AGR 100 Food Security

In the Food, Fiber, and Natural Resource Industry

UNIT II.THE FOOD AND FIBER INDUSTRY IN A GLOBAL SETTING

What is Society ? A body of individuals living as members of a community.

What is Technology ?The application of knowledge for practical needs. The sum of the ways in which a social group provide themselves with the material objects of their civilization.

What is Science ? Systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation.

Technology & Society: The DebateSociety should control technology gains and curtail destructive tendencies

Additional technology gains will cure societys ills

Food For Thought:He who takes the middle of the road is likely to get crushed by two rickshaws.

Benefits of TechnologyHas made work easierHas increased productivityHas resulted in a higher standard of living

What is Agriculture? SURVEY OF THE PEOPLE SAYS FARMING

Agriculture ON FARM: GROWING AND HARVESTING OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS OFF FARM: PROVIDING INPUTS - SEED, FERTILIZER, LABOR, CAPITOL ETC. HANDLING OUTPUTS TRANSPORTING, PROCESSING, SELLING, ETC.

Agriculture Is:

THE LARGEST INDUSTRY IN THE U.S. AND ACCOUNTS FOR 13% OF THE GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT.Each $1 earned stimulates another $1.32 being generated.THE MOST ESSENTIAL HUMAN PURSUIT AND ONE OF THE MOST COMPLEX AND CONFOUNDING.

FOOD AND FIBER (Agriculture)

ARE ESSENTIAL FOR SURVIVAL;HAVE ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS; HAVE RELIGIOUS, CULTURAL AND SOCIAL FUNCTIONS; AND HAVE POLITICAL IMPACT.

FOOD AND POPULATION: THE CHALLENGE

By the year 2050, global population is predicted to go to 9 to 11 billion people Can we meet their most basic needthe need for food ---to meet the basic caloric and protein needs and the increased demands for those with money?

FOOD AND POPULATION: THE CHALLENGE

How and where will that food be grown?Are current food production methods and environmental protection compatible?Are the foods were bringing home from the supermarket safe? Those 60,000 items

http://www.afaceaface.org/home/a4038513/public_html/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/printable-world-map-proportion-wik-world-map-300x250.jpg

Africa One out of every three people in Sub-Sahara Africa is undernourished. High government debt burdens, inadequate funding for health and education, pervasive poverty, poor agricultural productivity, weak public institutions and the AIDS pandemic all are major causes

FOOD AND POPULATION: THE CHALLENGE

THOMAS MALTHUS 1798 PREDICTED

FOOD SUPPLY WOULD INCREASE IN AN ARITHMETIC RATIOPOPULATION WOULD INCREASE IN A GEOMETRIC RATIO

FOOD AND POPULATION: THE CHALLENGE

FAMINES:

1943----INDIA---2-4 MILLION DEATHS---EXCESS RAINS1959-61-CHINA---30 million deaths--inadequate production 1969---BIAFRA---200,000 DEATHS------CIVIL WAR 1970---AFRICA---200,000 DEATHS------DROUGHT 2011---SOMALI750,000?--------------CIVIL WAR/DROUGHT

RESULTSPOOR REGIONAL PRODUCTION AND DISTURBUTION(DUE TO ECONOMICS OR INFRASTRUCTURE)

1/5 ? OF HUMANITY GOING HUNGRY.

HUNGER PICTUREPop vs FoodWorld Pop ClockWorld POPULATION6.96 BILLION (9/11/11)6.99 Billion (3/11/12)9 to 11 BILLION BY 2050 estUS Pop Clock312,191,561 million (9/11/11)313,165,345 million (3/11/12)to 400+ by 2050

http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html

United StatesWorld9/9/11312,191,5616,960,000,00011-Sep-11313,165,3746,999,846,9830.9968904190.994307449

WORLD POPULATION

1AD 250,000,0001650 500,000,0001850 1,000,000,0001980 4,400,000,0001993 5,500,000,0001999 6,000,000,00020126,999,427,737

76,923,076 per yr x 38 = 2.9 or 10B plus so ???

Comparison of Population and Food Production Increase but affected by food crops being fuel

DAYS OF FOOD (worldwide)1960---------104 DAYS1974-----------411983-----------681995-----------402010-----------30 est.

