Agriculture Baseline Survey - Sehgal Foundation · and Rabi crops are grown and the major...
Transcript of Agriculture Baseline Survey - Sehgal Foundation · and Rabi crops are grown and the major...
1
Rural Research Center
Agriculture Baseline Survey
N. Saxena
2
Table of Contents
List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... 3 List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 6 Mewat ................................................................................................................................. 7 Approach: IRRAD .............................................................................................................. 9
Income Enhancement Program ....................................................................................... 9 Rationale for the study ...................................................................................................... 10 Research Methodology ..................................................................................................... 10
Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 10 Area of study ................................................................................................................. 10
Methodology ................................................................................................................. 11 Findings............................................................................................................................. 11
Village Demographics .................................................................................................. 11 Land Demographics ...................................................................................................... 13 Sources of Income......................................................................................................... 14 Resources Owned.......................................................................................................... 16
Sources of Irrigation ..................................................................................................... 16 Crops Grown ................................................................................................................. 18
Vegetables Grown ......................................................................................................... 26 Field Preparation ........................................................................................................... 34 Farm Economics ........................................................................................................... 37
Livestock Rearing ......................................................................................................... 47
Role of Women in Agriculture ..................................................................................... 48
Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 49 Recommendations ............................................................................................................. 51
References ......................................................................................................................... 53
3
List of Tables
Table 1: Religious composition
Table 2: Caste Composition
Table 3: Average Household Size
Table 4: Literacy Levels
Table 5: Cultivable and Waste Land
Table 6: Own and Leased Land
Table 7: Irrigated and Non Irrigated Land
Table 8: Income Generated
Table 9: Resources Owned
Table 10: Sources of Irrigation
Table 11: Monthly Electricity Bill
Table 12: Jowar
Table 13: Bajra
Table 14: Gwar
Table 15: Arhar
Table 16: Wheat
Table 17: Mustard
Table 18: Barley
Table 19: Tomato
Table 20: Onion
Table 21: Brinjal
Table 22: Carrot
Table 23: Ploughing Cost/ Acre (Rabi Crops)
Table 24: Ploughing Cost/ Acre (Kharif Crops)
Table 25: Ploughing Cost/ Acre (Vegetables)
Table 26: Cost of Seeds/ Acre (Rabi Crops)
Table 27: Cost of Seeds/ Acre (Kharif Crops)
Table 28: Cost of Seeds/ Acre (Vegetables)
Table 29: Cost of Transplantation (Rabi Crops)
4
Table 30: Cost of Transplantation (Kharif Crops)
Table 31: Cost of Transplantation (Vegetables)
Table 32: Cost of Bunding (Rabi Crops)
Table 33: Cost of Bunding (Kharif Crops)
Table 34: Cost of Bunding (Vegetables)
Table 35: Cost of Pesticides/ Acre (Rabi Crops)
Table 36: Cost of Pesticides/ Acre (Vegetables)
Table 37: Cost of Harvesting (Rabi Crops)
Table 38: Cost of Harvesting (Vegetables)
Table 39: Cost of Threshing (Rabi Crops)
Table 40: Cost of Threshing (Kharif Crops)
Table 41: Cost of Threshing (Vegetables)
Table 42: Cost of Transportation (Vegetables)
Table 43: Cost of Storage (Kharif Crops)
Table 44: Livestock Rearing
Table 45: Milk Selling
Table 46: Role of Women in Agriculture
5
List of Figures
Figure 1: Sources of Income
Figure 2: % of Farmers Growing Kharif Crops
Figure 3: % of Farmers Growing Rabi Crops
Figure 4: Kharif Vegetable Production
Figure 5: Rabi Vegetable Production
6
Introduction
Agriculture forms one of the major occupations in India and accounts for 18.5%
of the gross domestic product. The average growth rate of agriculture and other allied
sectors during the last 2 years spanning from 2006 to 2008 has been more than 4% which
is higher than the average annual growth rate of 2.5% (IBEF, 2009). Agriculture
constitutes almost two thirds of the employed class in the country. The past few decades
since independence have seen a tremendous shift in the field of agriculture from
subsistence farming to intensive and technology led cultivation which makes the country
a front ranking producer of many crops in the world (Dayal, 2009). The Green revolution
followed by many others has led to technological improvements in the field of agriculture
thereby providing it a thrust in the international market as well as to the country’s
economy.
The other side of the picture however, reflects the perils of the Indian farmers
which face decades of ignorance. While technology seems to be responsible for
immeasurable strides in the agricultural sector of the country, there continue to be
lacunae with respect to equitable implementation and use. According to a recent national
level survey (NSSO, 2005), about 41 per cent Indian farmers have expressed their
willingness to opt out of agriculture. Suicides among farmers have increased. Ghuman
(2009) points out that National Farmers’ Commission of India declares that nearly 1.5
lakh farmers have committed suicides in India since 1990s. Furthermore, the proportions
are found to be exceptionally high in states like Punjab, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh and
many more where Green Revolution was a success story.
Within the limits of Haryana, known as an agriculturally rich state, lies Mewat, a
backward region where agriculture forms the main occupation. However, technology
doesn’t seem to have reached the region as the agricultural practices are largely
mechanized and only one crop is grown per season. The agricultural sector in Mewat
faces several other problems. These include declining agricultural production due to
increased consumption emanating from population growth as well as fragmentation of
land holdings; an inadequate marketing and transportation system to support trade in
agricultural commodities; slower progress towards agricultural diversification, which is
required to deal with ongoing changes in local trading environment; under-utilization of
7
technology; inadequate data base on local and regional agriculture to support efficient
planning and programming initiatives; low levels of productivity due to low levels of
human capital investment, and inadequate technology.
Therefore, to thrust technological advancements in agricultural practices for
increasing yield and thus, income, IRRAD has been actively running an income
enhancement program for the past 7 years in several villages of Mewat, Haryana. This
paper showcases the baseline information collected from each household practicing
agriculture in the 11 intervention villages to understand the current practices being
employed and the income generated through agriculture.
Mewat
Mewat is a district in the state of Haryana. It continues to live in backwardness
years after India’s independence. The area lags behind the rest of Haryana on almost all
development indicators. Mewat falls under the Sub-Tropical, Semi-arid climatic zone and
the agriculture in Mewat is mostly rain fed. The Mewat Development Agency, which is a
nodal agency of the Haryana government reports that agriculture and livestock are the
main occupation of the people of Mewat district (MDA, 2001). The agro-climatic
conditions makes Mewat region more resource poor leading to subsistence farming,
limited alternative livelihood options and hence poverty.
Household Characteristics: The household characteristics encompass the socio
demographic profile of the inhabitants of Mewat district. The overall sex ratio for the
district is 894 females per 1000 males (Office of the Registrar General and Census
Commissioner, 2001). The age distribution of the villages suggests that there are
relatively low proportions of younger (less than five age group) and older age groups of
60 and above. Maximum population falls in the 5-9 year age category with figures
varying from nearly 14% to 20% in some villages. An average of 56% population is
under 19 years of age. Regarding the marriageable age in Mewat for both men and
women, it is as low as 14 years (SRIJAN, 2000). A high proportion of household heads
belong to other backward classes. The average household size in Mewat is 7.
8
Basic Amenities: Most of the villages in Mewat have a large proportion of households
which have electricity connection. Regarding water availability and use, primarily, two
major sources of water are in use- hand pumps and taps. Sanitation facilities seem to be
not too developed and are under used. Open defecation is the norm in most of the
villages.
Education and Literacy: Mewat has one of the lowest literacy rates in the country. While
Haryana’s literacy rate is 68.5%, Mewat’s overall literacy rate is 44% (Institute of
Human Development (IHD), 2008). In Mewat, the madarsah system of education is wide
spread. Learning in madarsah is by rote and emphasis is on recitation of Koranic verses
(SRIJAN, 2000).
Health: Very few villages in Mewat have a proper health care facility (IHD, 2008). The
health data indicates that Diarrhea and Acute Respiratory Infections form the main
reasons for deaths among children. Regarding maternal health, almost all the village
women have access to vaccination during pregnancy. More than 90% of deliveries in
these villages take place at home in the absence of trained health personnel.
Occupation and Income: Agriculture is the main source of income in Mewat. Both Kharif
and Rabi crops are grown and the major agricultural produce consists of Wheat, Mustard
and seasonal vegetables such as Onion, Carrots, Tomato and Brinjal etc. (SRIJAN, 2000).
The agricultural system is relatively mechanized. The soil of the district is light in
texture, particularly sandy, sandy loam and clay loam. Cropping is mostly monoculture.
During Kharif season, most of the land is under Bajra. During Rabi season, Wheat and
Mustard are the most common crops. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are overused.
Particularly, dairy is the secondary source of income. Those who live closer to the hilly
ranges of Aravalis also keep a few goats and sheep. About three fourths of the households
at least own a milk animal.
