AGROECOLOGY, FAMILY FARMING AND PUBLIC HEALTH LCHIRA FINAL Conference... · Agroecology, family...
Transcript of AGROECOLOGY, FAMILY FARMING AND PUBLIC HEALTH LCHIRA FINAL Conference... · Agroecology, family...
AGROECOLOGY, FAMILY FARMING AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Weaving ideas and building intersectoriality in Food Security and Nutrition policies in Brazil
Claudia Job Schmitt CPDA/UFRRJ
Catia Grisa PPGDTSA/UFPel
4th Annual LCIRAH CONFERENCE – June 3rd and 4th 2014 – Birbeck College, London
1. Agriculture, food and nutrition in theBrazilian context
2. Research questions
3. Agroecology, family farming and publichealth: an analysis of five policyinstruments
4. Building intersectoriality: advances andchallenges
1. Agriculture, Food and Nutrition in the Brazilian Context
Reduction of poverty and income inequality, duringthe last decade.
6.5 million people under extreme poverty in 2012 (R$ 70,00 per capita, according to the Brazilian povertyline, established in 2011)
From 10 to 15 million people under poverty, depending on the poverty line adopted (IPEA, 2013)
Brazilian population - Demographic Census, 2010)
Urban Rural TOTAL160.925.792 84,36% 29.830.007 15,64% 190.755.799 100%
Source: IBGE, 2011
Food Security and Nutrition
Improvements in the prevalence of stunting in children under 5 (indexes are still high in the North and Northeast regions) (CONSEA, 2011)
High prevalence of overweight and obesity(teenagers and adults). 54,7% of the men and 47,4 of women above 20 are overweight in 2013 (MS/Vigitel, 2013). Obesity reaches 18% of thewomen and 16% of the men above 20 (MS/Vigitel, 2013).
Child obesity grew 1.000% in the last 40 yearsreaching 39% of the
From 1995/1996 to 2006/2007 (IBGE)
- Crop area grew from 37 million ha to 46,2 million ha
- Production had a positive percentual variation of 79% (73,6 million tons to 131,7 million tons)
- Grain yield per hectare went from 1.990 kg per ha to2.851 kg per ha
- Changes in agricultural export values from US$ 13,8 billionin 1995 to US$ 36,9 billion
Agricultural exports are an important element in Brazilian macroeconomic policy: positive balance of
US$ 82 billion in 2013 (MAPA, 2014)
Business agriculture remains as a strong coalition in theNational Congress
The Agricultural Sector in the Last Two Census
84%
16% Family farmsNon family farms
Family farm sector: 84% of production units, 24% ofthe land, 12,3 million people working in agriculture
24%
76%
Family farmsNon family farms
Source: IBGE, 2006
R$ 2.4R$ 24.1R$ 21.7
R$ 156.1
R$ 0.0
R$ 20.0
R$ 40.0
R$ 60.0
R$ 80.0
R$ 100.0
R$ 120.0
R$ 140.0
R$ 160.0
R$ 180.0
2002 2014
Family farming
Business agriculture
Family farming and business agriculture: public investments2002/2003 and 2014/2015
Source: BRASIL, 2002 and 2014
Contribution of family farming to food production
Source: IBGE, 2006
Soil erosion in Brazil: (600 million tons. a year, according to EMBRAPA’s estimates
Degradation of soil and water resources
Pesticide consumption, agricultural production and fertilizerconsumption
Pesticides (million liters)
Cultivated area (million ha)
Fertilizers (10 thousand tons
Source: ABRASCO, 2012According to estimates soil losses in Brazil can reach 500 million
Key role of family farming for food securityand nutrition
The agricultural model based on commodity exports is highly dependent on theproductivity of natural resouces. Exploitationof land, water and biodiversity rent-seeking
Food quality matters
Food policies in Brazil can be addressed in a perspective of ecological public health (Lang, Barling and Caraher, 2009)
Agroecology is a new perpective, underconstruction
Agroecology : a science, a set of practices and a social process of change
Core principles of agroecology: recycling nutrients and energy on the production site, rather than introducing external inputs; integrating crops and livestock; diversifying species and genetic resources in agroecosystemsover time and space; focusing on interactions and productivity across the agricultural system, rather than focusing on individual species; social and ecological sustainability beyond the farm.
