Agriculture to End Hunger and Under-Nutrition: Legumes in ... · Fragile contexts and national...

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Agriculture to End Hunger and Under-Nutrition: Legumes in the Lead Rob Bertram U.S. Agency for International Development

Transcript of Agriculture to End Hunger and Under-Nutrition: Legumes in ... · Fragile contexts and national...

  • Agriculture to End Hunger and Under-Nutrition:

    Legumes in the Lead

    Rob Bertram U.S. Agency for International Development

  • • Rates of hunger and poverty declining

    • Agriculture-Nutrition linkages

    • Stunting rates coming down, but still high

    • Global Commitment in SDG 2

    • Global Food Security Act signals US support

    Progress andCommitment

  • New Results Framework2017 to 2021

  • Hidden Hunger Index (micronutrient deficiencies)

    Poverty and hunger declining

    0

    10

    20

    30

    40

    World Africa Asia Pacific LAC

    1990-922012-14

    Prevalence of undernourishment (%)

    Source: FAO 2015

    Prevalence of poverty (US $1.25/day, 2005 PPP), (%)

    Source: PovCalNet 2015

    Source: Muthayya et al. 2015

    0

    20

    40

    60

    80

    100

    1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011

    East Asia South Asia

    SSA World

  • 24% of the world’s 667 million children are stunted

  • Agricultural growth is poverty-reducing

    -3

    -2.5

    -2

    -1.5

    -1

    -0.5

    0Malawi Mozambique Tanzania Uganda Zambia

    All sectorsAgricultureNon-agriculture

    Poverty-growth elasticities (US$1.25 poverty line)

    Agricultural growth continues to be more poverty-reducing than non-agricultural growth

    Source: Dorosh and Thurlow, 2014

  • Agricultural growth enhances hunger reduction

    • Increases household incomes and diversifies diets

    • Reduces food prices to benefit poor net food buyers

    • Creates employment; stimulates rural nonfarm economy

    Source: Pauw and Thurlow 2010

    Whether subsectoral growth reduces hunger depends on• Its linkages with rest of

    economy

    • Its initial size and geographic concentration

    • Its growth potential

    • Market opportunitiesSource: Fan and Brzeska 2012

    -2

    -1.5

    -1

    -0.5

    0

    Maize Pulses &oilseeds

    Horticulture Livestock Exportcrops

    Perc

    ent

    Calorie deficiency-growth elasticities, Tanzania (2000-07)

    Agricultural growth reduces hunger

  • Economic growth and nutritional outcomes

  • Increases in households’ purchasing power directly impacts nutrition

    Very, very poor

    Less poor

    Not poor

    Moderate poor

    Very poor

    Rice

    Rice Rice and vegs

    Rice

    Rice

    Rice and vegs Rice and eggs

    Rice and vegs Rice and eggs Rice and meat

    Rice Rice and vegs Rice, vegs, and eggs Rice, vegs, eggs, meat

    From Martin Bloem, UNICEF

  • Legumes Research: Why?

    • Nutritional role—protein, micronutrient, other• Gender friendly: women often grow/manage

    • Cheapest source of added nutrition, especially for children, women

    • Productivity growth has lagged cereals; affordability and consumption declines

    • Strong market demand/consumer preference • Positive environmental contributions,

    e.g. soil fertility

  • Diverse nutritional statusdemands diverse solutions

    05

    10152025303540

    Hungry Stunted children Obese05

    10152025303540

    Hungry Stunted children Obese

    05

    10152025303540

    Hungry Stunted children Obese

    Low income countries Middle income countries

    High income countries

    % population

    Reduce energy deficiency

    Reduce micro-nutrient

    deficiency

    Reduce excessive net energy and unhealthy diets

    PresenterPresentation NotesData extracted from: Robert F. Townsend, Steven Jaffee, Yurie Tanimichi Hoberg, and Aira Htenas, with inputs from Meera Shekar, Zia Hyder,Madhur Gautam, Holger Kray, Loraine Ronchi, Sarwat Hussain, Leslie Elder, and Gene Moses. Overall guidance wasprovided by Juergen Voegele and Ethel Sennhauser (2106) Future of Food: Shaping the Global Food System to Deliver Improved Nutrition and Health. The World Bank Group, USA.

