Agriculture Statistics of Pakistan

8/13/2019 Agriculture Statistics of Pakistan

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Pak Aims

Agriculture Statistics of

Pakistan

Hassan Tariq103497


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2Introduction

Table of ContentsTable of Contents.................................................................................................................21.Introduction.......................................................................................................................42.Objectives.........................................................................................................................43. Literature Review ............................................................................................................54.General Review of Cro !ector of "a#istan till 2$$5.......................................................%5.Tec&nolo'ical (eeds of )'riculture !ector....................................................................12*."roble+s in )'ricultural !ector......................................................................................13

a.,nviron+ental !ituation-............................................................................................13 b.Cultivation et&odolo'/-...........................................................................................13c.Introducin' C&e+ical in )'riculture-.........................................................................13d.,ner'/ "roble+s - ..................................................................................................13e.)'ricultural Ta0 ........................................................................................................15

%. e/ Cro s of "a#istan....................................................................................................1*a.Cotton..........................................................................................................................1*

b.Rice.............................................................................................................................1*c.!u'ar...........................................................................................................................1*e. e'etables...................................................................................................................1f.Ot&er food sa+ les......................................................................................................1

.(eed of t&e stud/ ..........................................................................................................2$

.,+ lo/+ent in )'riculture !ector or 6o+en............................................................211$.Reco++endations.........................................................................................................2*11.Conclusion-...................................................................................................................2%12.References ....................................................................................................................2%


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3Introduction

Executive Summary

"a#istan &as a'riculture based econo+/ . T&e resent roduction of various cro s is ver/low as co+ ared to ot&er countries. "a#istan is well be&ind ,'/ t7 c&ine and India in er

&ectare rice and su'arcane roduction8 w&ile ,'/ t7 tur#e/ and c&ina also e0cel in cotton roduction because a'ricultural e0tension services are of oor 9ualit/. )vailabilit/ ofi+ roved tec&nolo'/ and its effective disse+ination are two #e/ rere9uisites for

roductivit/ . Results obtained at researc& stations and e0 erience de icted b/ t&e ro'ressive far+ers s&ow t&at t&e available a'ricultural tec&nolo'/ &as a otential toincrease t&e current roductivit/ +anifold. In ot&er words bi' 'a e0ists between t&e

otential and actual /ields bein' obtained b/ our far+ers. :ifferent aut&ors wrote t&eirviews about t&ese ne'otiations. !o+e aut&ors are of t&e view t&at "a#istan can 'etsubstantial benefits after t&e i+ le+entation of t&ese a'ree+ents. ;ut on t&e ot&er &andso+e aut&ors are of t&e view t&at "a#istan will be unable to co+ ete in international+ar#ets. It is clear t&at "a#istan is constrained in its abilit/ to e0 ort a'ricultural and

food roducts to develo ed countries under !anitar/ and "&/tosanitor


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4Introduction

1.Introduction"a#istan &as a'riculture based econo+/. T&is sector accounts for about 25 of t&e G:"and e+ lo/s 5$ of t&e total labor force. It contributes $ to forei'n e0c&an'eearnin's and rovides raw +aterial for +ajor industries.< "a#istan econo+/ surve/ 71 @1 =. T&e o ulation of "a#istan &as reac&ed t&e fi'ure of 135 +illion. T&eurbanDrural o ulation brea#u reveals t&at s&are of rural o ulation &as declined fro+%1.% in 1 1 to 32.5 in 1 ation


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5Introduction

a'ricultural tec&nolo'/ b/ t&e far+in' co++unit/. T&e ado tion of reco++ended ractices involves t&e total ersonalit/ of a far+er w&o +a#es decisions on t&econsideration of socio@econo+ic factor in i''in' on &is total livin'. !uc& is alwa/s a

joint decision w&ere a +e+ber of &is fa+il/7 friends and +an/ ot&ers contribute.T&erefore7 t&e e0tension wor#er &as to a eal to a nu+ber of social attributes7 custo+s7

values7 nor+s and traditions. an/ innovations ot&erwise e0ceedin'l/ attractive andecono+icall/ viable7 &ave failed because t&at could not +eet even t&e less si'nificantsocial re9uire+ents. )do tion of innovations is a conse9uence of suc& ste s li#eawareness7 interest evaluation7 and trial. "rovidin' t&e a'ricultural infor+ation is t&eonl/ first ste in creatin' awareness. ) l/in' it to t&e attitudes and ersuadin' far+ersto ado t innovations7 is an educational rocess in t&e true sense. T&e ti+e de+ands t&edrastic c&an'es in t&e s/ste+ and t&ere is also a need t&at to+orrowAs a'riculture +ust besustainable.

3. Literature evie!) vast literature is available about t&e a'ree+ents b/ "a#istan in cro sector. In +ost oft&e fields ne'otiation are ta#in' lace. :ifferent aut&ors wrote t&eir views about t&esene'otiations. !o+e aut&ors are of t&e view t&at "a#istan can 'et substantial benefits aftert&e i+ le+entation of t&ese a'ree+ents. ;ut on t&e ot&er &and so+e aut&ors are of t&eview t&at "a#istan will be unable to co+ ete in international +ar#ets .

T&e trends s&ow t&at t&ere is need to increase invest+ent in a'ricultural sector. To do t&iswe need to ado t ro@ oor and ro@far+er a'ricultural olicies.

It is to be ta#en care of t&at t&e trade liberali>ation re'i+e is lar'el/ effectin' national olic/ and t&e rocess of +a#in' olicies.

)ccordin' to t&e aut&or7 "a#istan bein' a develo in' countr/ enjo/s certain fle0ibilities.T&e )'ree+ent on )'riculture is of articular i+ ortance to "a#istan in ter+s ofecono+ic and food securit/. T&e )'ree+ent on )'riculture s ea#s of increasin' trade ina'ricultural roducts t&rou'& ro'ressive liberali>ation. T&e a'ree+ent sa/s t&at t&e+e+bers +ust fulfill s ecific bindin' and reduction co++it+ents in t&e areas of +ar#etaccess.

It +eans to increase +ar#et access t&rou'& t&e reduction of i+ ort duties and tariff."a#istan is unable to 'ive su ort or subsidies to its far+ers due to lac# of resources.T&e researc& a er s&ows t&at )'ree+ent on )'riculture is creatin' ine9ualities betweencountries. It +eans t&at ine9ualities between two 'rou of countries. irst 'rou is oft&ose countries t&at can 'ive substantial su ort and rotection to t&at a'ricultural sector.Ot&er 'rou is of t&ose countries7 w&ic& could not rovide suc& rotection to t&eira'ricultural sector


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*Introduction

In t&e area of +ar#et access7 "a#istan offered ceilin' bindin' on a'ricultural i+ ortsdurin' Era'ua/ Round ed foodstuff in "a#istan.

It is also e0 lained in t&e a er t&at bein' a develo in' countr/7 "a#istan was allowed to'ive s ecial and differential treat+ent subsidies on fertili>er and tube well electricit/."rice to t&e establis&+ent of 6TO7 "a#istan occasionall/ rovided direct e0 ortsubsidies.

