Agrobiodiversity of Home Gardens in Selected Marginal ...Amaryllidaceae Allium fistulosum L....
Transcript of Agrobiodiversity of Home Gardens in Selected Marginal ...Amaryllidaceae Allium fistulosum L....
Annals of Tropical Research 36[Supplement]:48-69(2014)© VSU, Leyte, Philippines
Correspondence:B.S.BeloniasAddress:GraduateSchool,VisayasStateUniversity,Visca,BaybayCity,Leyte,6521APhilippinesEmail:[email protected]
Agrobiodiversity of Home Gardens in Selected Marginal Upland Villages of Inopacan, Leyte,
Philippines
Beatriz S. Belonias, Czarina S. Platino and Jessa T. Malanguis
DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,CollegeofArtsandSciencesVisayasStateUniversity,Visca,6521-ABaybayCity,Philippines
ABSTRACT
Home gardens are subsistence crop production systems thatsignificantly contribute to the socio-ecological resilience of peasantcommunitiesreducingvulnerabilityandensuringfoodsecurity. Becauseoftheirsmallsize,theyareneglectedrepositoriesofbiologicaldiversity. This paper describes the agrobiodiversity and management of homegardens in about 79 households in three marginal upland villages ofInopacan, Leyte. Semi-structured interviews and actual home gardenvisitsweredonetocollectdata. Resultsshowthathomegardensstudiedhadhighspeciesdiversityandexhibitedamultilayeredstructure.Atotalof171 species in 74 families and 146 genera were documented. Thecomposites (Asteraceae) had the most number of genera and speciesfollowed by the orchids (Orchidaceae), legumes (Fabaceae) and aroids(Araceae).Morethan70%ofthespecieswereexoticswhichweremostlyornamentalplants.Erectherbswerethemostcommon,followedbytrees,shrubs, herbaceous vines and epiphytes. Majority of the species wereornamentalsfollowedbyfruittrees,medicinalplants,vegetablesandspiceplants, grown primarily for home use (62%)rather than as source ofincome. Establishedandmanagedbyfamilymemberswhoprovidefreelabor,thegardensmostlyutilizedcost–freeplantingmaterialsandwithnofertilizerorpesticideapplication.
Keywords: agroecosystem,biodiversity, subsistence farming, backyardgarden,medicinalplants
49Agrobiodiversity of home gardens in marginal upland Villages of Inopacan
INTRODUCTION
Inthehumidtropics,homegardensareacommonfeatureinvillagecommunities.Alsocalledbackyardgardens,thesearesmallareasplantedto various plant species situated in the immediate vicinity of humandwellings (Sunwar, 2006). These are often separated from thesurroundinglandscapebyfences,hedges,treesorotherbarriers(Guarinoand Hoogendijk, 2004). Although considered as a subsistence type ofagriculture due to their small size and volume of production, they aremultifunctional agroecosystems (Galluzi et al., 2010). Home gardenssignificantly contribute to the socio-ecological resilience of peasantcommunitiesreducingvulnerabilityandensuringfoodsecurity(Buchman,2009).Throughouthistory,familymembersstrengthenfamilytiesastheyworktogetherinhomegardens.Theygrowfood,spice,ornamentalandmedicinalplants,fruittreesandotherspecies,usuallyintendedforhomeusebutcansometimesbeasourceofadditionalincomeforthefamily.Insomecommunities,homegardensplaya role in cultural festivitiesandreligiousrites(Thrinhetal,2003).Inmanycountriesaroundtheworld,homegardenshavebecomepartandparceloflifeinthecountryside.
Traditional home gardens are typically characterized by having acomplex multilayered architecture and high species diversity(Soemarwoto,1987,CoomesandBan(2004)),whereavarietyofherbs,shrubs,epiphytes,vinesandtreesaregrowntogether.Smithetal.(2006)explainedthatsuchstratifiedandhighlydiversestructuremakeshomegardens a generally sustainable and resilient ecosystem. Their closeproximity to human dwellings ensures a more personalized type ofmanagement,makingthebioticandabioticconditionsinthehomegardenunique or considerably different from the surrounding environment(GuarinoandHoogendijk,2004).
In recent years, the threat of biodiversity loss both in naturalenvironmentsandagriculturalsystemshasreceivedincreasingattention.As a micro-agroecosystem of diverse structure, home gardens areimportantrepositoriesofplantgeneticdiversityandthuscouldfunctioneffectivelyfortheinsituconservationofplantgeneticresources.Thestudyof Eyzaguirre and Watson (2001) pointed out that home gardens arecrucialreservoirsofinter-andintra-geneticcropgeneticdiversity.Galuzziet al. (2010) stressed that a significant portion of the world'sagrobiodiversity can be found in complex agroecosystemsmanaged bysmallfarmers. Insituconservationofcropspeciesandlandracesinthese
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complex ecosystems ensures their continuous adaptation to climatechange.
The most important contribution of home gardening forconservation purposes resides in its capacity to represent agro-biodiversity atmultiple levelsover small spaces (Hodgkin2001).Furthermore,theyareoftenutilizedaspreliminaryvenuesfornewcrops,asnurseriesforgrowingplantswhichwillbetransferredforplanting in open fields and domestication sites of weedy forms(KulpaandHanelt1981;Leivaetal.2001),whichmayalsobeuseddirectlywithinthehousehold.