  • Source: Smith and Haddad, 2013

    Food: 32% Water & Sanitation: 35%

    Women’s Education+ status: 33% 116 developing countries

    (1970-2010)

    Marie Ruel, IFPRI

    Contribution of Sectors to Improving Nutrition Globally

  • Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture

    13

    Target production of nutrient-rich foods, esp. those that include nutrients lacking in dietInclude behavior change communication component specifically aimed at consumption of target cropsEnsure target food availability and affordability in local markets and support consumption educationMeasure outcomes, including intermediates such as consumption and market availability

    PresenterPresentation NotesSo, what do we need to keep in mind in order to apply these considerations?

    These considerations assume promotion and use of good agricultural production, post harvest handling/storage, processing and marketing practices to support planned production and income outcomes.

    - Target production of nutrient-rich crops, ideally those that include nutrients lacking in diet (and/or in soils) - Include behavior change communication component aimed at consumption of the targeted, nutrient rich crops and a diverse diet, including some animal source protein. - Ensure availability of a diversity of nutrient rich foods, including the target crop, in local markets (supply) and support consumption education (demand) - Develop and measure (appropriate) outcomes, including intermediate targets, e.g. consumption or market availability

  • AN OUNCE OF PREVENTION IS WORTH A POUND OF CURE

    • Humanitarian assistance doesn’t have to be indefinite -- it is possible to design programs that build resilience and end reliance on aid

    • We are investing in the long-term solutions to recurrent crises

    • Pushing into fragile contexts • Every $1 spent on resilience will result in a $2.9 return over 20 years• Sharing responsibility• Stemming the rates at which people escape poverty and fall back into it• Bridging relief, recovery and development

    PresenterPresentation NotesFragile contexts and national security: Northern Nigeria: unemployment and associated grievances best predictor of support for Boko Haram , not religiosity or ideology.Somalia: $50 a month and a mobile phone are enough to recruit youth with few other optionsPreventing shocks from becoming crises that then lead to refugees or IDPs

    Addressing the ROOT CAUSES of hunger and poverty (we’re distinct from humanitarian assistance but a key part of the hunger story/continuum from relief to recovery and development)

    Can reduce humanitarian need: In Ethiopia, among households facing the most severe drought conditions in 2016, those in communities reached by our full suite of resilience programs experienced a minimal decline (4%) in their food security, while other households declined significantly (30%). (Note: $1 figure is from a UK study an is an estimate.)

    Sharing responsibility: Shifting the burden for managing risk from donors to countries and communities

    Stopping poverty backsliding

    Bridging relief, recovery and development: There is a strong alliance spanning emergency relief NGOs-the US ag /food private sector- US Universities have joined to support food security in intl. development assistance under GFSA.

  • Climate Varies Over Time: Which variation is most important? (Temperature)

    10 – 50% 30 – 90%

    Trend (“Climate Change”) Interannual (year to year)

    http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/maproom/Global/Time_Scales/

    Decadal

    Example: Observed Annual Temperature in the Last 100 Years

    10 – 40%

    http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/maproom/Global/Time_Scales/

  • Climate Varies Over Time: Whichvariation is most important? (Precip)

    5 – 10% 60 – 90%

    Trend (“Climate Change”) Interannual (year to year)

    http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/maproom/Global/Time_Scales/

    Example: Observed Annual Rainfall in the Last 100 Years

    Decadal 10 – 35%

    http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu/maproom/Global/Time_Scales/

  • Walter E. Baethgen 2014

    Sahel: Annual Precipitation

    200

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    550

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    650

    700

    1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

    Rain

    fall (

    mm

    )

    Observed

    Example: Annual Precipitation over the Sahel

    Decadal Variability250mm in 20 years

    “Climate Change”180mm in 100 years

    Interannual Variability290mm from one year to next

    18% of total

    27% of total

    55% of total

    Chart2

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    Observed

    Rainfall (mm)