THIRD WORLD

ABSOLUTE POVERTY- 1 OUT OF 5 PEOPLE ON EARTH MAKING SURVIVAL INCONSISTENT WITH A WHOLESOME ENVIRONMENT, DEMEANING TO HUMAN DIGNITY, AND CONTRIBUTING TO POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC INSECURITIES.

SOCIAL CHALLENGES REFUGEE AND MIGRATION

EAST GERMANS, VIETNAMESE, TURKS,AFRICANS, HAITIANS, AND MEXICANS.http://www.refugeesinternational.org

OTHER CONTROVERSIES INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES18% of WORLD POPULATION62% of WORLD WEALTH(U.S. 5% of WORLD POPULATION 25% of WORLD WEALTH)DEVELOPING COUNTRIES50% of WORLD POPULATION15% of WORLD WEALTH(25% of DEVELOPING COUNTRIES USE 80% OF THEIR RESOURCES)

Film:

Immigration by the Numbers with Roy Beck see UTUBE

http://www.balancedpolitics.org/immigration.htm

American Agricultures Contribution to world food Security

MISC. INFORMATION U.S. FARMER STORES 58% OF WORLDS SUPPLY OF GRAINS

IN U.S., WE SPEND 10-15% OF INCOME ON FOOD OTHERS SPEND 50%. www://www.ers.usda.gov/amberwaves/

The USDA recentlyupdated its data on Food expenditures as a share of disposable personal income, and reported that in 2009, Americans spent 9.47% of their disposable income on food (5.55% on food at home and 3.93% on food away from home). The share of income spent on food last year was just slightly higher than the 9.42% in 2008, whichis the all-time record low (see top chart above).

http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/CPIFoodAndExpenditures/Data/Expenditures_tables/table8.htm

Table 8Food expenditures by families and individuals as a share of disposable personal money income Expenditures for foodYearDisposable personal money incomeAt home1Away from HomeTotalBillion dollarsBillion dollarsPercentPercentPercent 192979.415.319.33.422.7193966.411.817.83.721.51949178.432.218.14.222.31959323.448.915.13.618.81970645.773.711.43.915.319801,639.8170.810.44.915.419903,606.6297.2 8.2 4.8 13.0 20006,065.7412.4 6.8 4.7 11.5 20057,446.2500.2 6.7 4.9 11.7 20067,978.4517.5 6.5 4.9 11.4 20078,352.5544.9 6.5 4.9 11.4 20088,719.7568.0 6.5 4.8 11.3 20098,529.2549.5 6.4 4.9 11.4 20108,678.6559.0 6.4 5.0 11.4 3Total may not add due to rounding.

http://www.creditloan.com/infographics/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Where_money_goes_02.jpg

LAND AVAILABILITY worldTOTAL = 13 BILLION HECTARES (H.) 1/3 IS CROPS (CULT) OR PASTURE

1/3 IS FOREST

1/3 IS DESERT OR URBANIZED

LAND AVAILABILITY

GLOBAL CHANGES IN LAND SINCE 1981 CULT. AREAS HAVE FALLEN BY 7%12 MILLION H. LOST TO EROSION, DESERTIFICATION, AND TOXIFICATIONURBANIZATION

DEFORESTATION: 11 M. H. PER YEAR DUE TO SUBSISTENCE FARMING, DEMANDS FOR FUEL, AND FOR FIBER.

WORLD GRAIN HARVESTED

YEARAREA HARVEST (MIL.HECTARES)AREA/PERSON (HECTARES)1950587.231960639.211970663.181980722.161990694.132000674.11

FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO SOIL EROSION

Human activity such as plowing or constructionWater erosionWind erosionNatural events

Soil Productivity: Top soilHow does soil erosion affect food production?Loss of soil nutrients and ability to hold waterPlants/crops unable to grow and thrivePlant nutrient reductionAnimals unable to grow and thrive

SOLUTIONSSOIL CONSERVATION PRACITCESContour plantingCrop rotationTerracingGrassed stripsDiversion ditchesStrip cropping (Fallowing)Vegetative covers

The Moldboard Plow-historyEarly civilization observed crops more productive if soil loose.Plow evolved from pointed stick pulled through soil (4000 BC) to... Egyptians adding a wood triangle to the stick (3000 BC) to... Isrealites using iron............1600s Europeans to north America, brought plow with them

PLANTERS

25 %50 %90 %75 %

Strip cropping

WATER RESOURCES ARE LIMITED THROUGHOUT THE WORLD IN China 90% of household sewage is released into rivers without being treated.IN US EPA says that 40% RIVERS TOO POLLUTED FOR RECREATION

AGR IS LARGEST WATER USER 85% OF FRESH WATER IS USED FOR PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING OF FOOD AND FIBER

IMPACT 1/3 OF WORLD FOOD IS GROWN ON THE 18% OF CROP LAND THAT IS IRRIGATED.

