Aging PD AD Notes
Transcript of Aging PD AD Notes
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Alzheimers disease &
Parkinsons disease
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Lecture Outline
Aging & the brain
Alzheimers disease
Parkinsons disease
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The Aging Brain
Maximum weight20 years of age
Slowly loses weight (10% over a lifetime)
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Aging Neurons
Rate of change may be slowed by
lifestyle factors
Weight
Education
Exercise
Rest
HypertensionStress
Head trauma
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Cause of Aging Brain: A Mystery
Genetic? Aging genes are turned on? Hormonalinfluences? Immune systems awry? Accumulation ofdamage caused by cell byproducts that destroy fats andproteins vital to normal cell function?
Majority are forgetful in old ageEspecially forming memories of recent events --Not a disease.
~ 1/3 population -- do well even in old age
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Cognitive Decline Associated with Aging
Park et al. Psychology & Aging, 2002
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Dementia
Deterioration of mental functioning
Common forms
Alzheimers disease
Multi-infarct dementia
Incidence
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Alzheimers Disease
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Alzheimers Disease
Progressive and fatal brain disease
Affects > 5 million Americans
Destroys brain cells
7th-leading cause of death in the United States
No cure. Treatments for symptoms.
www.alz.org
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Alzheimer's and the brain
Brains change as we age: slowed thinking and occasionalproblems remembering certain things
Serious memory loss, confusion are not a normal part of aging
May be a sign that brain cells are failing
The brain has 100 billion nerve cells.Nerve cell networks have special jobs
In Alzheimers disease, parts of the cells factory stop running well
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Signal Coding
Reading words Hearing words
Thinking about words Saying words
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Alzheimers Changes the Whole Brain
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Hallmarks of Alzheimers DiseaseTangles & Plaques
Plaques: abnormal build-ups, in spaces between nerve cells
Tangles: abnormal collections, inside neurons
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Alzheimers DiseaseA Progressive Disorder
Learning & memory
Thinking & planningSpeaking
Understanding speech
Sense of where your body
is in relation to objects around you
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10 Warning Signs of Alzheimer's
1.Memory loss.Forgetting recently learned information
What's normal?Forgetting names or appointments occasionally.
2. Difficulty performing familiar tasks.Lose track of the steps involved in preparing a meal, placing a telephone callor playing a game.
What's normal?Occasionally forgetting why you came into a room or whatyou planned to say.
3. Problems with language.Often forget simple words or substitute unusual words
What's normal?Sometimes having trouble finding the right word.
4. Disorientation to time and place.
Lost in their own neighborhoodWhat's normal? Forgetting the day of the week or where you were going.
5. Poor or decreased judgment.Dress inappropriately, give away large sums of money to telemarketers.
What's normal? Making a questionable or debatable decision from time totime.
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10 warning signs of Alzheimer's II
6. Problems with abstract thinking.Performing complex mental tasksWhat's normal? Finding it challenging to balance a checkbook.
7. Misplacing things.Put things in unusual places
What's normal? Misplacing keys or a wallet temporarily.
8. Changes in mood or behavior.Rapid mood swingsfrom calm to tears to angerfor no apparent reason.
What's normal? Occasionally feeling sad or moody.
9. Changes in personality.May become extremely confused, suspicious, fearful or dependent on a familymember.
What's normal?Peoples personalities do change somewhat with age.10. Loss of initiative.
May become very passive, sitting in front of the TV for hours, sleeping morethan usual or not wanting to do usual activities.
What's normal? Sometimes feeling weary of work or social obligations.
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The Difference Between Alzheimer's and
Normal Age-Related Memory Changes
Alzheimer's diseasesymptoms
Forgets entire experiences
Rarely remembers laterIs gradually unable to followwritten/spoken directions
Is gradually unable to use notesas reminders
Is gradually unable to care for
self
Normal age-related memorychanges
Forgets part of an experience
Often remembers laterIs usually able to followwritten/spoken directions
Is usually able to use notes asreminders
Is usually able to care for self
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Alzheimer's brainNormal brain
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Risk Factors
Age Family History
Genetics
Risk factors you may influence Head injury
Heart-head connection
Monitor: high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, diabetes,high cholesterol
Healthy aging
Maintain weight, avoid tobacco & excess alcohol, stay sociallyconnected, exercise body & mind
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Parkinsons Disease
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Shaking Palsy
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Epidemiology
Incidence
> 1 million people in US
~1% > 55 years
Onset mean 62.4 years (35-85)
rare before age 30; 4-10% cases before age 40
Course of disease
10-25 years
Male >= Female
www.wemove.org
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Basal Ganglia
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Parkinsons Disease
Pathology
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Parkinsons DiseaseEtiology
Entirely genetic
< 15%
Entirely toxic
< 2%
Environmental factors in
susceptible individuals
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Risk Factors
Definite risk factors
Old age
MPTP
Possible risk factors
Herbicides, pesticides (mitochondrial toxins)
Heavy metal exposure
Wood preservatives
Proximity to industry, rural residence, well water use
Head trauma Possible protective factors
Smoking (risk 60% less for current smokers; risk reduction even inmonozygotic twins)
Caffeine
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PD Treatments
DrugsLevodopa (L-dopa) Dopamine neurons use l-dopa to synthesize dopamine
Dopamine Mimetics
Enzyme Inhibitors Increases dopamine availability
Transplantation
Surgery
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Transplantation:A possible therapy for PD
Normal
Parkinsons disease
Pre-transplant
Post-transplant
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Alternative Treatments for PD
Surgical Procedures
Thalamotomy
Reduces tremors
Pallidotomy
Improves tremors, rigidity, andbradykinesia
Deep Brain Stimulation
Improves bradykinesia, rigidity,tremors
Diet
Vitamin E: no obvious benefits
Exercise
Improve body strength & mobility