9
Approach: IRRAD
IRRAD is an initiative of the S M Sehgal Foundation, registered as a Trust since
1999 to further the wellbeing of rural communities in India. IRRAD envisions rural
people across India motivated and empowered to make their lives more secure and
prosperous through education, better health, improved skills and supportive governance.
The organization pursues a holistic approach called Integrated Sustainable Village
Development (ISVD), tackling the interrelated constraints, needs and opportunities of
poor villages in a holistic way. ISVD rests firmly on the belief that to be effective over
the longer term, the women and village poor must be empowered to participate in
advancing their own development. The four core centers at IRRAD which carry the
vision forward include the Program Implementation Centre, Capacity Building Centre,
the Rural Research Centre and the Policy, Governance and Advocacy Centre. The
program implementation centre undertakes all the program interventions which include
the life skills education, income enhancement, rural health, water management and
alternative energy initiatives. The community mobilization program forms an integral
component of all the programs.
Income Enhancement Program
The primary objective of the Income Enhancement program is to build the
capacity of the farming community by disseminating timely information, providing
linkages for better yield and price of their products and providing crop insurance against
the weather risk. IRRAD focuses on obtaining information on the agricultural techniques
that are available with the government or private organizations and providing it to the
Panchayat members, and other interest groups through workshops, trainings and exposure
visits.
For the effective implementation of the agricultural interventions, thematic focus
of the program is laid on capacity building of Kisan Mitras (farmers’ friends) and farmers
through training and exposure visits; strengthening of Framers Resource Centre (FRC) by
providing IEC material; conducting regular farmers group training, making various
agricultural demonstrations based on feasibility; application of replicable intensive
agriculture technology intervention in a cluster of villages and developing market
linkages to reap maximum benefits from the agricultural produce.
10
Rationale for the study
The agriculture baseline survey is designed to understand the current agricultural
scenario of the intervention villages where IRRAD has been working for more than half a
decade. This study also aims at capturing the alternative livelihood options chosen by
inhabitants who do not pursue agriculture as an occupation. Findings from this study will
help set a model highlighting the agricultural practices being followed in a semi arid
region like Mewat and provide the scope for replication in similar geographical regions
of the country. On the basis of findings of the survey, an effective agriculture strategy
will be designed to advise the farmers to follow the suitable and sustainable agricultural
practices that in future will help them increase their land productivity and also motivate
them to diversify towards precision farming.
Research Methodology
The following section provides a description of the objectives of the study, the
geographic locale from where data was collected. It also explicates about the sample size;
the method for sampling, tools constructed and employed for data collection.
Objectives
Following is the broad objective of the study:
To explore the agricultural practices and other livelihood options in the IRRAD
intervention villages of Mewat.
The specific objective of the study was to gauge the various livelihood options
available with the inhabitants other than agriculture. Furthermore, the study also explores
the agricultural practices in the villages’ specific to the crops grown in every season as
well as the various trade options available for generating income from the agricultural
produce.
Area of study
The study was conducted among 11 villages from the Mewat district of Haryana,
India where the income enhancement program is being implemented for the past 7 years.
11
Methodology
The survey was conducted in 11 villages covering a total of 3603 households. Every
household was covered through a questionnaire developed in Hindi. The information
gathered centers on
a) Land holding
b) Education
c) Family size
d) Sources of income
e) Irrigation facilities
f) Agricultural practices followed by farmers
The field staff was familiarized and was trained in filling out the questionnaires. Some
additional information on agricultural practices and farm economics was also gathered
using an additional sheet of questions, covering more than 60% of the total household
owning agricultural land.
Findings
Findings from the survey have been divided into 10 sections.
Village Demographics
Exploration of the village demographics indicates dominance of Meo Muslims in
the region. An average of 78.1% population is constituted by Meo Muslims in the study
villages (Table 1). Caste composition analysis also reveals the dominance of Muslims
followed by other castes. It is only in Tauru that Harijans also constitute 18% of the total
population (Table 2).
Table 1: Religious composition
Hindu Muslim
Tauru 31.5 68.5
Nagina 15.3 84.7
F.P. Jhirka 18.9 81.1
12
Source: Census Plus, RRC, IRRAD, 2009
Exploration of the literacy levels indicates that approximately 60% of the total
respondents in the study villages have obtained education less than the primary level
highlighting the grim situation of education in the district.
Table 4: Literacy Levels
Literacy
Illiterate
Less than
Primary Primary Middle
10th
pass
12th pass or
more
Tauru
Dingerheri 60 22 24 25 19 16
Goela 73 52 22 17 30 4
Jaffrabad 62 12 17 20 19 2
Nagina
Karhera 134 115 70 19 59 39
Kotla 159 63 51 15 7 3
Notki 108 19 37 18 5 7
Meo Muslims Harijan Valmiki Others
Tauru 68.5 18.0 3.3 10.2
Nagina 82.0 5.3 3.5 9.2
F. P. Jhirka 78.4 3.1 1.7 16.8
Table 2: Caste Composition
The average household size is found to be 7 in Tauru and 6 in Nagina and Jhirka. This indicates
that the lack of adoption of family planning practices in the study villages (Table 3).
Table 3: Average Household Size
Average Household
Size
Tauru 7
Nagina 6
F. P. Jhirka 6
13
Santhawari 108 44 87 18 25 21
F.P.Jhirk
a
Agon 323 57 116 63 66 23
Bhond 160 10 63 36 23 6
Pathkhori 404 30 93 40 27 27
Raniyala 62 67 88 27 17 9
1. Land Demographics
Land demographics provide a snapshot of the total land under cultivation and irrigation
as well as indicate the average land holding in the area.
a. Cultivable land
A consolidation of findings of the data obtained from the study villages indicates
that the total cultivable land equals to 7766.6 acres. The total waste land is found to be
136 acres. Table 5 provides a block wise distribution of the total cultivable and waste
land.
Table 5: Cultivable and Waste Land
Block Name Cultivable Land
(acres)
Waste Land (acres) Total (acres)
Tauru 849.5 5.75 855.25
Nagina 2966.75 101.25 3068
F. P. Jhirka 3950.3 29 3979.3
b. Average Land Holding
The average land holding in the study villages is calculated keeping in mind the
total land holding and the number of households owning agricultural land. It is found to
be 4.2 which is much higher than the average land holding of the district which is less
than 2 acres (IHD, 2000). Further analysis reveals that the maximum land holding in the
study villages is 70 acres.
c. Land ownership and leasing
14
The land ownership and leasing pattern was explored. Table 6 presents a block
wise distribution of own and leased land. Analysis reveals that of the total land, 88.3%
land is owned by people and the rest 11.7% is leased by inhabitants.
Table 6: Own and Leased Land
Block Name Own Land (acres) Leased Land (acres) Total (acres)
Tauru 631 224.3 855.3
Nagina 2722 346 3068
F. P. Jhirka 3622.3 357 3979.3
d. Irrigated and non irrigated land
The proportion of irrigated versus non irrigated land was explored. As table 7
suggests 97.5% land in Tauru is under irrigation indicating adequacy of water sources in
the block. Contrasting picture surfaces in Nagina where proportion of irrigated land is
48.6% of the total land. In Jhirka, the proportion of irrigated land is 85.3% of the total
land.
Table 7: Irrigated and Non Irrigated Land
Block Name Irrigated Land
(acres)
Non Irrigated Land
(acres)
Total (acres)
Tauru 833.5 21.8 855.3
Nagina 1263.5 1333.5 2597
F. P. Jhirka 3395.3 584 3979.3
2. Sources of Income
Sources of income in the study villages were explored. Besides agriculture being one of
the major occupations in the district, analysis of the responses indicates varied sources of
income. These include income from shops, jobs, driving and labor. Other sources of
income constitute income from livestock rearing, dairy farming, tailoring etc. As figure 1
suggests, income from agriculture and labor constitute an equal percentage of 38%. This
is followed by income from driving which constitutes 11% of all the income sources.
15
Figure 1: Sources of Income
Further analysis indicates the proportion of income obtained from each source. Table 8
showcases the percentage distribution of the proportion of income generated from each
source. As evident, in Tauru block, majority of income is generated from jobs. This is
followed by income from other sources which largely constitute dairy farming in this
block. In Nagina, income from jobs again surfaces to be the major constituent of income.
This is followed by income from driving and other sources. In Jhirka, income from other
sources forms a major source of income followed by agriculture. This therefore, indicates
that even though agriculture is widely practiced in the region, it does not seem to
constitute a substantial chunk of people’s income.