Over decades7 t&e I D6orld ;an# loan conditions &ave forced develo in' countries tolower t&eir trade barriers7 cut subsidies for t&eir do+estic food roducers and eli+inate'overn+ent olicies to i+ rove rural a'riculture. In t&ese situations7 "a#istan needs tore+ain over cautions. )lt&ou'& our ne'otiation in 6TO Geneva &as done a wonderful

job but t&ere is need for furt&er i+ rove+ents. T&e aut&or su''ested for+ a 6TO cadre

in our civil service structure so t&at t&e civil servant +a/ concentrate on 6TO issues.T&ere is also a need to involve acade+ic institutes and rivate sector in 6TO ca acit/ buildin' efforts. It is also re9uired to 'ive subsidies to reduce t&e cost of +ar#etin'e0 orts and trans ort.

T&e aut&ors &ave s&own in t&eir a er t&at unrestricted trade re'i+e sti+ulate t&eecono+ic re'i+e and brin's t&e socio@econo+ic 'a a+on' countries. Enrestricted trade&el s develo ed countries ver/ +uc&. ;ut under develo ed countries cannot 'et as +uc&

benefits as t&e/ e0 ect. T&e stud/ anal/>es e+ iricall/ t&e effect of trade liberali>ationon four +easures of econo+ic develo +ent7 na+el/ er ca ita G:"7 inco+e ine9ualit/7

overt/ and e+ lo/+ent. T&e aut&ors a lied esti+atin' tec&ni9ues of 2!L! wit& t&e&el of si+ultaneous e9uations. Overall findin' reveal t&at7 over t&e trade liberali>ation&as contributed ositivel/ in e+ lo/+ent 'eneration7 ne'ativel/ in G:" er ca ita anddistributions of inco+e. T&ere is no effect observed on overt/ in "a#istan. It is s&ownt&at trade liberali>ation &as not fulfilled all t&e conditions in w&ic& develo +ent ta#es

lace in an econo+/. It is necessar/ to continuousl/ +ovin' towards liberali>ation wit&i+ rovin' t&e erfor+ance of its +ediatin' factors. It is necessar/ to ado t t&e a roac&t&at is roductivit/ oriented and develo +ent centered. Govern+ent s&ould ta#e initiativeto roduce labor@intensive roducts. Govern+ent s&ould tr/ to obtain self@sufficienc/ and'ood 9ualit/ +easures in its concernin' roducts. .

Barriers against Agricultural Exports from Pakistan:

T&e role of 6TO !anitar/ and "&/tosanitar/ )'ree+ent. "a# Hournal of )'ricultural,cono+ics +e+bers are encoura'ed to fulfill international standards. ) broaderindication of t&e i+ act of !anitar/ and "&/tosanitor


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%Introduction

It is clear t&at "a#istan is constrained in its abilit/ to e0 ort a'ricultural and food roducts to develo ed countries under !anitar/ and "&/tosanitor

roducts under t&e !anitar/ and "&/tosanitor

".#eneral evie! of Cro$ Sector of Pakistan till2%%&

T&e a'ricultural sector in "a#istan is co+ osed of five sub@sectors. In t&ese five sub@sectors +ajor are cro s7 livestoc#7 fis&eries and forestr/. T&e +ajor cro s +a#e t&elar'est contribution to t&e G:" fro+ t&e a'riculture sector. T&eir contribution is fallin'in last twent/ /ears. In earl/ /ears a'riculture was t&e lar'est sector and contributin'+ore t&an 53 to G:". ;ut in 2$$2@$37 t&eir s&are was down to onl/ 23.* . In 1 4 @5$7t&e labor force in a'riculture was *5 to %$ . ;ut now it is 45 to 4 al+ost. ;uta'riculture is still t&e lar'est sector in ter+s of e+ lo/+ent. In 1 4%7 total cultivated areain "a#istan was 3*.3 +illion acres. (ow it is 54.1$ +illion acres. Table 'ives t&e basicdata about t&e utili>ation of land in "a#istan.

Table: 1 Land Utilization, 1947-2003 (Million Hectares)ear Re orted area (ot available for cultivation Total area cultivated )rea

sown +ore t&an once Total cro ed area1 4%@4 4*.%$ 2$. 2 14.* $. 5 11.*31 *$@*5 5$.52 1 . 4 1%.% 1.* 15.$


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Introduction

1 *5@%$ 52. 1 .$ 1 .1 1. 1*.21 %$@%5 53.53 2$.5$ 1 .21 2.54 1%.$41 %5@ $ 54.2% 2$.*2 1 . 4 3.3+ai$ 1 .441 $@ 5 53.2 21.2 2$.32 4.$ 1 .*1 5@ $ 5%. % 23. % 2$.% 4.% 2$.4

1 $@ 5 5 .$4 24.4 21.1% 4.%$ 21. *1 5@$$ 5 .12 24.51 21. $ *.3% 22. 3

o!rce: "ss!es "n #a$istan %cono&' b' $bar *aidi

In t&e table7 re orted area +eans t&at a+ount of total 'eo'ra &ical area for w&ic& officialrecord e0ists. In "a#istan7 over ti+e a'ricultural roducts &ave increased. T&is all was&a ened due to increase in de+and locall/ and internationall/.

Table: 2 "nde+ o ric!lt!ral #rod!ction, 19.9-2000 (/ase 'ear 19.9)Year All crops Food crops Fiber crops t!er crops1 *$D1 1$$ 1$3 1$31 *5D* 12% 1$% 142 1 11 %$D1 1%4 1*4 1 1 51 %1D2 1 3 1%$ 245 1*1 %2D3 1 1 1 243 1*31 %3D4 1 * 1 $ 22 11 %4D5 1 % 1 3 22$ 1%11 %5D* 1 2$% 1%* 1 31 %*D% 2$3 212 14 2241 %%D 2$ 2$ 1 % 2231 % D 21 23 1*2 2121 % D1$ 23 245 25$ 21$1 $D1 24 254 245 23*1 1D2 25 25% 24% 2*11 2D3 2%$ 2%% 2 3 2351 3D4 23% 253 1%$ 241 4D5 2%5 2*5 34* 231 5D* 2 2 $ 41 2121 *D% 124 115 1 5 21 %D 12% 1$ 2$* 1$$1 D 134 11 2$$ 1121 D1$ 134 11 2$4 1$1 $D1 142 122 23$ 11$1 1D2 1*1 12* 3$* 12$1 2D3 141 124 21* 111 3D4 142 12% 1 2 1341 4D5 152 13 2$ 14$1 5D* 1*% 14% 253 14$


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Introduction

1 *D% 15 145 224 13$1 %D 1%$ 15% 21 1*$1 D 1%1 15 21$ 1**1 D$$ 1 1 1 $ 2* 143

o!rce: "ss!es in #a$istan %cono&' b' $bar *aidi

)s t&e total area under food cro s is concerned7 it &as increased b/ +ore t&an 5$ since1 5 D*$. 6&eat is t&e lar'est sown cro and constitutes ** of t&e total area of food'rains. or t&e four +ajor cro s of "a#istan7 t&e area under w&eat in t&is eriod is u*% 7 rice constitutes %5 7 cotton can constitute 3 and for su'ar cane it is 125 . In1 *$@*5 eriods7 t&e four +ajor cro s covered about 53 of total cro ed area. In1 5D * t&e total cro ed area &as increased substantiall/ to *4 . T&e co+ re&ensivedata is 'iven in table.

