AGRICULTURE. AGRICULTURE Producing Food for a Growing Population Growing Population Producing Food...
Transcript of AGRICULTURE. AGRICULTURE Producing Food for a Growing Population Growing Population Producing Food...
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AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
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AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
Producing Food for a Producing Food for a Growing PopulationGrowing Population
Producing Food for a Producing Food for a Hungry WorldHungry World
Food – one of the basic Food – one of the basic requirements of liferequirements of life
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AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE Food – one of the basic Food – one of the basic
requirements of liferequirements of life
Is anyone in the class Is anyone in the class HUNGRYHUNGRY right now ? right now ?
Has anyone in the classHas anyone in the class ever been ever been HUNGRYHUNGRY ? ?
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Food and HungerFood and Hunger When we say we are When we say we are HUNGRY HUNGRY
it typically means …it typically means …
• it has been several hours since my last meal
• I skipped a meal
• I am on a diet to lose weight
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Most people in MDCs have Most people in MDCs have never experienced the never experienced the HUNGERHUNGER that is common in LDCsthat is common in LDCs
Food and HungerFood and Hunger
HUNGERHUNGER for weeks, months, for weeks, months, and years affects many people and years affects many people in LDCs – in LDCs – CHRONIC HUNGERCHRONIC HUNGER
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Food and HungerFood and Hunger
CHRONIC HUNGERCHRONIC HUNGER
““when there is enough to eat, when there is enough to eat, there are many problems…there are many problems…
when there is not enough to when there is not enough to eat, there is only one problem.”eat, there is only one problem.”
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Food and HungerFood and HungerTypes of Types of CHRONIC HUNGERCHRONIC HUNGER under nutritionunder nutrition
malnutritionmalnutrition
failure to ingest sufficient caloriesfailure to ingest sufficient calories
failure to ingest the proper mixture failure to ingest the proper mixture of nutrientsof nutrients
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What proportion of the What proportion of the world’s population suffers from world’s population suffers from
chronic hungerchronic hunger ? ?
Food and HungerFood and Hunger
Estimates vary due to differing Estimates vary due to differing criteria for hunger criteria for hunger
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What proportion of the What proportion of the world’s population suffers from world’s population suffers from
chronic hungerchronic hunger ? ?
Food and HungerFood and Hunger
General agreement that more General agreement that more than than 10 % 10 % of world populationof world population
suffers from hungersuffers from hunger
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Food and HungerFood and HungerMore than 10 % 10 % of world population of world population
suffers suffers chronic hungerchronic hunger
10 %10 % XX 77billionbillion == 700 million700 million
Often cited number is Often cited number is 800 million800 million
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Currently 800 million peopleCurrently 800 million people
are not adequately nourishedare not adequately nourished
Food and HungerFood and Hunger
Most of these hungry people Most of these hungry people are in LDCsare in LDCs
Many of these hungry people are children
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Hungry people in LDCs are Hungry people in LDCs are overworking the land and overworking the land and clearing forests in efforts to clearing forests in efforts to produce more foodproduce more food
Food and HungerFood and Hunger
Land degradation results fromLand degradation results from overworking the landoverworking the land
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Currently we are adding 73 million Currently we are adding 73 million people per year to world populationpeople per year to world population
Food and HungerFood and Hunger
Most of this population growth Most of this population growth is in LDCsis in LDCs
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Continued population Continued population growth will exacerbate the growth will exacerbate the problems of hunger and land problems of hunger and land degradationdegradation
Food and HungerFood and Hunger
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Chronic hunger has adverse effects upon the individual
Food and HungerFood and Hunger
The nature of these adverse The nature of these adverse effects depends upon the ageeffects depends upon the age of the individualof the individual
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Chronic Hunger during ADULTHOOD
Adverse Effects of Adverse Effects of Chronic HungerChronic Hunger
versus Chronic Hunger during EARLY DEVLOPMENT
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Chronic Hunger during ADULTHOODChronic Hunger during ADULTHOOD
Adverse Effects of Adverse Effects of Chronic HungerChronic Hunger
• Loss of body massLoss of body mass • Physical lethargyPhysical lethargy
• Mental dullnessMental dullness • Impaired healingImpaired healing
• Impaired immune functionImpaired immune function• Loss of hair, teeth, menstrual cyclesLoss of hair, teeth, menstrual cycles