OGALLALA AQUIFER (RESERVOIR FROM NEB.-TEXAS) HAS DROPPED BY 100 FT. SINCE 1950.

SOLUTIONS

RETURN TO DRY LAND AGR IS BEING DONE (FALLOWING).

CONSIDERATION OF DIVERTING MORE FROM RIVERS.

RESEARCH FOR MORE OUTPUT WITH LESS INPUTS

U.N. Report Jan 22, 2001Global Temperature could rise by as much as 10 degree over the next century, triggering droughts, floods and other disasters

Global WarmingNatural Effects:Sun SpotsUnknown causes ocean currentsMan Made:Greenhouse effects captured gases

http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/globalwarming/images/last2000-large.jpg

The Greenhouse EffectWarming of the earths surface, often attributed to the buildup of certain materials and gases, such as carbon dioxide, in the air

Carbon dioxide collects in the atmosphere and traps infrared radiation near the earth (the radiation would otherwise escape into higher levels of the atmosphere)

The Greenhouse EffectOzone layerA protective layer of triatomic oxygen in the stratosphereThis layer filters out harmful radiation from the sun.

Ozone layer damageMost of the damage is attributed to materials known as CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons).

The Greenhouse EffectCFCs have been used as propellants in aerosol sprayshair spray and spray-on deodorantcoolants in air conditionersSubstitutes for CFCs have been developed and are no longer widely used

Air quality?EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)Set standards for maximum amount of pollution allowed in ambient air

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

Carbon Dioxide and Other Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Missouri in 1990

Division of Energy Inventory Report Summary

Overall percent

In the last 200 years the

Warming Potential

Greenhouse Gas

of emissions

global concentration has

(greater than CO2)

Source of Greenhouse Gas Emissions

fossil fuel combustion, cement manufacture, other

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

85.50%

uses of limestone, & industrial uses of petroleum

or natural gas that did not require combustion

Methane (CH4)

10.60%

increased 200%

22x

landfills & livestock

Nitrous Oxide (N2O)

2.30%

increased 8%

270x

coming from fertilizers & motor vehicles

manmade gases created during disruptions

Perfluorinated Carbons (PFC's)

1.60%

did not exist 200 yrs ago

5400x

in the aluminum smelting process

Recycling Reuse of a product or the waste materials in making the product.

Remanufacturing making a used product into another productReusing using a product again without remanufacturing

Precycling Reducing the amount of trash you create by making environmentally sound decisions at the store, at home, at school and at work.

By precycling, you reduce costs for waste collection, transportation and disposal enjoy lower product costs save natural resources extend the life of our landfills

GREENBELT REGIONSApprox. 20-50oN & 20-50oS Latitude

GREEN BELT / POPULATION CENTERS WILL THE ENVIRONMENT CHANGE THE GREEN BELT?SOLUTIONS?Change policies to lower amount of emissionsResearch/TechnologyFossil fuel combustion, cement manufacture, industrial uses of petroleum, landfills, livestock, motor vehicles, recycling, etc.

OPTIMISM: RESEARCH AND EDUCATION TO BETTER:UTILIZE LIGHT, WATER, NUTRIENTS, AND PEST CONTROLLLING AGENTSHARVEST, STORAGE, MARKET, PROCESS, PACKAGE, AND DISTRIBUTE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS

ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS ON FOOD GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP)U.S. (FIRST COUNTRIES/INDUSTRIAL) - $20,000 GNP/PERSON ($2000/PERSON SPENT ON FOOD)MEXICO (SECOND WORLD) - $2,000 GNP/PERSONINDIA (THIRD) - $200 ($140/PERSON SPENT ON FOOD)

