Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam
Transcript of Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam
![Page 1: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Regional Review and Planning WorkshopSRI-LMB, 2-3 June 2015, Siem Reap, Cambodia
Mobilizing Greater Crop and Land Potentials with Agro-ecological Approaches: Conservation Agriculture and
System of Rice Intensification
Amir Kassam University of Reading (UK) and FAO
1
![Page 2: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
• Why agro-ecological approaches (instead of industrial)
• Lead examples: Conservation Agriculture and System of Rice Intensification
• Some broad conclusions
2
![Page 3: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Modern agriculture? – now an intrusive paradigm
First half of the 20th century aimed to industrialise agriculture:• Standardization • Mechanization• Labour-saving technologies• Use of chemical inputs
Second half of the 20th century increasingly shaped as ‘scientific formulations’ of agriculture:
• Genetic potentials• Input utilization • Standard agronomy• Intensive tillage • Energy-intensity• Capital intensity• Little attention paid to soil health and ecosystem services
![Page 4: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
21st century realities
• Arable land per capita will decline• Water available for agriculture will decline• Energy and production input cost are rising• Diminishing returns to inputs are setting in • Stagnation of yield improvements, at high and low levels• The production approach fundamentally inefficient • Millions of households being bypassed• Environmental and degradation concerns• Food security concerns• Climate change
![Page 5: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
All agricultural soils show signs of degradationAll agricultural soils show signs of degradation
World map of severity of land degradation – GLASOD (FAO 2000) Also, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005 – 89% our ecosystems Degraded or severly degraded, only 11% in reasonable shape.
World map of severity of land degradation – GLASOD (FAO 2000) Also, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005 – 89% our ecosystems Degraded or severly degraded, only 11% in reasonable shape.
backgroundbackground
Degradation of soil, water and biodiversity resources
![Page 6: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Focus on soil and ecosystem functions:Healthy soil is the base for sustainable crop production
Dirt – The Erosion of Civilizations
degradation/erosion >
naturalsoil
formation= NOT
sustainableSoil tillage
“Dirt – the erosion of civilizations” by David R. Montgomery (Prof. of Earth and Space Sciences at the University of Washington in Seattle, leads the Geomorphological Research Group, member of the Quaternary Research Center):• Soil is a fragile thin skin around the world• Soil formation is very slow, degradation very fast: even with conservation tillage soil erosion is by orders of magnitude higher than soil formation• The decline of important human civilizations can be related to erosion events and soil degradation (Greek, Romans etc.)
![Page 7: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Projected percentage gains and losses in rainfed cereal production potential by 2080 due climate change
![Page 8: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
BUT Conventional land preparation regular tillage, clean seedbed, exposed
Effects:• Loss of organic matter• Loss of pores, structure soil compaction• Destruction of biological life & processes
![Page 9: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
With rice ……
![Page 10: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Iguassu Falls, Brazil
This is millions of tonnes of topsoil going over the edge.
![Page 11: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11Google image, 16 February 2014Sediment Plumes – The Guardian
![Page 12: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
TILLAGE AGRICULTURE -- Erosion
![Page 13: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Consequences of tillage-based agriculture at any level of development
• loss of OM, porosity, aeration, biota (=decline in soil health -> collapse of soil structure -> compaction & surface sealing -> decrease in infiltration)
• water loss as runoff & soil loss as sediment• loss of time, seeds, fertilizer, pesticide (erosion, leaching)• less capacity to capture and slow release water & nutrients• less efficiency of mineral fertilizer: “The crops have become ‘addicted’ to
fertilizers”• loss of biodiversity in the ecosystem, below & above soil surface, monocropping • more pest problems (breakdown of food-webs for micro-organisms and natural
pest control)• falling input efficiency & factor productivities, declining yields• reduced resilience, reduced sustainability• Poor adaptability to climate change & mitigation
• Higher production costs, lower farm productivity and profit, degraded ecosystem services
• Dysfunctional ecosystems, water cycle, suboptimal water provisioning & regulatory water services, loss of biodiversity
![Page 14: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
‘Modern’ and post-’modern’ agriculture in development
1. Modern agriculture paradigm is based on intrusive approaches (that disrupt ecosystem functions) with unacceptable negative externalities and loss in productivity, efficiency and resilience.