Knowledge intensive, combining scientificaknowledge and local knowledge
2. Research questions
Implementation in Brazil, since the 1990’s, and particularly since 2003, of differentpolicies and programs that try to addressfood security and nutrition
Connections established, in different policies and programs, between FNS and familyfarming
Formulation, in the last two years (2012) of a National Program of Agroecology andOrganic Production
FOCUS
Influence of new ideas and concepts in public policy
Institutionalization of ideas
Social actors and policy networks
Limits and possibilities of intersectoriality (possible links betweenagroecology, family farming and health)
Background: National Policy of Food Security and Nutrition, National Plan 2012-2015
Qualitative comparison between five different policy instruments: :
(i) the Food Acquisition Program; (ii) the National School Meal Program; (iii) the National Policy of Food and Nutrition (coordinated by the Ministry of Health); (iv) the National Policy of Integral Health of People from the Grasslands and the Forest; and (v) the National Policy of Agroecology and Organic Production.
3. Agroecology, family farming and public health: anassessment of five different policy instruments
National School Meal Program 1955/1993 Ministry ofEducation
National Policy of Food and Nutrition 1999 Presidentiallevel
Food Acquisition Program 2003 Intercectorial, Ministry ofSocial Development
National Policy of Integral Health of People from the Grasslands and the Forest
2011 Ministry ofHealth
National Policy of Agroecology and Organic Production
2012 Ministry ofHealth
2011 – National Plan of Food and Nutrition Security – 2012-2015
FAMILY FARMING 1995-2014Formulation and implementation of new policy instruments
PRONAFSpecific credit program for
family agriculture1995
PNATER National Policy
of TA and ExtensionAgroecology and
SustainableAgriculture2004 e 2009
SEAFFamily Agriculture Insurance
Program2005
PGPAFFamily Farm Price Guarantee
Program2006
PAAFood Acquisition Program
2003
Mais AlimentosCredit line for agriculturalmachinery and farm
implements2008
PNBFamily farmers were
included in theNacional Biodiesel Program
2004
Lei 11.326 / 2006 – Family Farmand Family Enterprises Law
PRONATNational Program ofSustainable Rural
Territories2004
PNAENational School Feeding
Program(restructuring)
2009
PGPM‐BioMinimum Price Policy
for biodiversity /sociodiversityproducts2008
PNAPONational Policy of Agroecology
and Organic Production2012
* Law 10.831/2003Organic Production
Law
Ministry of Agrarian Development
CitizenshipTerritories ‐
2008
Food and Nutrition Security 1993-2014
Creation of the NationalFood Security Council
(CONSEA) underPresident Itamar Franco
1993
Extinction of CONSEA under President
Fernando Henrique Cardoso 2005
Lauching of Zero Hunger Program andrecreation of CONSEA at Presidential Level
President Lula2003
Bolsa Família Cash Transfer Program
200413,8 million
families in 2013
Organic Law of Food Security and Nutrition ‐ 2006
Right to Food included in the Brazilian Constitution
2010
Brasil Sem Miséria Plan
2011
National Plan ofFood and
Nutrition Security 2012‐2015
Health, Food Security and Nutrition and Family Farming (1999-2014)
First Conferenceof Food andNutrition1986
Política Nacional de Alimentação
e Nutrição1999
National Policy ofIntegral Health ofPeople From theGrasslands and the
Forest 2011
Renewing ofPNAN2011
POLICY OR PROGRAM GOALS AND FOCUS
National Policy of Food andNutrition 1999
To work within the National Health System. Organize nutritional attention and care; promote healthy andadequate food; monitor food and nutrition indicators; food safety, research, participation; social control.
National School Feeding Program1955-1993. Reformulated in 2009
Supply of school meals to the public educationnetwork(44 miillion students in 2013). Innovation: 30% of the spending, at state and municipal level , shouldbe used to buy food from family farmers. The program also regulates the quality of food providedthorugh school meals. Preferencial purchase andprice premium for agroecological and organicproducts
Food Acquisition Program 2003 To link family farm production to social programsthrough different schemes of purchase anddistribution. (aproximately 180.000 family farming unitsa year). Price premium of 30% do agroecologial andorganic products.
National Policy of Integral Health of People from the Grasslands and the Forest 2011
Work within the National Health System. Access of people from the grassland na the forest to health attention. Risk reduction (organization of labor, pestices and other contaminants).
National Policy of Agroecology and Organic Production 2012
Integrate actions and policy instruments in the transition to agroecology and organic production.
4. Building intersectoriality: advances and challengesPivotal role of civil society networks and organizations in thestrenghtening of Food Security and Nutrition
FNS PUBLIC ACTION: policy makers + construction of differentpublic arenas. State-Society interfaces
Interaction between new concepts and ideas and theestablished institutional framework (convergences and gaps)
Strong political actors are important but skilled actors, with theknowledge and capability to circulate within different worlds are very important
Recognition of the specificity of family farming and its positive connections with health and the environment
The construction of the National Policy of Food and NutritionSecurity, National Council of Food and Nutrition and NationalPlan as a key element in the support of different policies andprograms