• Heart damageHeart damage
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Adverse Effects of Adverse Effects of Chronic HungerChronic Hunger
Chronic Hunger during ADULTHOODChronic Hunger during ADULTHOOD
• Upon restoration of an adequate diet,Upon restoration of an adequate diet, many many (but not all)(but not all) of the adverse effects of the adverse effects are are reversiblereversible
• the person will largely recover
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Adverse Effects of Adverse Effects of Chronic HungerChronic Hunger
Chronic Hunger during Chronic Hunger during
EARLY DEVELOPMENTEARLY DEVELOPMENT
• Reduced physical growthReduced physical growth • Physical lethargyPhysical lethargy• Reduced mental growthReduced mental growth
• Low body massLow body mass
• Mental dullnessMental dullness• Impaired healingImpaired healing
• Impaired immune functionImpaired immune function
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Adverse Effects of Adverse Effects of Chronic HungerChronic Hunger
Chronic Hunger during Chronic Hunger during
EARLY DEVELOPMENTEARLY DEVELOPMENT
• Upon placement on an adequate diet, many Upon placement on an adequate diet, many of the adverse effects are of the adverse effects are notnot reversiblereversible
• developmental deficits are not regained developmental deficits are not regained after the critical period of development after the critical period of development is overis over
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Adverse Effects of Adverse Effects of Chronic HungerChronic Hunger
Chronic Hunger during Chronic Hunger during
EARLY DEVELOPMENTEARLY DEVELOPMENT
• The adverse effects prevent the individual from realizing their full potential
• The adverse effects result in life-long impairments of the individual
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The The GREEN REVOLUTIONGREEN REVOLUTION
AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
During the 1950’s and 60’sDuring the 1950’s and 60’s
Introduction of high-yield hybrid grainsIntroduction of high-yield hybrid grains
Tremendous increases in productivity Tremendous increases in productivity – bushels per acre/hectare– bushels per acre/hectare
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The The GREEN REVOLUTIONGREEN REVOLUTION
AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
During this period – food production During this period – food production grew more rapidly than populationgrew more rapidly than population
Time of great optimism that Time of great optimism that agricultural production would grow agricultural production would grow
faster than populationfaster than population
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The The GREEN REVOLUTIONGREEN REVOLUTION
AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
Since this period – population growth Since this period – population growth has been catching up has been catching up
Now – concern that agricultural Now – concern that agricultural production can keep up with production can keep up with
population growthpopulation growth
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Currently, many nations of the world Currently, many nations of the world do not produce sufficient food to do not produce sufficient food to
feed their own peoplefeed their own people
AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
Many of these countries rely upon Many of these countries rely upon importation of food to feed their peopleimportation of food to feed their people
Where is this food coming from ?Where is this food coming from ?
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Much of the food needed to supply Much of the food needed to supply nations in need is coming from four nations in need is coming from four
major food exporting countriesmajor food exporting countries
AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
United States of AmericaUnited States of America
CanadaCanada AustraliaAustralia BrazilBrazil
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Is importation of food a long-term Is importation of food a long-term solution for nations in need ?solution for nations in need ?
AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
It is a short-term means of preventing It is a short-term means of preventing wide-spread starvationwide-spread starvation
NO !NO !
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Is importation of food a long-term Is importation of food a long-term solution for nations in need ?solution for nations in need ?
AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
It can actually harm local agricultural It can actually harm local agricultural economies and increase food economies and increase food
dependence dependence
NO !NO !
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Is importation of food a long-term Is importation of food a long-term solution for nations in need ?solution for nations in need ?
AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
The long-term solution is to assist The long-term solution is to assist countries to become countries to become self-sufficientself-sufficient in in
agricultural productionagricultural production
NO !NO !
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AGRICULTUREAGRICULTUREIs modern, mechanized agriculture the Is modern, mechanized agriculture the
best solution for increased food best solution for increased food production in less-developed countries ?production in less-developed countries ?
Should we give every farmer in Should we give every farmer in LDCs a new John Deere tractor ?LDCs a new John Deere tractor ?