2. More of the same is no longer appropriate to meet the 21st Century realities and multi-functional role of future agriculture.
3. Alternative paradigm based on agro-ecological or ecosystem approaches (that works in greater harmony with ecosystem functions) are now available for sustainable agricultural intensification (combining productivity with ecosystem services).
![Page 15: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Call -- What is sustainable intensification?
• Term has become popular in recent years • Ecological definitions – increase in yields with minimum environmental damage, and building resilience and flow of ecosystem services.
• Broader definitions at the food and agriculture system levels – minimizing wastage, institutional development, capacity building, economic growth, social equity etc.
• Sustainable intensification conditions being met with the spread of Conservation Agriculture (CA) based systems.
![Page 16: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Technical objectives of SI
• Agricultural land productivity
• Natural capital and flow of ecosystems services
Simultaneously
• Enhanced input-use efficiency
• Use of biodiversity – natural and managed (and carbon) to build farming system resilience (biotic and abiotic), including being climate-smart
• Contribute to multiple-outcome objectives at farm, community & landscape, and national scales e.g. climate change mitigation
And• Capable of rehabilitating land productivity and ecosystem services in
degraded and abandoned lands
But how?
![Page 17: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Reminder -- A healthy soil is a living biological system
![Page 18: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
her
● Fotos grandes. Solo arrastra una nueva imagen y pásala para átras
Path to waterfall on private property brings income to locals in the form of ecotourismMonteverde Cloudforest Reserve
provides important source of water in landscape and downstream
Windbreaks provide habitat and corridors for wildlife, control erosion and protect livestock from wind
Shaded coffee extends wildlife habitat from reserve and reduces erosion
All fences are live rows of trees
Coffee, corn, sugar cane and other products are sold at a local cooperative
Ecoagriculture landscapes: harmonizing multiple objectives at farm, community, landscape scales
![Page 19: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Reminder--Ecosystem services
Water cycling Carbon cycling Atmospheric circulation
Source: The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005)
![Page 20: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Soil productive capacity (vs. fertility) is derived from several components which interact dynamically in space and time:
• Physical: architecture - pore structure, space & aeration• Hydrological: moisture storage -
infiltration• Chemical: nutrients,
CEC, dynamics• Biological: soil life and
non living fractions• Thermal: rates of biochemical
processes• Cropping system: rotation/association/sequence
A productive soil is a living system and its health & productivity depends on managing it as a ‘complex’ biological system, not as a geological entity.
We need to go backTo soil and landscape health.
Soil as a ‘complex’ biological system, not just as a geological entity
![Page 21: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
An effective solution to degradation, and for
rehabilitation and sustainable intensification • Minimizing soil disturbance by mechanical tillage and whenever
possible, seeding or planting directly into untilled soil, in order to maintain soil organic matter, soil structure and overall soil health.
• Enhancing and maintaining organic matter cover on the soil surface , using crops, cover crops or crop residues. This protects the soil surface, conserves water and nutrients, promotes soil biological activity and contributes to integrated weed and pest management.
• Diversification of species – both annuals and perennials - in associations, sequences and rotations that can include trees, shrubs, pastures and crops, all contributing to enhanced crop nutrition and improved system resilience.
These are the principles of Conservation Agriculture which along with other good practices of crop, soil, nutrient, water, pest, energy management provide an ecological foundation for sustainable production and intensification for all systems. CA is a lead example of the agro-ecological paradigm for sustainable production intensification adopted by FAO and many other organizations
![Page 22: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Worldwide adoption of Conservation Agriculture
FAO Definition: www.fao.org/ag/caConservation Agriculture (CA)
is an approach to managing agro-ecosystems for improved and sustained productivity, increased profits and food security while preserving and enhancing the resource base and the environment. CA is characterized by three linked principles, namely:
1. Continuous minimum mechanical soil disturbance. 2. Permanent organic soil cover. 3. Diversification of crop species grown in sequences or
associations or rotations.
