Agriculture and Man
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![Page 1: Agriculture and Man](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032623/55cf9940550346d0339c66ad/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
AGRICULTURE AND MAN
KOD KURSUS: PRT 2008
KREDIT: 2( 2+0 )
DR. KHALID M.NOR
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EVALUATION
• 1. ATTENDANCE…………….5.0%
• 2. QUIZ 1 ( 5TH WEEK)……...20.0%
• 3. QUIZ 2 ( 9TH WEEK)………20.0%
• 4. QUIZ 3 (13TH WEEK)..........20.0%
• 5. GROUP ASSINGMENT…..35.0%
• TOTAL…………….100.0%
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EXECUTION
• 1. Form group of 8-10 ( select leader )
• 2. Written assignment submitted by the 13th week.
• 3. Initiate oral presentation on the 14th week.
• 4. Some choice of topics are given in the text book.
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OBJECTIVES
• 1. ROLE OF AGRIC. IN CIVILIZATION:C3
• 2. RESOURCES & MANAGEMENT = SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE.:A3
• 3. IMPORTANCE IN PRODUCTION OF FOOD ETC….ECONOMIC DEVELOPEMNT:P2
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OBJEKTIF
CIVILIZATION( PERANAN )
SUSTAINABILITY(PENGURUSAN )
ECONOMY(KEPENTINGAN )
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A&M: OVERVIEW TOPICS
(9) DEVELOPMENTIN MALAYSIA
INNOVATIONS& CHALLENGES
ECONOMICS
SUSTAINABLEAGRICULTUTE
(5) GENETICRESOURCES
BASICRESOURCES
REVOLUTION
EVOLUTION
(1) INTRODUCTION& SCOPE
TOPICSTOPICS
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SYNOPSIS
Explores the evolution of agriculture from beginning to its present status as a planned and managed activities, driven by economic and technological advancement. Modern agriculture is presented as a science, an art and a business encompassing its role and impact on resource management and human development ..incorporates Malaysian agriculture scenarios.
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION & SCOPE
DEFINITION
IMPORTANCE
DOWNSTREAMPROCESSING
SYSTEMS&
PRACTICES
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DEFINITION
• Agriculture is the utilization of natural resource systems to produce commodities which maintain life , including food, fibers, forest products, horticultural crops, and their related services.
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IMPORTANCE
• 1. EMPLOYMENT.• 2. SURVIVAL.• 3. RAW MATERIALS ( INDUSTRIAL ).• 4.FOOD SECURITY.• 5. INCOMES THRU. TRANSFORMATION OF
AGRIC. WASTES.• 6. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ( negative )
• “ NO CIVILIZATION WITHOUT AGRICULTURE”
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SYSTEMS, PRACTICES & DOWNSTREAM
• SYSTEMS & PRACTICES• 1. SUBSISTENCE FARMING• 2. COMMERCIAL FARMING
• DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING:• 1. FOOD PROCESSING• 2. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSING
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CHAPTER 2: EVOLUSI PERTANIAN
EVOLUSI PERTANIANEVOLUSI PERTANIAN
PRE-HISTORIC
UTILIZATION OF…….
VALUES, CUSTOMS, TABOOS…..
N0MADIC & SEDENTRY AGRIC.
INFLUENCE OF RELIGIONS
INFLUENCE OF LIFESTYLES
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GLOBAL AGRIC. EVOLUTION
• 1. Started between 850-1650
• 2. Large scale farming started by Sumerians.
• 3. Improvements: Rotations + Scientific methods + germplasm transfer + machines labour + mechanisation + food processing ( rudimentary )
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AGRIC. IN MIDDLE AGES( 500-1500 A.D )
• KEY FACTORS OF EVOLUTION:
• 1. Irrigation system
• 2. Scientific approach
• 3. Incentives.
• 4. New crops and plant species.
• 5. New cultivation techniques.
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MODERN AGRIC. EVOLUTION
• 1. Started in 1950s
• 2. Characteristics: Yield per land unit increased many times more + improvement in agric. Practices + rapid rise in mechanization + speed and scale + efficiency + quality improved.
• 3. Beginning of Green Revolution ( 1940s and 1960s )
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UTILISATION OF HUMAN………BIOTECHNOLOGY
• Started with Human and Animal labour + Tools and machinery + information technology + innovative technologies ( eg: remote sensing + precision farming ) +……genetic engineering etc.
