RWDI

Potential Mitigation Effects

N


Aerodynamic Modifications

Source: RWDI


MOMA Tower, New YorkJean Nouvel & WSP

One World Trade Center, New YorkSOM Architects & WSP

Shard, LondonRenzo Piano Architects & WSP

56 Leonard, New YorkHerzog & de Meuron, WSP

Aerodynamic Shapes


Nakheel Tower, DubaiWoods Bagot Architects & WSP

432 Park Ave Tower, New YorkRafael Vinoly Architects & WSP

111 West 57 Street, New YorkSHoP Architects & WSP

Aerodynamic Mitigation


Wind Induced Movements


1g 3g 6g 9g1~2%g

Acceleration / G-Force

Acceleration

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCIafp6KSgskCFQWsPgodavsNvw&url=http://www.3djuegos.com/foros/tema/36434547/0/un-savage-particular/&bvm=bv.106923889,d.dmo&psig=AFQjCNGIUxzuBkGyyrt7q56PqKFEDpQenQ&ust=1447117206469056


Average Time Between Occurrences

Peak

Acc

eler

atio

n (m

illi-g

)

Source: RWDI

Tall Building Human Comfort Criteria

1% g

2% g


Tuned Mass Damper

Tuned Mass Damper Tuned Liquid Damper

Distributed Damping System


Source: RWDI

TUNED MASS DAMPER (TMD)


TUNED LIQUID COLUMN DAMPER (TLCD)

Source: RWDI

Source: RWDI


TMD Video


Construction Innovation


Torre MayorLocation: Mexico City, Mexico Description: Composite Structure

738 feet (225 meter)


Location:Dubai, UAE Structure: Concrete and Steel Height: 1.2 Km, 250 StoriesSlenderness: 1:10

Nakheel Tower, Dubai


Foundation


Wind Engineering

Source: RWDI


Wind Engineering


WSP

WSP

WSP

WSP

WSPW

SP

Source: Background from Vanity Fair

1550


53W53 / MoMA TowerNew York, NY

Architect: Atliers Jean Nouvel / SLCE

Client: Hines/Confidential Client

Description:

82 stories

1,050 ft (320 meters) tall

Slenderness: 1:12

Structure: Concrete


Steel support cables

60T tuning frame 450T inertial mass

Four multidirectional GERB viscodampers

Source: GERB


4R-6


FE model Reinforcement Anchor bars


Building PeriodAnalytical vs. Measurement

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

1.1

6-Mar-17 22-Sep-17 10-Apr-18 27-Oct-18 15-May-19 1-Dec-19

Mea

sure

d Pe

riod/

Pred

icte

d Pe

riod

Mode 1

Mode 2


Structure: Concrete Structure 1,397 (425m)

Slenderness : 1:15

Architect: Rafael Vinoly

432 Park Avenue


Open Drum 1

Open Drum 2

Open Drum 3

Open Drum 4

Open Drum 5

Mass increase

Tuned-mass dampers

Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 Source: RWDI


Source: CTBUH


Thank you


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Ahmad Rahimian, Ph.D., PE, SE, FASCE...Structural Engineering Conference, March 5, 2020 2010 Burj...

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