Table: 3 rea !nder Ma or ro s 19.0-2000 (000 Hectares)Year "!eat #ice Sugar cane $otton%Age of total cropped area

1 5$@55 4154.$ 4%.$ 245.* 12%5. @@@@@1 55@*$ 4%3*.* 1$% . 3*5.4 13 3.2 @@@@@1 *$@*5 4 *.2 1214.2 44%.* 13%5.4 52.51 *5@%$ 55 1. 142*.* 55 .* 1*35.* 5*.51 %$@%5 *$1%.4 1514.* 5 %.* 1 *$.2 5 .*21 %5@ $ *2%2.$ 1% %.* %4%.$ 1 1*.4 5 .2$1 $@ 5 %1%4.4 1 4.2 5 . 21%%.% *1. *1 5@ $ %41 .2 1 *.* 33.$ 245 .* *2.2*1 $@ 5 $5 .* 2$ .$ 2%.4 2%5 .$ *3.321 5@$$ 3$*.* 2333. 1$2 . 3$$2.4 **.21 o!rce: "ss!es in #a$istan %cono&' b' $bar *aidi

ajor cro cultivated area in t&e /ear 2$$$ for t&e +ajor rovince


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1$Introduction

i 1: Ma or cro s c!lti ated area in 'ear 2000

i 2: o& arison o c!lti ated area b' di erent scenarios de elo ed b' L% #

)s total roduction is concerned7 it &as substantiall/ increased for all +ajor as well as+inor cro s. ;ut avera'e annual 'rowt& rate for +ajor cro s &ave been fallin' since1 $. In t&e decade 1 $@ $7 t&e avera'e annual 'rowt& of +ajor cro s was 3.34 . )nd


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11Introduction

t&is avera'e annual 'rowt& rate of +ajor cro s fell to 2.4 in 1 $s. ;ot& total roduction of w&eat and rice fell s&ar l/. T&ese lower rates of increases in out ut arever/ disturbin'. )ll t&e annual 'rowt& rates are s&own in table 4.

Table: 4 #rod!ction o Ma or ro s 199.-2000 (000 Tones)Year "!eat #ice Sugar cane $otton1 5$@55 3235. 3%.2 %1 2.* @@@@@1 55@*$ 3*%%.* $ .* 1$31 .* @@@@@1 *$@*5 4$1*.4 11$%. 1424%. 1 5.1 *5@%$ 51%5.* 1512.* 2$%1 .$ 2*25.$1 %$@%5 %145.* 1 2 .* 1%4$2. 3%$5.$1 %5@ $ %*5.$ 2%% .2 2*%43.$ 3$ 4.$1 $@ 5 1133$. 32 2. 32*51.* 4 2*.*1 5@ $ 12 4%.2 3232.2 31 %3.4 %*32.*1 $@ 5 15%24.$ 3412.$ 4$ $1.* *4 .4

1 5@$$ 1 23 .$ 44 %.$ 4 3%1.$ 3%.$o!rce: o!rce: "ss!es in #a$istan %cono&' b' $bar *aidi

)'riculture was a do+inated sector not onl/ in t&e field of e+ lo/+ent but also for t&es&are in G:". ;ut 'raduall/ a'riculture out ut decreased /ear b/ /ear. ood &as to bei+ ort and de endence on forei'n aid increased. T&ere was need to i+ rove a'riculturesector and to lessen t&e de endenc/ on forei'n aid. T&en ste s to land refor+s were ta#enin 1 5 but t&at was failure in ter+s of land distribution. T&e eriod of 'reen revolutionca+e in )/ub &an Re'i+e. T&at was a so@called Green revolution becausetec&nolo'ical i+ rove+ents were discri+inated re'ionall/. Onl/ ver/ few areas of"a#istan 'ot advanta'e of all t&e tec&nolo'ical ro'ress of 'reen revolution t&at was t&e

&u'e distortion for t&e i'nored areas of "a#istan.

T&e second land refor+ too# lace in 1 %$. T&ose were stricter as co+ are to reviousone. ;ut t&ose were also not influential and beneficial for t&e ro'ress of a'riculturalsector. T&e 'rowt& rate of a'ricultural sector was onl/ 2.3 in between 1 %2 J 1 %%.

)'riculture sector is a +ajor contributor to t&e econo+ies of "a#istan and India7 account@in' for nearl/ 23 ercent and +ore t&an 24 ercent s&are in G:"7 res ectivel/. It ro@vides e+ lo/+ent to 42 ercent of t&e labor force in "a#istan and *$ ercent in India.6&eat and cotton occu / a do+inant osition in a'ricultural roduction in "a#istan7accountin' for 3%.2 ercent and 2 .2 ercent s&are7 followed b/ s&ares of rice and su'ar@

cane at 15.4 ercent and .% ercent7 res ectivel/. T&ese +ajor cro s also account for 34 ercent of total value added in t&e a'riculture sector in 2$$4@$5."ricin' olic/ of 'overn+ent can la/ an i+ ortant role in deter+inin' t&at w&at to

roduce and w&at not. T&e ricin' olic/ can deter+ine t&e direction of a'riculturalin uts and out uts. )'ricultural ricin' can also effect inco+e distribution not onl/ for

bi' far+ers but also for s+all far+ers. In "a#istan7 in t&e be'innin' t&e +ain concern of'overn+ent was to #ee t&e rices of a'riculture roducts low to rovide c&ea er foodand raw +aterial to urban industrial wor#ers. T&is caused de ressed rices for t&e


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12Introduction

roducers of a'riculture roducts. Govern+ent i+ osed &eav/ e0 ort duties on Cottondue to w&ic& do+estic rices of cotton reduced. 6&eat and rice rices were fi0ed also8

rocess of ve'etable '&ee was controlled at an artificiall/ low level7 w&ic& resulted inde ressed rices. or nearl/ a decade after inde endence no s/ste+atic atte+ t was +adefor t&e develo +ent of a'riculture sector. T&e first a'riculture develo +ent ro'ra+ in

countr/ was launc&ed in 1 55. ;arter trade was a co++on feature of international Tradeso a'riculture roducts were e0 orted to i+ ort industrial roducts or in uts. T&is wasalso a disadvanta'e for a'riculture roducers. )ll t&ese ste s s&own t&at a'riculturalsector was adversel/ affected for t&e ro+otion of Industrial !ector suffered a lot.

)s t&e +atter of a'ricultural sector is concern7 a 1 5 surve/ s&ows t&at * of t&ecredit to a'riculture is rovided b/ non@institutional sources. 6e can sa/ it t&rou'&infor+al sources. )l+ost 3$ of loan rovided t&rou'& institutional sources were notreliable or ro0/ loans because it is ver/ difficult for s+all far+ers to 'et loan fro+institutional sources. T&ere are +an/ reasons for t&is. irst of all s+all far+ers are notaware of co+ le0ities of institutional sources secondl/ t&e/ donAt &ave an/ source to

a roac& t&e+. Lar'e far+ers or landlords are ver/ influential t&at t&e/ donAt even 'ive bac# loans. !o t&e/ 'et benefit onl/ t&rou'& non@institutional loans. ;ut for +ost of ti+esuc& non@institutional donAt fulfill all t&e needs for far+ers because a+ount of non@institutional loans are often not bi' enou'& to cover e0 enditures of cultivation. T&elar'est source to rovide institutional loan is KT;L. KT;L rovided al+ost *4 loan in1 5 J 2$$$. (ow KT;L is also rovidin' lon'@ter+ loan. Co++ercial ban#ers also

rovided 2$ loan in eriod of 1 5 J 2$$$.