AccordingtoTrinhetal.(2003)homegardeningisoneofthemost under-researched topics. In a reviewdone byGaluzzi et al.(2010),theyfoundthatmuchofpastresearchonhomegardenshasbeendoneindevelopedcountriesandfocusedmoreontheirroleasadistinctecologicalorculturalentity.Littleattentionhasbeengiventotheir role as critical repositories of plant genetic diversity. Thisstudywas therefore done to assess the agrobiodiversity of homegardensinselectedsitesinEasternVisayaswithemphasisonthosefoundinmarginaldegradeduplandsconsideringthattheseareasarehighlyvulnerabletoclimatechange.Specifically,itaimedtoidentifythespeciesandvarietiesofplantsraisedinthegardens,documenttheir economic uses and, characterize the structure andmanagementofthesehomegardens.
MATERIALSANDMETHODS
TheStudySite
ThetownofInopacanliesonthesouthwesternportionoftheprovinceofLeyte,Philippines,some130kmfromthecapitalcityofTacloban.Itisa
2fourth classmunicipality and has a total land area of 94.62 km . It ispoliticallydividedinto20barangaysandasof2010,thepopulationwasabout19,904people(www.inopacan.gov.ph).
AreconnaissancesurveywasfirstconductedintheuplandvillagesofInopacan to select suitablemarginal upland sites for the study. Threevillageswereselected,namely;Brgy.Linao, Brgy.GuinsangaanandBrgy.Tao-taon(Fig.1)Thesearethreeadjacentvillagesorbarangayssituated
towardsthesoutheasternpartofthetown.Theinterioruplandportionsofthesevillageshavewidestretchesofhillyopengrasslandswherethesoilispoorandinfertile. Asio,etal(2014)describedthesoil inthemarginaluplands of Inopacan as highly acidic and low in organic matter, totalnitrogen and available P. Such soil characteristics aggravated by hightemperatures and water scarcity make these sites unsuitable for cropproduction.
Figure 1. Map of Leyte province and Inopacan town showing the location of the study sites
DataCollection
Atotalof79respondentshavinghomegardenswereinterviewedrightintheirhomesusingasurveyquestionnaire.Ofthis,11werefromLinao,23fromGuinsangaanand45fromTao-taon,representing14%,29%,and57%ofthetotalnumberofrespondents,respectively.Theserespondentswere randomly picked from an official list of residents living in themarginaluplandareasofthesevillages.Actualobservationsoftheirhomegardenswerealsodonetoidentifythespeciesandvarietiesgrown,collectsamplespecimensandtakephotosfordocumentation.VoucherspecimensofallspeciesdocumentedinthesurveyandhomevisitswereprocessedintoherbariumspecimensanddepositedintheVSUHerbarium,VisayasStateUniversity,Visca,BaybayCity,Leyte.
51Agrobiodiversity of home gardens in marginal upland Villages of Inopacan
SpecimenIdentification
Allplantspeciesrecordedinthesurveysandhomegarden/farmvisitswereidentifiedandclassifiedusingeverytaxonomicreferenceavailablebutCo'sDigitalFlora(Pielseretal,2012̶onwards)andtherevisionsoftheFloraMalesianaseries)Steenis,(1950onwards)wereheavilyreliedon.
RESULTSANDDISCUSSION
DiversityandStructureofHomeGardens
Thehomegardensstudiedwerefoundtoexhibithighspeciesrichnessanddiversity. Atotalof171speciesdistributedin74familiesand146generaweredocumented.(Table1). ThefamilyAsteraceae/Compositaewasthemostrepresentedintermsofnumberofgenera(9)andspecies(10) followed by Orchidaceae (7,8), Fabaceae (7,7), Araceae (7,7),Zingiberaceae(6,7),Lamiaceae(5,6),Poaceae(4,5),Cucurbitaceae(4,4),Asparagaceae(4,4),Apocynaceae(4,4)andMeliaceae(4,4).Onehundredtwenty-one(12)speciesormorethan70%ofthetotalnumberofspeciesdocumentedare introducedorexoticspecies,especially forornamentalplants. It appears therefore that non-native species comprised aconsiderable part in the composition of home gardens in themarginaluplandsstudied.
Figure2.Plantfamilieshavingthemostnumberofgeneraandspecies
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Table1. PlantspeciesrecordedinthehomegardensofthemarginaluplandvillagesofInopacan,Leyte.
Family ScientificName LocalName EconomicUses Origin
AcanthaceaeJusticiabrandegeeanaWassh.&L.B.Sm.
ShrimpPlant(Engl.) Ornamental Introduced
Pseuderanthemumreticulatum(Hook.f.)Radlk.
Pasaw OrnamentalIntroduced
Adiantaceae AdiantumL. Lamon-lamon MedicinalIntroduced
Agavaceae Cordylinefruticosa(L.)A.Chev. Baston,Tiplant Ornamental Native
AmaranthaceaeAlternantheraficoidea(L.)P.Beauv.