FAO Definition: www.fao.org/ag/caConservation Agriculture (CA)
is an approach to managing agro-ecosystems for improved and sustained productivity, increased profits and food security while preserving and enhancing the resource base and the environment. CA is characterized by three linked principles, namely:
1. Continuous minimum mechanical soil disturbance. 2. Permanent organic soil cover. 3. Diversification of crop species grown in sequences or
associations or rotations.
Conservation Agriculture
![Page 23: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Minimum mechanical soil disturbance
(the minimum soil disturbance necessary to
sow the seed)
1
Conservation Agriculture (CA) is based on three principles (FAO, 2009):
Permanent organic soil cover
(retention of adequate levels of crop residues on
the soil surface)
2
Diversified crop rotations including cover crops
(to help moderate possible weed, disease and pest problems)
3
Cons
erva
tion
agric
ultu
re sy
stem
s
23
![Page 24: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Ecological foundation for sustainable agriculture production is provided by application of Conservation Agriculture principles
through locally formulated practices
No/Minimum soil disturbance Soil Cover Crop Diversity
Biologically dynamic foundation that provides the ecological underpinnings
![Page 25: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
CA does not solve ALL problems (NO panacea) but complemented with
other good practices CA base allows for high production intensity and
sustainable agriculture in all land-based
production systems (rainfed & irrigated, annual,
perennial, plantation, orchards, agroforestry, crop-livestock, rice systems
Ecological Foundation of CA Systems
No/Minimum soil disturbance Soil Cover Crop Diversity
IntegratedPest
Management
IntegratedPlantNutrientManagement
IntegratedWeed
Management
IntegratedWater management
Sustainablemechanization
Compaction management,CTF
Permanent Bed and
FurrowSystems
Systemof RiceIntensification
Good seedGenetic potentialGenetic resources mgmt
Pollinator/Biodiversity
management
Sustainableagriculture
![Page 26: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Minimum soil disturbance Soil Cover Crop Diversity
IntegratedPest
Management
IntegratedPlantNutrientManagement
IntegratedWeed
Management
IntegratedWater management
Sustainablemechanization
Compaction management,CTF
Permanent Bed and
FurrowSystems
Systemof RiceIntensification
Good seedGenetic potentialGenetic resources mgmt.
Pollinator/Biodiversity
management
Sustainableagriculture
Crop
-Liv
esto
ckint
egra
tion
Agroforestry -
Landscape management
Organic farming
Ecological Foundation of CA Systems
![Page 27: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Sustainable Land Preparation - smallholders
Planting holes, ripping or mulching, direct drill Planting holes, ripping or mulching, direct drill
![Page 28: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
No-till seeding of wheat into rice stubble/residue - China
![Page 29: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
History and Adoption of CAHistory and Adoption of CA
No-till riceIn North KoreaNo-till riceIn North Korea
![Page 30: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
CHINA: innovation with raised-bed, zero-till SRI field;measured yield 13.4 t/ha; Liu’s 2001 yield (16 t/ha) set
provincial yield record and persuaded Prof. Yuan Longping
CA rice-based system at Saguna Baug, Maharastra – Chandrashekhar Badsavale
![Page 31: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
All crops can be seeded in no-till systems
Potatoes under no-till after rice in North Korea
(Friedrich, 2006)
![Page 32: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
FAO, 2012
Farmer Field School participants harvesting no-till IPM potatoes in lowland rice production systems, Thai Binh, Vietnam, 2011
![Page 33: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Challenges/issues/Considerationsof transformation and transition
• Weeds/herbicides• Labour• Larger farms• Livestock• Community engagement• Temperate areas
• Farmers working together• Equipment and machinery• Knowledge and technical capacity• Risk involved in transforming to no-till systems• Approaches to adoption and scaling• Policy and institutional support – private, public, civil society
![Page 34: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2013