MOST ADVANCED SOCIETIES:HIGH TECHNOLOGY,HIGH LITERACY, SIZABLE SCIENTIFICALLY TRAINED, REMOVED FROM AGR (EXCEPT FOR MEAL TIMES!)MORE PROCESSED AND ADVERTIZED FOODS(EXAMPLE: $1 LOAF OF BREAD - $0.05 WHEAT)

OPTIMISM: RESEARCH AND EDUCATION TO BETTER:UTILIZE LIGHT, WATER, NUTRIENTS, AND PEST.CONTROLLLING AGENTS; HARVESTING; STORAGE;MARKETING; PROCESSING; PACKAGING; AND DISTRIBUTING.

TRANSITION OF AGRICULTURE IN THE U.S. LARGE FARMS ARE PROSPERINGSMALL, PART TIME FARMS ARE SURVIVING DUE TO OFF FARM INCOMEMID-SIZED FARMS ARE IN TRANSITION

FARM PRODUCTION (CROPS)U.S. LARGE FARMS ($500,000 SALES) PURCHASE INPUTS ABOUT 10% LOWER AND SELL FOR 5% HIGHER GROW (most) OF THE NATIONS CROPS AND MAKE UP (most) OF THE FARM PROFITS.

FACTORS AFFECTING RURAL DEVELOPMENT LARGER LAND UNITS EXPECTED STANDARD OF LIVING DIVERSIFICATION - MORE THAT AGR.

ADVANTAGES OF RURAL VS URBAN LIVING? SECURITY, COST, TRANS, FOOD, INDEPENDENCE

WHEN INCOME IN RURAL AMERICA IS 90% OF CITY DWELLERS THERE IS STABLITY

FREE MARKET

USERS RISK TAKERS BUY AND SELL ON FUTURES

Subsidized and Tariffs by Governments:

FARM BILL FOOD SECURITY ACT TO HELP ENSURE ASTEADY SOURCE OF CHEAP FOOD FROMWITH-IN BORDERS.WHY IS FRANCE SO WILLING TO SUBSIDIZE ITS FARMERS?Why does Japan have such high Tariffs on Beef?

Budget and AgricultureFood Security Act Farm Bill4% of Total Fed Budget.06% of Total went to farmers direct payments + safety net.63% of the $62B goes to Food Stamps

Country Exports Imports Total Trade Trade Balance Canada 248.8 276.5 525.3 -27.7 China 91.9 364.9 456.8 -273 Mexico 163.3 229.7 393 -66.4 Japan 60.5 120.3 180.9 -59.8 Germany 48.2 82.7 130.9 -34.5 United Kingdom 48.5 49.8 98.3 -1.3 South Korea 38.8 48.9 87.7 -10.1 France 27 38.6 65.6 -11.6 Taiwan 26 35.9 61.9 -9.9 Brazil 35.4 29.3 59.3 6.1 Netherlands 35 19 54 16 India 19.2 29.5 48.8 -10.3 Singapore 29.1 17.5 46.6 11.6 Venezuela 10.7 32.8 43.4 -22.1 Saudi Arabia 11.6 31.4 43 -19.8

ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS ON FOOD GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP)U.S. (FIRST COUNTRIES) - $20,000 GNP/PERSON ($2000/PERSON SPENT ON FOOD)MEXICO (SECOND) - $2,000 GNP/PERSONIndia (THIRD) - $200 ($140/PERSON SPENT ON FOOD)

MOST ADVANCED SOCIETIES:HIGH TECHNOLOGY,HIGH LITERACY, SIZABLE SCIENTIFICALLY TRAINED, REMOVED FROM AGR (EXCEPT FOR MEAL TIMES!)MORE PROCESSED AND ADVERTIZED FOODS(EXAMPLE: $1 LOAF OF BREAD - $0.05 WHEAT)

GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE AND TARIFFS(GATT) WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)REMOVE DISTORTIONS OF GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCE IN AGR TRADE. REDUCE WASTE OF SCARCE RESOURCES.

IMPACT OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURE ON GLOBAL FOOD PRODUCTION

NEARLY 40% OF HARVESTED ACRES IN THE U.S. ARE DEVOTED TO EXPORT.

THE U.S. PROVIDES MORE THAN 50% OF THE CORN AND SOYBEANS40% OF THE WHEAT AND 25% OF THE RICE TRADED.