Kutcharita Ornamental Introduced
CelosiacristataL. Pasong-pasong OrnamentalIntroduced
Amaryllidaceae AlliumfistulosumL. Sibuyas-dahon spice,medicinalIntroduced
Alliumsp.L. Sibojing Spice Introduced
Alliumsp.L. Ganda Spice Introduced
CrinumlatifoliumL. Lirio Ornamental Native
Anacardiaceae MangiferaindicaL. Manga Fruit Introduced
Anacardiumoccidentale Kasoy Fruit Introduced
Spondiaspinnata(L.f.)Kurz. Libas Fruit Native
Annonaceae AnnonamuricataL. Abana,Guyabano Fruit,medicinal Introduced
Apocynaceae AllamandacatharticaL. YellowBell OrnamentalIntroduced
Catharanthusroseus(L.)G.Don Kumintang OrnamentalIntroduced
PlumeriarubraL. CalachuchingPula Ornamental Introduced
TabernaemontanapandacaquiLam.
Pandakaki Ornamental Native
Araceae AglaonemacommutatumSchott Aglaonema Ornamental Native
Anthuriumaucbeanum Anthurium OrnamentalIntroduced
Caladiumbicolor(Aiton)Vent. Gabi-gabi OrnamentalIntroduced
Colocasiaesculenta(L.)Schott GabiRootcrop,vegetable
Introduced
Cyrtospermamerkusii(Hassk.)Schott
Palau Rootcrop Introduced
Dieffenbachiapicta(Lodd.)Schott.
Dieffenbachia(Engl.)
Ornamental Introduced
SpathiphyllumcommutatumSchott
PeaceLily Ornamental Native
Araliaceae Polysciasfruticosa(L.)Harms Kalipay OrnamentalIntroduced
Scheffleraarboricola(Hayata)Kanehira
Fivefingers Ornamental Introduced
AraucariaceaeAraucariaheterophylla(Salisb.)Franco
Pinetree Ornamental Introduced
Arecaceae Livistonarotundifolia(Lam)Mart Anahaw Ornamental Native
Veitchiamerrillii(Becc.)Bec. Lubi-lubi Ornamental Native
CocosnuciferaL. Lubifood,lumber,firewood,medicinal
Native
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Table1.Continuation.
Family ScientificName LocalName EconomicUses Origin
Asparagaceae AsparagussprengeriRegel Asparagus Ornamental Introduced
Dracaenafragrans(L.)KerGawl. Fortuneplant Ornamental Introduced
SansevieriatrifasciataPrain Espada-espada Ornamental Introduced
Chlorophytumcomosum(Thunb.)Jacques
Ribbonplant Ornamental Introduced
Aspleniaceae AspleniumnidusL. Mana-o Ornamental Native
Asteraceae ArtemisiavulgarisL. Hilbas Medicinal Native
AsterericoidesL. Baby'sBreath Ornamental Introduced
Blumeabalsamifera(L.)DC Gabon Medicinal Native
Dendranthemaindica(L.)DesMoul.
ChrysanthemumOrnamental Native
CosmosbipinnatusCav. Cosmos OrnamentalIntroduced
HelianthusannuusL. Sunflower Ornamental Introduced
CosmoscaudatusKunth Cosmos Ornamental Introduced
TageteserectaL. Marigold OrnamentalIntroduced
Pseudoelephantopusspicatus(B.Juss.)Gleason Kuko's Banog Medicinal Introduced
GerberajamesoidesBolusexHookerf.
Daisy Ornamental Introduced
Balsaminaceae ImpatiensbalsaminaL. Swangga Ornamental Introduced
Basellaceae BasellaalbaL. Alugbati Vegetable Native
Begoniaceae BegoniaL. Begonia Ornamental Native
Bixaceae BixaorellanaL. Achuete Spice/condiment Introduced
Bombacaceae DuriozibethinusMurray Durian Fruit Native
Brassicaceae BrassicarapaL. Pechay VegetableIntroduced
Bromeliaceae Ananascomosus(L.)Merr. Pinya Fruit Introduced
GuzmanialingulataMez Scarlet Ornamental Introduced
Burseraceae CanariumovatumEngl Pili fruit,lumber Native
Cactaceae Cactussp. Cactus OrnamentalIntroduced
Caricaceae CaricapapayaL. Kapayas,Papaya Fruit Introduced
Clusiaceae GarciniamangostanaL. Mangosteen Fruit,medicinal Introduced
Commelinaceae TradescantiaspathaceaSw.Bangka-bangkaan,Rhoeo
OrnamentalIntroduced
Convolvulaceae Ipomoeabatatas(L.)Lam. Camote Rootcrop Introduced
IpomoeaaquaticaForssk.Tangkong,Kangkong
Vegetable Introduced
Crassulaceae Kalanchoepinnata(Lam.)Pers. Hanlilika Medicinal Introduced
Cucurbitaceae CucurbitamaximaDuchesne Kalabasa Vegetable Introduced
LagenariasicerariaMolinaStandl.
Upo,Balantiyong Vegetable Introduced
Luffaacutangula(L.)Roxb. Sikwa VegetableIntroduced
MomordicacharantiaL. Paliya,Ampalayamedicinal,vegetable
Introduced
Cupressaceae ThujaorientalisL. Cypress Ornamental Introduced
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Table1.Continuation.
Family ScientificName LocalName EconomicUses Origin
Cycadaceae CycasrevolutaThunb. Pitogo Ornamental Introduced
Dioscoreaceae DioscoreaalataL. Ube Rootcrop Native
DioscoreabulbiferaL. Ube Rootcrop Native
Ebenaceae DiospyrosphilippinensisADC Mabolo,Kamagong fruit,timber Native
Equisetaceae Equisetumsp.L. Horsetail OrnamentalIntroduced
Euphorbiaceae Codiaeumvariegatum(L.)A.Juss SanFrancisco Ornamental Introduced
EuphorbiapulcherrimaWilld.exKlotchzsch
Poinsettia Ornamental Introduced
EuphorbianeriifoliaL. Suro-suro MedicinalIntroduced
JatrophacurcasL. Tuba-tuba MedicinalIntroduced
JatrophagossypiifoliaL. Tuba-tubangTapol Introduced
JatrophapodagricaHook. Ginseng Medicinal Introduced
FabaceaeGliricidiasepium(Jacq.)KunthexWalp.