&. Tec'nological (eeds of Agriculture SectorIn +ec&ani>ation of a'ricultural sector we consider t&e innovation of new tec&nolo'/ in

a'riculture. T&e tec&nolo'ical ro'ress in a'ricultural sector of "a#istan was +ainl/co+ osed of brin'in' tractors and tube wells. ec&ani>ation in a'riculture sector startedver/ late because olic/ +a#ers were of t&e view t&at t&is will create une+ lo/+ent inrural sector also international or'ani>ations and 6orld ;an# restrict to 'ive newtec&nolo'/ to far+ers. irst ti+e new tractors were introduced in 1 *$s but t&ee0 erience s&owed t&at fear of rovidin' tractors was baseless. Introduction of tractorsand tube wells boosted u a'riculture sector in concernin' areas. ;ut t&e roble+ wast&at +ec&ani>ation of a'riculture was restricted to few areas "unjab and !ind&. T&isdiscri+inator/ olic/ of 'overn+ent +ade ver/ +uc& &ar+ to t&e far+ers of t&e i'noredareas. T&ere is no 9uestion t&at tec&nolo'/ in a'riculture is ver/ &el ful for advance+entof t&is sector not onl/ incase of increased out ut for do+estic needs but also to e0 ort to

world +ar#ets. T&is will +a#e &i'& earnin's t&rou'& tec&nolo'/ introduced in si0ties but ace of increasin' tec&nolo'/ didnAt re+ain t&e sa+e. T&is +ade sufferin' of +one/cro s


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13Introduction

).Proble*s in Agricultural Sector

a. Environmental Situation:T&e environ+ental situation is ver/ oor and alar+in' in "a#istan. T&ereforeworld ban# said in a re ort to &ave effective land refor+s in a wa/ t&at &el insustainable e0 loitation of natural resources includin' land and water in t&is wa/Re@distribution of land to s+all far+ers will &el in i+ rovin' t&e environ+entalconditions. )lso effective land refor+s will reduce t&e ower of bi' landlords.

b. Cultivation Methodology:an/ oor far+ers wit& low subsistence level are unable to ta#e ris# in t&eir

cultivation +et&odolo'/. T&e/ also face t&e oor irri'ation s/ste+. To &ave atube well for t&eir land is just li#e a drea+ for t&e+. ;ecause electricit/ c&ar'esof tube wells are ver/ &i'& as co+ ared to canal water. 6ater lo''in' is also a

ver/ bi' roble+ for s+all far+ers. T&e +ain cause for t&is roble+ is bi'landlords. )not&er roble+ is structure of water ricin'. T&e structure of water ricin' rovides no incentive for usin' canal water efficientl/. It also discoura'esinvest+ent in water conservation. Landlords are so +uc& influential t&at t&e/easil/ &ave reac&ed to t&e subsid/ of 'overn+ent to rovide '/ su+. T&e'overn+ent under too# a ro'ra+ to o ulari>e '/ su+ in order to eli+inatesalinit/. T&is salinit/ is caused b/ low@level tube wells water. )s influentiallandlords were +ain beneficiaries so t&e/ 'ot t&e '/ su+.

c. Introducing Chemical in Agriculture:)not&er roble+ was of introducin' c&e+ical in a'riculture. T&e/ were +ainl/co+ osed of fertili>ers and esticides t&e +ain roble+ was of discri+ination in

rovidin' c&e+icals to far+ers. T&ose were of so &i'&l/ riced t&at a vast+ajorit/ could not afford it. T&e s+all far+ers &ad 41 of cultivated area in"a#istan. !o due to lac# of c&e+ical rovision a lar'e cultivated area suffered.;i' landlords or +iddle class far+ers used t&ese esticides in 'reat 9uantit/ toen&ance t&eir a'ricultural out ut. T&is use of esticides in &i'& a+ount causedseveral &ealt& diseases7 es eciall/ for t&ose wor#ers w&o a l/ it on cro s.

d. Energy Problems :In +ost of t&e develo in' countries7 t&e ener'/ roble+s bein'addressed are counterin' t&e &i'& de endence on traditionalsources of ener'/ su l/ +ore t&an $ of total ener'/ used causin' ra iddeforestation7 decreasin' soil fertilit/7 etc. T&us a lar'e to describet&eir relations&i s and several tools are necessar/ to anal/>e and toac&ieve a variet/ of results t&at are needed for t&e lannin' rocess. or t&is

ur ose ener'/ +odels could be used for t&e efficient ener'/ lannin'7forecastin' and o ti+i>ation of ener'/ sources


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14Introduction

Table - !eason@wise consu+ tion of fertili>er

Table 3: %ner ' 5e&and o #a$istan bet6een 2000 and 2030 in T %

Table 4: %ner ' 5e&and o #a$istan bet6een 2000 and 2030 in T %

)'riculture sector of "a#istan &as t&e otential to beco+e a +ajor source of bioener'/ su l/7 rovidin' li9uid uel substitutes7 diesel and feed stoc#s forelectricit/ roduction and solid fuels for cro curin' and dr/in. If we tal# about t&eener'/ consu+ tion of just sin'le re'ion


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15Introduction

i 8: o& arison o di erent scenarios ( !el cons!& tion) (ow before 'oin' in to t&e detail of t&e anal/sis of our concernin' roble+ it is better toe0 lain t&e +ain co+ etitors of "a#istan in +ajor cro s. T&is will &el in +a#in' betteranal/sis of roble+ under t&e a'ree+ent on a'riculture.

e. Agricultural Tax)'riculture ta0 is ver/ controversial issue so+e favor a'riculture ta0 but ot&ersare a'ainst it bot& 'rou of eo le rovide justifications and reasonin' for t&is.T&e roble+ of i+ osin' inco+e ta0 on a'riculture sector was e0istence of twoclauses on one &and t&ere is +ajorit/ of eo le w&o are livin' below subsistencelevel. T&ese eo le are s+all far+ers. T&e/ &ardl/ fulfill t&eir basic needs wit&t&e &el of t&eir earnin's t&rou'& cultivation. On t&e ot&er &and t&ere are eo lew&o &ave ver/ bi' or &u'e earnin's. T&ese are bi' landlords. ost of t&elandlords are livin' in urban sector t&e/ are +a#in' bi' rofits t&rou'& real estateinvest+ents t&at is w&/ +an/ eo le were a'ainst it t&at 'overn+ent didnAt noti+ ose inco+e ta0. T&e ot&er reason a'ainst a'riculture ta0 was t&at a'riculturesector is facin' &eav/ burdens of indirect ta0es. T&ose w&o were rotestin' toi+ le+ent a'ricultural ta07 t&e/ were sa/in' t&at it is a bi' source to +a#e fraud.

an/ industrialists bou'&t bi' lands in a'ricultural areas t&e/ 'ot rid of inco+eta0 b/ s&owin' t&e land of a'ricultural sector. T&e/ also said t&at inco+e ta0would be on ersonal inco+es not on t&e w&ole a'ricultural sector so ro'ressiveinco+e ta0 will 'ive &i'& earnin's to overco+e bud'et deficit and also to increasedevelo +ent of a'ricultural sector.