NORTH AMERICA FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (NAFTA) - REMOVES TRADE BARRIERS IN N. AMERICA.INCREASE FARM (EXCEPT VEG.) INCOME? INCREASE/DECREASE U.S. JOBS?ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT? FOOD SAFETY STANDARDS?

Trade: More with Canada (even though they have small population) than with MexicoCountry Exports Imports Total Trade Trade Balance Canada 248.8 276.5 525.3 -27.7 China 91.9 364.9 456.8 -273 Mexico 163.3 229.7 393 -66.4

Balance of Trade in Ag. Prod.With the productivity of U.S. agriculture growing faster than domestic food and fiber demand, U.S. farmers and agricultural firms rely heavily on export markets to sustain prices and revenues.Exports have exceeded imports by a large margin since 1973.

WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO) GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE AND TARIFFS(GATT)

REMOVE DISTORTIONS OF GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCE IN AGR TRADE. REDUCE WASTE OF SCARCE RESOURCES.

WTO/GATTU.S. PROPOSED TO DO AWAY WITH AGR SUBSIDIES AND TO STANDARDIZE HEALTH REGULATIONS

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ARE SEEKING PREFERENTIAL ACCESS TO PATENTS, COPYRIGHTS, AND COMPUTER SOFTWARE.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY (EC)

LARGEST TRADING BLOCK IN THE WORLD - 20% OF THE WORLD TRADE VS. 14% FOR U.S.

EC BANNED THE IMPORTATION OF U.S. BEEF WHICH HAD BEEN TREATED ARTIFICIALLY WITH HORMONES AND ON GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS

U.S. PUBLIC LAW 480 (FOOD FOR PEACE) - 1954 FOOD AID FOR EMERGENCIES - - 20%

FOOD AID FOR SUBSTITUTION OF FINANCIAL SUPPORT - - 80%

ARGUMENTS AGAINST FOOD AID: REDUCES THE PRESSURE ON RECIPIENTS TO MAKE POLICY REFORMSFOOD AID POLICY IS UNRELIABLE - DEPENDS UPON SURPLUSESPROMOTES A SHIFT IN FOOD CONSUMPTION PATTERNS AWAY FROM INDIGENOUS FOODSFREES MONEY TO BE USED FOR OTHER ITEMS INCLUDING ARMS AND LUXURIES.

ARGUMENTS FOR FOOD AID: 1.HELP PEOPLE / PREVENTS STARVATION ARE WE OUR BROTHERS KEEPER? 2. BUY FRIENDS? 3. GETS RID OF SURPLUS WITHIN BORDERS

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FOR THIRD WORLD

THE GREEN REVOLUTION - THE TERM THAT U.S. AID COINED IN 1968 TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF WHEAT AND RICE VARIETIES AND TECHNOLOGY THAT WAS TRANSFERRED TO INDIA ETC. THAT DOUBLED - TRIPLED YIELDS AT A TIME THAT POP. DOUBLED.NORMAN BORLAUG - 1970 - RECEIVED THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE - FOR HIS WORK WITH DEVELOPING NEW VARIETIES.

CONTROVERSIES:

SAVED MILLIONS FROM STARVATION

BUT CHANGED THEM TO CASH VS. FOOD CROPS

And SUSTAINABLE VS. INDUSTRIAL AGR.

POP. CONTROL DIFFICULT RELIGIONTRADITIONEDUCATIONSECURITY

STATE OF WOMEN 1/2 POP.2/3 PHYSICAL LABOR1/10 INCOME1/100 PROPERTY

VICTIMSSELECTIVE ABORTIONSDOWRYFREEDOMSVIOLENCE

U.S. ADVANTAGES 1. RIVERS AND TRANSPORTATIONLOCATION IN WORLD CLIMATEWATERTEMPERATURE3. SOIL TYPES - - NEW RESOURCE4. ECONOMY

U.S. ADVANTAGES5. GOVERNMENT - - STABLE6. EMPTY7. EDUCATION8. PEOPLE - - SALAD BOWLTECHNOLOGY

*Purpose: educate you about political and environmental issuesso that you may think, reflect, and express yourself efficiently and effectively as you make your place in society by making decisions and participating. For example through voting and your purchasing power (meaning what you buy)you will influence policy affecting food supply in the future.