Table 8: Income Generated
Income
from
Agriculture
(%)
Income
from
Shops
(%)
Income
from
Driving
(%)
Income
from
Labor
(%)
Income
from
Jobs
(%)
Income
from other
sources
(%)
Tauru
Dingerheri 9.6 11.5 10.1 8.2 44.5 16.0
Goela 13.2 18.4 14.7 11.2 23.8 18.7
Jaffrabad 11.1 16.5 20.1 12.7 17.8 21.8
Nagina
Karhera 16.2 11.9 17.8 10.2 27.7 16.3
Kotla 13.1 16.3 21.4 13.0 15.0 21.2
16
Notki 12.1 12.8 22.5 14.2 32.0 6.4
Santhawari 21.1 8.9 16.9 8.3 26.7 18.1
F.P.Jhirka
Agon 17.5 5.1 3.9 3.8 10.5 59.1
Bhond 23.1 14.6 13.7 10.2 28.3 10.0
Pathkhori 10.0 7.8 10.4 5.8 19.7 46.2
Raniyala 31.6 12.6 16.7 10.7 20.3 8.1
3. Resources Owned
The resources owned by the inhabitants of the study villages were explored. The
resources vary from tractors, diesel and electric pumps to motor cycles. As table 9 below
indicates, motor cycles seem to constitute the maximum percentage (42%) of the total
resources owned. This is followed by submersible pumps and tractors constituting 27%
and 17.5% of the total resources owned respectively.
Table 9: Resources Owned
Resources Owned
Tractor Thresher
Diesel
Pump
Electric
Pump
Submersible
Pump
Motor
Cycle
Tauru
Dingerheri 11 0 0 0 45 53
Goela 31 5 0 0 71 47
Jaffrabad 9 0 0 6 65 31
Nagina
Karhera 20 5 9 0 14 89
Kotla 16 6 26 5 21 66
Notki 14 - - - - -
Santhawari 33 4 6 8 39 82
F.P.Jhir
ka
Agon 66 1 6 4 0 79
Bhond 11 0 0 8 123 59
Pathkhori 39 8 1 0 18 90
Raniyala 14 1 58 42 13 38
4. Sources of Irrigation
Exploration of the sources of irrigation indicates that ponds do not constitute water used
for irrigation in any of the study villages. Wells are also found to only form a major
source of irrigation in Agon, a village in Jhirka. While diesel pumps constitute a major
17
source of irrigation for 4 out of 11 villages, the main source of irrigation is found to be
submersible bore. In Tauru block, submersible bore surface to be the only source of
irrigation available. In Nagina, both, submersible bores and diesel pumps are used for
irrigation. In Jhirka, submersible bores are dominant.
Table 10: Sources of Irrigation
Sources of Irrigation
Submersible Bore Diesel Pump Well Pond
No. of
farmer
s
using
subm
ersible
bore
Time
taken
to
irrigat
e 1
acre
Die
sel/
ho
ur
No.
of
farm
ers
using
diese
l
pump
Time
taken
to
irrigat
e 1
acre
Dies
el/
hr
No.
of
farm
ers
Tim
e
take
n
Die
sel/
hr
No.
of
farm
ers
Tim
e
tak
en
Di
es
el/
hr
Tauru
Dingerheri 41 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Goela 76 9.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Jaffrabad 72 13.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nagin
a
Karhera 83 11 0 72 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Kotla 50 11.6 0 37 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Notki - - - - - - - - - - - 0
Santhawa
ri 123 17 0 21.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F.P.Jh
irka
Agon 1 8 0 5 9 2 380 12.8 2 0 0 0
Bhond 136 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pathkhori 203 10 0 6 12.5 0 16 12 0 0 0 0
Raniyala 52 9 0 73 10.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
An exploration of the electricity bill per month indicates that for majority of the
respondents, the bill lies between 200- 300 rupees per month (Table 11).
Table 11: Monthly Electricity Bill
Electricity Bill/ Month
<100 101-200 201-300 301-400 401-500 >501
Tauru
Dingerheri 0 5 35 1 4 0
Goela 0 14 57 4 0 0
18
Jaffrabad 7 18 47 1 2 1
Nagina
Karhera 0 1 63 18 0 1
Kotla 1 0 25 9 2 14
Notki - - - - -
Santhawari 2 0 5 69 36 18
F.P.Jhirka
Agon 0 1 0 1 0 0
Bhond 0 2 128 1 0 40
Pathkhori 0 0 0 0 0 0
Raniyala 0 23 27 2 0 2
5. Crops Grown
The various crops grown in the study villages were explored. These have been bifurcated
on the basis of the season: Kharif and Rabi.
a. Kharif Crops
The major Kharif crops grown in the study villages include Jowar, Bajra, Gwar
and Arhar. As figure 2 indicates, Jowar and Bajra are the major Kharif crops grown in the
villages. Gwar and Arhar appear to be grown only by a small percentage of farmers.
Figure 2
i. Jowar
19
The total area on which Jowar is grown in the study villages equals to 1246.7
acres (504.5 hectares) and the total production obtained from the same comes out
to be 4025.6 quintals (402560 kilograms). Thus, the average yield of Jowar is
found to be 797.9 kg/hectare in the study villages which is much higher than the
average state yield of 500 kg/hectare. A block wise analysis further reveals that
the average productivity is relatively higher in Tauru than other blocks. Table 12
indicates that the average rate at which Jowar is sold per quintal is rupees 536.
Table 12: Jowar
Kharif: Jowar
Total
Productio
n (qtl)
Quantity
Sold (qtl)
Rate/ qtl
(Rs.)
Total
Income
(Rs.)
Total Expenditure
(Rs.)
Non
selling
farmers
Selling
farmers
Tauru
Dingerheri 30.0 5.0 1200.0 6000.0 0 2000
Goela 25.0 0.0 0.0 2000 0
Jaffrabad 359.0 10.0 1200.0 12000.0 14500 3300
Nagina
Karhera 482.5 303.0 795.0 237935.0 115410 205750
Kotla 257.1 67.0 766.0 51505.0 131300 39760
Notki
Santhawari 502.0 200.0 719.0 137170.0 225750 220200
F.P.Jhirka
Agon 146.0 13.0 660.0 8200.0 350250 14000
Bhond 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 36640 0
Pathkhori 2216.0 36.0 560.0 14500.0 419157 12000
Raniyala 6.0 0.0 0.0 0 31825 0
Regarding the place where the Jowar produce is sold, it appears that majority
of the farmers prefer to sell it within their respective villages. Exceptions lie
only in Kotla and Santhawari where a number of farmers also sell Jowar in
Nuh and Nagina respectively.
ii. Bajra
20
The total area on which Bajra is grown in the study villages equals to 1316.9
acres (532.9 hectares) and the total production is 6694.2 quintals (669420
kilograms). Thus, the average yield of Bajra is found to be 1256.2 kg/hectare in
the study villages which is much lower than the average state yield of 1769
kg/hectare. The productivity across all the blocks seems to lie around the average.
Table 13 indicates that the average rate at which Bajra is sold per quintal is rupees
724.
Table 13: Bajra
Kharif: Bajra
Total
Productio
n (qtl)
Quantity
Sold (qtl)
Rate/ qtl
(Rs.)
Total
Income
(Rs.)
Total Expenditure
(Rs.)
Non
selling
farmers
Selling
farmers
Tauru
Dingerheri 598.5 357.0 602.0 274400.0 45700 147700
Goela 811.5 276.0 600.0 165600.0 99500 126700
Jaffrabad 756.5 261.0 600.0 161100.0 111600 119200
Nagina
Karhera 752.5 262.0 655.0 188905.0 147970 155925
Kotla 321.2 54.0 635.0 32635.0 133600 25460
Notki 170.0 51.0 669.0 19605.0 65035 39045
Santhawa
ri 531.0 182.0 658.0 119120.0 141550 206695
F.P.Jhirk
a
Agon 414.0 114.0 648.0 70900.0 59790 30500
Bhond 554.4 125.0 603.0 75450.0 114750 67500
Pathkhori 677.0 294.5 1675.0 18400.0 149707 93530
Raniyala 1107.6 448.0 621.0 288250 93450 195000
Regarding the places where Bajra is sold, it appears that majority of the farmers in
Tauru sell it in the market at the block level. Farmers in Nagina prefer to sell it
locally, that is, within their respective villages. Majority of the farmers in Jhirka
either sell it within their respective villages or in the Jhirka market at the block
level.
21
iii. Gwar
The total area on which Gwar is grown in the study villages equals to 23.8
acres (9.6 hectares) and the total production is 117 quintals (11700 kilograms).
Thus, the average yield of Gwar is found to be 1218.8 kg/hectare in the study
villages. Gwar seems to be only grown in Tauru block and Agon village of Jhirka
block. As table 14 indicates, Gwar seems to be grown only for commercial
purposes as all the farmers sell it. The average rate at which it is sold is also high
as it amounts to 1435 rupees per quintal.