16/28

1*Introduction

+.,e- Cro$s of Pakistan

a. Cotton"a#istan is ran#ed nu+ber 4 in t&e world in ter+s of 'lobal roduction of rawcotton. If "a#istanAs co+ etitors7 two countries &ave /et to join t&e 6TO. T&esetwo countries are C&ina and E>be#istan. T&e ot&er co+ etitors in t&e field ofcotton roduction are India7 Tur#e/ and ;ra>il. )ll t&ese countries &ave status ofdevelo in' wit&in t&e 6TO. "a#istan accounts for .% of 'lobal cotton

roduction t&e +ain re'ional co+ etition in cotton roduction co+es fro+ C&ina7India and E>be#istan. "a#istanAs /ield rates are twice t&ose of India. T&issu''ests a co+ arative advanta'e over its nei'&bor. It is useful to loo# atdo+estic su ort7 e0 ort ro+otion and +ar#et access olicies in co+ etitorAscountries.

b. Rice"a#istan is a relativel/ +inor countr/ in ter+s of its overall rice roduction. Itaccounts for onl/ 1.2 of Global roduction. "a#istanAs two nei'&bors7 C&inaand India7 do+inate 'lobal roduction of rice. T&ese two countries accounts for54 of 'lobal rice roduction. T&is enor+ous si>e of bot& t&e Indian and C&inese+ar#ets +eans t&at alt&ou'& t&e/ are &u'e roducer of rice7 but t&e/ are not t&e+ost i+ ortant countries in ter+s of e0 ort of t&is co++odit/. T&ailand is t&e+ain e0 orter of Rice roduction. It e0 orts 25 of its do+estic roduction.6orld rice trade is do+inated b/ a 'rou of countries t&at roduces ri+aril/ fore0 ort. "a#istan is one of t&ese countries. T&e +ain co+ etition in t&e re'ion

co+es fro+ four countries. T&ese are ietna+7 T&ailand7 C&ina and India. )s t&eonl/ roducer of ;as+ati Rice India and "a#istan &ave a co++on interest in'rowin' t&e s&are of t&is rice in world trade and in articular in e0 orts to &i'&value +ar#ets. ar#et differentiation b/ rice variet/ would see+ to be 'rowin' ast&e o ularit/ of certain variet/ of rice 'rows. It would see+ t&at "a#istan &as

been able to 'ain +ar#etAs s&are in certain +ar#et b/ co+ etin' ot&er su liers.

c. Sugar In roduction ter+s ;ra>il and India do+inates. "a#istan is also a +ajor la/er in'lobal su'ar roduction. T&e ran#in' of "a#istan in ter+s of 'lobal su'arcane

roduction is 5t&. It accounts for al+ost 3. of 'lobal roduction. T&e s&are of

"a#istan in 'lobal su'ar roduction is &i'&er at 5.1 . In roduction ter+s India+a/ be second lar'est roducer of su'ar in t&e world. It accounts for a ro0 25world roduction. ;ut in ter+s of trade India accounts for less t&en 1 of 'lobaltrade. T&e i+ ortant re'ional co+ etitors for "a#istan are T&ailand7 C&ina7Indonesia7 ala/sia and "&ili ine.

d. ruit


17/28

1%Introduction

Production of Fruits

T&e two +ost i+ ortant fruit cro s in "a#istan are oran'es and +an'o. T&isanal/sis of co+ etitors concentrates on t&ese two roducts. ,uro ean Enion7!out& )frica and E! are t&e +ain la/ers. In addition7 ot&er editerraneancountries suc& as +orocco Israel and tur#e/ are also i+ ortant su liers. In ter+sof re'ional co+ etition for "a#istan7 it is stron'est fro+ India7 c&ina and!in'a ore. "a#istan is +ar'inal la/er in t&e world oran'e +ar#et des itereducin' around two +illion tons of oran'es annuall/. It accounts for less t&en1 in 'lobal trade. T&is fi'ure would see+ to indicate do+estic roble+s wit&varieties7 ost &arvest stora'es and rocessin'. T&ere are also difficulties in+eetin' t&e !anitar/ and "&/tosanitar/ standards of i+ ortin' countries. In t&earea of +an'o roduction India and C&ina are do+inatin'. To'et&er t&ese twore'ional co+ etitors accounts for .*5 of 'lobal +an'o roduction. )s wit&rice neit&er India nor C&ina la/s an i+ ortant role in world trade in +an'oes.Bere e0ico is t&e do+inant la/er. "a#istan roduces onl/ 3.2 of t&e 'lobal+an'o cro 7 but it accounts for *.* of 'lobal e0 orts. Bere in t&e field of +an'ot&e roble+ in e0 ortin' are sa+e as t&ose of oran'es. In ter+s of co+ etitors in+an'o e0 ort India7 ;ra>il "&ili ine7 T&ailand and C&ina are co+ etitors inre'ional +ar#ets as in develo ed countr/ +ar#ets.

Production & Export of Fruits' (egetables

2%

3%

1%

1%

1%

30%

14%

25%9%

9%

5%

CitrusMango

Dates

Guava

Apple

Banana

Apricot

Grapes

Peach

Plum

thers


18/28

1Introduction

e. !egetables

Production of (egetables:

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

1999!2000

2000!2001

2001!2002

2002!2003

2003!2004

2004!2005

" u a n

t i t # % 0 0 0 t o n n e s &

Production Export Potential surplus

4%2%

3%1%2%1%1%

1%'%

29%

25%

25%

nion

Potato

Chillies

(omato

(urnip

)a*# +inger

Cauli,lo-er

Peas

.a*ishBrin/al

Garlic

thers


19/28

1Introduction

Onions and otatoes are t&e +ain ve'etables 'rown in t&e annual total of &arvestof a ro0i+atel/ 4.3 +illion tones. In t&e list of 'lobal roduction of fres&ve'etables7 C&ina and India do+inates 'lobal roduction. In ter+s of ot&erre'ional ve'etables7 roducers7 ietna+7 "&ili ines7 /an+ar7 ;an'lades& andT&ailand are t&e lar'est. "a#istan is not t&e +ajor la/er in t&e world of onion

trade. ,0 orts accounts for just 1. of 'lobal trade. Trade in onion is do+inated b/ ,uro ean Enion. In ter+s of re'ional co+ etitors in onion e0 ort7 t&e +aint&reat for "a#istan co+es fro+ India7 C&ina7 ,'/ t7 Tur#e/7 Iran7 a>a#&stan andE),. )s t&e trade in onion7 countries of t&e ,uro ean Enion and to a lessere0tent7 t&e Enited !tates7 do+inate trade in otatoes. I+ ortant re'ionalco+ etitors include India and Indonesia. "a#istan accounts for 1.5 of t&e 'lobaltrade in otatoes.

Production of Priority Fruits & (egetables in )))* tons

Citrus 245

an'o 1%54

:ates 5 3

) le 351

) ricot 1 %

"eac& %$

"lu+ *$

Gra e 4"otato 15*

Onion 2$5*

To+ato 4*

". #ther "ood sam$les

)'ri@'ood roducts in t&e ot&er food sta les7 t&e cate'or/ are t&ose suc& as w&ic&are essential to food securit/ and edible oil7 w&ic& are constitute one of t&ei+ ortant ite+ for "a#istan. T&erefore t&ese a'ri@food roducts la/ a +ajor rolein t&e balance of a/+ents. Loo#in' first at w&eat7 roduction is do+inated b/t&e ,uro ean Enion7 C&ina7 India and t&e E!. T&e &u'e si>e of bot& t&e Indianand C&inese +ar#et +eans t&at neit&er is a lar'e la/er on t&e world e0 ort+ar#ets. T&e ot&er re'ional co+ etitors in t&e roduction of w&eat are


20/28

2$Introduction

a>a#&stan7 Tur#e/ and Russia. T&e +ain e0 orters of w&eat are Enited !tate7,uro ean Enion7 )ustralia7 )r'entina and Canada.