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A better means of assistance in development of A better means of assistance in development of agricultural self-sufficiency is throughagricultural self-sufficiency is through
AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
Appropriate TechnologyAppropriate TechnologyAgricultural technology improvements
suitable for the local culture and economy
Relatively simple and low cost ways to increase local food production
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Challenges Facing World AgricultureChallenges Facing World Agriculture
AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
• ImmediateImmediate
• Long TermLong Term
• ContinuingContinuing
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Immediate ChallengeImmediate Challenge
Challenges Facing Challenges Facing World AgricultureWorld Agriculture
Adequately feeding the Adequately feeding the people people already herealready here
Not just a matter of food production
There is already sufficient There is already sufficient production capacity to feed us allproduction capacity to feed us all
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Immediate ChallengeImmediate ChallengeAdequately feeding the people Adequately feeding the people
already herealready here
There are current problems withThere are current problems with• DistributionDistribution
• EconomicsEconomics
• PoliticsPolitics
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Challenges Facing World AgricultureChallenges Facing World Agriculture
AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
• ImmediateImmediate
• Long TermLong Term
• ContinuingContinuing
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Long Term ChallengeLong Term Challenge
Challenges Facing Challenges Facing World AgricultureWorld Agriculture
Increasing agricultural production Increasing agricultural production to keep up with population growthto keep up with population growth
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Long Term ChallengeLong Term Challenge
• Population growth must be controlled
Increasing agricultural production Increasing agricultural production to keep up with population growthto keep up with population growth
• Until population is stabilized – there Until population is stabilized – there will be ever more people to feedwill be ever more people to feed
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Challenges Facing World AgricultureChallenges Facing World Agriculture
AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
• ImmediateImmediate
• Long TermLong Term
• ContinuingContinuing
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Continuing ChallengeContinuing Challenge
Challenges Facing Challenges Facing World AgricultureWorld Agriculture
A perpetual or ever-lasting challengeA perpetual or ever-lasting challenge
Protect the soilProtect the soil
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Continuing ChallengeContinuing ChallengeProtect the soilProtect the soil
Fertile soil is the basis of Fertile soil is the basis of agricultural production of foodagricultural production of food
As soil fertility declines, As soil fertility declines, food production declinesfood production declines
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Continuing ChallengeContinuing ChallengeProtect the soilProtect the soil
Efforts to meet the immediate Efforts to meet the immediate and long term challenges can and long term challenges can NOT NOT be accomplished at the be accomplished at the
expense of soil fertilityexpense of soil fertility
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Continuing ChallengeContinuing ChallengeProtect the soilProtect the soil
Population pressures and poor Population pressures and poor land management must land management must NOTNOT be be permitted to degrade soil fertility permitted to degrade soil fertility
and agricultural productivityand agricultural productivity
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Continuing ChallengeContinuing ChallengeProtect the soilProtect the soil
Degraded soil fertility and Degraded soil fertility and agricultural productivity would agricultural productivity would • leave barren and useless lands for
future generations
• drastically lower carrying capacity
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Paradoxical dilemmas facing Paradoxical dilemmas facing agriculture in MDCs and LDCsagriculture in MDCs and LDCs
AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
• In MDCs - agriculture can produce agriculture can produce too muchtoo much food food
• In LDCs - agriculture can agriculture can notnot produce produce enoughenough food food
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There are numerous problems There are numerous problems facing world agriculturefacing world agriculture
AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
• ErosionErosion• Nutrient DepletionNutrient Depletion • DesertificationDesertification
• Water MismanagementWater Mismanagement • EnergyEnergy• Farmland ConversionFarmland Conversion • Food Diversity
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ErosionErosion
The loss of topsoil due to The loss of topsoil due to movement by wind or watermovement by wind or water
The most serious problem The most serious problem facing world agriculturefacing world agriculture
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ErosionErosion
TopsoilTopsoil Rich in humus – the Rich in humus – the
organic matter of soilorganic matter of soil
Gives soil its fertilityGives soil its fertility
The loss of topsoil by erosion robs the land of its fertility and agricultural productivity
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ErosionErosion A worldwide problemA worldwide problem
affecting both MDCs and LDCsaffecting both MDCs and LDCs