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VALUES, CUSTOMS & TABOOS
• TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE:• 1. Ecosystem fully utilised & waste recycle• 2. Food production= art & craft. Knowledge &
skill handed orally.• 3. Food= survival=enough=sustainable.• 4. No machinery• 5. Control of pests & disease culturally• 6. Natural resources capitalised• 7. Organic husbandry & Native varieties.
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• MODERN AGRICULTURE:
• 1. Scale: Intensive & massive
• 2. Machinery & chemicals : extensive
• 3. Use of high yielding vars.: widespread
• 4. Employment : knowledge & skills
• 5. Approach : Industrial & efficient mgt.
• 6. Professionalism : no taboos.
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NOMADIC & SEDENTARY AGRIC
• NOMADIC ( Characteristics )• 1. Short term• 2. Virgin soil / hill slopes• 3. Customs & taboos• 4. Yield: poor• 5. Fertilizer : minimal• 6. Disrupt ecosystem eg: flood• 7. Biodiversity lost thru. clearing
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INFLUENCE OF
• RELIGIONS = Islam, christians & Hindu
• LIFESTYLES :
• 1. Valentine’s Day
• 2. Convocations
• 3. Mother’s Day……etc.
• 4. Increase in polpulation = more output.
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CHAPTER 3: REVOLUSIPERTANIAN
REVOLUSI PERTANIAN
FAKTOR PENYEBABFAKTOR PENYEBAB CIRI-CIRICIRI-CIRI
BATASAN SUMBER HASIL TINGGI & RESISTANT
PERTAMBAHANPENDUDUK
KIMIA & BIOAGEN
KEPELBAGAIANPRODUK
PERTANIAN PERSIS
MESRA ALAMMIKANISASI &
OTOMASI
KEMAJUAN TEKNOLOGI BIOTEKNOLOGI
ENAKMEN & SKIM
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CAUSAL FACTORS
• Agric. Revolution began with Green Rev.• 1. Limitation of fertile land.• 2. Labour shortage• 3. Balance of trade• 4. Population increase• 5. Need for diversity of products• 6. Trend towards environmental-friendly• 7. Technological advances.
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CHARACTERISTICS
• 1. High yield & resistant
• 2. Usage of chemicals & bioagents
• 3. Precision agriculture
• 4. Innovations in Mechanisation/ Automatn
• 5. Agric. Biotechnology
• 6. Agric. Enactments and Schemes.
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CHAPTER 4: SUMBER ASAS& PERSEKITARAN
SUMBER ASAS & PERSEKITARAN
SUMBER ASASSUMBER ASAS PERSEKITARANPERSEKITARAN
IKLIM ZON ARGOEKOLOGI
AIR IMPAK IKLIM
TANAH PENCEMARAN
SUMBER MANUSIARACUN PEROSAK &
NITRAT
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BASIC AGRIC. RESOURCES & ENVIRONMENT
1. CLIMATE : TROPICS + TEMPERATE + TUNDRA + DESERTS.
2. WATER : RAIN-FED & IRRIGATION.
3. SOIL : TYPES & PROFILES ( RELATES TO NUTRIENTS CYCLE )
4. HUMAN RESOURCE: AGRICULTURE CANNOT OPERATE WITHOUT WORKFORCE.
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ENVIRONMENT
• GLOBAL AGROECOLOGICAL ZONES:• (1) TUNDRA (2) GRASSLAND • (3) DESERTS (4) TROPICS• IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE:• (1) GLOBAL WARMING• (2) DESERTIFICATION• IMPACT OF POLLUTION:(1) ACID RAIN• (2) HEAVY METALS
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PESTICIDES & NITRATES
• PESTICIDES: • EXCESSIVE AFFECTS HEALTH &
REDUCE BIODIVERSITY.
• NITRATES:• CAUSES EXCESSIVE ENRICHMENT OF
WATER ( EUTROPHICATION )..ALGAE GROWTH..OXYGEN DEFICIT..KILLING OFF AQUATIC LIFE.
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CHAPTER 5: SUMBER GENETIK
UBAHAN GENETIK &PEMULIHARAAN SUMBER
GERMPLASMA &DIVERSITI
ASAL & TABURANTANAMAN
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ORIGIN & DISTRIBUTION OF CROP PLANTS
• CENTRES OF CROP ORIGIN:
• 1. MESOAMERICA
• 2. ANDES & SOUTH AMERICA
• 3. SOUTHEAST ASIA.