Madredecacao,Kakawate
firewood,fencingIntroduced
Leucaenaleucocephala(Lam.)DeWit
Ipil-ipil firewood,fencingIntroduced
Psophocarpustetragonolobus(L.)D.C
Garbanzos,KalabantosKalabantos
Vegetable Introduced
PterocarpusindicusWilld. Narra,Naga Timber Native
TamarindusindicaL. Sambag,Sampalokfruit,spice/condiment
Introduced
Vignaunguiculata(L.)Walp. Batong Vegetable Introduced
Flemingiamacrophylla(Willd.)Merr.,
Malabalatong Hedgeplant Native
Gnetaceae GnetumgnemonL. Bago Vegetable Native
Heliconiaceae HeliconiapsittacorumL.f Saging-saging OrnamentalIntroduced
HydrangeaceaeHydrangeamacrophylla(Thunb.)Ser
Millions Ornamental Introduced
LamiaceaeOrthosiphonaristatus(Blume)Miq.
Balbas-pusa Medicinal Native
Plectranthusamboinicus(Lour.)Spreng
Karabo spice,medicinal Introduced
Plectranthusscutellarioides(L.)R.Br..
Mayanaornamental,medicinal
Native
Hyptissuaveolens(L.)Poit
MedicinalIntroduced
MenthaarvensisL. Mentol Medicinal Introduced
MenthacordifoliaOpiz YerbaBuena Medicinal Introduced
Lauraceae PerseaamericanaMill. Avocado Fruit,medicinalIntroduced
Lythraceae Lagerstroemiaspeciosa(L.)Pers. Banaba Medicinal Native
MalvaceaeAbelmoschusesculentus(L.)Moench
Okra VegetableIntroduced
Hibiscusrosa-sinensisL.Antuwanga,Gumamela
Ornamental,medicinal
Introduced
Gossypiumhirsutum Gapas CottonfiberIntroduced
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Table1.Continuation.
Family ScientificName LocalName EconomicUses Origin
MeliaceaeLansiumdomesticum(Osbeck)Sahni&Bennet
Lanzones Fruit Introduced
Sandoricumkoetjape(Burm.f.)Merr.
Santol Fruit Native
SwieteniamacrophyllaKing Mahogany timber,firewood Introduced
MeliadubiaCav. Bangalnga,Baganga Timber,firewood Native
Menispermacaeae
TinosporarumphiiBoerl Panyawan Babyweaning Native
Moraceae ArtocarpusheterophyllusLam. Nangka Fruit Native
ArtocarpusodoratissimusBlanco Marang Fruit Native
Artocarpusaltilis(Parkinson)Fosberg
Kolo Fruit Native
FicusbenjaminaL. Balite Ornamental Native
Moringaceae MoringaoleiferaLam.Kalamunggay,Malunggay
medicinal,vegetable
Introduced
Muntingiaceae MuntingiacalaburaL. Mansanitas Fruit Introduced
Musaceae MusaparadisiacaL. Saging Fruit Native
Myrtaceae PsidiumguajavaL. Bayabas FruitIntroduced
SyzygiumaqueumAlston Tambis Fruit Introduced
Syzygiumcumini(L.)Skeels. Lomboy FruitIntroduced
Syzygiummallacense(L.)Merr.&L.M.Perry
Makopa Fruit Introduced
Nyctaginaceae BougainvilleaspectabilisWilld. Bumbil OrnamentalIntroduced
Ochnaceae Ochnaserrulata(Hochst.)Walp. MickeyMouse Ornamental Introduced
Oleaceae Jasminumsambac(L.)Aiton Sampaguita Ornamental Native
Orchidaceae Arachnisflos-aeris(L.)Rchb.f. SpiderOrchid Ornamental Native
CattleyaLindl. Cattleya Ornamental Introduced
Dendrobiumcf.fairchildiae Dendrobium Ornamental Introduced
DendrobiumanosmumLindl. Sanggumay Ornamental Native
Oncidiumcf.varicosumLindl. DancingLady OrnamentalIntroduced
Phalaenopsisamabilis(L.)Blume ButterflyOrchid Ornamental Introduced
SpathoglottisplicataBlume GroundOrchid Ornamental Native
VandasanderianaRchb.f. Vanda Ornamental Native
Oxalidaceae AverrhoabilimbiL. Iba Spice/condiment Introduced
AverrhoacarambolaL. Balimbing Fruit Native
OxalisregnelliiMiq. Clover OrnamentalIntroduced
Pandanaceae PandanusamaryllifoliusRoxb. Pandan-humot Condiment Introduced
Passifloraceae PassifloraedulisSims Valencia Fruit Introduced
Phyllanthaceae SecurinegaflexuosaMuell.-Arg. Anislag Timber Native
Sauropusandrogynus(L.)Merr. ChineseMalunggay VegetableIntroduced
Piperaceae PipernigrumL. Paminta Spice/condiment Introduced
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Table1.Continuation.