Table 14: Gwar
Kharif: Gwar
Total
Productio
n (qtl)
Quantity
Sold (qtl)
Rate/ qtl
(Rs.)
Total
Income
(Rs.)
Total Expenditure (Rs.)
Non
selling
farmers
Selling
farmers
Tauru
Dingerheri 49.0 24.0 1400.0 48400.0 0 8000
Goela 35.0 35.0 1300.0 45600.0 0 18500
Jaffrabad 23.0 23.0 1240.0 29200.0 0 9500
Nagina
Karhera 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Kotla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Notki 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Santhawari 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
F.P.Jhi
rka
Agon 10.0 10.0 1800.0 16600.0 0 6500
Bhond 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Pathkhori 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Raniyala 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
As Gwar is grown primarily in Tauru, the farmers tend to sell it in the block level
market.
iv. Arhar
Arhar does not seem to be grown at a large scale in the study villages.
Analysis indicates that it is grown primarily in the villages of Tauru block. The
22
total area on which Arhar is grown equals to 67 acres (27.1 hectares) and the total
production is 282 quintals (28200 kilograms). Thus, the average yield of Arhar is
found to be 1040.6 kg/hectare in the study villages which is a bit higher than the
state yield of 1000 kg/hectare. As table 15 indicates, Arhar seems to be grown
only for commercial purposes as all the farmers sell the entire produce. The
average rate at which it is sold is also high as it amounts to 1933 rupees per
quintal.
Table 15: Arhar
Kharif: Arhar
Total
Producti
on (qtl)
Quantity
Sold
(qtl)
Rate/ qtl
(Rs.)
Total
Income
(Rs.)
Total Expenditure
(Rs.)
Non
selling
farmers
Selling
farmers
Tauru
Dingerheri 164.5 164.5 2023.0 333600.0 0 79100
Goela 31.0 31.0 1900.0 60600.0 0 13000
Jaffrabad 80.5 80.5 2010.0 161000.0 0 37200
Nagina
Karhera 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Kotla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Notki 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Santhawa
ri 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
F.P.Jhirka
Agon 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Bhond 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Pathkhori 6.0 1.0 1800.0 1800.0 2750 1500
Raniyala 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
Arhar is primarily grown in the villages of Tauru and therefore, is sold at the
block level market.
b. Rabi Crops
23
The major Rabi crops grown in the study villages include Wheat, Mustard, and
Barley. As figure 3 indicates, Wheat and Mustard are the major Rabi crops grown in the
villages. Barley appears to be grown only by a small percentage of farmers.
Figure 3
i. Wheat
The total area on which Wheat is grown in the study villages equals to 3005.6
acres (1216.3 hectares) and the total production is 31810.7 quintals (3181070
kilograms). Thus, the average yield of Wheat is found to be 2615.4 kg/hectare in
the study villages which is much lower than the average state yield of 4614
kg/hectare. The productivity across all the blocks seems to lie around the average
with the lowest in Agon and highest in Dingerheri. Table 16 below indicates that
the average rate at which Wheat is sold per quintal is rupees 1048.50.
Furthermore, it becomes evident that Wheat is not only grown for personal
consumption but is also sold on a commercial basis to earn income.
Table 16: Wheat
Rabi: Wheat
Total
Productio
n (qtl)
Quantity
Sold (qtl)
Rate/ qtl
(Rs.)
Total
Income
(Rs.)
Total Expenditure
(Rs.)
24
Non
selling
farmers
Selling
farmers
Tauru
Dingerheri 1680.0 762.0 1069.0 785000.0 84000 314500
Goela 2771.0 1213.0 1000.0 1106000.0 66200 732100
Jaffrabad 1977.0 713.0 1000.0 713000.0 165600 214700
Nagina
Karhera 3575.0 1227.0 1257.0 1497990.0 602150 1201422
Kotla 1595.0 121.0 1252.0 151656.0 1493915 180450
Notki 2145.0 194.0 1153.0 250460.0 1023250 304990
Santhawari 3340.0 1087.0 1051.0 1582910.0 460410 1134050
F.P.Jhi
rka
Agon 5677.5 1149.0 1000.0 1126000.0 1738850 1126160
Bhond 2812.0 510.0 887.0 453500.0 628700 383500
Pathkhori 2851.0 448.0 1000.0 508000.0 615857 280007
Raniyala 3386.0 1081.0 865.0 1029900 499200 754000
Regarding the places where Wheat is sold, it appears that majority of the
farmers growing Wheat sell it in their respective block level markets.
ii. Mustard
The total area on which Mustard is grown in the study villages equals to
3050.8 acres (1234.6 hectares) and the total production is 16246.3 quintals
(1624630 kilograms). Thus, the average yield of Mustard is found to be 532.5
kg/hectare in the study villages which is much lower than the average state yield
of 1738 kg/hectare. The productivity across all the blocks seems to lie around the
average with the lowest in Kotla and highest in Notki. Table 17 below indicates
that the average rate at which Mustard is sold per quintal is rupees 2142.10.
Furthermore, it becomes evident that Mustard is largely grown for commercial
purposes as 93% of the crop produce is sold.
Table 17: Mustard
Rabi: Mustard
Total
Produc
tion
(qtl)
Quantit
y Sold
(qtl)
Rate/ qtl
(Rs.)
Total Income
(Rs.)
Total Expenditure
(Rs.)
25
Non
selling
farmers
Selling
farmers
Tauru
Dingerheri 385.0 385.0 2023.0 776200.0 0 172300
Goela 481.0 466.0 2023.0 941040.0 0 200200
Jaffrabad 373.5 373.5 2061.0 738302.0 0 188100
Nagina
Karhera 3520.0 3370.0 2214.0 7363635.0 9200 2873080
Kotla 1135.3 1012.5 2219.0 2252306.0 61040 1770200
Notki 1769.0 1034.2 1856.0 707415.0 70425 1804670
Santhawari 1991.0 1897.0 2330.0 4452559.0 0 1866950
F.P.Jhirka
Agon 1758.5 1706.5 2315.0 4026800.0 25000 958600
Bhond 873.0 871.0 2005.0 1745500.0 0 430600
Pathkhori 2014.0 2012.0 2427.0 4838400.0 2000 1373307
Raniyala 1946.0 1940.0 2090.0 3919200 0 956800
Regarding the places where Mustard is sold, it appears that majority of the
farmers in Tauru and Jhirka sell it in their respective block level markets. It is
only in Nagina that some farmers prefer to sell it locally within the village while
some sell it in the block level market or in Nuh.
iii. Barley
The total area on which Balrey is grown in the study villages equals to 36
acres (14.6 hectares) and the total production is 279 quintals (27900 kilograms).
Thus, the average yield of Barley is found to be 1910.9 kg/hectare in the study
villages which is much lower than the average state yield of 3491 kg/hectare.
Barley is observed to be grown only in villages in the Tauru block and in Agon
which lies in Jhirka. Table 18 below indicates that the average rate at which
Barley is sold per quintal is rupees 968.75. Furthermore, it becomes evident that
Barley is largely sold and not used for personal consumption.
Table 18: Barley
Rabi: Barley
Total
Producti
Quantity
Sold
Rate/ qtl
(Rs.)
Total
Income
Total Expenditure
(Rs.)
26
on (qtl) (qtl) (Rs.)
Non
selling
farmers
Selling
farmers
Tauru
Dingerheri 114.0 101.0 975.0 96600.0 0 23000
Goela 40.0 40.0 900.0 36000.0 0 8000
Jaffrabad 70.0 70.0 900.0 63000.0 0 32000
Nagina
Karhera 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Kotla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Notki 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Santhawari 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
F.P.Jhirka
Agon 45.0 40.0 1100.0 44000.0 0 20000
Bhond 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Pathkhori 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Raniyala 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
Regarding the places where Barley is sold, it appears that majority of the
farmers in Tauru and Jhirka sell it in their respective block level markets.
6. Vegetables Grown
The vegetable production in the study villages was also mapped. These have been
divided into vegetables grown in the Kharif season and the Rabi season. The
responses obtained indicate that vegetables during the Kharif season are not
commercially grown in the study villages.
a. Kharif Vegetables
The major Kharif vegetables grown in the villages comprise of Ladyfinger,
Watermelon, Kakri, Coriander, Bottle Gourd and Spinach. However, these are not
grown on a large scale as evident from the graph below (Figure 4).