.(eed of t'e stud-

It is an establis&ed fact t&at a'ricultural e0tension is t&e +ost i+ ortant instru+ent ofa'riculture develo +ent. It acts as a dovetail &eno+enon between t&e tec&nolo'/'eneration s/ste+


21/28

21Introduction

a'ricultural and rural develo +ent in "a#istan. T&e roble+ see+s to be +ultifunctionaland t&e la/ers wit& roble+s are at all levels. T&e et&ics t&at one sees in t&e &u+ans/ste+s is ab/s+al and t&ere &as been no one in "a#istan wit& t&e abilities of an)+bed#ar or an/ social lifters as are available in India7 to worr/ about w&at is &a enin'in t&e various social classes. T&e de+ocratic rocess as well as t&e t/rannical rocess of

'overnance brin's t&eir own #inds of serious issues. ) brain t&at is in tur+oil can &ardl/ be in a osition to ta#e far reac&in' decisions. T&e ersonalit/ of t&e o ulation is oneas ect but t&e critical effort see+s to be of t&ose on w&o+ t&e ta0 a/ers &ave s ent aconsiderable a+ount of financial resources and t&e/ &ave not done well b/ t&e educationt&at was i+ arted to t&e+. 6&en one considers t&at t&e e0 enditure was u wards of 3+illion ru ees for eac& "&: w&o studied in t&e E!) one would e0 ect t&en to do well b/t&e education t&at was i+ arted.

In t&e decision +a#in' rocess t&e +ajor role is t&at of t&e t/rannical owers t&at &averuled t&is countr/ for t&e better art of t&is nations life. T&e Researc& or'ani>ations wereal+ost all of t&e+ or'ani>ed under )/ub or under Kia. T&is +eant t&at t&e &u+an

resources t&at were built at t&at ti+e included all t&e ersons w&o were ersonall/ #nownto t&e or'ani>ation c&ief. T&at called for a s ecial #ind of lo/alt/. T&e #ind t&at is usuall/re9uired of t&e canine s ecies. )n/ one not ad&erin' to t&ese traits was usuall/ostraci>ed. T&at also +eant t&at all t&e valid and 'ood reasons for settin' u t&eor'ani>ation was ab initio still born. "a#istanAs a'rarian s/ste+ was also different in as+uc& as t&e )r+ed forces were usuall/ recruited fro+ t&e rain fed &ill/ areas Me0ce t fort&e Gur#&as w&o were a'ain recruited fro+ &ill/ areas of (e al. T&e idea bein' t&at t&erewere certain castes and certain areas t&at were +artial t&at could be recruited s ecificall/for t&e ar+ed forces. )'riculture castes were not considered b/ t&e colonialists as fit foran/t&in' but t&e functions t&at were su osed to be t&eirs.

T&e attitudes and value s/ste+s of t&ese s ecificall/ recruited ersonal re+ained in t&e14t& centur/ des ite furt&er education at t&e universities in t&e develo ed countries. ostof t&e+ were sent to t&e E!) and instead of usin' t&e ta0 a/ers &el to t&e benefit ofsociet/ t&e/ went t&e o osite direction and t&e "&: ca+e to be a s/+bol and a cos+eticattac&ed to t&e na+e. It boosted t&e e'o but did recious little for t&e far+in' co++unit/or t&e econo+/ of t&e countr/. !i+ l/ stated t&e &u+an resources so develo ed werewoefull/ lac#in' in ta#in' t&e countr/ out of an/ #ind of sta'nation.

/.0*$lo-*ent in Agriculture Sector oro*en

;eside +en 7 wo+en also la/ a #e/ role in t&e rural econo+/ in "a#istan7 and t&eira'ricultural labour leads to direct e0 osure to esticides. )s in +an/ societies7t&ere is a 'ender bias not onl/ a+on' olic/ +a#ers7 but also in societ/7 w&ic&reinforces t&e roble+s facin' rural wo+en. (asira Babib &as interviewedwo+en and conducted in@de t& surve/s in seven villa'es near Lia9at ur7 in t&e!ind&7 since 1 3.


22/28

22Introduction

6o+en face social and econo+ic discri+ination w&ic& is furt&er co+ ounded b/ new&a>ards in rural areas as esticide use increases. )bout 25 of far+s now use esticidesin t&e countr/7 and w&ile wo+en bear a +ajor res onsibilit/ for far+ wor# and usin'

esticides7 t&eir contribution to t&e a'ricultural econo+/ is not reco'nised. )n/ s&ortsta/ in a rural area is sufficient to observe wo+en active in +an/ jobs in t&e fields. )t a

+eetin' of 2$ wo+en in Lia9at ur7 t&e/ listed at least 25 a'riculture@related activities inw&ic& t&e/ are activel/ involved wit& t&eir +en. One wo+an said7 NI 'et u earl/ in t&e+ornin' and run eit&er to t&e fields or to t&e ani+al s&ed. 6&o &as t&e ti+e to was& one sfaceP 6e do not even &ave t&e ti+e to sa/ our ra/ers7 t&e wor#load is so +uc&.N

T&e (ational )'riculture "olic/ +a#es no +ention of wo+en in t&e state+ent of itsobjectives7 and onl/ four +inor references to wo+en in t&e overall docu+ent. It rovidesno clear olic/ for t&e develo +ent of rural wo+en7 w&o for+ t&e bac#bone of t&e ruralecono+/. T&is discri+ination is reflected in t&e official docu+ents and re orts and as aconse9uence encoura'e officials to overloo# and +ar'inalise wo+en s wor#.

T&e Census of )'riculture does ac#nowled'e t&e wor# of wo+en in a'riculture7 butindicated a dro in t&eir contribution fro+ 42.* of all fa+il/ wor#ers in a'ricultural&ouse&olds in 1 $ to 3*.2 in 1 $. In 1 $7 wo+en constituted about 25 of all fullti+e and %5 of art ti+e wor#ers. In 1 $7 t&e Census re'istered 25. % and *1.25res ectivel/. Bowever t&ese fi'ures do not corres ond to t&e realit/ because t&e s+allert&e si>e of t&e land&oldin'7 t&e +ore intense7 active and efficient t&e role of t&e wo+en

beco+es. It is not cost effective for s+all&olders to &ire aid labour.