It is estimated that we are losing It is estimated that we are losing 7 % of our topsoil per decade7 % of our topsoil per decade
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ErosionErosion Erosion is due to poor land Erosion is due to poor land
managementmanagement
In LDCs, desperation for food In LDCs, desperation for food and fuel often leads to poor land and fuel often leads to poor land
managementmanagement
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ErosionErosion Erosion is due to poor land Erosion is due to poor land
managementmanagement
In MDCs, poor farming In MDCs, poor farming practices lead to erosionpractices lead to erosion
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ErosionErosionMultiple CausesMultiple Causes Removal of vegetationRemoval of vegetation• deforestation
• vegetation use for firewoodvegetation use for firewood
• over grazingover grazing
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ErosionErosionMultiple CausesMultiple Causes Removal of vegetationRemoval of vegetation• removing windbreaks• removing natural vegetation removing natural vegetation along fence rowsalong fence rows
• farming riparian zonesfarming riparian zones
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ErosionErosionMultiple CausesMultiple Causes farming highly erodible landfarming highly erodible land
failure to control gulliesfailure to control gullies
traditional plowing leaves traditional plowing leaves soil bare and exposedsoil bare and exposed
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There are numerous problems There are numerous problems facing world agriculturefacing world agriculture
AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
• ErosionErosion• Nutrient DepletionNutrient Depletion • DesertificationDesertification
• Water MismanagementWater Mismanagement • EnergyEnergy• Farmland ConversionFarmland Conversion • Food Diversity
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Nutrient DepletionNutrient Depletion Plants take essential Plants take essential
nutrients from the soilnutrients from the soil
Nutrient depletion results fromNutrient depletion results from repeated planting and harvestingrepeated planting and harvesting of crops, without replacing soilof crops, without replacing soil nutrientsnutrients
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Nutrient DepletionNutrient Depletion
Depletion of soil nutrientsDepletion of soil nutrients lowers soil fertility and lowers soil fertility and agricultural productivityagricultural productivity
Plants require essential Plants require essential nutrients from the soilnutrients from the soil
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Nutrient DepletionNutrient Depletion Over working the soilOver working the soil• repeated crops in effort to growrepeated crops in effort to grow more foodmore food• not letting the land rest ornot letting the land rest or lay fallowlay fallow• not replacing nutrients with not replacing nutrients with fertilizers or manuresfertilizers or manures
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There are numerous problems There are numerous problems facing world agriculturefacing world agriculture
AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
• ErosionErosion• Nutrient DepletionNutrient Depletion • DesertificationDesertification
• Water MismanagementWater Mismanagement • EnergyEnergy• Farmland ConversionFarmland Conversion • Food Diversity
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DesertificationDesertification Conversion of formerly fertile Conversion of formerly fertile land into barren, desert-like land into barren, desert-like conditioncondition
Most severe form of land degradationMost severe form of land degradation
A human-caused problemA human-caused problem
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DesertificationDesertification Conversion of formerly fertile Conversion of formerly fertile land into barren, desert-like land into barren, desert-like conditioncondition Results from erosion and nutrientResults from erosion and nutrient depletiondepletion
Land becomes useless for agricultureLand becomes useless for agriculture
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DesertificationDesertification Conversion of formerly fertile Conversion of formerly fertile land into barren, desert-like land into barren, desert-like conditioncondition
Occurring world wide Occurring world wide on a massive scaleon a massive scale
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DesertificationDesertification Results in long-term Results in long-term
destruction of ecosystemsdestruction of ecosystems• A historical example --
• The “Fertile Crescent” region of the The “Fertile Crescent” region of the Middle East underwent desertificationMiddle East underwent desertification…
thousandsthousands of years ago of years ago
• It is still a desert today
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DesertificationDesertification Desertification is Desertification is DECREASINGDECREASING the amount of arable, farmable landthe amount of arable, farmable land
at the same time thatat the same time that
Population growth is Population growth is INCREASINGINCREASING the number of people to feedthe number of people to feed
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There are numerous problems There are numerous problems facing world agriculturefacing world agriculture
AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
• ErosionErosion• Nutrient DepletionNutrient Depletion • DesertificationDesertification
• Water MismanagementWater Mismanagement • EnergyEnergy• Farmland ConversionFarmland Conversion • Food Diversity
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Water MismanagementWater MismanagementWhat do you need for agricultural production ?What do you need for agricultural production ?