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Global CA Area in Mill. ha
Worldwide adoption of Conservation Agriculture
5Connference on Conservation Agriculture for Smallholders in Asia and Africa. 7-11 December, Mymensigh University, Bangldesh4
155 mill. ha
Mil
l. h
a
Year
Global CA Area in Mill. ha
![Page 35: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Worldwide adoption of Conservation Agriculture
***
Connference on Conservation Agriculture for Smallholders in Asia and Africa. 7-11 December, Mymensigh University, Bangldesh14
Area of arable cropland under CA by continent in 2013 (source: FAO AquaStat: www.fao/ag/ca/6c.html)
Continent Area (Mill. ha)
Per cent of global total
Per cent ofarable landof reporting
countries
South America (49.6)*64.0 (33.9%) 41.3 60.0 North America (40.0)*54.0 (40.0%) 34.8 24.0 Australia & NZ (12.1)*17.9 (47.9%) 11.5 35.9
AsiaRussia & Ukraine
EuropeAfrica
(2.6)*10.3(291.2%) (0.1)*5.2(5,100%)(1.6)*2.0(30.1%)
(0.5)*1.2 (154.6%)
6.63.41.40.8
3.0 3.3 2.8 0.9
Global total (107)*155 (47.4%) 100 10.9 (7.5)*% global arable
* in 2008/09
![Page 36: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
CA-Adoption by World Region [mill. ha and %*]
North America54 (24%)
South America 64 (60%)
Europe2.1 (2.8 %)
Ukraine/Russia5.2 (3.3 %)
Africa1.2 (0.9 %)
Asia 10.3 (3 %)
*Average adoption level in each region based on arable land area of reporting countries
Worldwide adoption of Conservation Agriculture
6th World Congress on Conservation Agriculture, Winnipeg, 22-25 June 2014 slide 2/x
Total CA: 155 Mill. ha, about 11% of global arable cropland
Australia/New Zealand17.9 (35.9%)
![Page 37: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Conservation Agriculture
• Increase yields, production, profit (depending on level and degradation) • Less seeds (-50%+ with SRI)• Less fertilizer use (-50%) less pesticides (-20-50%+)• Less machinery, energy & labour cost (-70%)• water needs (-30-40% +)• More stable yields – lower impact of climate (drought, floods, heat, cold) & cc mitigation• Lower environmental cost (water, infrastructure)• Rehabilitation of degraded lands and eco-services
• Increase yields, production, profit (depending on level and degradation) • Less seeds (-50%+ with SRI)• Less fertilizer use (-50%) less pesticides (-20-50%+)• Less machinery, energy & labour cost (-70%)• water needs (-30-40% +)• More stable yields – lower impact of climate (drought, floods, heat, cold) & cc mitigation• Lower environmental cost (water, infrastructure)• Rehabilitation of degraded lands and eco-services
Wheat yield and nitrogen amount for different duration of no-tillage in Canada 2002 (Lafond
2003)
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0 30 60 90 120
nitrogen (kg/ha
Gra
in y
ield
(t/h
a)
20-year no-tillage
2-year no-tillage
AG department brainstorming, April 12, 2012
Impact pattern with CA + SRI
![Page 38: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Conservation Agriculture
Small scale -- Paraguay, Tanzania, India, China, Lesotho, Zimbabwe ……Large scale – Canada, USA, Brazil, Australia, Argentina, Kazakhstan .....
Small scale -- Paraguay, Tanzania, India, China, Lesotho, Zimbabwe ……Large scale – Canada, USA, Brazil, Australia, Argentina, Kazakhstan .....
Cross Slot Conference and Tour 2012 – Germany/France
publications
Documented benefits of CA for food security, environment, sustainability, rehabilitation
![Page 39: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Evidence of some of the major benefits-Soil health quality-Soil carbon and organic matter-Crop establishment-Water related functions – more effective and efficient-Biodiversity/agrobiodiversity-Nutrient response – greater nutrient productivity-Increased yields and farm and national output-Lower farm power requirement -Greater stability – climate change adaptability-Climate change mitigation – C seq., lower GHG emi. & fuel use -In-situ, landscape and territorial ecosystem services-Nutritional and health benefits
The list goes on!CA & SRI are not only climate-smart, they are smart in many other ways
![Page 40: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Example 1-- Canada: Carbon offset scheme in Alberta
Sequestering soil Carbon with CA and trading offsets with regulated companies to offset their emissions by purchasing verified tonnes
(from ag and non-ag sectors)Source: Tome Goddard et al.