    Sahel: Annual Precipitation

    590.2762551158

    630.842566221

    336.6646250708

    469.2542075556

    460.8024906179

    483.405815294

    674.451620426

    449.0749148835

    530.3241064374

    551.0211110118

    481.1735028869

    374.4107596057

    461.9392508202

    296.2438000026

    470.4087419428

    501.8607889723

    471.2100657124

    490.7043333636

    554.4081047249

    466.7347335942

    488.5338820698

    433.3861471529

    548.3516586294

    483.630504534

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    381.4448932151

    610.2253308461

    525.4577664038

    525.4341931762

    537.1060718063

    437.2399917663

    535.6282773377

    542.9353268424

    509.3484921895

    592.2505126383

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    496.9252401121

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    492.2398558421

    378.7400632645

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    441.5797783112

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    559.7574368685

    520.5265104026

    423.8522668987

    407.4935314423

    686.790900901

    493.5258616355

    634.2904887547

    538.7830816047

    599.5986103529

    583.0100688551

    544.7547487987

    547.6721346693

    596.0286364393

    539.6348340467

    491.9407227047

    562.7260466564

    492.720570706

    479.0041001171

    555.4781758642

    504.718080485

    426.7550102604

    550.4662018403

    354.3915355236

    484.319642951

    456.2193182635

    431.7807785781

    251.9141140489

    316.44808277

    466.5902931687

    491.1171560269

    362.7187248784

    374.2945958946

    445.6460339395

    347.6482060936

    388.9985890115

    381.7360742484

    310.6787333612

    261.7219788551

    244.8393049865

    377.9723239248

    367.2646310998

    287.2201342877

    499.8644133707

    423.0078180785

    303.7072832697

    370.6334111204

    341.5347272627

    374.4512395571

    501.034210426

    414.9820025941

    390.7618201694

    353.7509872884

    423.7868191779

    542.0222492126

    400.5039761828

    436.3213723342

    355.6984270444

    460.337826147

    379.4521512705

    510.9536067377

    481.4131282656

    Sheet1

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    1901194126131.33332.334

    19024112569122.33201.675

    1903203.3368133.333994

    190455.5714382167.672745

    1905111124.6765258.33140.3395.33115195.33466.339

    1906157.3379.67297.33170.33269.67398.33430157.238

    1907144.67199.6749.33130114.37192.6755.3775119.67308.67263.67132116.9313

    1908136.33130.6779.67195186.0718722.3310152.67175.6745933762.67143.67178.3315

    1909188139.3356.67215180.921536.37100210.33274.67388181.67154.3313

    191012310737.33190.33117.3169.67288145.67102.33110.33385.67339.67129.67156.4314

    1911145.6775.3343202.6791.43133.33173.6762.163.3378.33154278204.6791.3161.33140.316

    1912995832.67170.33115.33164.67169.3363.87224.67134.33251.33246129133.67212.3315

    191391.6776.3346.67147.33142.6712761.9777.3337.3396264.6717531.6714.339615

    191498.3312651.67175.1164185.6734.67125.33115.67413346.33124.3372.67181.6714

    191569.33112.3317497.67291.33355.33365.33100.6767.67138.6710

    1916149.67190250.33148100.67425.67305.6766.3362.33162.310

    191782.33114.67265.67126.67212355.33306.335511465.33119.8711

    1918127.33191.33156.97233.67158139.677516387232.67203.67268.67295.67314.23354.673603798251.3337190.9721

    1919184.3393.6714.6732124.33144101.13215227107.67102.331896343123.33128121.33175129.33164.33158.67402.67288.33299.33100.6795.3364.67225.37169.1729

    1920130148.6764.3377.6710577.67187.33183.33178.67381217.6756.6731.6765.33165.3374.3374135117117.67122.67145.67164.67113.67210.33209.33406.37632310255.679795.33199.63197.8774218.6736

    1921111.3350.67128.671256863.6789.6793.67102.33139.67126122178.33188.67167.332901843316421878.3353.3386126.6770.6762.6766.67115.33160154.33128.33209.67189.67349.8573.67255.67275.6772.3372.33159.83191.3390.671459045

    192256.33109.67113.33167.3315146.3355.33113.6776.6770.67147.33177.67125.67107.67126216.33229235.67347237.334437.33514.3313484.6776.67118.67226.3373.3392185.33149.67109.33106159.33118.67157.33224.33167.33245502.2364313.67312.33170113.33264.4258.83283138282.6727818554

    192350.67155.6712440.67145.67130.6726.6740.6766.338364.6749166.33156168.6797.67179.67177170.33162157.67266.67208236.6789.67581716.33721724769.331289850.3353.33157156198.33174186152.67256.33167.33260.33267.67295.33350.33178.67338.33492.6776185156.57207.07148117.67169.3318993.3360

    192438126.692.3372.67196.3314330.6789.3373.67158130.3391.33201.67165.67178.3312388166.67110193.6718990.67321.67298278.67186.6718.6745.6796.6728.33191.334876.6795.3389.3349.6752.33121.67140.67172226.33218.67183.67237.67290.67179258.33607.33367.67332.33440140.67236.63142.1214146.67151.33237251.3359