Why might you want to learn about the food, fiber, and natural resource industry?

And the impact of technology on this industry?

Do you know where the food you consume and the clothes you buy come from?***Here is a systematic approach to solving problems.

*We will get into more detail of technologys impact on society when we go over the history of American agriculture.**While growing and harvesting crops and animals is essential to the food and fiber industry. Agriculture also has*equally important input and output functions off the farm. Some of the inputs would be seed, fertilizer, and labor. Outputs would be transportation, production, and marketing of goods that come from the raw materials grown and harvested on the farm.*1/6We have evolved from tiny settlements, where virtually everyone had to till the soil to a country of 260 million people of whom less than 1.5% are employed directly in production agriculture.

However, over 15% of the labor force is employed in the total food chain which encompasses all workers from the laborer on the farm to the cashier at the grocery store or restaurant, making it the largest sector of our economy.

You can see here the importance of outputs in agriculture, previously mentioned.

How many of you are familiar with Maslows Hierarchy of Needs?What is the first level (the lowest level) of human needs? Physiological Needs are the very basic needs such as air, water, food, sleep, sex, etc. When these are not satisfied we may feel sickness, irritation, pain, discomfort, etc. These feelings motivate us to alleviate them as soon as possible to establish homeostasis. Once they are alleviated, we may think about other things.

*Throughout the semester the terms Food and Fiber and Agriculture will be used interchangeably.

The output of agriculture provides three of our basic needs: food, shelter, and clothing.

*Some of you may be thinkingthat wont happen to me.

And yet it will affect you, only you may not even be aware of how it might affect you.

Increased population size puts stress on our natural resources such as clean drinking water and waste removal.*Here I would like to point out that global data is not easily obtained. If the numbers available are within the last decade they are usually considered current.*Thomas Malthus was an economist and clergyman of his time

Arithmetic ratio 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, This forms a straight line.

Geometric ratio 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, This forms a curve.*With Malthuss prediction starvation would occur.

*The famine of 1959-61 in China is unusual because many of your parents were alive during this time and yet few were aware of it. The reason for this is because China had a wall around itself at this time. Little or no information passed through this barrier.

So, is Malthuss prediction coming true?Not necessarillyit is a distribution problem.

Locally yes we can see from this data that starvation has occurred due to overpopulation, wartime, and geographic problems.

On a global scale however starvation is not yet a problem.

**The numbers here represent the amount of food in storage to feed the world at various times in history.

In the 60s the government was willing to keep a large surplus of food in storage even though it was expensive because war was in the recent past.

The fluctuation in the 80s reflected the economy at that time.

Fluctuate with economy, wartime, etc.*The Biggest and Best friend to a wholesome environment is a productive food source*Social challenges for third world countries such as...

This is why we need to help people to improve there lives where they live as indicated in the Film we watched last week.

**U.S. farmers were instrumental in storing food abundance for the world.

Another interesting fact about food and the U.S. is that we only spend about 10-15% of our income on food. In some areas of the world people spend up to 50% of there income.*Now we are going to take a look at land and water resources. Both of which we rely upon for food production.

There are 13 billion hectares of land in the world. However, only 1/3 is suitable for crop production or pasturing. The other 2/3 of dry land is half forest and half desert or urbanized land. *Now we are going to take a look at land and water resources. Both of which we rely upon for food production.

There are 13 billion hectares of land in the world. However, only 1/3 is suitable for crop production or pasturing. The other 2/3 of dry land is half forest and half desert or urbanized land. *Here is a look at global changes in land over the last 20 years.

You can see that we have lost several million hectares of cultivated land due to weather, desertion, pollution and urban development. Urban sprawl was one of the points made in the film we watched Friday on immigration.

And as you will see when we get to water resources not only does urbanization affect the amount of land available for food production it also affects water quality.

What are some examples that you have experienced of cultivated land becoming urban land?

*We have looked at soil erosion as one of the causes for reduction in available land, we have looked at the increase in the amount of world grain harvested per person on smaller land areas and now

11 million hectares of forests are lost every year due to subsistence farming, demands for fuel, and demands for fiber.