![Page 41: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Itaipu reservoir dam today (source: Itaipu Binacional)
Water resources are threatened by conventional tillage agricultural practices. Conservation Agriculture is an alternative to reduce impacts on river’s quality and to maintain a higher level of productivity and
sustainability.
Cultivating Good Water Programme41
Example 2 -- Watershed services in Parana Basin, Brazil
![Page 42: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Itaipu Dam - Parana basin III, Brazil, August 2011 – Cultivating good water programme
![Page 43: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Broad conclusions -- 1
• Meeting 2050 food demand is agronomically doable, and land resources are available
• But business as usual not an option to meet future needs sustainably
• Production systems based on ecosystem approach must contribute to meeting future needs
• CA systems (including for SRI-based cropping systems) do this most effectively.
![Page 44: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Broad conclusions -- 2
• CA with SRI is potentially applicable in most land-based agro-ecosystems.
• CA is increasingly seen as a real alternative and constraints to adoption are being addressed. Now increasing at the annual rate of 10 M ha, and covers more than 155 M ha.
•SRI water management makes it possible for SRI and CA to become integrated.
![Page 45: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
Broad conclusions -- 3
• CA+SRI can improve yields, profit, sustainability and efficiency for small and large farmers.
• CA is capable of rehabilitating degraded lands and ES world-wide.
• Policy and institutional (including education) support, farmer organizations and champions are needed to mainstream the adoption of CA.
![Page 46: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
And, the messages, once understood, even make people dance!
More information: [email protected]://www.fao.org/ag/ca; http://sri.ciifad.cornell.edu
Join CA-CoP & SRI-Rice
![Page 47: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
COMPARISON
A FARMER’S TRIAL – CLODS OF TOPSOIL FROM ADJACENT PLOTS, PARANÁ, BRAZIL (Shaxson 2007)
PRO-BIOTIC ▲ ANTI-BIOTIC ▲
Topsoil after 5 years with retention Topsoil after regularly-repeated diskof crop residues and no-till seeding. tillage, without retention of residues
Soil health and adverse effect of tillage agriculture
![Page 48: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
SOIL CARBON – Mr. Reynolds’ farm in Lincolnshire
4.59%
![Page 49: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
Evolution of SOC under different soil management systems and its effect on
agronomic productivity – Brazil
Sá et al. 2013
NF - native forest; PE - prior the establishment of the experiment in 1989CT - conventional tillage; MT - minimum tillage;NTch - no-till chisel; CNT - Continuous no-till
![Page 50: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
Residue retention distinguishes Conservation
Agriculture from conventional farming systems, which are characterized by leaving the soil bare and unprotected, exposed to climatic agents.
![Page 51: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
Situation in Malawi – Tilled & CA
Tilled CA
![Page 52: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52(THOMAS, 2004)
Water infiltration, just after a thunderstorm
![Page 53: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
Gains in Rainfall Infiltration Rate with CALess flooding – improved water cycle
Landers 2007Landers 2007
tillage + cover, measured
no-till + cover, measured
tillage, no cover, measured
tillage + cover, calculated
no-till + cover, calculated
tillage, no cover, calculated
Time (min.)
Acc
um
ula
ted
Infi
ltra
tio
n r
ate
[mm
. h-1]
Benefits of CA Benefits of CA
![Page 54: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
Soil water content in 0-30 cm soil depth;average of 1998 & 1999 under maize
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
11.05. 29.05. 18.06. 02.07. 14.07. 29.07. 12.08. 25.08. 08.09.
Date
Pflug Direktsaat Plough No-tillage
![Page 55: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Earthworm population
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
plough no-tillage naturalmeadow
bio
mas
s g
/m2
other species
Lumbricus
![Page 56: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
Good news: Dad’s Army with ‘rattle’ worms is ready to help!
![Page 57: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
Biodiversity
Soil food webs…..