T&e decade fro+ 1 $ to 1 $ &as seen a furt&er fra'+entation of land@&oldin's.ra'+entation +eans t&at wo+en s wor# &as to be even +ore intensive in order to +a#e

ectoral GDP share

0

10

20

30

40

50

'0

199 2005

P e r c e n t s h a r e Agriculture

n*ustr#

ervices

Agricultural ector mplo#ment

0

5

10

15

20

2001!02 2003!04

4 u m 5 e r s % M i l l i o n &

(otalMale+emale

Fig. I-1: Sectoral G P S!are and "griculture Sector E#plo$#ent %


23/28

23Introduction

a'riculture econo+icall/ affordable. 6o+en &ave to wor# +ore7 lon'er and &arder. T&e/are econo+icall/ active and substantiall/ contribute to +an/ activities7 includin'-

cro far+in' and livestoc# #ee in' ost &arvest activities

&ouse&old +ana'e+ent

off@far+ and non@far+ econo+ic activities

bearin' and rearin' c&ildren and loo#in' after t&e sic#

6&ile so+e of t&ese activities are reco'nised as i+ ortant7 t&e visibilit/ of wo+en isselective and t&eir invisibilit/ is rooted bot& in econo+ic and social factors. Rural wo+enof "a#istan are econo+icall/ active but are also econo+icall/ de endent. 6o+en &aveneit&er owners&i nor control over resources and t&e/ are e0 ected to surrender t&eir

ri'&ts in favour of brot&ers or &usbands.

"omen+s encounter ,it! pesticides

6o+en &ave alwa/s la/ed a #e/ role in disease and est +ana'e+ent w&ic& too# s&a ein various activities of soil i+ rove+ent and fertilit/ +ana'e+ent as well as direct+easures to eradicate t&e diseases in cro s and ani+als. ;ut wit& t&e advent of new est+ana'e+ent tec&ni9ues and tec&nolo'ies wo+en &ave been b/@ assed. Reco'nisin' onl/+en as far+ers7 t&e/ &ave beco+e t&e focus of e0tension. In order to full/ co+ re&endwo+en s encounters wit& esticides7 and t&e i+ act of t&ese c&e+icals7 it is necessar/ to

loo# at t&eir total far+in' wor#load.

In t&e area studied7 over *$ activities of wo+en to t&e w&ole s/ste+ of far+ wor# &ave been identified. In t&e course of t&ese t&e/ fre9uentl/ encounter to0ic c&e+icals. T&esurve/ conducted for t&is stud/ notes t&at 'enerall/7 wo+en are not directl/ involved ins ra/in' esticides7 but are involved in t&e followin' activities w&ic& e0 ose t&e+ to

esticides-

&el in' +i0 esticides was&in' tan#s

dis osal of e+ t/ containers

was&in' esticide@soa#ed clot&es

stora'e of esticides

weedin' and t&innin'


24/28

24Introduction

ic#in' cotton

storin' t&e &arvested cotton

collectin' stic#s and usin' t&e+ for fuel

ta#in' food to +en in t&e fields

Generall/7 wo+en was& clot&es in water courses w&ic& are near or run t&rou'& t&e fields.In +ost cases7 &ouses are surrounded b/ t&e fields t&at are s ra/ed7 e0 osin' all t&ein&abitants to deadl/ oisons. 6&en weedin'@a tas# w&ic& falls to wo+en five to si0ti+es a season@ esticides are in&aled and absorbed. Cotton cro s are s ra/ed at least si0or seven ti+es in a season7 and in su'ar cane fields t&eir e0 osure is even +ore

rolon'ed. Ta#in' food to +en in t&e fields brin's wo+en to fres&l/ s ra/ed fields7 and can rovee0tre+el/ dan'erous. Hobs li#e ta#in' ani+als to t&e fields7 cuttin' fodder for ani+als7

ta#in' care of ve'etable lots7 collectin' +aterial for fuel7 bat&in' ani+als in t&e watercourses7 are all activities w&ere wo+en could be affected b/ t&e oisons in addition todirect involve+ent in a'riculture or related activities t&at e0 ose t&e+ to t&e &a>ards of

esticides.

-a or !a/ards arise from cotton production

Cotton ic#in' is one of t&e +ain areas of wo+en s e0 osure to esticides. ,0 osure be'ins w&en wo+en treat t&e seeds wit& sul &uric acid and carries on t&rou'& to stora'eof t&e ic#ed cotton. !eed treatin' is carried out usin' a lar'e vessel7 w&ere acid is +i0edt&orou'&l/ wit& t&e seeds in a ratio of 2 'ra+s of acid to 1#' of cotton seeds. )fter a few

+inutes7 t&e seeds are was&ed off wit& water and dried. T&en t&e seeds are read/ to besown. T&e sa+e vessel is used for ot&er ur oses in t&e &ouse suc& as was&in' clot&es.

6o+en are en'a'ed in cotton ic#in' for a eriod of two and a &alf to t&ree +ont&s. T&isconstant and rolon'ed e0 osure to to0ic c&e+icals in +an/ wa/s oses 'reater &ealt&

roble+s t&an s ra/in' itself. 6&ile ic#in'7 t&e/ are vulnerable to cuts and s#in ras&est&at furt&er e0 ose t&e+ to t&e &a>ards of esticides. !tudies 9uoted in t&e re ort of t&issurve/ &ave s&own t&at Nout of a total of fe+ale cotton ic#ers onl/ 1 could beter+ed out of dan'er. %4 &ad blood acet/lc&oline esterase ards for t&e +ot&erand c&ild. :urin' t&e surve/7 it was noted t&at so+e of t&e wo+en carr/ t&eir s+allc&ildren w&ile ic#in' cotton. an/ c&ildren were found in t&e fields7 eit&er &el in' t&eir+ot&ers or just followin' t&e+. )ll t&e /oun' ic#ers were 'irls.


25/28

25Introduction

:urin' cotton ic#in'7 esticide oisonin' &as increased and s/+ to+s re orted b/include- snee>in'7 +uscular ain7 di>>iness7 nausea7 burnin' s#in7 itc&in'7 cou'&7&eadac&e7 blisters on bod/ and suffocation.

(ulnerability and !ealt! care

T&e wo+en interviewed found it ridiculous to as# &ow t&e/ treat oisonin' s/+ to+sand lau'&ed at t&e researc&er for su''estin' t&e/ consult a doctor. It is not ossible to 'ofor +edicine for s+all ail+ents. One of t&e+ re+ar#ed NEnless we are unable to +ove7we do not t&in# of 'oin' to a doctor or of ta#in' +edicine.N !o+e local re+edies areused7 for e0a+ le in case of s#in burnin'7 t&e/ a l/ +ustard oil or butter oil. N6&erecan we 'et t&at +uc& +one/ to s end on burnin's treat+entPN re+ar#ed a wo+an. T&isis a reflection of t&e low status assi'ned to wo+en and &ow t&e/ &ave internalised it.T&e/ cannot Nafford t&e lu0ur/ of +edicinesN w&en t&ere are so +an/ ot&er needs to beattended to in t&e fa+il/. T&e needs7 roble+s and interests of wo+en co+e last.

One wo+an w&o did s ra/ esticides7 "erveen7 &as been adversel/ affected. Ber +ost ainful co+ laint is t&at s&e cannot &old food in &er sto+ac& and vo+its food as soon ass&e consu+es so+e. Ot&er s/+ to+s include snee>in'7 vo+itin'7 water/ disc&ar'e fro+&er nose7 and ain in t&e ribs. !&e &as ta#en +edicines but to no avail. !&e feels better fort&ree or four da/s and t&en t&e co+ laints recur.

Generall/ s ea#in'7 t&e far+ers feel t&at t&ere are +an/ new diseases un&eard of in t&e ast. )lt&ou'& t&ere is no laborator/ tested evidence7 t&e/ tend to attribute t&eintroduction of diseases li#e fre9uent fever7 blurred e/e si'&t7 diabetes7 blood ressureand cancer to t&e use of c&e+ical esticides and c&e+ical fertilisers.