Later when we talk about the Greenhouse effect you will see how deforestation affects the amount of CO2 left in the atmosphere and its affect on global warming. *A hectare is a unit of area in the metric system, equal to 10,000 sq m, or about 2.47 acres. Here is a look at world grain harvested from 1950 to the year 2000.

You can see that from 1950 to 2000 we have had to harvest 87 million hectares more of grain and yet the area/person has decreased by .12 hectares do to an increase in population worldwide.

You can also see the loss of land since 1981 noted in the previous slide.*Human activity such as plowing or construction

Water erosion-excess rainfall cannot be absorbed into the earth, so it runs off the surface and carries large amounts of soil with it.

Wind erosion-small particles of soil carried away by gusts of wind

Natural events-earthquakes-floods-tornadoes-land slippage on wet, sloping land

****Can anyone tell me what this is a picture of?

Here is an example of fresh water waste. Or is it?

Some people would say this golf course brings income to the structure of this economy. However, are there other ways to increase money flow to this area? Would this desert be more efficiently used as cropland?

Or if this were to continue as a golf course what about using recycled water instead of fresh water? *Agriculture is not exempt from using large amounts of water.

85% of the worlds fresh water supply is used for growing crops, hydrating animals, and for cleansing and processing agricultural products. *1/3 of world food

Some of the highest yielding production of crops is from silt-loam desert land that has been irrigated.

Much of this irrigation water is supplied by the Ogallala aquifer. Over pumping has drained this aquifer more quickly than it is recharged. The water table has dropped by 100 feet in the last fifty years. *Here is an illustration of the Ogallala aquifer.

This is one of the worlds largest underground reservoirs.

Pumping of the Ogallala only began in the 1950s and as I said it has already dropped 100 feet.

This is significant because this aquifer waters 1/5 of the U.S. irrigated land. *As a whole the aquifer covers 174, 000 square miles and ranges from less than 1 foot deep to 1300 feet deep from one place to another. The average depth is 200 feet deep.*What are some possible solutions to the overuse of fresh water in agriculture?

Some farmers have already implemented fallowing land. This is a natural resource management practice where land is divided in two by wide rows. Every other row is farmed.

Another possible solution would be to divert more water from rivers. However, this would have an adverse affect on the ecosystems as well as transportation systems. The Mississippi River handles a large number of barges on any given day.

Finally, perhaps more research is needing to be done.*Here is an illustration of fallowing land.*This report put out by the United Nations in January of 2001 states that global temperature could rise by as much as 10 degrees over the next century, triggering droughts, floods, and other natural disasters.*Now we are going to look at the influence of temperature fluctuation on the surface of the Earth and how global warming would ultimately affect the greenbelt.

You can see by this illustration that from 1895 to 1995 the overall surface temperature of the Earth has increased by 1.2 degrees.

This may not seem significant, however with industrial pollution on the rise as a direct result of increased population we are likely to see a greater increase in temperature in the future.*Here is an illustration of the Greenhouse Effect and how it works.

What has been the greatest contribution to the increase in greenhouse gases?Civilization

The greenhouse effect is the warming of the earths surface, which is often attributed to the buildup of certain materials and gases, such as carbon dioxide, in the air.

*Large holes have developed near the polar regions of the earth. *Ambient air is the air or atmosphere outside.*CO2 known greenhouse gas emission however there are several others.

How many of you drink soda from a can?

How many of you recycle aluminum cans?

I recently learned that the smelting process of aluminum (process used to separate metal from other elements) has resulted in a manmade greenhouse gas emission called perfluorinated carbon. This greenhouse gas did not exist 200 years ago.

Now I am certainly not discouraging you from recycling. I recycle everything I can. However I am now more interested in researching recycling processes and getting updated on the recycling abilities of the area where I live.

*The greenbelt is where a proper temperature range, adequate rainfall, and length of growing season allow for the greatest food and fiber production potential throughout the world.

A shift in the Greenbelt would completely destroy the U.S. economy. Remember from the very first lecture that the food, fiber and natural resource industry is the largest industry in the United States, accounting for 1/6 of the GNP. *If the temperature continues to increase as it has and is predicted to do the environment will change. The environment has already changed. Areas of the Ozarks were once submersed in water. Science indicates this may have been as long as millions of years ago. However millions of years ago life on Earth was not creating all of the harmful greenhouse gases and the rate of change was drastically lower and spread out over a vast period of time.