Figure 4: Kharif Vegetable Production
27
i. Ladyfinger
The total area on which Ladyfinger is grown is 5.5 acres and the total
production is 72 quintals. Analysis indicates that it is grown only in villages in
Tauru block. The average yield comes out to be 13.1 quintals/ acre. The quantity
sold in the markets equals the production indicating that Ladyfinger is only grown
for commercial purposes. The average rate at which it is sold per quintal is rupees
667 and is found to be only sold in the block level market of Tauru.
ii. Watermelon
The total area on which Watermelon is grown is 5 acres and the total
production is 244 quintals. Analysis indicates that it is grown only in 2 villages in
Tauru block and one village in Nagina. The average yield comes out to be 48.8
quintals/ acre. The quantity sold in the markets equals the production indicating
that Watermelon is only grown for commercial purposes. The average rate at
which it is sold per quintal is rupees 442 and is found to be only sold in the
respective block level markets.
iii. Kakri
28
The total area on which Kakri is grown is 4.3 acres and the total production is
148 quintals. Analysis indicates that it is grown only in one village from each of
the three blocks. The average yield comes out to be 34.4 quintals/ acre. The
quantity sold in the markets equals the production indicating that Kakri is only
grown for commercial purposes. The average rate at which Kakri is sold per
quintal is rupees 522 and is found to be only sold in the respective block level
markets.
iv. Coriander
The total area on which Coriander is grown is 1.5 acres and the total
production is 20 quintals. Analysis indicates that it is grown only in Goela, a
village in Tauru block. The average yield comes out to be 13.3 quintals/ acre. The
quantity sold in the markets equals the production indicating that coriander is only
grown for commercial purposes. The average rate at which Coriander is sold per
quintal is rupees 1400 and is found to be only sold in the respective block level
market.
v. Bottle Gourd
The total area on which Bottle Gourd is grown is 10.3 acres and the total
production is 301 quintals. Analysis indicates that majority of it is grown in all the
villages of Tauru block as well as one village in Nagina. The average yield comes
out to be 29.2 quintals/ acre. The quantity sold in the markets equals the
production indicating that Bottle Gourd is only grown for commercial purposes.
The average rate at which it is sold per quintal is rupees 525 and is found to be
only sold in the respective block level markets.
vi. Spinach
The total area on which Spinach is grown is 4.5 acres and the total production
is 95 quintals. Analysis indicates that it is grown only in one village from each of
the three blocks. The average yield comes out to be 21.1 quintals/ acre. The
quantity sold in the markets equals the production indicating that Spinach is only
29
grown for commercial purposes. The average rate at which it is sold per quintal is
rupees 516.70 and is found to be only sold in the respective block level markets.
b. Rabi Vegetables
The major Rabi vegetables grown in the villages comprise of Tomato, Onion,
Brinjal, Chillies, Carrots, Raddish, Cauliflower and Fenugreek. As evident from the
graph below, vegetables like Tomato, Onion, Brinjal and Carrots are grown on a large
scale and are sold commercially (Figure 5).
Figure 5: Rabi Vegetable Production
i. Tomato
The total area on which Tomato is grown in the study villages equals to 151
acres and the total production is 16119.0 quintals. Thus, the average yield of
Tomato is found to be 106.7 quintals/ acre in the study villages. It is found to be
largely grown in villages across all blocks. Table 19 below indicates that the
average rate at which Tomato is sold per quintal is rupees 719. Furthermore, it
becomes evident that Tomato is not only used for personal consumption but also
sold on a large scale.
Table 19: Tomato
Rabi: Tomato
30
Total
Producti
on (qtl)
Quantity
Sold (qtl)
Rate/ qtl
(Rs.)
Total
Income
(Rs.)
Total Expenditure
(Rs.)
Non
selling
farmers
Selling
farmers
Tauru
Dingerheri 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Goela 106.0 106.0 683.0 81200.0 0
Jaffrabad 41.0 41.0 800.0 33000.0 0
Nagina
Karhera 1087.0 972.0 548.0 770700.0 0
Kotla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Notki 210.0 155.0 575.0 89000 2000 71000
Santhawari 8990.0 7642.0 565.0 3971940.0
F.P.Jhirka
Agon 30.0 28.0 1666.0 59500.0
Bhond 5655.0 5605.0 196.0 1155000.0
Pathkhori 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Raniyala 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
Regarding the places where Tomato is sold, it appears that among the villages
of Tauru, the production is primarily sold in the block level market. The produce
from Nagina and Jhirka, the production is sold in Delhi.
ii. Onion
The total area on which Onion is grown in the study villages equals to 619
acres and the total production is 48095.20 quintals. Thus, the average yield of
Onion is found to be 77.7 quintals/ acre in the study villages. It is found to be
grown in villages across all blocks. However, the concentration of onion
production is found to be localized to villages in Jhirka block. Table 20 below
indicates that the average rate at which Onion is sold per quintal is rupees 402.
Furthermore, it becomes evident that most of the Onion produce is sold on a
commercial scale.
Table 20: Onion
Rabi: Onion
Total Quantity Rate/ qtl Total Total Expenditure
31
Productio
n (qtl)
Sold (qtl) (Rs.) Income
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
Non
selling
farmers
Selling
farmers
Tauru
Dingerheri 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Goela 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Jaffrabad 40.0 40.0 400.0 16000.0
Nagina
Karhera 25.0 20.0 400.0 8000.0
Kotla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Notki 70.0 60.0 525.0 31500.0 20000
Santhawari 728.0 651.0 653.0 412990.0
F.P.Jhirka
Agon 19932.0 19932.0 267.0 5082500.0
Bhond 9980.0 9972.0 329.0 3317600.0
Pathkhori 16889.5 16889.5 292.0 5605407.0
Raniyala 500.0 500.0 350.0 175000
Regarding the places where Onion is sold, it appears that most of the produce
is sold in Delhi.
iii. Brinjal
The total area on which Brinjal is grown in the study villages equals to 190.3
acres and the total production is 49682.0 quintals. Thus, the average yield is found
to be 261.1 quintals/ acre in the study villages. It is found to be grown only in a
few villages of Nagina and Jhirka. Table 21 below indicates that the average rate
at which Brinjal is sold per quintal is rupees 396.60. Furthermore, it becomes
evident that most of the produce is sold on a commercial scale.
Table 21: Brinjal
Rabi: Brinjal
Total
Producti
on (qtl)
Quantity
Sold (qtl)
Rate/ qtl
(Rs.)
Total
Income
(Rs.)
Total Expenditure
(Rs.)
Non
selling
Selling
farmers
32
farmers
Tauru
Dingerheri 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Goela 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Jaffrabad 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Nagina
Karhera 551.0 472.0 535.0 262200.0
Kotla 180.0 160.0 600.0 80400.0
Notki 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Santhawari 6141.0 5019.0 248.0 1212915.0
F.P.Jhirka
Agon 30.0 30.0 400.0 12000.0
Bhond 42780.0 42760.0 200.0 8592000.0
Pathkhori 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Raniyala 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0
Regarding the places where Brinjal is sold, it appears that most of the
produce is sold in Delhi.
iv. Green Chilli
The total area on which Green Chilli is grown is 2.5 acres and the total
production is 96 quintals. Analysis indicates that it is grown only in one village
from each of the three blocks. The average yield comes out to be 38.4 quintals/
acre. The quantity sold in the markets equals the production indicating that Green
Chilli is only grown for commercial trading purposes. The average rate at which it
is sold per quintal is rupees 1133.33 and is found to be only sold in the respective
block level markets except in Nagina where it is either sold in Punhana or Delhi.
v. Carrot
The total area on which Carrot is grown in the study villages equals to 711.3
acres and the total production is 120735.0 quintals. Thus, the average yield is
found to be 169.7 quintals/ acre in the study villages. It is found to be grown in
villages across all blocks. However, the maximum production is localized to
Agon. Table 22 below indicates that the average rate at which Carrot is sold per
quintal is rupees 459. Furthermore, it becomes evident that most of the produce is
sold on a commercial scale.
33
Table 22: Carrot
Rabi: Carrot
Total
Productio
n (qtl)
Quantity
Sold (qtl)
Rate/ qtl
(Rs.)
Total
Income
(Rs.)
Total Expenditure
(Rs.)
Non
selling
farmers
Selling
farmers
Tauru
Dingerheri 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Goela 1385.0 1385.0 450.0 593000.0
Jaffrabad 45.0 45.0 450.0 20500.0
Nagina
Karhera 458.0 417.0 550.0 220200.0
Kotla 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Notki 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Santhawari 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
F.P.Jhirk
a
Agon 118767.0 118757.0 246.0 31640050.0
Bhond 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Pathkhori 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
Raniyala 80.0 70.0 600.0 42000 12000
Regarding the places where Carrot is sold, it appears that most of the produce
from Agon is sold in Delhi. Producers in Tauru sell it either in the block market or
in Bhiwadi.
vi. Raddish
The total area on which Raddish is grown is 8.5 acres and the total production
is 851 quintals. Analysis indicates that it is grown mostly in Nagina. The average
yield comes out to be 100.1 quintals/ acre. Most of the produce is sold in the
markets indicating that it is grown largely for commercial trading purposes. The
average rate at which it is sold per quintal is rupees 421 and is found to be sold in
the respective block level markets.
vii. Cauliflower
34
The total area on which Cauliflower is grown is 5.3 acres and the total
production is 158.5 quintals. Analysis indicates that it is grown only in one village
from each of the three blocks. The average yield is 29.9 quintals/ acre. The
quantity sold in the markets equals the production indicating that Cauliflower is
largely grown for commercial trading purposes. The average rate at which it is
sold per quintal is rupees 1416.7 and is found to be sold in the respective block
level markets except in Nagina where the produce is sold in Delhi.
viii. Fenugreek
The total area on which Fenugreek is grown is 35 acres and the total
production is 988 quintals. Analysis indicates that its production is largely
concentrated in the villages of Tauru block. The average yield is 28.2 quintals/
acre. The quantity sold in the markets equals the production indicating that
Fenugreek is only grown for commercial trading purposes. The average rate at
which it is sold per quintal is rupees 669 and is largely sold in Gurgaon or block
level market of Jhirka.