T&e e0a+ les reveal rural wo+en s vulnerabilit/ to c&e+ical esticides. Enfortunatel/7 int&e absence of ro er dia'nostic a aratus7 it is difficult to in oint t&e cause of an/illness as arisin' fro+ e0 osure to esticides. )n e0ce tion is t&e case of acute

oisonin's. Bowever t&is +a#es life even +ore difficult. )s a doctor fro+ Lia9aturco++ented7 Ndoctors are not trained to find t&e cause of a articular ail+ent w&erefar+ers are e0 osed to esticides. T&us t&e/ are unable to dia'nose t&e illnesses

ro erl/. Generall/7 ain #illers are 'iven in suc& casesN.

)s wo+en s access to &ealt& care7 even durin' ti+es of visible disco+fort7 is +ini+alt&ere is no +onitorin' of t&e absor tion of esticides7 of t&e i+ act on blood7re roductive or'ans7 si>e of infants7 and so on.

6&ile t&e esticides law &as been a+ended several ti+es7 t&e a+end+ents are focused ont&e issue of 9ualit/ of t&e c&e+icals and no +ention &as been +ade of t&e t&reat facin'&u+an &ealt& towards a just and e9uitable societ/

) nu+ber of refor+s are essential to ensure better visibilit/ for wo+en s wor# and toreco'ni>e t&eir role in t&e +ainstrea+ of a'riculture. It is of ara+ount i+ ortance t&atland refor+s be initiated t&at 'uarantee joint owners&i of a'ricultural land b/ bot& +en


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and wo+en. Tec&nolo'/ ac#a'es w&ic& are oriented towards wo+en +ust be ur'entl/introduced7 es eciall/ w&ere wo+en are alread/ #e/ actors. ,ffective +easures areneeded w&ic& encoura'e artici ation of wo+en in t&e +ar#et rocesses.

) ra id olic/ s&ift would be &el ed b/ studies w&ic& &i'&li'&t wo+en s roles in various

areas7 includin'- socio@cultural life of rural "a#istan wit& a focus on t&e 'ender relations&i s8 wo+en s role in securin' food and fibre8

t&e relations&i between econo+ic de endence and access to nutritious food8

t&e 9ualitative and 9uantitative contribution to a'riculture of wo+en all ecolo'ical>ones8

t&e role of wo+en in natural resource +ana'e+ent8

docu+entin' wo+en s #nowled'e on a'riculture8

a'ricultural tec&nolo'ies traditionall/ used b/ wo+en7 t&eir dis lace+ent b/ t&eadvent of +odern tec&nolo'/8

wo+en s e0 osure to c&e+ical esticides in cotton and in ot&er cas& cro s- articularl/ in ve'etable cultivation a traditional area of wo+en s labour wit& a'rowin' concentration of c&e+ical esticide use8

esticide residue levels in blood and t&e i+ act on wo+en s re roductive s/ste+.

)l+ost no ro'ra++es address t&e roble+s of rural wo+en. ) few donor@driven7 +en@led wo+en s 'rou s e0ist7 but t&e to#en resence of wo+en in t&ese 'rou s wit&out a realvoice or decision@+a#in' owers is not encoura'in'. Initiatives w&ic& are wo+en@ledand w&ic& understand t&e +ec&anis+s of 'ender relations&i s can for+ a sound basis forfuture action t&at strives for a societ/ free of discri+ination and injustice.

1%. eco**endationsirst of all 'overn+ent s&ould 'ive a lot of consideration to !anitar/ and "&/tosanitar/

standards because t&is a'ree+ent &as affected t&e e0 orts of cro adversel/. !o t&ere isneed to &ave new and ener'etic tea+ of ins ection. T&ere s&ould be ro er wa/ ofutili>in' waste. ,ducation for far+ers can also la/ a +ajor role for cleanliness of ourcro sector. )s t&e +atter of fact "a#istanAs o ulation is also beco+in' ver/ +uc&aware about &ealt& and cleanliness of food roducts. T&is all is &a enin' due toawareness at t&e 'lobal level. If 'overn+ent of "a#istan could not i+ rove its !anitar/and "&/tosanitar/ standards t&en our roducts will not onl/ be unable to convince t&einternational consu+ers but also local consu+ers will i'nore t&e+.


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!econdl/ +ec&ani>ation of a'ricultural sector s&ould be increased. T&ere s&ould be newtec&nolo'/ and +ac&iner/ for our far+ers because +ec&ani>ation can increase t&e 'ross

roduction of cro s. Onl/ i+ ort of new +ac&iner/ will not brin' about revolution in t&ecro sector of "a#istan. )ctuall/ 'ood +ac&iner/ can onl/ be beneficial if t&e wa/ to uset&e +ac&iner/ is advance and roductive.

T&e s/ste+ of rovidin' a'ricultural credit s&ould be i+ roved. )s we saw in ourresearc& t&at t&e +ain source of a'ricultural credit to our far+ers is non@institutionalloans. It is not beneficial for t&e far+ers to 'et loans fro+ t&e ot&er sources because t&e/&ave to a/ a &i'& interest on t&ose loans. It is dut/ of 'overn+ent to fulfill t&e basicneeds of far+ers. T&is will not onl/ &el t&e far+ers but also t&e roductivit/ of our crosector will increase. T&ere s&ould be financial institutions in +ost of t&e art of our ruralareas and also t&e rocedure to 'et t&ose loans s&ould be eas/ for far+ers. )lon' wit&t&ese financial institutions t&ere s&ould be 'uidin' centers for our far+ers fro+ w&eret&e/ 'et t&e infor+ation about effective esticides for t&eir articular cro s. T&ese'uidin' centers will also &el in 'ivin' education about t&e ro er use of certain seeds

and fertili>ers.T&ere s&ould also be trainin' for so+e of t&e officials in understandin' 6TO. T&is will

&el to +a#e suitable decisions accordin' to t&e a'ree+ents. )lso we can erfor+ well inne'otiations.

11. Conclusion

"a#istanAs cro sector is t&e leadin' sector of a'riculture. )'ree+ent on )'riculture isaffectin' t&e cro sector not onl/ in ter+s of e0 ort but also affectin' t&e structure andco+ osition of cro sector indirectl/. T&e +ain 'oal of "a#istan s&ould be to 'ive t&eri'&t direction to t&e cro sector because a lar'e nu+ber of labor force is associated wit&it alon' wit& t&e earnin's and e0 enditures of e0 orts and i+ orts res ectivel/.

If 'overn+ent of "a#istan 'ives ro er consideration to t&e a'ricultural sector 7 t&en ourcro sector will not onl/ fulfill t&e do+estic needs but also it will 'et &u'e forei'ne0c&an'e earnin's b/ e0 ortin' a'ricultural roducts. T&is is t&e wa/ to face t&e newc&allen'es of liberali>ation of 'lobal trade.

12. eferences

&tt -DDwww.t#fr.co+DP Q243$&tt -DDwww.usaid.'ovD #DdownloadsDe'D6eide+annRe ort. df


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&tt -DDwww.scribd.co+DdocD2%$425$$D6TO@Re'i+e@and@Its@I+ act@on@"a#istanGoo'le.co+D6TO and cro sD!:"I researc& and news bulletin. ;usiness Guide to 6orld Tradin' !/ste+

Agriculture Statistics of Pakistan

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