• 4. CHINA
• 5. AFRICA
• 6. SOUTHWEST ASIA.
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GERMPLASM & BIODIVERSITY
• GERMPLASM = DNA• BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: VARIABILITY
AMONG LIVING ORGANISMS= BIODIVERSITY. THREE ASPECTS=
• (1) GENETIC (2) SPECIES (3) ECOSYSTEM/ HABITAT.
• SIGNIFICANCE: (1) HEATHY FUNCTIONING (2) ECONOMIC BENEFITS (3) AESTHETICS.
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GENETIC RESOURCE APPLICATIONS
• IMPROVEMENTS: (1) YIELD (2) PEST & DISEASE RESISTANCE (3) ECOLOGICAL TOLERANCE (4) GREEN REVOLUTION.
• GENETIC RESOURCES:(1) WILD RELATIVES (2) WEEDY RELATIVES
• (3) PRIMITIVE CULTIVARS/LANDRACES (4) MODERN CULTIVARS (5) ADVANCE BREEDING LINES (6) GENES FROM OTHER SPECIES.
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GENETIC VARIATIONS AND CONSERVATION
• GENETIC VARIATION: ALL GENETIC VARIATION ORIGINATES FROM MUTATION.
• TECHNIQUES OF CONSERVATION:
• (1) IN SITU (2) EX SITU
• LOSS OF GENETIC RESOURCES:
• (1) DOMESTICATION (2) DESTRUCTION (3) EXTINCTION.
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CHAPTER 6: PERTANIAN LESTARI ( SUSTAINABLE AGRIC)• 1. PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI• ( ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT)• 2. PEMULIHARAAN ALAM SEKITAR• ( ENVIROMENTAL CONSERVATION)• 3. FAEDAH SOSIO-POLITIK• ( SOCIO-POLITICAL BENEFITS )• 4. PERANCANGAN & KEPUTUSAN• ( PLANNING & DECISION MAKING )
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SA: INTRODUCTION
• 1.CAPABILITY / KEUPAYAAN
• 2. CHARACTERISTICS/ SIFAT
• 3. MODELS & APPROACHES
• 4. SYSTEMS/ SISTEM
• 5.PRACTICES /AMALAN
• 6. OBJECTIVES/ OBJEKTIF
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CAPABILITY:
• SUSTAINABLE DESCRIBES:
• FARMING SYSTEMS CAPABLE OF
• MAINTAINING THEIR PRODUCTIVITY
• AND USEFULNESS TO SOCIETY
• INDEFINITELY
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• CHARACTERISTICS:
• 1. RESOURCE-CONSERVING
• 2. SOCIALLY-SUPPORTIVE
• 3. COMMERCIALLY COMPETITIVE
• 4. ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
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MODELS
• INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION MODEL :• (1) POSITIVES= FOOD ABUNDANT AND
CHEAP• (2) NEGATIVES= SOIL DEGRADATION +
WATER DEGRADATION + REDUCED BIODIVERSITY + DEPENDANCE ON OIL + MORE LAND AREAS FOR FEWER “FARMERS”+ CRIPPLING RURAL COMMUNITIES + ETC. ( EXTRACTIVE !!)
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MODEL: ECOLOGY-BASED APPROACHES
REFERS TO AS:
NATURAL, ORGANIC, LOW-INPUT, ALTERNATIVES, REGENERATIVE, HOLISTIC, BIODYNAMIC, BIOINTENSIVE, AND BIOLOGICAL
FARMING SYSTEMS
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SUSTAINABLE SYSTEM (SS)
• VISION:• SS SHARE A VISION OF FARMING WITH
NATURE, AN AGROECOLOGY THAT (1) PROMOTES BIODIVERSITY (2)RECYCLES PLANT-NUTRIENTS (3)PROTECTS SOILS FROM EROSION (4) CONSERVE & PROTECT WATER (5)USES MINIMUM TILLAGE
• (6) INTEGRATES CROPS&LIVESTOCK• (7) + PROFITABLE + GOOD QUALITYOFLIFE
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SS PRACTICES
• SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES:
• 1) FAMILY-SCALE FARM
• 2) NICHES IN LOCAL MARKET
• 3) CHALLENGE: EVOLUTION OF NEW FARMERS & NEW MARKETS ?????