7. Field Preparation
Field preparation deals with aspects such as the number of ploughing required for
each crop as well as the capturing the fertilizer usage for each crop.
a. Number of Ploughing
Number of ploughing required for each crop was explored. For Wheat, the
number of ploughing varied between 7 to 8 times for Tauru and Nagina.
However, for Jhirka, it reduced to 4. In case of Mustard, the number of ploughing
required is found to be the lowest in case of Tauru with the responses being
concentrated between 5 and 7. In Nagina and Jhirka, the number of ploughing
required for Mustard is found to be between 8 and 10.
In the Kharif crops, the number of ploughing for Bajra varies between
blocks. While for Tauru, the responses are concentrated on 4 and 5, for Nagina
and Jhirka, majority of the farmers plough 2 to 3 times for Bajra. For Jowar, the
number of ploughing varies from 3 to 4 for all blocks.
35
In vegetables, the number of ploughing for Tomato was found to be much
lower in case of Tauru where majority of the respondents mentioned 5 times. In
case of Jhirka and Nagina, responses were concentrated on 8. Brinjal was found to
grow only in Nagina and Jhirka and the number of ploughing varied from 8 to 9.
b. Fertilizer Usage
i. Gypsum
The use of fertilizers in the field was explored. Approximately 55%
respondents indicated to use 4 kilograms of Gypsum per acre for Wheat. For
Mustard, around 59% respondents indicated to use 4 kilograms of Gypsum per
acre.
In case of Kharif crops, responses were obtained for Jowar and Bajra. For
Bajra, 32% respondents mentioned to use 4 kg Gypsum/ acre. In case of
Jowar, the responses were varied. While 27% respondents mentioned to use
4kg Gypsum/ acre, another 27% indicated to use 120 kg/ acre of Gypsum.
In case of vegetables, 88% respondents mentioned to use 4kg of Gypsum
per acre for Tomato. Similarly, for Brinjal, 72% respondents declared to use
4kg of Gypsum per acre. In case of carrots, the use of Gypsum was found to
vary from 4kg/ acre to 8kg/ acre.
ii. Urea
In Rabi crops, use of Urea was explored for Wheat and Mustard. 40.3%
respondents mentioned using 50 kg of Urea per acre. 35% respondents
mentioned using 100 kg of Urea per acre for Wheat. For Mustard, 86%
respondents mentioned using 50 kg of Urea per acre.
In Kharif crops, use of Urea was explored for Jowar and Bajra. As
responses indicate, 63% and 77% respondents mentioned using 50 kg of Urea
per acre for Jowar and Bajra respectively.
In case of vegetables, 59% respondents indicated using 200 kg of Urea for
Tomato. For Brinjal 75% respondents declared to be using 400 kg of Urea per
36
acre. For onions, 63% responses were concentrated on using 100 to 150 kg of
Urea per acre.
iii. Zinc
For Rabi crops, 40% and 50% respondents indicated to use 4 kg of Zinc
per acre for Wheat and Mustard respectively.
In case of Kharif crops, 50% and 60% respondents indicated to use 4 kg of
Zinc per acre for Bajra and Jowar respectively.
In vegetables, all respondents mentioned using 5 kg of Zinc per acre for
Tomato. For Onion and Carrot, responses were found to vary from 10 to 200
kg of Zinc per acre.
iv. DAP
For Rabi crops, 79% and 82% respondents indicated to use 50 kg of DAP
per acre for Wheat and Mustard respectively.
In case of Kharif crops, 74% and 33% respondents indicated to use 50 kg
of DAP per acre for Bajra and Jowar respectively. 36% respondents also
mentioned to use 25 kg of DAP per acre for Jowar.
In vegetables, 80%, 81% and 66% respondents indicated to use 50 kg of
DAP per acre for Tomato, Brinjal and Onion respectively.
v. MOP
The use of MOP is found to be not too extensive for any of the crops
under study. For Rabi crops, very few responses were obtained and were
concentrated on using 50 kg of MOP per acre for both, Wheat and Mustard.
In case of Kharif crops, responses were obtained only for Bajra and were
concentrated on using 50 kg of MOP per acre.
In vegetables, 86% and 50% respondents indicated to use 50 kg of MOP
per acre for Tomato and Onion respectively.
vi. Micronutrients
37
For Rabi crops, 85% and 86% respondents indicated to use 10 kg of
micronutrients per acre for Wheat and Mustard respectively.
In case of Kharif crops, 80% respondents indicated to use 10 kg of DAP
per acre for Bajra.
In vegetables, 62%, 91% and 95% respondents indicated to use 10 kg of
micronutrients per acre for Tomato, Brinjal and Onion respectively.
8. Farm Economics
Farm economics deals with the expenses incurred during various field operations for
all crops under study.
a. Ploughing cost/ acre
The cost incurred in ploughing for major crops was explored. Analysis
indicates variation in the cost incurred. As table 23 suggests, in Tauru, majority of
the respondents declare to spend more than rupees 500 on ploughing per acre for
both, Wheat and Mustard. This however contrasts in the case of Nagina and
Jhirka wherein almost all the respondents indicate to spend something between 0
to 500 rupees per acre for ploughing.
Table 23: Ploughing Cost/ Acre (Rabi Crops)
Rabi Crops
% of Respondents
Wheat Mustard
Ploughing Cost/ Acre
(Rupees)
0-500 >500 0-500 >500
Tauru 1% 99% 0 100%
Nagina 100% 0 100% 0
F. P. Jhirka 99.8% 0.2% 99.3% 0.7%
Similar findings are obtained in the case of Jowar and Bajra as well as the
vegetables (Table 25) wherein respondents from Tauru spend more than 500
rupees on ploughing per acre as against respondents from Nagina and Jhirka who
tend to spend less than 500 rupees (Table 24).
38
Table 24: Ploughing Cost/ Acre (Kharif Crops)
Kharif Crops
% of Respondents
Jowar Bajra
Ploughing Cost/ Acre
(Rupees)
0-500 >500 0-500 >500
Tauru 3.7% 96.3% 0.9% 99.1%
Nagina 100% 0 100% 0
F. P. Jhirka 99.5% 0.5% 99.6% 0.4%
Table 25: Ploughing Cost/ Acre (Vegetables)
Vegetables
% of Respondents
Tomato Onion Brinjal
Ploughing Cost/
Acre (Rupees)
0-500 >500 0-500 >500 0-500 >500
Tauru 0 100% 0 100% 0 0
Nagina 100% 0 100% 0 100% 0
F. P. Jhirka 100% 0 100% 0 100% 0
b. Cost of seeds/ acre
The cost incurred in buying seeds for major crops was explored. Analysis
indicates similarities across all the blocks. As table 26 suggests, in all the blocks,
respondents claim to spend less than a 1000 rupees on buying a kg of seeds for
Wheat and Mustard. Similar findings are obtained for Jowar and Bajra wherein
almost all the respondents tend to spend less than 1000 rupees on buying seeds
(Table 27).
Table 26: Cost of Seeds/ Acre (Rabi Crops)
Rabi Crops
% of Respondents
Wheat Mustard
39
Cost of seeds/ acre
(Rupees)
0-1000 >1000 0-1000 >1000
Tauru 99% 1% 100% 0
Nagina 100% 0 100% 0
F. P. Jhirka 93.5% 6.5% 99.5% 0.5%
Table 27: Cost of Seeds/ Acre (Kharif Crops)
Kharif Crops
% of Respondents
Jowar Bajra
Cost of seeds/ acre
(Rupees)
0-1000 >1000 0-1000 >1000
Tauru 100% 0 100% 0
Nagina 100% 0 100% 0
F. P. Jhirka 100% 0 99.2% 0.8%
The seeds for tomato and onion seem to cost more than 1000 rupees per kilogram
as majority of the farmers from all the blocks indicate to spend as much. It is only
in the case of Brinjal that a kilogram of seeds cost less than 1000 rupees (Table
28).