Fertile soil and …Fertile soil and … WATERWATER Much of the Earth’s surface is Much of the Earth’s surface is
covered with water … but it is salt watercovered with water … but it is salt water
Our precious freshwater resources, Our precious freshwater resources, vital for agriculture, are limited and vital for agriculture, are limited and
often mismanagedoften mismanaged
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Water MismanagementWater Mismanagement Limited surface waterLimited surface water Competition for waterCompetition for water Overdraft of aquifersOverdraft of aquifers Inefficient irrigationInefficient irrigation
Water pollutionWater pollution
Salinization of soilsSalinization of soils Salt-water intrusionSalt-water intrusion
Water-logging of soilsWater-logging of soils
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Limited surface waterLimited surface water In arid areas with low rainfall, In arid areas with low rainfall, availability of surface water limits availability of surface water limits
agricultural productionagricultural production
Despite limited surface water, large Despite limited surface water, large population centers have developed in population centers have developed in
some arid areassome arid areas
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Water MismanagementWater Mismanagement Limited surface waterLimited surface water Competition for waterCompetition for water Overdraft of aquifersOverdraft of aquifers Inefficient irrigationInefficient irrigation
Water pollutionWater pollution
Salinization of soilsSalinization of soils Salt-water intrusionSalt-water intrusion
Water-logging of soilsWater-logging of soils
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Competition for waterCompetition for water In arid areas with limited water In arid areas with limited water
resources, there is intense competition resources, there is intense competition for waterfor water
There may be regional competition,There may be regional competition, for example…for example…
• in the American southwestin the American southwest• in the Middle Eastin the Middle East
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Competition for waterCompetition for water In arid areas with limited water In arid areas with limited water
resources, there is intense competition resources, there is intense competition for waterfor water
There may be competition among There may be competition among users of waterusers of water
• domesticdomestic
• agricultureagriculture
• business & industrybusiness & industry
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Water MismanagementWater Mismanagement Limited surface waterLimited surface water Competition for waterCompetition for water Overdraft of aquifersOverdraft of aquifers Inefficient irrigationInefficient irrigation
Water pollutionWater pollution
Salinization of soilsSalinization of soils Salt-water intrusionSalt-water intrusion
Water-logging of soilsWater-logging of soils
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Overdraft of aquifersOverdraft of aquifers
AquiferAquifer = = underground water underground water in porous rockin porous rock
Often called “fossil water” Often called “fossil water” because the water may have been because the water may have been
underground for thousands of yearsunderground for thousands of years
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Overdraft of aquifersOverdraft of aquifers Recharge = the entry of waterRecharge = the entry of water into the aquiferinto the aquifer
Overdraft = the rate of waterOverdraft = the rate of water withdrawal from the withdrawal from the aquifer exceeds the aquifer exceeds the rate of rechargerate of recharge
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Overdraft of aquifersOverdraft of aquifers In areas with limited surface water,In areas with limited surface water, aquifers may be the primary wateraquifers may be the primary water sourcesource
overdraft of aquifersoverdraft of aquifers• water table levels are loweredwater table levels are lowered
• wells run dry• the aquifer may be depleted of waterthe aquifer may be depleted of water
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Overdraft of aquifersOverdraft of aquifers The problem is occurring in the United States and around the world
Overdraft of the Ogallala Aquifer Overdraft of the Ogallala Aquifer is a looming threat to American is a looming threat to American
agricultureagriculture
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Ogallala AquiferOgallala Aquifer
Also known as the “High Plains Aquifer”
Underlies parts of eight states
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Ogallala AquiferOgallala AquiferThe primary source of water in the The primary source of water in the
High Plains regionHigh Plains region
Region of high agricultural Region of high agricultural production, in large part, due to production, in large part, due to
water from the aquiferwater from the aquifer
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Ogallala AquiferOgallala Aquifer The aquifer contains melt waterThe aquifer contains melt water from the last ice agefrom the last ice age
It is estimated that the aquifer It is estimated that the aquifer took 10,000 years to filltook 10,000 years to fill
Due to overdraft, the aquifer isDue to overdraft, the aquifer is being rapidly depletedbeing rapidly depleted
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Ogallala AquiferOgallala Aquifer
What will happen to agriculture (and communities) without the water ?