Family ScientificName LocalName EconomicalUses Origin
Poaceae Bambusamultiplex(Lour.)Raeusch DwarfBamboo Ornamental Introduced
Cymbopogoncitratus(DC.)Stapf Tangad,Tanglad Spice,Medicinal Native
Cynodondactylon(L.)Pers. Bermuda LawngrassIntroduced
SaccharumofficinarumL. Tubo Sweetsap Introduced
SaccharumspontaneumLinn. Bugang-tapol Medicinal Exotic
Polypodiaceae Nephrolepiscordifolia Lukdo-lukdo Ornamental Native
Portulacaceae PortulacagrandifloraHook. VietnamRose OrnamentalIntroduced
Rosaceae Rosasp.. Rosas,Rose Ornamental Introduced
Rubiaceae CoffeaarabicaL. Kape Coffee,firewoodIntroduced
IxorachinensisLam. YellowSantan Ornamental Introduced
IxoracoccineaL. DwarfSantan Ornamental Introduced
MussaendaphilippicaL. DonaAurora Ornamental Native
Rutaceae CitrusgrandisOsbeck Buongon,Pomelo Vegetable Native
CitrusmadurensisLour. Lemonsito CondimentIntroduced
CitrusL. Sangkis Fruit Introduced
Sapindaceae NepheleumlappaceumL. Rambutan Fruit Native
Sapotaceae ChrysophyllumcainitoL. Caimito FruitIntroduced
Solanaceae CapsicumannuumL. Atsal Spice/condiment Introduced
CapsicumfrutescensL.(hotchili) Sili-gagmay Spice/condimentIntroduced
Capsicumsp.(greenchili) Sili-espada Spice/condiment Introduced
SolanumlycopersiconL. Kamatis Spice/condimentIntroduced
SolanummelongenaL. Talong,Tawong Vegetable Introduced
Sterculiaceae TheobromacacaoL. Cacao Fruit,cocoapowderIntroduced
Tiliaceae CorchorusolitoriusL. Saluyot Vegetable Introduced
Turneraceae TurneraulmifoliaL. Turnera OrnamentalIntroduced
Verbenaceae DurantaerectaL. Duranta Ornamental Introduced
VitexparvifloraJuss. Tugas Timber Native
VitexnegundoL. Lagundi Medicinal Native
GmelinaarboreaRoxb. Yemane TimberIntroduced
Xanthorrhoeaceae Aloevera(L.)Burm.f. Sabila Medicinal Introduced
Zingiberaceae Etlingeraelatior(Jack)R.M.Sm. TorchGinger OrnamentalIntroduced
ZingiberofficinaleRoscoe Luy-a Medicinal,Spice Introduced
CurcumalongaL. Luy-angTapol MedicinalIntroduced
KaempferiagalangaL. Kisol Medicinal Introduced
Alpiniaelegans(Presl.)Schum Tagbak Food,Ornamental Native
Alpiniapurpurata(Vieill.)K.Schum. RedGinger Ornamental Introduced
ZingiberspectabileGriff. YellowTorchGinger Ornamental Native
Totalno.offamilies:74Totalno.ofgenera:146Totalno.ofspecies:171
57Agrobiodiversity of home gardens in marginal upland Villages of Inopacan
Verticalstratification
Forty percent of the home garden plants grownwere erect herbs,followed by trees (27%), shrubs (21%), herbaceous vines (8%) andepiphytes(4%)(Fig3A).Thediversityofspeciesandgrowthformsshowsthat the home gardens in the marginal uplands of Inopacan generallyexhibitedamulti-layeredorstratifiedverticalstructurewhichsomehowmimicsatropical foreststructure. Atthegroundlayerwereerectherbsand creepers and above it was a shrub layer consisting usually of theshrubbyornamentalsliketheTiplant(Cordylinefruticosa),SanFrancisco(Codiaeumvariegatum),roses(Rosaspp.),Santan(Ixoraspp.);vegetableslike okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), eggplant (Solanummelongena) andothercropspecies.Thetreelayer consisted mostlyoffruittreessuchasjackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus),mango (Mangifera indica), tambis(Syzigium aqueum), cacao (Theobroma cacao) and some timber andreforestation species like yemane (Gmelina arborea) and narra(Pterocarpus indicus).Theclimbingspeciessuchasstringbeans(Vignaunguiculata),upo(Lagenariasiceraria),squash(Cucurbitamaxima)andampalaya (Momordica charantia)were usually supported by especiallyconstructedtrellisesmadeofbamboosticksorbamboobranchingtwigswhichthelocalscalled“kagingking”. Orchidsconsistingofvanda(Vandasanderiana), dancing lady (Oncidium spp.) and several varieties ofdendrobium(Dendrobiumspp.)andotherepiphyticspecieswereeithermountedonbambooposts,on thewiry trunksof the tree fernCyatheacontaminans,ordirectlyattachedtothetrunksoftrees,asinthecaseofsanggumay(Dendrobiumanosmum),alargebeautifulnativeorchid.
Fig.3.Distributionoflifeformsinthehomegardens
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EconomicUses
Itisinterestingtonotethatmajorityofthespeciesgrowninthehomegardens were ornamentals followed by fruit trees, medicinal plants,vegetablesandspeciesusedasspicesorcondiments. Theleastspeciousweretherootcrops.Cropsintendedforotheruseslikecacaoassourceofcocoapowderarerepresentedonlybyasinglespecies(Fig.4&Table1).