    192532.33130.176554.67167.33163.6721.336857.6799.6780.67100.33123.33143.4111.6772.33125.33157153.33182.67165339.67201.33170131.6727.3376.671385555.336476.67599367.3368142147.33115.33126191.3396.33168.33142207.67145.67219.67358.43358285.3330658.6792166.27129.67147.6712014922116460

    192625.671035158.6794109.3326.6751.3357.3371.6711833.67222.67121.933.33137.6765.67123.6773103.337997.67323.67234.33238.331412217.67117.6724767338.3355.6714278.3393.339988.67156141155.67134135.67189235.33190.67361.43313.67498.3326731.676480.232087069135.33175166.6760

    192746.33133100.6781242.6714371.67111121.6798112.3342.67141.67118.983.67155114.33151228.67239.67198218.67353299204.67263.675372.33198.677114517065142154146.33135.33196134.33246.67257.33172.33223.33234272.67163.67300.67479.4345309498.6791.33105161.73180.03234.980.67153.67204183.6760

    192833.6712773.3312.33150177.6737.337454.6760.6776.6750.67128.7790.67150.33166107.33185190129.67160.33370.33223278203.6731.333411157155.6795.33477810095.3390.33113.33145.67122.67246.67247.33189.67271.33216.67227.33513.73370.67347.67386112.67193.17173.67106138.87236.57196.43152160221240.3360

    19294378.178035.33186.67146.3335.676091.33973143.67331.6711542.67139175122.33139.3370106.33420.67202.33280.3388709859104.339251.6710411699150.33125.67120.67184.67193.67250133195.67261206290.33373.33343383161.33148.33142.67203120137.7151.17154.77174.67159.67248.33140.3360

    193043.67139.779159156.6715079.3334.3378.3379.33136.6740.33389.67148.67109.33105.63149.33133133.33148.67146.67186.33112.67358.33187.33193.3357.67444545.67958682124.33220.6774.6761.33164.33168.67225.33255.33207.67152.33163210.33185.33276394.07275.67339393.33126.67172.67179.33154.3380185.1181.146111.33154.67195.33169.3363

    19316594.79475.67157.33132.7163296587842028159179128.27109.112.67126.67168.33136.67286.33408.33187169177267178.67304.67229.3333.3322.336150.67112.33796152.335180.67116.67129.33125.33162147.33144.67143.67167.33108.67212292.53221256.672498873.33160.67151.33102.33177.9150.93151.6123.67107.33222.67133.3366

    193271.67140.1154.33107.67138.67139.67196.6715137.6760.3365.336750.6729.67197.33172.33176.33125.67189.67166.33201286218.67181.33278.33139.33264.67342.3327664.3351.677982.67134.67114.33117107.677688.33166.33117.67197.67141178.67164.33158.67220312.33282294568.9500179.33363.2354.33112139170.3387.33133179.47137.67182.67149.67149226.3315167

    193338103.593.3385.6783.67156.67150.13189.67140.3322.6776.67838084.3342.33185.67167138.3314459.67206200.07152252.67263.67171.67164220152.67298.67242.67266.3346.3367.6768.3388152.3310256.33191128179.67225.33168.67164132.67161188263.33229.33199.67201.13234.33223.67311504.5356.6415.67293293.253.3384.67131.33112104.3374.67174.67132.03186.93117.33157.67226.33214.3373

    193447140.2792.67499571.33120.413113058.6756.6793.33103.3358.6729.67190.67145.33178.339640.33173149.9113.33289.33277173.33162.67168199.67321244.33271.6741.6730.3367.3331.6776.976579.679294.3373.3363.6777.33112197149.67144151.67129.33159.33171208.67260.67211.33227407.43298.2357.67328338.583.33108.67200151.3397.33110.63143.97187.83120.67146.33252.3321673

    193555.33136.2387.6762130130.67105.47152.3313847.336871.3310068.6754184.33222194.33162.5310070.33189110158.67324.33264.33201.33170.67233351.33337.33256.334146102.6782112.615388.6761.33101.33170.67115.6778136.67179.67121259314.33369313.33220285201.97255.67306.33343.67243434.4368.8432329377.786106.67135.67138.67112150205.13195.4234.63140.67195.67262.67304.3376