• GOALS: CONTINUING HEALTH OF THE LAND AND PEOPLE
• OBJECTIVES= THREE (3)
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SS OBJECTIVES
ECONOMICDEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTALCONSERVATION
SOCIO-POLITICALBENEFITS
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SS: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
• 1) ECONOMIC PROFIT is necessary• 2) INCOME OPPORTUNITIES:• 2.1= ALTERNATIVES CROPS• 2.2= MIXED CROPS• 2.3= INTEGRATING PLANTS &
LIVESTOCKS• 2.4= CONTRACT FARMING• 2.5= NICHES/ SPECIALITY/GREEN ETC.
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SS: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (EXPECTED OF MODEL)
• 1. FINANCE & SAVING INCREASE
• 2. DEBT DECREASE
• 3. LESS RELIANCE ON SUBSIDIES
• 4. PROFIT YEAR AFTER YEAR
• 5. EXTERNAL PURCHASE OF FEED AND FERTILIZER DECREASES
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SS: ENVIRONMENTALCONSERVATION
• IT INVOLVES KEEPING THE FOUR ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES IN GOOD CONDITION, VIZ:
• 1.EFFECTIVE ENERGY FLOW
• 2. WATER CYCLE
• 3. MINERAL CYCLES
• 4. VIABLE ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS.
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SS: ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION ( DIAGRAM )
ECOSYATEMDYNAMICS
ENERGYFLOW
WATER CYCLE
MINERALCYCLE
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• ENERGY FLOW (NON-CYCLICAL )
• ILLUSTRATION: MEAT
POULTRY
CORN
SUN
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• WATER CYCLE• ILLUSTRATION
RAIN
OCEAN &LAND
CLOUD
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• MINERAL CYCLE:• ILLUSTRATION
ANIMALSMANURE
SOIL
CROPS
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• ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS• INDICATORS:• 1. DIVERSITY OF PLANTS & ANIMALS,
ABOVE & BELOW GROUND:• 1.1= NUMBER DIVERSITY• 1.2= GENETIC DIVERSITY• 1.3= HABITAT DIVERSITY• ( GREATER DIVERSITY= STABILITY )
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• DIVERSITY: PRACTICES & EFFECTS
• ILLUSTRATIONS:
• 1. INTERCROPPING= INCREASE
• 2. CROP ROTATION= INCREASE
• 3. COVER CROPS = INCREASE
• 4. MONOCROPPING/ TILLAGE/ HERBICIDE/ INSECTICIDE =DECREASE
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SS: SOCIO-POLITICALBENEFITS
• BENEFITS IN TERMS OF:
• 1. FOOD SECURITY
• 2. LAND TENURE
• 3. GOOD HEALTH
• 4. MAINTAINING THE FABRIC OF RURAL COMMUNITIES
• ( IT INVOLVES= KEEPING MONEY CIRCULATING+ QUALITY OF LIFE )
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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE( PLANNING & DECISION )
• MANAGING THE THREE (3) OBJECTIVES SIMULTENOUSLY
• CONCEPT OF:
• HOLISTIC MANAGEMENT WITH KEY CHARACTERISTIC REFERRED TO AS FEEDBACK LOOP = PLANNING- MONITORING-CONTROLLING- REPLANNING.
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CHAPTER 7: ECONOMICS OF AGRICULTURAL DEV.
• 1. CONTRIBUTION OF AGRIC. TO MAL. ECONOMY / SUMBANGAN KPD. NEGERA
• 2. INTERNATIONAL TRADE / PERDAGANAN ANTARABANGSA
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CONTRIBUTION…..
• INTRODUCTION:• SYSTEM: DUALISTIC
PLANTATION
40 HA.+SINGLE CROPMGT: SYSTEMATICMODERN TECHHIRED LABOUR
SMALLHOLDER
0.4 – 4 HA.
MIXED & MONO.
PRODUCTION LOW
LIMITED TECH.