Above groundfood webs &habitates for natural enemies of pests
Ground- nestingbirds, animals and insects
![Page 58: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
Wheat yield response to nitrogen fertilization (Conventional Tillage
Poduction)
Carvalho et al., 2012
Zero N
![Page 59: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59
Wheat yield response to nitrogen fertilization (after 11 years of CA)
Carvalho et al., 2012
Zero N
![Page 60: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60
Wheat yield response to nitrogen fertilization (according the model)
Carvalho et al., 2012
![Page 61: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61
Source: Dijkstra, 1998
Empirical evidence: The Frank Dijkstra farm in Ponta Grossa, Brazil
![Page 62: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
62
Source: FEBRAPDP & CONAB, 2012, FAO 2013
Empirical evidence: Brazil – adoption of CA and evolution of yields
![Page 63: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63
Source: Peiretti, 2002
Empirical evidence: Argentina – adoption of CA and evolution of grain yields
![Page 64: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Regional perspective – Southern Africa
Conventional tillage yield (kg ha-1)
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
Conservation agriculture treatm
ent yield (kg ha-1
)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Planting basins, MozambiqueJab planter, MozambiqueDirect seeding, ZimbabweRipper, ZimbabweDirect seeding, ZambiaRipper, ZambiaDirect seeding, MalawiIntercropping, Malawi
64CIMMYT-Thierfelder et al.
![Page 65: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
65
Longer term maize grain yields on farmers fields in Malawi - Zidyana
Longer term maize grain yields on farmers fields in Malawi - Zidyana
Zidyana
Year
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Yie
ld d
iffe
renc
e be
twee
n C
A a
nd C
P (
kg h
a-1
)
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
CAML CAM
C
CIMMYT– Thierfelder et al.
![Page 66: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Economic viability-Malawi
Lemu Zidyana CP CA CAL CP CA CAL Gross Receipts 528.6 881.5 979.7 1047.2 1309.5 1293.7 Variable costs Inputs 238.5 341.0 353.6 221.7 323.7 346.1 Labour days (6 hr days) 61.7 39.9 49.4 61.7 39.9 49.4 Labour costs 159.5 103.2 127.9 155.6 100.7 124.7 Sprayer costs 1.7 1.2 1.7 1.2 Total variable costs 398.1 445.9 482.8 377.3 426.1 472.1 Net returns (US$/ha) 130.5 435.5 497.1 669.9 883.3 821.9 Returns to labour (US$/day) 1.8 5.2 4.9 5.4 9.8 7.6
Source: Ngwira et al., 2012
![Page 67: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
67
Longer term maize grain yields on farmers fields in Malawi - Lemu
Harvest year
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Ma
ize
bio
mas
s y
ield
(k
g h
a-1)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
Conventional control, maize (CPM)
CA, maize (CAM)
CA, maize/legume intercropping (CAML)
aa
a a
b
b
aa
bb
a
a
b
aa
b
a a
CIMMYT – Thierfelder et al.
![Page 68: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
68
Effect of CA on soil and water:• CA stops erosion, reverses degradation, aquifer recharge (bio-
pores)• improved water quality
CA and climate change:• adaptation: less runoff and
flooding, better drought/temperature tolerance
• mitigation: reduced emission • 60% lower fuel use• 20% lower fertilizer/pesticides• 50% reduction in machinery• C-sequestration 0.05-0.2 t.ha-1.y-1
• no burning, no CO2 release
Effect of CA on soil and water:• CA stops erosion, reverses degradation, aquifer recharge (bio-
pores)• improved water quality
CA and climate change:• adaptation: less runoff and
flooding, better drought/temperature tolerance
• mitigation: reduced emission • 60% lower fuel use• 20% lower fertilizer/pesticides• 50% reduction in machinery• C-sequestration 0.05-0.2 t.ha-1.y-1
• no burning, no CO2 release
Benefits of CABenefits of CA
![Page 69: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
69
SUMMARY OF ANNUAL EXPENSES
70
40
60
77,5
85
REDUC-TION(%)
15 000 €25 000 €Labour
18 347,55 €61 068,88 €TOTAL ANUAL
7 110 €17 460 €Fuel
1 840,40 €8 158,41 €
Maintenance andrepair of tillage/drilling implements
1 507,15 €10 450,47 €Maintenance and
repair of tractors
DIRECT DRILLING(Year 2003)
CONVENTI ONAL TI LLAGE
(Year 2000)
70
40
60
77,5
85
REDUC-TION(%)
15 000 €25 000 €Labour
18 347,55 €61 068,88 €TOTAL ANUAL
7 110 €17 460 €Fuel
1 840,40 €8 158,41 €
Maintenance andrepair of tillage/drilling implements
1 507,15 €10 450,47 €Maintenance and
repair of tractors
DIRECT DRILLING(Year 2003)
CONVENTI ONAL TI LLAGE
(Year 2000)
Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible CSIC , Cordoba, Setiembre 2005
Farm power – 4 tractors with 384 HP under tillage & 2 tractors with 143 HP under no-till Farm near Evora, South Portugal
![Page 70: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
70
PARTING SHOT FROM TONY REYNOLDSSo ladies & gentlemen, apart from:
Increasing soil fertility Reducing diesel by 50%
Reducing fertiliser by 80% Reducing nitrogen by 50%
Sequestering soil carbon Reducing carbon footprint “Increasing yields”
Increasing environmental benefits Saving the planet
What else do you want!