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Water MismanagementWater Mismanagement Limited surface waterLimited surface water Competition for waterCompetition for water Overdraft of aquifersOverdraft of aquifers Inefficient irrigationInefficient irrigation
Water pollutionWater pollution
Salinization of soilsSalinization of soils Salt-water intrusionSalt-water intrusion
Water-logging of soilsWater-logging of soils
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Inefficient irrigationInefficient irrigation Traditional methods of irrigation Traditional methods of irrigation
are wasteful of waterare wasteful of water
Substantial quantities of water Substantial quantities of water fail to reach the plantsfail to reach the plants
Due to loss by evaporation into Due to loss by evaporation into air and infiltration into groundair and infiltration into ground
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Water MismanagementWater Mismanagement Limited surface waterLimited surface water Competition for waterCompetition for water Overdraft of aquifersOverdraft of aquifers Inefficient irrigationInefficient irrigation
Water pollutionWater pollution
Salinization of soilsSalinization of soils Salt-water intrusionSalt-water intrusion
Water-logging of soilsWater-logging of soils
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Salinization of soilsSalinization of soils The build up of mineral salts in soilsThe build up of mineral salts in soils
Due to a history of irrigation with Due to a history of irrigation with mineral-rich ground watermineral-rich ground water
As the irrigation water evaporates, theAs the irrigation water evaporates, the mineral salts are left behind in the soilmineral salts are left behind in the soil
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Salinization of soilsSalinization of soils The build up of mineral salts in soilsThe build up of mineral salts in soils
The soils may become too salty The soils may become too salty for agricultural usefor agricultural use
Excess soil salinity will decreaseExcess soil salinity will decrease plant growth and productivityplant growth and productivity
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Water MismanagementWater Mismanagement Limited surface waterLimited surface water Competition for waterCompetition for water Overdraft of aquifersOverdraft of aquifers Inefficient irrigationInefficient irrigation
Water pollutionWater pollution
Salinization of soilsSalinization of soils Salt-water intrusionSalt-water intrusion
Water-logging of soilsWater-logging of soils
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Salt-water intrusionSalt-water intrusion Can occur in aquifers adjacent to Can occur in aquifers adjacent to
coastal areascoastal areas Excess freshwater withdrawal fromExcess freshwater withdrawal from the aquifer allows saltwater to enter the aquifer allows saltwater to enter
the aquiferthe aquifer
The aquifer water becomes too The aquifer water becomes too salty for agricultural (or other) usessalty for agricultural (or other) uses
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Water MismanagementWater Mismanagement Limited surface waterLimited surface water Competition for waterCompetition for water Overdraft of aquifersOverdraft of aquifers Inefficient irrigationInefficient irrigation
Water pollutionWater pollution
Salinization of soilsSalinization of soils Salt-water intrusionSalt-water intrusion
Water-logging of soilsWater-logging of soils
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Water-logging of soilsWater-logging of soils May become a problem in areas May become a problem in areas
with shallow water tables and with shallow water tables and poorly drained soilspoorly drained soils
Excess irrigation or precipitation canExcess irrigation or precipitation can saturate (water-log) the root zone of saturate (water-log) the root zone of
plants resulting in plant deathplants resulting in plant death
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Water MismanagementWater Mismanagement Limited surface waterLimited surface water Competition for waterCompetition for water Overdraft of aquifersOverdraft of aquifers Inefficient irrigationInefficient irrigation
Water pollutionWater pollution
Salinization of soilsSalinization of soils Salt-water intrusionSalt-water intrusion
Water-logging of soilsWater-logging of soils
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Water pollutionWater pollution Many harmful materialsMany harmful materials
enter our water supplyenter our water supply Water pollution poses many Water pollution poses many environmental threats, including environmental threats, including
harm to agricultureharm to agriculture
Water pollution will be considered in Water pollution will be considered in detail later in the coursedetail later in the course
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There are numerous problems There are numerous problems facing world agriculturefacing world agriculture
AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
• ErosionErosion• Nutrient DepletionNutrient Depletion • DesertificationDesertification
• Water MismanagementWater Mismanagement • EnergyEnergy• Farmland ConversionFarmland Conversion • Food Diversity
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Energy and AgricultureEnergy and Agriculture
Modern agriculture in MDCs isModern agriculture in MDCs is extraordinarily productive of foodextraordinarily productive of food
ANDANDextraordinarily energy intensiveextraordinarily energy intensive