    193669.67144.57163.67105.3378.67188.67246.67229.8178.67195.33108.376194107115.3393.6789186205210.3318621112782.67299200232.33344225.67244224199191.67337.67212278235.6720.6778.3366.677364.1193.679757.671699995.67102.33265290.33181.67127217.33196.67206198231327.07264214.67233288.33561.23342.33376.33305418.7791.67130170.33171106.33122.67120.33275.77154.6197.13112.33253258322.3382

    193744132.93112134.3375.67146.33131.67166.3160.33125.67179.5738.67707996.336843.67134.33127.3397.33129.33151.3311151169107.33133.33312.33167184.67187.33157.67124.67254177.67216.3318231.3342102.333157.1313258.6756.6791.33120.6776.6768161168.67176111140126157.33214.67154.33169.37169.67314196339.43251.9259.33321.3369.3396.33166186.33124.67150125228.63161.43181.37144170181153.6780

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    19841102.3363.3328.9339.3354.3376626680.6787.3315.338357.6728.1746.2311.5319.2736.6713.9793.3350.588.243.8776.340.517.17125100.691.07186.33145.6114.33117.17101.3358.6763.27207.53149183.73108.3718.679.6729.4714.472347.6730.574753.3342.6727.216.31975.6739.335574.075995122.3379110.13138.1124.43129.23190.33207.33307.67190.37230242.67146.6735.333648.8382.434196.6728.6753.63158.23146.47155.7135.9791.9787.9790.67104.33132.5790

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    19490.94242924530.89958115920.81378998190.67151648490.27646974890.72572824310.99374218460.69638373750.81313397650.69878364730.56414697180.68696466620.93281564360.64946432830.51414458521.13751789830.6326852880.6826782750.58222558461.13124671420.78422829571.21277749440.97196374910.72735461811.17771974850.81118851390.74365685551.23927918740.96538144650.66448812970.83325514271.42545939480.64981188970.89618522821.2215388880.96322346270.88469471950.93543681240.84727264290.8486725140.81519971550.26588431511.37155416640.64659111310.97976245941.45893632860.61846434681.94885158450.65357823990.91292861710.92783553381.3962455491.37274593651.1136343531.81587369270.79471267941.19369316921.31543563880.78323995550.85395682261.34741259971.31731837180.7575142391.32815565731.39938621980.76395539220.24941927660.91448468481.13461526920.93628563731.17751564980.95232156340.79499881160.67652277450.51766369240.7531958160.64851833130.93218428130.13466491980.9978973140.82645689660.24573638630.41456126530.69741213250.98367295491.43819759351.25457962340.72129833860.62714814730.69144743221.21815764151.52736616281.71443274120.91594257130.3422037728135.831177147493407.4935314423531.838941378152.2429770152

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    19521.47859276731.76898546721.43746831621.99527471351.37778699341.82484798211.51545683161.59829437972.72795994291.35819643381.55187348161.17174723951.24718872681.39385729691.67942592241.42648834681.71837581211.31435723421.56627393231.31722369741.774299661.31928157431.26384865851.42774565141.34664175291.58433472161.77946461851.66476439381.99623922231.82447829290.79639726781.33238112331.18953836661.17993121390.81277129681.43483257171.62726897690.94883485121.46875647241.16234411270.92329939281.3636195521.82129121931.99697233231.48544629661.51666316591.28828799371.38687169951.21818933511.45347741431.14613369371.49564992992.34196783531.22198691581.3547368761.49623553641.3887316940.86788529631.36418519251.2491589661.28972868641.56657371971.51349285821.5249616631.55862112991.47518242411.38164917391.75864392871.27478128421.23263514291.43521292461.45461684221.76946556831.16711322521.3521915570.97838644941.14714886291.14965925531.76477529390.99553735690.92272551471.25512432181.21333721931.35636846941.16264213621.37868173191.3361387751.27292794981.48535953531.52293577981.37118621491.16676331471.35262141971.68871552661.35355698941.44862747890.96664418691.24336989711.54699256931.83851453541.14869443781.7776493621.46544964641.56781555231.16341572551.37938671661.31881454871.69882816361.42572486780.2961262167211.4301629182108634.2904887547543.6634731196131.7435410855

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Legumes, Nuts, & Seeds · 2019. 11. 22. · Chapter 31 Legumes, Nuts, & Seeds 489 in Food Preparing and Cooking Legumes Legumes are dried in the field and then har-vested and processed.

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