![Page 71: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
71
• provisioning: food and clean water• regulating: climate and pests/diseases • supporting: nutrient cycles, pollination• cultural: recreation• conserving: biodiversity, erosion control
• provisioning: food and clean water• regulating: climate and pests/diseases • supporting: nutrient cycles, pollination• cultural: recreation• conserving: biodiversity, erosion control
Benefits of CABenefits of CA
Better ecosystem services:
![Page 72: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
72
Examples of CA adoption world-wide
![Page 73: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
73
Mucuna after cotton fb by maize in Burkina Faso
![Page 74: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
74
Pigeon peas with maize residues -
Kenya
Lablab grown as a cover crop -
Tanzania
The use of lablab
![Page 75: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Access to equipment and inputs:• for manual work -- ZambiaAccess to equipment and inputs:• for manual work -- Zambia
What is needed?What is needed?
![Page 76: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Access to equipment and inputs:• for animal draftAccess to equipment and inputs:• for animal draft
What is needed?What is needed?
![Page 77: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
77
TanzaniaTanzania
History and Adoption of CAHistory and Adoption of CA
![Page 78: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
78
BrazilBrazil
HarvestHarvest
PlantingPlanting
knife rollingknife rolling
History and Adoption of CAHistory and Adoption of CA
![Page 79: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
79
No-till seeding of wheat into rice stubble/residue - China
![Page 80: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
80
History and Adoption of CAHistory and Adoption of CA
No-till riceIn North KoreaNo-till riceIn North Korea
![Page 81: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
81
CHINA: innovation with raised-bed, zero-till SRI field;measured yield 13.4 t/ha; Liu’s 2001 yield (16 t/ha) set
provincial yield record and persuaded Prof. Yuan Longping
![Page 82: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
82
All crops can be seeded in no-till systems
Potatoes under no-till after rice in North Korea
(Friedrich, 2006)
![Page 83: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
83
FAO, 2012
Farmer Field School participants harvesting no-till IPM potatoes in lowland rice production systems, Thai Binh, Vietnam, 2011
![Page 84: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
84
No-till cassava in orange grove -- Paraguay
![Page 85: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
85
Onions under CA management on broad beds
![Page 86: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
86
Oil Palm under CA management with mucuna ground cover in Malaysia
![Page 87: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
87
Olive grove under CA management -- Lebanon
![Page 88: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
88
Grapevines under CA management with vetch ground cover - Lebanon
![Page 89: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
89
No-tillage in Europe
(W. Sturny)
![Page 90: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
90
No-Tillage in Switzerland
(W. Sturny)
![Page 91: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
91No-till maize Plough
No-till SB No-till SBPlough Plough
Switzerland
![Page 92: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
92
No-Tillage in France with Cover Crops
(Alfred Gässler)
![Page 93: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
93
SPRING DRILLING ‘11’ LINCOLNSHIRE, UK
![Page 94: Agro-ecological approach conservation agriculture and SRI - Prof. Amir Kassam](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022032300/55ce01bebb61ebfd578b46aa/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
94
Thank you for your attention