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Energy and AgricultureEnergy and Agriculture Essentially all of the energy for Essentially all of the energy for agriculture in MDCs comes from agriculture in MDCs comes from
fossil fuelsfossil fuels
Farm machinesFarm machines IrrigationIrrigation
FertilizerFertilizer TransportTransport
ProcessingProcessing DistributionDistribution
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Energy and AgricultureEnergy and Agriculture Essentially all of the energy for Essentially all of the energy for agriculture in MDCs comes from agriculture in MDCs comes from
fossil fuelsfossil fuels
Fossil fuel supplies are finite and limitedFossil fuel supplies are finite and limited
Energy costs will rise as fossil Energy costs will rise as fossil fuel supplies decreasefuel supplies decrease
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Energy and AgricultureEnergy and Agriculture Essentially all of the energy for Essentially all of the energy for agriculture in MDCs comes from agriculture in MDCs comes from
fossil fuelsfossil fuels
Fossil fuel supplies are finite and limitedFossil fuel supplies are finite and limited
New energy sources will be New energy sources will be needed in the futureneeded in the future
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There are numerous problems There are numerous problems facing world agriculturefacing world agriculture
AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
• ErosionErosion• Nutrient DepletionNutrient Depletion • DesertificationDesertification
• Water MismanagementWater Mismanagement • EnergyEnergy• Farmland ConversionFarmland Conversion • Food Diversity
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Farmland ConversionFarmland Conversion The conversion of farm The conversion of farm
lands to non-agricultural useslands to non-agricultural uses
homeshomes roadsroads
businesses and industriesbusinesses and industries
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Farmland ConversionFarmland Conversion The conversion of farm lands The conversion of farm lands
to non-agricultural usesto non-agricultural uses
In the US between 1982 and 1992 more In the US between 1982 and 1992 more than four million acres of farmlands than four million acres of farmlands
were lost to urban developmentwere lost to urban development
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Farmland ConversionFarmland Conversion The conversion of farm lands The conversion of farm lands
to non-agricultural usesto non-agricultural uses
• due to continued population growthdue to continued population growth
• affects both MDCs and LDCs
• due to poor land use planningdue to poor land use planning
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There are numerous problems There are numerous problems facing world agriculturefacing world agriculture
AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
• ErosionErosion• Nutrient DepletionNutrient Depletion • DesertificationDesertification
• Water MismanagementWater Mismanagement • EnergyEnergy• Farmland ConversionFarmland Conversion • Food Diversity
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Food DiversityFood Diversity Over dependence on a Over dependence on a
few crop speciesfew crop species• heavy reliance on just a few heavy reliance on just a few
strains of each speciesstrains of each species
• low genetic diversity in our food sources
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Food DiversityFood Diversity genetic diversity of current food genetic diversity of current food
sources is threatened by loss of sources is threatened by loss of their wild ancestorstheir wild ancestors
potential new food sources are potential new food sources are lost through species extinctionlost through species extinction
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There are numerous problems There are numerous problems facing world agriculturefacing world agriculture
AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE
• ErosionErosion• Nutrient DepletionNutrient Depletion • DesertificationDesertification
• Water MismanagementWater Mismanagement • EnergyEnergy• Farmland ConversionFarmland Conversion • Food Diversity
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AGRICULTUREAGRICULTUREThere are numerous problems There are numerous problems
facing world agriculturefacing world agriculture
These problems These problems mustmust be be addressed to feed the current and addressed to feed the current and
future human populationfuture human population
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Controlling Soil ErosionControlling Soil Erosion Maintain vegetative coverMaintain vegetative cover
• Slow deforestationSlow deforestation
• ReforestationReforestation
• Energy alternatives to firewoodEnergy alternatives to firewood
• Reduce overgrazingReduce overgrazing
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Controlling Soil ErosionControlling Soil Erosion Maintain vegetative coverMaintain vegetative cover
• Maintain and replant windbreaksMaintain and replant windbreaks
• Maintain Maintain natural vegetation natural vegetation along fence rowsalong fence rows
• Maintain riparian zonesMaintain riparian zones
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Controlling Soil ErosionControlling Soil Erosion Avoid farming highly erodible landAvoid farming highly erodible land
• contour plowingcontour plowing
On sloped lands practiceOn sloped lands practice
• terracingterracing
• integrated soil managementintegrated soil management
• gully reclamationgully reclamation
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Controlling Soil ErosionControlling Soil Erosion Minimum-till or no-till plantingMinimum-till or no-till planting