Fig.4.Economicusesofplantscultivatedinhomegardens
MedicinalPlants
Duetodistancefromhospitalsandthehighcostofmedicine,peopleinthemarginaluplandsgrewplantsintheirhomegardensforuseasherbalmedicinewhichtheybelievedcouldalleviateortreatcommonillnesseslike cough, fever, toothache, stomachache, loosebowelmovement, soreeyes,hyperacidityandmusclepain.Table2showsthespeciesofmedicinalplants used by the respondents, the ailment/s being treated and themethodofpreparation. In75%theplantpartusedin75%ofthemedicinalplantspecies,theleavesweretheplantpartused.Otherlesscommonlyusedpartswerethefruits, flower buds, young shoots, roots, bulb, bark, stem, rhizome andendospermormeat(coconut).Theleaveswereusuallypreparedbyfirstheatingthemoverlowflame,thencrushingusingthehands,andapplyingaspoulticeovertheaffectedpart(57%).Boilingtheleavesinwateranddrinkingtheextractordecoction(51%),orsimplyputtingfreshleavesinacupofhotwaterforafewminutestomakeaninfusion(21%)werealsocommonlyusedmethodsofpreparation.Allpreparationsweredoneusingfreshplantmaterial.InthestudyofBusmanandSharon(2006),villagers
59Agrobiodiversity of home gardens in marginal upland Villages of Inopacan
of the Lojo Province in Southern Ecuador utilizedwhole plants (61%),leaves(13%),flowers(6%),andseeds,roots,bark,fruitsandlatex(3%),formedicinalpurposes. Themedicinalplantspeciesdocumentedwereusedtotreatonetoasmanyassevenailments. YerbaBuena(Menthacordifolia)istopofthelist,reportedbytherespondentstocureearinfection,flatulence,musclepain,stomachache,cough,hyperacidityandasaneffectivedewormer. Mayana(Plechranthusblumei)wasreportedtobeacureforfivediseases,namely;cough, fever, red eyes, itchy eyes and for healing wounds. Guyabano(Annonamuricata)wasalsousedtotreatsimpleailmentsordiscomfortslikehyperacidity, loosebowelmovementandflatulence,tomoreseriousoneslikecancer. Thelocalfolksmentionedthattheyalsouseguyabanotoboost the immune system. The common Madre de Cacao or Kakawate(Glericidiasepium)wasconsideredeffectiveforwoundsandfracturesinhumansaswellasfleainfestation,wartsandskindiseasesofgoats,chickenandpigs,respectively.
Establishmentandmanagementofhomegardens
Sourcesofplantingmaterials
Theplantingmaterialsused inhomegardeningwereobtained fromdifferentsources(Fig.5).Morethanhalf(58%)oftherespondentsgottheirplantingmaterialsforfree,sharedbyrelativesandfriends.Aboutaquarter(23%) simply gathered planting materials from their surroundings orcollectedfromthewild. Only14%purchasedtheirplantingmaterialsand5%obtainedtheminexchangeforanotherplantfoundintheirgarden. Itseemsevidentthatmajorityofthosehavinghomegardensdidnotprioritizepurchaseofplantingmaterialsintheirfamilybudget,especiallyfornon-foodplantslikeornamentals. Thisisunderstandableasfamiliesliving intheuplandsmostly livebelowthepoverty linesotheirprioritymustbetheirdailysubsistence.
Fig.5.Sourcesofplantingmaterialsforthehomegardens
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Table2.Speciesofmedicinalplantsgrowninthemarginaluplandshomegardens
Scientificname Localname Ailment(s)Treated PlantPartUsed
ModeofPreparation
ArtemisiavulgarisL.
Hilbas
Cough,flatulence,musclepain
Leaves Slightlyheatleavesoverlowfire.Crushleavesandrubonaffectedpart.
Painfulurination Wholeplant Boilleavesinwateranddrinkthedecoction.
PlechranthusblumeiBenth.
Mayana/Manjana
Cough Leaves Boilleavesinwateranddrinkthedecoction.
Fever Leaves Putleavesinacupofhotwater.Letitcoolanddrinktheinfusion.Alternatively,heatleavesoverlowfire,crushandapplyaspoulticeontheforehead.
Wound Leaves Slightlyheatleavesoverlowfire.Crushandrubontheaffectedpart.
Redeyes Leaves Slightlyheatleavesandplaceoverinfectedeyes.
Itchyeyes Leaves Crushleavesandsqueezetheextract.Putadropofextracttoitchingeye.
TradescantiaspathaceaSw.
Bangka-bangkaan Feverfrommeasles Leaves Putleavesinacupofhotwater.Letitcoolanddrinktheinfusion.
VitexnegundoL. Lagundi Cough Leaves Boilleavesanddrinkthedecoctionorputafewleavesinacupofhotwateranddrinktheinfusion.
PerseaamericanaMill. Avocado
Loosebowelmovement Leaves Boilleavesanddrinkthedecoction.
Hyperacidity Leaves Crushtheleavesandrubonthestomacharea.
61
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rsity of h
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ard
ens in
marg
inal u
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nd V
illages o
f Inopaca
n
Table2Continuation.
ScientificName LocalName Ailment(s)/Treatment PlantPartUsed
ModeofPreparation
CitrusmadurensisLour. Lemonsito Cough Fruit Putextractedjuiceinacupofwater,addatablespoonofhoneyanddrinkit.