Table 28: Cost of Seeds/ Acre (Vegetables)
Vegetables
% of Respondents
Tomato Onion Brinjal
Cost of seeds/
acre (Rupees)
0-1000 >1000 0-1000 >1000 0-
1000
>1000
Tauru 0 100% 0 0 0 0
Nagina 11% 89% 0 100% 100% 0
F. P. Jhirka 12% 88% 3% 97% 100% 0
c. Cost of transplantations
40
Cost incurred in transplantation was investigated. The responses have been
obtained from selective blocks. For both, Kharif and Rabi, 100% respondents
from Jhirka block claim to spend less than 250 rupees on transplantation (Table
29 and 30).
Table 29: Cost of Transplantation (Rabi Crops)
Rabi Crops
% of Respondents
Wheat Mustard
Cost of
transplantations
(Rupees)
0-250 >250 0-250 >250
Tauru 0 0 0 0
Nagina 0 0 0 0
F. P. Jhirka 100% 0 100% 0
Table 30: Cost of Transplantation (Kharif Crops)
Kharif Crops
% of Respondents
Jowar Bajra
Cost of
transplantations
(Rupees)
0-250 >250 0-250 >250
Tauru 0 0 0 0
Nagina 0 0 0 0
F. P. Jhirka 100% 0 100% 0
In case of vegetables, responses indicate variations across blocks. For tomato, all
the respondents in Nagina indicate to spend more than 250 rupees on
transplantation. This also holds true for onion. Contrastingly, all the respondents
from Jhirka block claim to spend less than 250 rupees on the same activity. In the
41
case of onion, respondents from both Nagina and Jhirka declare to spend more
than 250 rupees on transplantation (Table 31).
Table 31: Cost of Transplantation (Vegetables)
Vegetables
% of Respondents
Tomato Onion Brinjal
Cost of
transplantations
(Rupees)
0-250 >250 0-250 >250 0-250 >250
Tauru 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nagina 0 100% 0 100% 0 100%
F. P. Jhirka 100% 0 1% 99% 0 0
d. Cost of Bunding
Cost of Bunding was explored. The responses indicate that for both Kharif
and Rabi crops, all the respondents spend less than rupees 500 on bunding (Table
32, 33).
Table 32: Cost of Bunding (Rabi Crops)
Rabi Crops
% of Respondents
Wheat Mustard
Cost of bunding
(Rupees)
0-500 >500 0-500 >500
Tauru 0 0 0 0
Nagina 100% 0 100% 0
F. P. Jhirka 99.2% 0.8% 100% 0
Table 33: Cost of Bunding (Kharif Crops)
Kharif Crops
42
% of Respondents
Jowar Bajra
Cost of bunding
(Rupees)
0-500 >500 0-500 >500
Tauru 0 0 0 0
Nagina 100% 0 100% 0
F. P. Jhirka 100% 0 0 0
For all the vegetables as well, the cost of bunding is limited to less than 500
rupees across all the blocks (Table 34).
Table 34: Cost of Bunding (Vegetables)
Vegetables
% of Respondents
Tomato Onion Brinjal
Cost of bunding
(Rupees)
0-500 >500 0-500 >500 0-500 >500
Tauru 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nagina 100% 0 100% 0 100% 0
F. P. Jhirka 0 0 98% 2% 100% 0
e. Cost of pesticides/ acre
The cost incurred due to use of pesticides was investigated. Analysis indicates
variation across blocks. For Wheat, respondents in Tauru claim to spend more
than 500 rupees per acre on pesticides. In Nagina, the cost reduces to be less than
Rs. 500. In Jhirka, 67% respondents declare to spend less than Rs.500 (Table 35).
In case of Mustard, all the respondents from Nagina and Jhirka indicate to spend
less than 500 rupees on pesticides per acre.
Table 35: Cost of Pesticides/ Acre (Rabi Crops)
Rabi Crops
% of Respondents
43
Wheat Mustard
Cost of pesticides/ acre
(Rupees)
0-500 >500 0-500 >500
Tauru 0 100% 0 0
Nagina 100% 0 100% 0
F. P. Jhirka 67% 33% 100% 0
The expenses incurred for Jowar and Bajra seem to be less than Rs.500 for all the
respondents in Nagina block. For respondents in Tauru, the expense incurred for
Bajra exceeds Rs.500 per acre. In case of vegetables, majority of the respondents
across all blocks seem to spend more than Rs.500 on pesticides per acre. It is only
in case of Onions that respondents in Tauru spend less than Rs.500 on the same
(Table 36).
Table 36: Cost of Pesticides/ Acre (Vegetables)
Vegetables
% of Respondents
Tomato Onion Brinjal
Cost of pesticides/
acre (Rupees)
0-500 >500 0-500 >500 0-500 >500
Tauru 29% 71% 100% 0 0 0
Nagina 11% 89% 0 100% 23% 77%
F. P. Jhirka 0 100% 0 100% 0 100%
f. Cost of harvesting
The cost incurred in harvesting was explored for crops and vegetables.
Analysis reveals variation across blocks. For Wheat, respondents in Tauru and
Nagina indicated to spend more than 500 rupees for harvesting. Majority of
respondents in Jhirka block confirmed to spend less than 500 on harvesting. In
case of Mustard, majority of respondents across all blocks indicated to have spent
more than 500 rupees on harvesting (Table 37).
Table 37: Cost of Harvesting (Rabi Crops)
44
Rabi Crops
% of Respondents
Wheat Mustard
Cost of harvesting
(Rupees)
0-500 >500 0-500 >500
Tauru 1% 99% 33% 67%
Nagina 0 100% 0.5% 99.5%
F. P. Jhirka 75% 25% 33% 67%
In case of Kharif crops as well, variation was observed across blocks. For Jowar,
respondents in Nagina block indicated to spend more than Rs.500 on harvesting.
Contrarily, respondents in Jhirka claimed to spend less than 500 on the same. For
Bajra, respondents across all blocks declared to spend more than 500 rupees on
harvesting. For vegetables, all the respondents except in Jhirka claimed to spend
more than 500 rupees on harvesting of all vegetables. It was only in case of
onions that 59% respondents from Jhirka indicated to spend less than 500 rupees
on harvesting (Table 38).
Table 38: Cost of Harvesting (Vegetables)
Vegetables
% of Respondents
Tomato Onion Brinjal
Cost of
harvesting
(Rupees)
0-500 >500 0-500 >500 0-500 >500
Tauru 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nagina 0 100% 0 100% 0 100%
F. P. Jhirka 0 0 59% 41% 0 0
g. Cost of threshing
The cost incurred for threshing was explored for all the crops and vegetables.
As table 39 and 40 indicate most of the respondents in Nagina and Jhirka spend
45
less than rupees 500 on threshing for both, Kharif and Rabi crops. This however,
is not the case in Tauru where majority of the respondents indicate to spend more
than 500 rupees on threshing on all crops except Bajra (Table 39).
Table 39: Cost of Threshing (Rabi Crops)
Rabi Crops
% of Respondents
Wheat Mustard
Cost of threshing
(Rupees)
0-500 >500 0-500 >500
Tauru 5.5% 94.5% 45% 55%
Nagina 97% 3% 98.6% 1.4%
F. P. Jhirka 99.7% 0.3% 70% 30%
Table 40: Cost of Threshing (Kharif Crops)
Kharif Crops
% of Respondents
Jowar Bajra
Cost of threshing
(Rupees)
0-500 >500 0-500 >500
Tauru 0 100% 52% 48%
Nagina 99% 1% 99% 1%
F. P. Jhirka 100% 0 99% 1%
For vegetables, majority of respondents from Nagina tend to spend more than 500
rupees on threshing. In Jhirka, however, contrasting pictures surface as majority
of the respondents tend to spend less than 500 rupees on threshing for all
vegetables (Table 41).
Table 41: Cost of Threshing (Vegetables)
Vegetables
% of Respondents
46
Tomato Onion Brinjal
Cost of threshing
(Rupees)
0-500 >500 0-500 >500 0-500 >500
Tauru 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nagina 11% 89% 0 100% 0 100%
F. P. Jhirka 0 0 83% 17% 100% 0
h. Cost of transport
Expense incurred on transportation of crop produce was explored. Responses
indicate that all the respondents spend less than 500 rupees on transportation of
both, Kharif and Rabi Crops. In case of vegetables, respondents from Nagina
block indicate to spend more than 500 rupees on transportation. This also falls in
consonance with the expenses incurred in the transportation of tomato and brinjal
in case of respondents from Jhirka. For onions, majority of the respondents from
Jhirka indicate to spend less than 500 rupees on transportation.