MGT: DISORGANISED
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• PURPOSES ( OF PRIMARY COMMODITIES)
• 1. EXPORT EARNINGS
• 2. DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING FOR VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS
3. NAP PROGRAMS ( NEXT SLIDE )
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• NAP PROGRAMS:
• EXPAND FOOD PRODUCTION (1)TOIMPROVE THE FOOD TRADE BALANCE
• (2) INCREASE EXPORT
• (3) SUPPLY OF RAW MATERIALS FOR LOCAL DOWNSTREAM INDUSTRIES
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• AGRICULTURAL GROWTH ?
• 1. OVERALL INCREASE FROM
• USD 4496 MILLION (1995 ) TO
• USD 5531 MILLION ( 2005 )
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• LAND UTILIZATION ?
• INCREASED FROM ABOUT 5.7 MILLION HA ( 1995 ) TO ABOUT 6.3 MILLION HA ( 2005 )
• OIL PALM CULTIVATION IN SABAH & SARAWAK THE MAIN REASON.
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• FOOD COMMODITIES ?
• SELF-SUFFICIENT IN:(2005 )
• FRUITS
• PORK
• POULTRY
• EGGS
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INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN AGRICULTURE
• 1) OVERALL TRADE SURPLUS:
• 2002 EXPORT=USD 7375 MILLIONS
• 2002 IMPORT =USD 4300 MILLIONS
• 2) STILL FOOD-DEFICIT:
• 2000 IMPORT =USD 3.0 BILLIONS
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CHAPTER 8: INNOVATIONS & CHALLENGES
• 1. RESEARCH & INNOVATION TECHNOLOGIES / PENYELIDIKAN & TEKNOLOGI
• 2. FUTURE CHALLENGES IN AGRICULTURE / CABARAN MASADEPAN
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RESEARCH & INNOVATION TECHNOLOGY
• 1. OIL PALM• 2. RUBBER• 3. COCOA• 4. PADI• 5. LIVESTOCK• 6. FISHERIES• 7. HORTICULTURES• 8. BIOAGENTS• 9. PRECISION AGRICULTURE
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FUTURE CHALLENGES
• 1. LABOUR
• 2. PRICE
• 3. CROP CHOICE
• 4. AGRIC TECHNOLOGY
• 5. RESOURCES
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CHAPTER 9: APPROACHES TO AGRIC. DEV. IN MALAYSIA
• 1.NATIONAL AGRIC. POLICY / DASAR PERTANIAN NEGARA ( NAP )
• 2.EDUCATION, R&D INSTITUTES, AND EXTENSION SERVICES/ PENDIDIKAN, R&D DAN PEGEMBANGAN
• 3. LEGISLATION , POLICY AND STANDARDS / PERUNDANGAN & PIAWAIAN
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POLICY=NAP
LEGISLATION& STANDARDS
EDUCATIONR&D, EXTENSION
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NATIONAL AGRICULTURALPOLICY ( NAP )
STRATEGIC APPROACHES:
(1) AGROFORESTRY APPROACH
(2) PRODUCT-BASED APPROACH
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NAP 3 : PLAN OF ACTION
• 1.2.1: ENHANCE FOOD SECURITY & COMBATING INFLATION
• 1.2.2: INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY
• 1.2.3: PROMOTING PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION
• 1.2.4: ENHANCING AGRICULTURAL EXPORT
• 1.2.5: HUMAN RESOURCE DEV.
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EDUCATION, R&D &EXTENSION
EDUCATION,R&D,
EXTENSION
EDUCATIONEDUCATIONUNIV., COLLEGESUNIV., COLLEGES
VOC, INST.,VOC, INST.,TRAININGS.TRAININGS.
R&DR&DPUBLIC SECTORPUBLIC SECTOR
&&PRIVATE SRCTORPRIVATE SRCTOR
EXTENSIONEXTENSIONTOT FROM MARDITOT FROM MARDIBY DOA, MADA,BY DOA, MADA,
KADA, LKIM ETC.KADA, LKIM ETC.
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LEGISLATIONS, POLICIES AND STANDARDS
PESTICIDEACT1974
CODEXSTANDARDS
GAP, BMP,SLAM, SOM
GFP,HACCP
FISHERIES ACT1985 FORESTRY
ACT1984
WILDPROTECTION
ACT1972
QUARANTINEACT1976
ENVIRONMENTQUALITY ACT
1974
POISONACT1952
FOODACT1983
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AGRICULTURE & MAN
•THANK YOU
•SALAM SEJAHTERA
•THE END