Solutions?Increase the greenhouse gas emissions standards overall.

This will likely require more research to be done on the uses of

*The hope is to be more efficient with all components of growing, producing and distributing food and fiber. Which is the total system of Agriculture.

For Better use of lightearly on wales were harveted for making candles there were not enough wales to harvest the amount of light needed throughout the world and so research and education brought about electricity.

Better use of waterthrough research and education we have learned about drought tolerant plants, and the use of irrigation systems with timers to apply water at the most efficient time and rate of application

More efficient uses of nutrients through a wide variety of fertilizer formulations and genetically engineered plants

Pest controlnaturally resistant plants, as well as genetically engineered plants

With the assistance of technology through research and education we now have more efficient means of harvesting, storing, marketing, processing, packaging and distributing agricultural products.

This slide also illustrates another reason Malthus was not correct about total starvation. Because of Technology and Education by finding answers to problems.*This slide illustrates a ten fold variation between industrial countries, second world countries, and on down to third world countries.

Remember in the Film Immigration By the NumbersMexico was used as an example of countries in need of assistance and yet look at places like India there GNP is a tenth of Mexicos.*Now we are transitioning to Technology and industrial countries such as the United States

This slide also shows where our values lie.*In the 1900s the world population had a greater percent of middle class society. As we are moving into the 21st century the middle class are somewhat analogous to the farmer. The BIG are getting BIGGER and the small are getting smaller. The middle people are in transition.

*100 years ago the population was saturated with farmers and they had a strong political influence. Today with only 2% of the population being farmers are the farmers less important?

No, they are more important.

Do they still have the political pull they did 100 years ago?

No.

We are now in danger of making decisions detrimental to society because the farmers are fewer.

This is why it is important to have wise government officials.

We can get by without shoes, cars, clocks, computers, etc.

We cannot get by without food. *Keep in mind that Bigger farms have leverage and Big becomes ONE. Without competition the consumer (you and I) will have to pay whatever price is asked.*Vertical integration occurs when large farmers will own the land where production begins, as well as many or all facets in between including transportation, processing, packaging, and selling of the end products.

*Most of the money we spend on food goes to nonfarmers. The would be the Ag. Business portion of the chart I showed you earlier. This slide goes on to say that even though there is plenty of money in the global food system the farmers share is continually squeezed out like the example of the increased cost of a loaf of bread compared to the increased value of the farmers wheat that is an essential ingredient in the process of making a loaf of bread.Showing that we as a society do not value our food because we do not value the farmers who grow the crops necessary to make our food. *Larger land units cause a downward spiral. Rural America is more than farming.*Jobs, transportation, independence, gun rights, own a few acres for the cost of a small lot in town, and increased privacy.

When rural America income drops below 90% the people are almost forced to move to the city because of societys standards.*In America we subsidize by the bushel and ultimately help large farmers get larger and squeeze out the smaller farm operations.

Our system results in overproduction and we usually give the surplus to other countries in need. Later we will discuss how this is not always the best thing to do.

In Europe subsidies are issued on a family basis to ensure rural development and keep families farming as a way of life.*2/3 of the $62B set aside for the USDA goes to Food Stamps here in the United States.

These are the last four USDA Secretaries of Ag. In the United States.Clayton served during Bush Sr.s administration.

Mike Espy served under Clintons administration. He was the first black secretary of Ag.He was asked to leave office because he received gifts from Tyson for ballgames. At this time accepting gifts was not illegal however it created controversy. And he was replaced by Dan Glickman.

Ann Veneman is now serving during Bush Jr.s administration and she is the first woman Secretary of Ag.*Yes, Increased farm income by selling more to Mexico with the exception of vegetables, we are buying those from Mexico.

We have lost several businesses to Mexico for cheap labor costs; such as Zenith, Levi Straus, etc.

Products coming in from Mexico must meet the same standards as we have in U.S. for pest and disease control. *However this is where the excess production generated by the governments subsidies to keep food and money within our borders dumps our extra production on 3rd world countries with the intention to help those countries and we end up destroying there economies. Because they cannot compete with our production as a result of technology.

It would be better for every area of the world to produce what naturally grows there and most efficiently and effectively to reduse waste and increase trade. Trade leads to competition and competition keeps prices in check.*