Table 42: Cost of Transportation (Vegetables)
Vegetables
% of Respondents
Tomato Onion Brinjal
Cost of transport
(Rupees)
0-500 >500 0-500 >500 0-500 >500
Tauru 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nagina 0 100% 0 100% 0 100%
F. P. Jhirka 4% 96% 73% 27% 0 100%
i. Cost of storage
Expenses incurred on storage are found to differ across blocks. In case of
Nagina, expenses are found to be lower for both, Kharif and Rabi crops as
majority of the respondents indicate to spend less than 100 rupees on storage.
In case of Jhirka, respondents tend to spend more than 100 rupees on storage
47
(Table 43). It is only in the case of vegetables that respondents from Jhirka
spend less than 100 rupees on storage of the produce.
Table 43: Cost of Storage (Kharif Crops)
Kharif Crops
% of Respondents
Jowar Bajra
Cost of storage
(Rupees)
0-100 >100 0-100 >100
Tauru 0 0 0 0
Nagina 100% 0 100% 0
F. P. Jhirka 0 100% 0 100%
9. Livestock Rearing
Livestock rearing also forms an important source of income for some households in
the study villages. Thus, the number of households domesticating animals was explored.
As table 44 suggests, majority of the respondents agreed to keep pets. Further exploration
indicates that milk and meat are the two main animal products brought into use. While
meat is largely used for personal consumption, milk is also used for selling and obtaining
income.
Table 44: Livestock Rearing
Do you keep pets?
Yes No
Tauru
Dingerheri 104 61
Goela 151 49
Jaffrabad 105 28
Nagina
Karhera 313 122
Kotla 217 81
Notki 118 76
Santhawari 201 102
F.P.Jhirka Agon 451 197
48
Bhond 224 74
Pathkhori 502 139
Raniyala 186 84
Table 45 indicates that selling buffalo’s milk is most common across all blocks.
While milk of cow, goat and sheep is also used for selling, majority of the respondents
indicate to sell buffalo’s milk.
Table 45: Milk Selling
Milk Selling
Cow Buffalo Goat Sheep Camel
Tauru 49 202 2 0 0
Nagina 44 294 43 5 0
Jhirka 93 687 27 0 0
10. Role of Women in Agriculture
Women contribute actively to agricultural activities in the region. Thus, their role in
various farm related activities like cutting, sowing or field preparation was explored.
Analysis indicates that women in Nagina and Jhirka tend to participate in all activities on
the farm such as field preparation, cutting, sowing and operation (Table 46). Women in
Tauru, however, are found to specialize in particular tasks as concentration of responses
varies across categories. For instance, women in Tauru are largely found to participate in
field preparation, cutting and operation. A very small percentage of women participate in
sowing.
Table 46: Role of Women in Agriculture
Name of
the Block
Field
Preparation
Cutting Sowing Operation All Works
Tauru 147 192 46 192 9
Nagina 0 0 0 0 357
Jhirka 0 1 0 0 828
Total 147 193 46 192 1194
49
Regarding wages, women were found to earn substantially lower incomes than
men in the field. 59% respondents mentioned that women earn 80 rupees a day for their
work in the field. Contrastingly, 44% respondents mentioned that men earn as much as
125 rupees a day or much higher for their work.
Conclusion
Following are the major findings of the survey conducted in 11 villages where the income
enhancement program is being implemented:-
Land Holding: The average land holding of Mewat is less than two acres (source: IHD,
2000) which does not hold true for the study villages as the average land holding is found
to be 4.2 acres. The land holding size varies from nil to 70 acres.
Agricultural land: Total cultivable land available for agriculture is 98.3% of the total
land holdings in the village. Approximately 88.2% is land owned by people and the rest
is taken on lease.
Income Sources: Agriculture and laboring form the major sources of income for more
than half of the total population surveyed. The maximum income generated is through
jobs and not through agricultural activities. This reflects that a large fraction of village
population is engaged in various jobs such as in government services etc. After laboring
and agriculture, income from driving comes next. Around 11% of the population
indicates driving to be one of the income sources. Additional sources of income include
shops and works like dairy farming.
Agricultural Income: Out of the households obtaining income from agriculture, 44.1%
obtain income that varies from zero to twenty five thousand. Approximately, 24.1%
respondents claim to generate between Rs.25, 000 to 50,000 an year through agricultural
activities. Only a small percentage, that is, 19 percent of the total HH’s declare to have
their income between 50,000 to 75,000 per year.
50
Resources Owned: Motor cycles constitute the maximum percentage (42%) of the total
resources owned. This is followed by submersible pumps and tractors constituting 27%
and 17.5% of the total resources owned respectively.
Sources of Irrigation: It was found that irrigation through small water bodies like ponds
is absent. The major source of irrigation is submersible bores and diesel pumps. Diesel
pump and submersible bores are used simultaneously depending on the availability of
electricity.
Rainfall is very scanty and irregular.
Bajra cultivation is primarily dependent on rains.
For irrigation of Mustard, majority depend on rains. Only a small
percentage irrigate Mustard crop through other sources like diesel pump
or tube well.
Crops Grown: Jowar and Bajra are the major Kharif crops grown in the villages.
Amongst Rabi crops, Wheat and Mustard dominate the production. Vegetables comprise
of tomato, onion, raddish, cauliflower, brinjal, fenugreek, ladyfinger, chillies, coriander,
bottle gourd and spinach. Out of these, tomatoes, brinjals, onions and carrots are found to
be grown and sold on a commercial scale.
Fertilizer Usage: The main fertilizers put to use in the study villages include Gypsum,
Urea, Zinc, MOP, DAP and Micronutrients. Urea, DAP and MOP are found to be used in
large quantities across all blocks.
Market: Majority of the produce is sold in the respective block markets or locally in the
village. Vegetables are sold on a commercial scale in neighboring cities like Gurgaon and
Delhi.
Productivity: The average yield of Jowar is higher than the average production in the
state. The average yield of Bajra is much lower than the state average. Amongst the Rabi
51
crops, the average yield of both Wheat and Mustard is much lower than the average yield
of Haryana.
Recommendations
Considering the findings, an integrated approach to agriculture is required to decrease
the input cost, increase productivity and create both backward and forward linkages.
The cost of irrigation is very high in the villages. A mechanism to increase water
availability for irrigation and equitable distribution needs to be promoted in the area.
Water efficient irrigation techniques such as sprinkler technique needs to be promoted
for economical use of water for irrigation.
There is a need to make concerted efforts on precision farming. Farmers need to be
provided with regular training for preventing the excessive use of fertilizer and other
expensive and wasteful inputs. The training can further be ensured through more field
level demonstrations. A complete package of practices should be developed for
different crops.
Marginal farmers risk should be prevented through crop diversification practices
through more vegetable and pulse cultivation.
Appropriate market linkages need to be developed to increase the availability of good
quality seeds in the local markets on time. The timely availability of trace elements,
complex fertilizers needs to be ensured in the local market.
To reduce the expenses incurred due to the use of pesticides, awareness on integrated
pest management (IPM) is also required. It is seen that in this area the farmers
sometimes destroy the pests which are actually beneficial, and there is a need to
educate them on IPM.
There is a need to increase the agricultural productivity by providing access to
package of quality inputs, promoting better agriculture practices, and facilitating
market linkages for better crop prices.
It is also highly recommended to break the serial-to-serial cropping pattern of
cropping. This is detrimental to the soil and therefore introduction of a legume crop
is recommended to revitalize the soil.
52
Given the dearth of sources of water for irrigation, there is also a need to tap the rain
water harvesting potential in the village so that water can be made available for
irrigation thereby lowering the eventual cost of irrigation.
53
References
Dayal, D. (2009). Presentation to the IPC Seminar: Challenges facing the Doha
Development Round Trade Negotiations on Agriculture. Ministry of Finance,
Government of India.
Ghuman, R. S. (2009). Why farmers end their lives?. Retrieved on February 1, 2010 from
http://www.bnespunjab.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=68
:farmer-suicides
IBEF (2009). Agriculture. Retrieved on February 4, 2010 from
http://www.ibef.org/artdispview.aspx?in=1&art_id=24918&cat_id=128&page=2
Institute for Human Development (IHD). (2008). Baseline survey of some minorities
concentrated districts of India. New Delhi: Ministry of Minority Affairs.
Mewat Development Agency (MDA). (2001). Mewat at a glance. Retrieved on January
28, 2010 from www.mda.nic.in
NSSO (2005). Ministry of Statistics and Program Implementation. Retrieved on February
4, 2010 from http://www.mospi.gov.in/mospi_nsso_rept_pubn.htm
Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner. (2001). Census of 2001,
Series-1, India, Paper-1 of 2001, Provisional Population Totals. New Delhi:
Registrar General & Census Commissioner.
Self-Reliant Initiatives through Joint Action (SRIJAN). (2000). Unlocking a Potential:
Findings from a Baseline Survey of Mewat. Aga Khan Foundation, New Delhi.