AnnonamuricataL. Abana/Guyabano
Hyperacidity,Loosebowelmovement,Flatulence
Leaves Boiltheleavesanddrinkthedecoction.
Cancer,Boostimmunesystem,
Fruit Boiltheleavesanddrinkthedecoction.
Hibiscusrosa-sinensisL. Antuwanga Boils,wound,skinrashes,soreeyes
Flowerbuds Mashtheflowerbudsandapplyaspoulticeontheinfectedarea.
Musasp. Saging Boils Pseudostem Finelyscrapetheouterpartofthepseudostemandapplyaspoulticeontheaffectedpart.
Mikaniacordata Vietnam,Asyang Wound Leaves Crushtheleavesandapplyaspoulticeonthewoundedarea.
Gliricidiasepium(Jacq.)KunthexWalp.
Madrecacao Wound Leaves Crushtheleavesandapplyaspoulticeonthewoundedarea.
Fractures Leaves Crushtheleavesandapplyaspoulticeontheaffectedarea.
Fleasinfestationingoats Leaves Crushorpoundtheleavesandrubonbodyofthegoat.
Wartsofchicken Leaves Crushtheleavesandputtheextractonthewarts.
Skindiseaseofpigs Leaves Crushtheleavesandrubontheaffectedpart.
PsidiumguajavaL.
Guava
Wound Leaves Crushtheleavesandputonthewoundedpart.
Loosebowelmovement,indigestion
Leaves Boiltheleavesanddrinkthedecoction.
62
Belo
nia
s et a
l.
Table2Continuation.
ScientificName LocalName Ailment(s)/Treatment PlantPartUsed
ModeofPreparation
ChrysophyllumcainitoL. Caimito Loosebowel,Flatulence,Hyperacidity
Leaves Boiltheleavesanddrinkthedecoction.
SaccharumspontaneumL.
Bugang-tapol
Vomitingblood Youngfleshyshoot
Chewtheyoungshootandswallowthejuice.
Diabetes,highblood youngshoot Cutthestem/culmintosmallpieces,boilinwateranddrinkthedecoction.
PlechranthusaromaticusBenth.
Karabo
Cough Leaves Boiltheleavesanddrinkthedecoctionorcrushslightlyheatedleavesandrubonthechestandback.
Repellingmosquitoes Leaves Putfreshlycrushedleavesinaplateandletthesmelldiffuseouttorepelmosquitoes.
MoringaoleiferaLam. Kalamunggay Wound Leaves Crushtheleavesandapplyaspoulticeonthewoundedpart.
SanseveiratrifasciataHort.exPrain
Espada-espada Wound Leaves Squeezeoutthejuiceandapplytheextractonthewoundedpart.
CocosnuciferaL. Lubi Wound Solidendosperm(meat)
Lightlyscrapethesoftsurfaceofthecoconutmeatandapplyaspoulticeonthewoundedpart.
KaempferiagalangaL. Kisol Drycough Bulb Tiethebulbaroundthenecklikeanecklace.
Alliumsp Sibojing Neckpaininchildren Leaves Slightlyheattheleavesandextractthejuice.Massagetheextractontheneck.
MenthaarvensisL. Mentholplant Cough Leaves Chewtheleavestosoothethethroat.
JatrophagossypifoliaL. Tuba-tubatapol Flatulence Leaves Slightlyheattheleavesandextractthejuice.Massagethejuiceontheneck.
63
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rsity of h
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ens in
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nd V
illages o
f Inopaca
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Table2Continuation.
ScientificName LocalName Ailment(s)/Treatment PlantPartUsed
ModeofPreparation
Jatrophacurcas Tuba-tuba Stomachache Leaves Slightlyheattheleavesoverlowflameandspreadonthestomacharea.
Hyptissuaveolens(L.)Poit
Albahaka
Stomachpain,Loosebowelmovement
Roots Boiltherootsanddrinkthedecoction.
Wound Leaves Crushtheleavesandapplyaspoulticeonthewoundedarea.
Kalanchoepinnata(Lam.)Pers.
Hanlilika/Katakataka Boil,Toothache Leaves Crushtheleavesandputitovertheboilortheachingtooth.
Adiantumsp. Lamon-lamon Infectedwound Leaves Crushleavesandapplyaspoulticeontheinfectedwound.
Lagerstroemiaspeciosa(L.)Pers.
Banaba Kidneyinfection Leaves Boil7matureleavesin7glassesofwateranddrinkthedecoction.
Syzygiumcuminii(L.)Skeels
Lomboy Toothache Bark Boilthebarkfor15minanddrinkthedecoction.
Cymbopogoncitratus(DC)Stapf.
Tangad Highblood Leaves Boiltheleavesanddrinkthedecoction.
MenthacordifoliaOpiz
YerbaBuena
Earinfection Leaves Slightlyheattheleavesandinsertintotheouterpartoftheear.
Flatulence,bodypain,stomachache
Leaves Crushtheleavesandrubonaffectedpart.
Cough,Hyperacidity Leaves Puttheleavesinacup,pourhotwater.Letitcoolanddrinkthewater/infusion.
Stomachworms Leaves Puttheleavesinacup,pourhotwater.Letitcoolanddrinkthewater/infusion.