• soil is not exposed by plowingsoil is not exposed by plowing
• weed control by herbicidesweed control by herbicides
• seeds planted by seed drillsseeds planted by seed drills
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Controlling Soil ErosionControlling Soil Erosion Minimum-till or no-till plantingMinimum-till or no-till planting
• reduces soil erosionreduces soil erosion
• reduces fuel use and costsreduces fuel use and costs
• increases herbicide use and costsincreases herbicide use and costs
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Restoring Soil NutrientsRestoring Soil Nutrients synthetic fertilizerssynthetic fertilizers fallowingfallowing
green manuresgreen manures
integrated soil managementintegrated soil management
animal manuresanimal manures
human biosolidshuman biosolids compostcompost
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Increasing Agricultural LandsIncreasing Agricultural Lands
Bring reserve lands into productionBring reserve lands into production
Better land use planning Better land use planning and managementand management
Reclamation of desert landsReclamation of desert lands
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Increasing Agricultural Increasing Agricultural ProductivityProductivity
Historically, the largest increases in Historically, the largest increases in productivity were accomplished productivity were accomplished
through the through the green revolutiongreen revolution
BiotechnologyBiotechnology has the has the potential to bring agriculture a potential to bring agriculture a
secondsecond green revolutiongreen revolution
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Biotechnology and Agriculture
Application of advances in Application of advances in molecular biology to molecular biology to
problems of agricultural problems of agricultural production of foodproduction of food
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Biotechnology and Agriculture
Increased crop yieldsIncreased crop yields
Increased nutritional valueIncreased nutritional value
Increased pest resistanceIncreased pest resistance
Improved fertilizer Improved fertilizer utilization and nitrogen fixationutilization and nitrogen fixation
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Biotechnology and Agriculture
Freeze resistant plantsFreeze resistant plants
Drought and salt tolerant plantsDrought and salt tolerant plants
Improved ripening, harvesting, Improved ripening, harvesting, and storage characteristicsand storage characteristics
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Biotechnology and Agriculture
Development ofDevelopment of perennial crop plantsperennial crop plants
Improved feed efficiency and Improved feed efficiency and growth of livestockgrowth of livestock
Development of highly Development of highly productive livestock strainsproductive livestock strains
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Development of New FoodsDevelopment of New Foods
New foods are needed toNew foods are needed to
• Lessen over dependence on a Lessen over dependence on a small number of grain speciessmall number of grain species
• Feed an ever growing populationFeed an ever growing population
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Development of New FoodsDevelopment of New Foods
Acceptance of new foods ?Acceptance of new foods ?
• Food preferences are learnedFood preferences are learned
• Typically, part of cultural traditionTypically, part of cultural tradition
• Many find delight in exploration Many find delight in exploration of new cultural cuisinesof new cultural cuisines
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Development of New FoodsDevelopment of New Foods Develop large-scale production Develop large-scale production
of select native foodsof select native foods
• Some locally used, native foods Some locally used, native foods may be suitable for large-scale may be suitable for large-scale
agricultural productionagricultural production
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Development of New FoodsDevelopment of New Foods
Increased use of grazer species Increased use of grazer species native to an areanative to an area
• Animals well adapted to local Animals well adapted to local climate and foragesclimate and forages
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Development of New FoodsDevelopment of New Foods
Increased use of “trash” Increased use of “trash” fish and bi-catchfish and bi-catch
• Much of harvest from oceans Much of harvest from oceans is currently wastedis currently wasted
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Development of New FoodsDevelopment of New Foods
Increased food production by Increased food production by aquaculture and maricultureaquaculture and mariculture
• aquaculture –aquaculture – freshwater farming
• mariculture –mariculture – saltwater farming
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Development of New FoodsDevelopment of New Foods
Utilization of algae as foodUtilization of algae as food
• High nutritional valueHigh nutritional value
• Tremendous available biomassTremendous available biomass
• Grows well in most locationsGrows well in most locations
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Development of New FoodsDevelopment of New Foods
Utilization of insects as foodUtilization of insects as food
• High nutritional valueHigh nutritional value
• Tremendous available biomassTremendous available biomass
• Our primary competitors for foodOur primary competitors for food
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