Colocasiaesculenta(L.)Schott
Gabi Wound Petiole Scrapethesurfaceofthepetioleandapplyaspoulticeonthewoundedpart.
64
Belo
nia
s et a
l.
Table2Continuation.
ScientificName LocalName Ailment(s)/Treatment PlantPartUsed
ModeofPreparation
TinosporarumphiiBoerl.
Panyawan
Anemia Stem Cutthestemintopiecesandboilinwater.Mixtheextractinthewaterforbathing.
Stomachache Stem Cutthestemintopiecesandboilinwater.Drinkthewater.
Weaningofbabies Stem Rubthestemsaponthemother’snipple.
Alpiniapurpurata(Vieill.)K.Schum.
Luy-atapol
Bodypain Rhizome Poundtherhizomeandrubonaffectedpart.
Hoarsethroat Rhizome Getasliceoftherhizomeanduseitlikecandy.
Cough Rhizome Poundtherhizomeandrubonthechestandback.
Orthosiphonaristatus(Blume)Miq
Balbaspusa
Kidneyinfection Leaves Boiltheleavesanddrinkthedecoction.
Cough,fever Leaves Boiltheleavesanddrinkthedecoction.
BixaorellanaL. Atsuete Flatulence,fracture Leaves Spreadfreshleavesontheaffectedpart.
CentellaasiaticaL. Jahong-jahong Fever wholeplant Putwholeplantinaglassofwarmwateranddrinkthewater.
EuphorbianeriifoliaL. Suro-suro
Piercedbyanailorothersharpobjects
stemandleaves
Putadropofplantsapontheaffectedpartfor4days
Blumeabalsamifera(L.)DC
Gabon
Flatulence Leaves Boiltheleavesanddrinkthedecoction.
Kidneyinfection Leaves Putwholeplantinaglassofwarmwateranddrinkthewater.
Urenalobata Daupang Woundinanimals Leaves Poundtheleavesandextractthejuice.Usetheextracttocleanthewound.
65
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Modeofcultivation
Thelocalsuseddifferentmethodsofputtinguptheirhomegardens(Fig.6A).Abouthalfofthem(46%)didplotlessplantingordirectplantinginthesoil. Specieslikemalunggay(Moringaoleifera),ornamental plantslikesantan(Ixoraspp.)periwinkleorkumintang(Catharanthusroseus),bombil (Bougainvillea spectabilis) and goldenduranta (Duranta erecta)andothertreespecieswereusuallyplantedusingthismethod.Aboutthesamenumberofrespondentsusedcontainerssuchasclayorplasticpots,polyethyleneorordinaryrecycledplasticbagswhilesomerecycledemptymilk cans and similar containers.Vegetables like springonions (Alliumfistolusum) and ornamental plants like roses, bromeliads and cactuseswereusuallyraisedusingthismethod.Only7%oftherespondentsgrewtheirplantsinraisedplotsandwasusuallydoneforvegetables,especiallyifaportionoftheharvestedproductswassoldinthelocalmarket.Pechay(Brassicarapa),tomatoes(Solanumlycopersicum),bellpepper(Capsicumannuum) and eggplant (Solanummelongena) were the common plantsgrowninraisedplots. More than half (62%) of the respondents grew plants in homegardensforhomeconsumption.Aboutathird(35%)diditassourceofadditional income for the familywhile only 5%did it to beautify theirsurroundings(Fig.6B).Cultivatingthehomegardenswasmostlyafamilyaffairwithmembersofthefamilyprovidinglabor(96%)andonlyaverysmall percentage (4%) hired laborers (Fig. 6C). The time the familymembersspenttogetherinthegardenhelpedbuildstrongerfamilyties.Almostallofthem(89%)didnotapplyfertilizer(Fig.6D),andthosewhodidusedorganicfertilizer(87%)derivedfromcompostedplantdebrisoranimalmanuresuchaschickendungorgoatmanure(Fig.6E).Sincehomegardensusuallyinvolvedonlysmallpatchesoflandmostlyusedtoprovideadditional food for daily subsistence, the family would use everyopportunity touse free labor andproductionmaterials that are locallyavailableandcost-free.
66Belonias et al.
Fig.6.Methodofplanting(A),reasonforcultivating(B),sourceoflabor(C),fertilizerapplication(D)andtypeoffertilizerused(E)
CONCLUSIONANDRECOMMENDATIONS
Cultivating a home garden has indeed become an importantsubsistenceandcopingstrategyofuplandvillagesespeciallyinthehighlyvulnerablemarginaluplands. Basedonthisstudy,thehomegardensofInopacan,Leyte,containagreatdiversityofspeciesandvarietieswhichthelocals collect through donations, exchange and collection from theirsurroundings. The more personalized management of the gardens byfamilymembers furthermakehomegardeninganeffectivestrategy forbiodiversityconservation.Thus,theimportanceofhomegardeningintheconservation of biodiversity, especially for economically importantspecies,shouldbegivenpreferentialattentioninthepresentglobaleffortsto halt or at least reduce biodiversity loss. However, there is need toeffectively educate local villages on the importance of native speciesbecauseofthecontinuedpatronageofexoticorintroducedspecies,whichcanhavedrasticeffectstotheenvironment.
67Agrobiodiversity of home gardens in marginal upland Villages of Inopacan
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank the Commission on Higher Education-PhilippineHigherEducationResearchNetwork(CHED-PHERNet)forthefinancialsupportoftheresearch.
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